BNRCC Project Backgrounder - Building Nigeria's Response To ...

Building Nigeria’s Responseto Climate ChangeBACKGROUNDER

PAGE 2Acronyms“We urgentlyneed to takeincreasedaction, givenclimate changepredictions andthecorrespondingglobaladaptationneeds.”RachmatWitoclarACCABNRCCC‐NCCCDPCBOCDMCEACIDACOPDPREOIFBOFMEnvFMEHUDFNCGCSIGHGIDRIDRCIPCCNAPANEMANESTNGONIMETNNPCNPCPIPPMTPSCSNCSCCUUNCEDUNFCCCUNGAUNITARWGAdvancing Capacity to Support Climate Change AdaptationBuilding Nigeria’s Response to Climate ChangeCanada‐Nigeria Climate Change Capacity Development ProjectCommunity‐Based OrganizationsClean Development MechanismCanadian Executing AgencyCanadian International Development AgencyConference of PartyDepartment of Petroleum ResourcesExpression of InterestFaith‐Based OrganizationsFederal Ministry of Environment (formerly FMEHUD)Fed. Ministry of Environment, Housing & Urban Development (nowFMEnv)First National CommunicationGlobal Change Strategies InternationalGreenhouse GassesIn‐depth ResearchInternational Development Research CentreIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeNational Adaptation Plan of ActionNational Emergency Management AgencyNigeria Environmental Study/Action TeamNon‐Governmental OrganizationsNigerian Meteorological AgencyNigerian National Petroleum CorporationNational Population CommissionProject Implementation PlanProject Management TeamProject Steering CommitteeSecond National CommunicationSpecial Climate Change UnitUnited Nations Conference on Environment & DevelopmentUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUnited Nations General AssemblyUnited Nations Institute for Training and ResearchWorking Group

BNRCC BACKGROUNDERWhat is the BNRCC Project?“Building Nigeria’s Response toClimate Change” is a multi‐yearproject which aims to increaseNigeria’s capacity to adapt tothe current and anticipatedeffects of Climate Change—thereby reducing the negativeimpacts of Climate Change onthe livelihoods of vulnerablemen and women.It will do so by increasing thecapacity of the Nigeriangovernment to meet Nigeria’sinternational Climate Changecommitments under theUNFCCC, and by increasinggovernment and civil societystakeholders’ capacity to takeinformed, equitable,sustainable and gendersensitiveaction on ClimateChange adaptation.In consultation andcollaboration with Nigerianstakeholders from all regionsand sectors, the project teamwill: research Nigeria’svulnerability to Climate Changeimpacts, identify possibleadaptation actions, pilot theseactions in Nigeria’s mostvulnerable communities,develop a comprehensive,sustainable and gendersensitiveNational Strategy forClimate Change Adaptation inNigeria, work with governmentto integrate these adaptiveactions into its policyframework, and initiateoutreach activities to ignitefurther Climate Change actionand adaptation in Nigeria.BNRCC is made possible by thefinancial support of theGovernment of Canada throughthe Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency.PAGE 3“Global warming andextreme weatherconditions may havecalamitous consequencesfor the human rights ofmillions of people.”Kyung‐wha Kang, UNDeputy HighCommissioner for HumanRights.BackgroundThe development of the BNRCC project sprung from the achievements of an earlierinitiative called the Canada‐Nigeria Climate Change Capacity Development Project(C‐NCCCDP), implemented with funding from the Canadian International DevelopmentAgency (CIDA) between 2001 and 2004, and implemented by the Nigeria EnvironmentalStudy/Action Team (NEST). The C‐NCCCDP project:• raised awareness of Climate Change issues and mobilized a network ofpeople willing, capable and prepared to work at addressing them.• It also outlined some possible follow‐up project concepts that were madeavailable to donors and government agencies in Nigeria, including key recommendationsthat framed the BNRCC Project.• facilitated the first multi‐sector assessment of Climate Change impacts andadaptation in Nigeria which resulted in five assessment reports being prepared.These assessments provided the framework for the BNRCC project.They were, in essence, the key components of a strategic environmentalassessment; they also noted important ‘lessons learned’ and specific recommendations,which have been integrated into the BNRCC Project.• developed a Climate Change Policy Brief.These Reports and documents are available on the NEST website at:www.nestinteractive.org.INSIDE THIS ISSUEUseful Acronyms 2The BNRCC Project 3Outreach/Beneficiaries 4Governance/Management 5Activities to Date 6Engaging Media 7What is Climate Change 9Nigeria & Climate Change 10Global Action 11Nigeria’s Action 12NIMET and SCCU 13Adaptation 14Climate Change Resources 17

PAGE 4OutreachThe success of the BNRCCproject hinges on theproject team’s ability toinform, inspire, engage andcollaborate with interestedand affected parties acrossthe country. In the end,Nigeria’s Climate ChangeStrategy must truly belongto the people of Nigeria.The BNRCC project,through its implementationand outputs, reaches out tothe ministries and legislaturesat federal and statelevels, including the Ministriesof Environment,Agriculture and WaterResources; Women Affairsand Social Development;Health; Education; Information;Finance; Justice; theNational Planning Commission;and the EnergyCommission.BNRCC has also engagedparastatals and agenciessuch as the Nigerian MeteorologicalAgency (NIMET),and others such as theNational Emergency ManagementAgency (NEMA);State Environmental ProtectionAgencies; and theDepartment of PetroleumResources (DPR).Other important stakeholdersinvolved in BuildingNigeria’s Response toClimate Change are Mediaoutlets/practitioners, Non‐Governmental Organizations(NGOs), Faith‐BasedOrganizations (FBOs), Community‐BasedOrganizations(CBOs), Professionaland Scientific Associations,Universities, Research Institutions,and local communityleaders.BNRCC’s outreach work hasconsisted of project websiteupdates, media relations,stakeholder consultations,presentations andworkshops/ seminars. Anew Strategic AdaptationOutreach Action Plan forthe BNRCC project is indevelopment.BeneficiariesThe long‐term beneficiariesof BNRCC are the people incommunities across Nigeria—particularlythose whoare vulnerable to, and affectedby, the impacts ofClimate Change. BNRCC’sresearch, community‐levelpilot projects, outreach/education efforts, policywork and adaptationstrategies are meant toincrease these communities’capacity to adapt toClimate Change—therebycontributing to the nation’spoverty alleviationefforts, and to improvedlivelihood and health, accessto natural resources,equality and goodgovernance.The project will also providefor the direct participationof numerous stakeholders(see above). Thefocus will be on ClimateChange capacity‐building inkey sectors where ClimateChange adaptation actionwill have the greatest impact.Our work to engage governmentwill generatebenefits to Nigeria at thelevel of government policyand programmes. The projectwill also assist the governmentof Nigeria to meetits obligations under theUNFCCC, such as facilitatingthe completion and releaseof Nigeria’s Second NationalCommunication, andbuilding Nigeria’s responseto climate change.For Canada, the projectallows for the fulfillment ofits obligations as an Annex‘A’ country under the UNFramework Convention onClimate Change. Canada’sClimate Change scientists,policy experts and funderswill also gain significantexposure to the context ofa priority country inAfrica—offering thepotential for transferabilityto other countries in theBight of Benin andelsewhere.Other Nigerian organizationstackling the ClimateChange issue will benefitfrom this project’s entirebody of work.

BNRCC BACKGROUNDERPAGE 5Project Governance & ManagementThe BNRCC project, funded byCIDA, is being governed by aProject Steering Committee(PSC) which provides overallguidance and macro‐level decision‐making.The Committeeincludes twelve voting members,selected to provide a balancebetween government andcivil society representatives.Since the PSC is performingoversight functions to ensurethat decisions and plans arewell executed, only personswith expertise, interest in andcommitment to the ClimateChange Adaptation projectwere selected as members. ThePSC also serves as an importantformal interface between theBNRCC project and the governmentof Nigeria.The Project is being managedby a Project Management Team(PMT) which comprises a consortiumof CUSO and MarbekResource Consultants, both ofOttawa, Canada, and is beingimplemented in partnershipwith the Nigeria EnvironmentalStudy/Action Team (NEST) inNigeria.www.cuso.orgwww.marbek.cawww.nestinteractive.org“Climate Change isa global issue, butthe world’s leastdeveloped andother poorcountries are themost vulnerable toPSC Representationthe possible effectsof climatechange.”CIDA (1)Marbek/CUSO (2)NEST (2)Fed. Gov. of Nigeria (4)Civil Society (3)Kelly Thomson, Representative from Abuja headquartersCo‐Directors George Matheson, Marbek / Susan Learoyd, CUSO, CanadaDavid Okali, Nigerian Co‐Director (CHAIR) / Usman Dukku, NEST Board MemberPeter Tarfa, Federal Ministry of Environment, AbujaE. E. Archibong, Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development, AbujaRahila Thomas, National Planning Commission, AbujaJulie Ukeje, Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET), AbujaJoanna Maduka, FoE, Lagos1 NGO Representative (vacant) / 1 Private Sector Representative (vacant)Mr. Michel JarraudObserversJohn van MosselDr. Emma C. NzegbuleAko AmadiProf. Terry OlowuDr. A. NnajiVacantVacantProject Manager / Marbek, CanadaProject Coordinator / NEST, IbadanCIDA, AbujaChairperson, Advisory Group (Pilot Project)Chairperson, Advisory Group (Research)Chairperson, Advisory Group (Outreach)Chairperson, Advisory Group (Policy)

PAGE 6BNRCC Activities to DateBNRCC officially started in February 2007 with extended consultations with the project’s implementingpartners and stakeholders. Among the inception activities undertaken was the formationof four key Working Groups (WGs) , each led by a chairperson who undertook to draftimplementation options for the following: Adaptation Research, Community‐Based PilotProjects, Adaptation Policy and Outreach/Networking. The four working group reports werereviewed in a mini‐workshop in September 2007. A consultant was also hired to develop aGender Equality Strategy Report for the project.On October 10 th 2007, a National Stakeholders Workshop was convened in Abuja to discussand refine the expected results of the project, develop a workable project plan or design, andimportantly, to engage partners and build ownership for the project. The National StakeholdersWorkshop led to the development of a Project Implementation Plan (PIP). Also within the period,a BNRCC Project Steering Committee was established; it gave official approval to the PIPat its inaugural meeting in Abuja on November 27, 2007. A First Annual Work Plan (November2007–March 2008) of BNRCC was also drafted and endorsed by the PSC. The activities implementedfrom the First Annual Work Plan include:Improving the capacity of the local implementing partner:This involved recruiting more staff and consultants to head BNRCC activity desks and improvingNEST’s infrastructure.Constituting the advisory groups for Research and Pilot component:The early technical phase of BRCC started with Research and Pilot Project components. AdvisoryGroups were constituted to assist in the decision‐making and delivery of the project activitiesin these two areas.Early engagement of the key groups/persons in the Legislature and Ministries:Meetings were arranged and held with federal legislators and the Ministry of Environment,Housing and Urban Development (particularly the Special Climate Change Unit) to develop aplatform for the collaboration and the integration of climate change adaptation into nationalpolicies. These meetings were held in January and February 2008.Developing the project website:A key facility for outreach and communications of BNRCC is the project website which was developedin February 2008. The website provides information about the project, Climate Changein Nigeria, links to agencies involved in Climate Change activities, and more. Visit the websitetoday at www.nigeriaclimatechange.org.Engaging project partners for Research and Pilot project components:Expressions of Interest (EOI) have been advertised and partners are being engaged for the Researchand Pilot Projects components. These will design and implement Climate Change adaptationprojects.Official Launch:The BNRCC Project was officially launched by the Honourable Minister, Federal Ministry ofEnvironment, Housing and Urban Development, on May 27 th , 2008 at Abuja’s Rockview Hotel.The launch event provided an opportunity to extend the reach and ownership, as well as toshare information about the project. The Federal Government of Nigeria used the occasion tostate its commitment to realizing the project goals and to address the Climate Change problem.The occasion was also an opportunity to officially present the project’s website to the public.

VOLUME 1, ISSUE 1PAGE 7Engaging MediaThe Media ForumA media forum was held on May 27 th , 2007 at the Abuja’s Top View Hotel. BNRCC believes there is aneed for more effective public access to information about Climate Change vulnerability, impacts andadaptation responses. Strategic, effective, and high‐quality information dissemination and networkingwill enable people to respond proactively to Climate Change and its effects. By reaching out to mediaoutlets and practitioners though a forum, BNRCC could to share knowledge about Climate Change andadaptation, and nurture ongoing mutually beneficial collaboration. An informed and engaged mediacan disseminate and share vital knowledge with the public, as well as advocate for policy change .Among the forum’s key outputs was the formation of a network of media practitioners interested inclimate change matters—the Climate Change Media Network of Nigeria (CCMNN). The Secretariat ofthe Network is currently at the Head Office of the African Radio Drama Association (ARDA), (c/o MsData Phido) Lagos. Members of the media are strongly encouraged to join!Lake Chad Basin Commission Warns Member Countries ofLake’s ExtinctionThe Lake Chad Basin Commission(LCBC) has warned member statesof the looming ecological and socio-economic disasters in the LakeChad Basin, which if the membersdo not take urgent measures mayculminate the extinction of the lake.The Executive Secretary of theCommission, Mr. MuhammmadSani Adamu, an engineer made thedeclarations recently in N'djamena,the capital of Chad Republic whileaddressing member countries of thecommission to mark its forty fourth-year anniversary.He said that the saving of the Lakefrom drying up and eventual extinctionhas become inevitable in preventingthe Chad Basin Area frombeing a disaster region in the centralpart of Africa.According to the Executive Secretary,the Lake Chad has drasticallyshrunk along its water from 30, 000square kilometer in 1960 to thepresent level of only 2, 500 squarekilometers.Besides, he added that many of thewetlands in the Basin have eithershrunk like the Lake or completelydried up, giving way to the rapidadvancement of the desert into thelargest inland lake in Africa.He told the six-member countries ofChad, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon,Central African Republic and Libya“the reduction in water volumes ofthe Lake has largely affected theproduction of agricultural crops,fishing and breeding of livestock.In saving the Lake from drying upand eventual extinction, SaniAdamu urged all the six- membercountries of LCBC to urgently take“action” in other to save the lakeand its wetlands.He warned that “the disappearanceor extinction of the lake will befatal” not only to the 25millionpeople living in the region, but theentire continent of Africa.Adamu suggested that the stakeholdersof the Lake Chad Basin areto come together in proffering concretesolutions to the drying lakeand its wetlands.The Chadian Minister of Environment,Madam Khadidja Abdulkadirwho launched the commission'sforty fourth years anniversary saidthat “plans of action” be urgentlyput in place by the six-membercountries in saving the Lake fromextinction. Such plans, she saidinclude the transferring of the waterof River Ubangui in DR. Congo into Lake Chad."Humanity isincredibly innovative.We have the capacityto solve the problemof climate change;the only issue iswhether we asindividuals,governments andbusinesses have thecourage to acttogether to do whatneed to be done. Thestakes could not behigher."James Murdoch, ChiefExecutive, BSkyB,September 2006The Guardian Monday June 2, 2008, Page41

PAGE 8Storm Wreaks Havoc in Enugu, 300 Families HomelessFlooding is becomingmore frequent in Nigeria.No fewer than 300 families havebeen rendered homeless in AmekeNgwo and Ngwo Uno communitiesin Udi local Council of Enugu statefollowing the destruction of theirhouses and economic trees worthmillions of naira by a wind stormwhich wrecked havoc in the areatwo days ago.Worst hit were residents of Ibiteand Umuezeani villages in Amekeas well as Akam in Ngwo Unowhere many roofs were blown offin the disaster that has forced mostresidents to seek refuge inneighboring villages and 9 th milecorner.When The Guardian visited theaffected communities yesterday,many house hold items and propertieslittered the compounds, whileresidents wore mournful faces, anindication that something has beenextracted from them.One of the residents, who identifiedhimself as John Okorie, said thestorm which preceded a down pouroccurred at about 8pm when mostresidents had returned home afterthe day's business. “It was like atornado as houses were being pulleddown and rooftops blown off. Severaleconomic trees were alsopulled down. In fact, the entirecommunity was devastated,” hesaid.He stated that though no human lifewas lost, the devastation would notbe forgotten in the near future. Hedisclosed that most residents losttheir entire belongings.Also speaking on the disaster, thetraditional rule of Ameke Ngwo,Igwe Jerome Okolo said the stormcame with a very terrible force andblew off houses, uprooted palmtrees, iroko trees and other economictrees, with some of themfalling on houses and reducing themto rubble. He said such a disasterhad never been witnessed in thearea for a long time. He called forurgent assistance to the victims.Chairman of Udi local council Dr.Walter Oji, who inspected the areayesterday, lamented the plight ofthe residents. He called for urgentFederal Government aid.It was learnt yesterday that the officialsof the Enugu State Ministry ofEnvironment and State EmergencyManagement Agency had alreadymoved into the area to ascertain theextent of the disaster and the victims'immediate needs.The Guardian Saturday, May 31, 2008 Vol. 25, No. 10, 748“It has been noted that climate change which emanates from emissions ofgreenhouse gasses (GHGs) by man remains one of the biggest globalenvironmental problems. From agriculture, to the ecosystem and socialstructures, climate change affects humanity.”Daily Champion, Tuesday, June 5, 2008, p35“Whatever happens over the next few years, our children and grandchildrenare going to live in a world in which the climate is very different from the onewe grew up with. A climactic time lag means that we are already locked intoa further half‐century of global warming. The concern is that if we keep onincreasing carbon emissions then climate change will become irreversible andthe long‐term consequences catastrophic.”Ken Livingstone, Mayor of London, in the Guardian, April 19, 2006

BNRCC BACKGROUNDERWhat is Climate Change?A region’s climate is the collectiveexpression of the location’smany weather elements: temperature,rainfall, dew, humidity,wind, sunshine, mist, hazeand clouds. The term ClimateChange is used to describe amarked change in the long‐term“average” of a region’s weatherconditions. When we speak ofClimate Change on a globalscale, we are referring tochanges in the climate of theEarth as a whole.A natural system known as theClimate Change is much morethan a warming trend. Mostexperts agree that averageglobal temperatures could riseby 1 to 3.5 degrees Celsius overthe next century. Some of thecurrent and projected climatechanges include the following:retreating Alpine glaciers, a risein sea levels, a shifting of globalWindstorms are already renderingmany Nigerians homeless."greenhouse effect" regulatesthe temperature on Earth. Humanactivities have the potentialto disrupt the balance ofthis system. Heat‐trappingClimate Change Impactsclimatic zones; an increasedincidence and severity of extremeweather; prolonged heatwaves; changes in precipitationlevels leading to increaseddrought, desertification andflooding.As such, Climate Change cancreate a significant loss of foodsecurity, natural disasters, agreenhouse gasses (GHGs) havebeen increasing in our atmospheredue to the burning offossil fuels such as coal and oil,deforestation, and other humanactivities. This has the potentialto warm the planet at a ratethat has never been experiencedin human history. Aninternational scientific consensushas emerged that our worldis getting warmer. SuchClimate Change could have farreachingand/or unpredictableenvironmental, social andeconomic consequences.vanishing of coastlines, humandisplacement, natural resourcedepletion, a lack of clean andaccessible water, animal migration,pest management issues,diseases and other health issues;a loss of cultural practicesand traditional ways of life;economic downturns, energycrises, and more…PAGE 9“Global warming andextreme weatherconditions may havecalamitousconsequences for thehuman rights ofmillions of people.”Kyung‐wha Kang, UNDeputy HighCommissioner forHuman Rights.Who is Most Vulnerable?While Climate Change is aglobal problem, studies haveshown that some countrieshave a greater degree of vulnerabilityto the impact of ClimateChange than others.(IPCC Third and Fourth AssessmentReports).dences of tropical stormscaused by Climate Change.Also, countries with significantlengths of coastline will bemore threatened by sea‐levelrises induced by ClimateChange.Countries with poorly developedinfrastructure, insufficientpublic health systems, and/orCountries within the tropics arelikely to experience more incilowlevels of emergency preparednesswill experience morenegative impacts of ClimateChange.Countries whose economiesand livelihood have a greatersensitivity to climate‐relatedevents such as rainfall, wind(etc.) will be more affected.

PAGE 10Drought , and loss ofvegetation will cause fuelwood scarcity.Nigeria and Climate ChangeIt has been determinedthat global Climate Changewill have a strong impacton Nigeria—particularly inthe areas of agriculture,land use, energy,biodiversity, health andwater resources.Nigeria, and all thecountries of Sub‐SaharanAfrica, are highly vulnerableto the impacts of ClimateChange, according to theThird and FourthAssessment Reports of theIntergovernmental Panelon Climate Change. It wasnoted that Nigeriaspecifically ought to beconcerned by ClimateChange because:• of the country’s highvulnerability due to its long(800km) coastline that isprone to sea‐level rise andthe risk of fierce storms• almost 2/3 of Nigeria’sland cover is prone todrought and desertification• its water resources areunder threat which willaffect energy sources(Kainji and Shiroro)• rain‐fed agricultureand fishing activities fromwhich 2/3 of the Nigerianpopulation dependprimarily on for food areunder serious threat• Nigeria has a very highpopulation pressures—140million people surviving onthe physical environmentthrough various activitieswithin an area of 923,000square kilometers• Nigeria lacks thefinancial capacity andtechnological know‐how tocombat the postulatednegative impacts of ClimateChange• Nigeria does not yethave a fully establishedinstitutional and legalframework, nor systematicapproaches and policiestargeted at combating,mitigating and adapting tothe impacts of ClimateChange.Given the above factors, itis clear that Nigeria’s longtermdevelopment priorityof poverty reduction, theMillennium DevelopmentGoals and President UmarMusa Yar’adua’s SevenPoint Agenda will beseverely constrained ifinsufficient attention is paidto the current and futureimpacts of Climate Changeon the nation.“Ultimately climatechange may affectthe very right to lifeof variousindividuals.”Kyung‐wha Kang,UN Deputy HighCommissioner forHuman Rights.Increased VulnerabilityNigeria has no favorabledisposition on any of thethree parameters ofincreased vulnerability.(NEST 2004)A sea‐level rise of just 0.2mas a result of ClimateChange could flood over3,400 km 2 of the country’scoast land. One predictionis that “Nigeria will loseclose to $9 billion as aresult of such a disasterwhile at least 80% of theinhabitants of the NigerDelta will be displaced dueto large areas being belowsea level in the oil‐richregion” (GuardianSeptember 17 2001, p. 80).More than two‐thirds ofNigeria is prone todesertification. ClimateChange is predicted toworsen the incidence ofdrought and desertificationand millions of people willbe turned into refugeesbecause of the disaster.States, such as Borno,Sokoto, Jigawa, Zamfara,Kebbi, Yobe, Kaduna, KanoBauchi, Adamawa, Bauchi,Niger and others are at risk.Over 80% of Nigeria’spopulation cites agricultureand fishing as their primaryoccupation. Our agricultureis rain fed. Our foodproduction system will beadversely affected by thevariability in timing andamount of rainfall, frequentoutbreaks of crop pests anddiseases and heat stress.Food shortages will increaseand many farmers couldlose their sources oflivelihood due to ClimateChange.

BNRCC BACKGROUNDERPAGE 11Global Action on Climate ChangeGlobal action to addressClimate Change is coordinatedby the United NationsFramework Convention onClimate Change (UNFCCC). Thefirst World Climate Conferencetook place in 1979, however itwas not until September 1988that the United Nations gaveserious attention to climatechange as an issue, in responseto growing publicenvironmental awareness andconcern for the consequencesof global warming.The UN General Assembly(UNGA), at its 43 rd session in1988, adopted Resolution43/53, titled 'Protection ofglobal climate for present andfuture generations of mankind’.The resolution noted withconcern the emerging,overwhelming scientificevidence that global warmingwas a threat to establishedsocio‐economic systems.A further UNGA resolution in1990 led to the establishmentof the IntergovernmentalNegotiating Committee (INC)which, over a period of 18months, negotiated and draftedthe United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) that was tabled forsignature at the United NationsConference on Environmentand Development (UNCED) inRio, Brazil, in June of 1992 (The'Rio' or 'Earth” Summit).“Global warmingis global warning!”Dr Victor Fodeke, Head, Special Climate ChangeUnit, Federal Ministry of Environment, Housingand Urban Development, Abuja, April 2008The Convention entered intoforce on March 21, 1994 andbecame an internationalagreement for all Parties thatratified it.Nigeria ratified the Conventionin August of 1994. Since then, aConference of Parties (COP)takes place annually to addressspecific Climate Change issues.The first convention took placein Berlin Germany in 1995.In December of 2007,stakeholders from all over theworld gathered in Bali for thethirteenth COP meeting.Though many perceived thatthe result was not satisfactory,progress was made in twoareas.Firstly, an agreement wasreached regarding theoperational details of theAdaptation Fund. Anindependent Adaptation FundBoard, whose membership is tobe selected by the COP, wasestablished to operationalize itsfinancial mechanism.Prior to this agreement, theAdaptation Fund was managedby the Global EnvironmentFacility (GEF), and largelyperceived to be difficult toaccess. The new administrativemechanism of the AdaptationFund is a welcome relief to thedeveloping countries, as theyno longer need to go throughthe so‐called “ImplementingAgencies” such as the WorldBank or UNEP, but canapproach the Board directly toaccess the Fund to leveragetheir adaptation activities.Secondly, COP 13 developed aRoad Map that will lead to anew global Climate Changenegotiation and treaty beyondthe first stage of commitmentsunder the Kyoto protocol whichexpires in year 2012. Thepurpose of this Road Map is tofacilitate long‐term cooperativeaction addressing climatechange. This plan would set anagenda for negotiations over aperiod of two years with thebroad objective of promotingnational and internationalgreenhouse gas mitigationprograms in both developedand developing country parties.Setting negotiation terms forboth developed and developingcountries continues to be achallenge. The complexity ofthe Climate Change issue, thediversity of nations, and anintensely political negotiatingenvironment often results inmisunderstandings, North‐South disagreements andpolitical intrigue.Consensus was reached for thedeveloped world’s track ofnegotiation, however thereremain issues of contentionwith respect to that ofdeveloping countries. Theseinclude whether “measurable,reportable and verifiabledeveloping country mitigationcommitment and action”contained in their own Articlewill be supported or not by“technology, financing andcapacity‐building by developedcountries” (Muller, 2008).“Will we watch ascatastrophicdisruption to Earth’senvironment and herpeople occurs on anunimaginable scale?Or will we changecourse and worktogether to mitigatethe effects of globalwarming?”Wangari Maathai,Kenyan NobelLaureateCOP MEETING HOSTSBerlin, Germany 1995Geneva, Switzerland 1996Kyoto, Japan 1997Buenos Aires, Argentina 1998Bonn, Germany 1999The Hague, Netherlands 2000Marrakech, Morocco 2001New Delhi, India 2002Milan, Italy 2003Buenos Aires, Argentina 2004Montreal, Canada 2005Nairobi, Kenya 2006Bali, Indonesia 2007

PAGE 12Nigeria: Commitments & ActionWhen the phenomenon ofClimate Change caught theWorld’s attention, Nigeriawas one of the 154 countriesthat initialed the Conventionin Rio in 1992, and it becamea party as soon as the Conventioncame into force.Nigeria was party to the ratifiedConvention on the 29thof August, 1994 and hasratified the Kyoto Protocol.By 27 th November, 1994,Nigeria became committedwhen the Conventionentered into full force.As a signatory to UNFCCCunder the Non‐Annex I parties,Nigeria’s obligation includesthe following:• To produce four keyNational Communications.The 1 st and only NationalCommunication was producedby Nigeria in November2003.As a party to the Convention, Nigeria must meet the obligationsand commitments to the Convention, which isaimed primarily at controlling Climate Change by reducingto the absolute minimum the concentration of greenhousegases in the atmosphere. Over and above this, thecore challenge at the local level is to develop the frameworkand capacity: (i) to assess the vulnerability of sectorsand sections to different scenarios of climate change impact,(ii) to develop, assess and implement mitigation andadaptation options, and (iii) to strengthen the negotiatingability in climate change transactions.Nigeria’s major achievement in responding to the Conventionand the Protocol is the production of the First NationalCommunication (FNC) in November, 2003. Thoughthe second National Communication has not been produced,the process is definitely underway. A stakeholders’initiation workshop on the Second National Communication(SNC) took place in December 2006. National expertsto undertake works in the thematic areas have been identified,trained and classified into groups each with a leadConsultant. Nigeria is signing an agreement with Consultantswho will go into the field to obtain data in this wise.Nigeria is also preparing for a meeting with the stakeholderson Climate Change. The SCCU may be contactedthrough: The Head, Special Climate Change Unit, 9 th FloorFederal Secretariat Complex, Abuja.• To produce four indepthreview summaries.None have been produced.• To produce a demonstrableprogress report (yetto be produced)• To produce the NationalAdaptation Programme ofAction (yet to be produced)• To produce a GlobalClimate Observing System(GCOS) Report (yet to beproduced)“Given that climate change will occur irrespectiveof whatever the urgent global actions taken,Nigeria needs as a nation to put in place a robustportfolio or mix of strategies that includesmitigation and adaptation if we are not to slowdown the pace of progress towards sustainabledevelopment.”‘Nigeria: The Challenge of changing globalclimate.’ The Guardian, Monday, December 24,2007, Page 40

BNRCC BACKGROUNDERNigerian Meteorological AgencyAn important body workingfor the realization of Nigeria’sobligation is the new NigerianMeteorological Agency(NIMET). NIMET came into existencein June 17, 2003 by anAct of parliament. Before itsenactment, the agency hadoperated as a department inthe Federal Ministry of Aviationand rendered meteorologicalservices principally in the areasof Aviation, Water Resources,Marine, Education, Healthcare,Agriculture and ConstructionIndustries. Whereas the leveland quality of meteorologicalservices then were determinedlargely by funds and othersources made available to it bythe government, the servicesthemselves were rendered freeto the public.The Nigerian MeteorologicalAgency is charged with the responsibilityof meeting theweather and climate informationrequirements of thenation. They:• Advise the Federal Governmenton all aspects of meteorology.• Project, prepare and interpretGovernment policy in thefield of meteorology.• Issue weather forecasts forthe safe operation of aircraft,ocean‐going vessels, land transportation,and oil rigs.• Promote the services ofmeteorological agency in agricultural,drought and desertificationactivities.• Provide meteorologicalservices in operational hydrologyand water resources activities.• Provide weather services inmarine, environmental pollutionand bio‐meteorology forclimatic and human health activities.• Offer advice to the Federaland State Governments onseismological activities.• Ensure uniform standardsof observation of all meteorologicalrecords in the NationalMeteorological Archive.Nigerian MeteorologicalAgency CorporateHeadquartersPlot 507, Pope John Paul IIStreet, Off Gana Street, MaitamaDistrict, P.M.B. 615,Garki, Abuja Nigeria.Tel: +23494130709‐11NIMET OperationalHeadquartersOshodi Complex, Cappa Oshodi,Lagos. Tel: +23414526904NIMET has zonal offices locatedin Airports at Kano, Kaduna,Ibadan, Port Harcourt, Enugu,and Maiduguri.Special Climate Change UnitNigeria has created a Special Climate Change Unit (SCCU)within the Federal Ministry of Environment with the Secretariatin Abuja, Nigeria. The Unit is created to implement theConvention and the Protocol activities including the CleanDevelopment Mechanism (CDM).The SCCU team is headed by Dr. Victor Fodeke, and has S. A.Adejuwon and Peter Tarfa as the Assistant Head and ChiefEnvironmental Scientist respectively.The Unit also guided the constitution of the Inter‐ministerialCommittee on Climate Change with representation from thefollowing ministries; Finance, Agriculture, Water Resources,Energy Commission, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation(NNPC), Foreign Affairs, Nigerian Meteorological Agency(NIMET), industry, NGOs (Nigerian Environmental Study/Action Team), and Academia (Centre for Climate Change andFresh Water Resources; Federal University of TechnologyMinna, Centre for Energy, Research and Development;Obafemi Awolowo University Ile‐Ife, Abubakar Tafawa BalewaUniversity, Bauchi).PAGE 13

PAGE 14Trees reduce wind speedand the concentration ofcarbon dioxide in theatmosphere.The Adaptation ResponseAdaptation involves theprocess of adjusting (CN‐CCCDP report). Accordingto the IPCC, adaptationmeans adjustment in naturaland human systems as aresponse to anticipated oractual changes in climaticconditions. Adaptationmeasures always seek toreduce the risks and impactsof Climate Change, tomoderate the negative effects,and to exploit beneficialopportunity.Adaptation is a proactiveprocess because it envisagespossible futurechanges in the climate,unlike coping measureswhich are reactionary.Coping measures oftenoriginate spontaneously inresponse to extremeclimatic variability(anonymous, 2007 ENDS)and have been noted to beinadequate in terms of capacityto deal with expectedfuture climatechanges. Adaptation measures,on the other hand,are consciously designedand implemented takinginto cognizance anticipatedscenarios of the climaticsystems.In order to be effective,adaptation measures areformulated with genuineinformation on existing andfuture climate systems derivedfrom the communitylevel.Why Adaptation?From its inception, the internationalclimate efforthas focused primarily onmitigation—reducinggreenhouse gas (GHG)emissions to prevent dangerousClimate Change.While ambitious mitigationactivities are critical to temperingthe progression ofClimate Change, scienceshows that the volume ofheat‐trapping gasses alreadyemitted into the atmospherehas sufficientpotential to elicit ClimateChange for decades tocome. In other words, ClimateChange and its manyimpacts will be with us forsome time. There is no“quick fix” solution.While mitigation efforts arevital and on‐going, the nextstage of the internationaleffort must also dealsquarely with adaptation—coping with those impactsthat cannot be avoided.This is especially importantin countries deemed particularlyvulnerable to thegrave impacts of ClimateChange—like Nigeria.In broad terms, asociety’s vulnerabilityto natural orto human‐inducedClimate Changereflects its degreeof exposure...andits capacity toadapt.Anticipating and adaptingto Climate Change impactsin order to minimize theirhuman and environmentaltoll is a significant challengefor Nigeria. Meeting itrequires action at multiplelevels, from the local to theinternational, within bothpublic and private spheres.Charcoal will become scarce due to ClimateChange.

BNRCC BACKGROUNDERPAGE 15Possible Adaptation MeasuresA range of actions have been put forward by the FNC (2003) and CN‐CCCDP reports (2004) as likelyadaptation actions to be adopted in response to the current and anticipated Climate Change impactson the various sectors of Nigeria’s economy. One of the goals of the Building Nigeria’s Response toClimate Change project (BNRCC) is to ascertain the feasibility and effectiveness of some the suggestedadaptation actions in various regions and sectors through its Research and Community‐Based PilotProjects. The suggested adaptation actions include:At Issue: Saltwater IntrusionConstructing dykes, barrages, storm surge barriers and storm diversion channels; Resettlingaffected people; Realignment of transportation routes and nodes; Shifting to new or differentlivelihoods; Adoption of new building and other construction technologiesAt Issue: Drought & DesertificationRehabilitation overgrazed lands and irrigated agricultural land; Minimization and managementof biomass burning especially in the Sudan‐Sahel region; Reducing forest and woodland destruction;Restoration of degraded forests and woodlands; Resettlement.At Issue: Water ResourcesPromoting water recycling and re‐use; Development of groundwater supplies; Improving efficiencyof sources of water already developed; Protection of watersheds and reservoir sitesthrough establishment of intensive vegetation cover to minimize evaporation; Improving onrain‐harvesting techniques and construction of rain catchments back‐up tanks; Changing locationor height of dams and reservoirs; using closed conduits instead of open channels; usingartificial recharge to reduce evaporation; raising dam height; adding more turbines; removingsediment from reservoirs for more storage; Increasing water supply capacity through constructionof new structures); Monitoring ground‐water resources;“Given that ClimateChange will occurirrespective ofwhatever the urgentglobal actions taken,Nigeria needs as anation to put in placerobust portfolio or mixof strategies thatincludes mitigationand adaptation if weare not to slow downthe pace of progresstowards sustainabledevelopment.”‘Nigeria: TheChallenge of changingglobal climate.’ TheGuardian, Monday,December 24, 2007.Page 40At Issue: HealthImproved public sanitation and immunization coverage; Control of disease vector population;Strengthening the health care delivery system; Improving public awareness on health issues;At Issue: Coastal DevicesCreating protective devices such as dykes, levees, flood walls, sea walls, revetments, tidal barriers,salt‐water intrusion barriers; wetland restoration and creation and afforestation; Modificationof land use; changes in planting dates, changes in cultivars, application of irrigation, andchanges in crop; Replacing lost resources, developing of alternative habitat areas; afforestation;preventing salinity increases; avoiding development in areas prone to flooding; allowingfor development subject to the requirement that it will eventually be removed (presumed mobility);doing nothing about the problems and eventually requiring the developed areas to beabandoned; Resettlements.Cont...

PAGE 16...Possible Adaptation MeasuresAt Issue: Degradation of Soils and Land ResourcesAdopting agricultural systems adequate to protect the soil from erosion; Establishment of mechanicaland engineering structures (e.g. check dams, storm diversion channels, bench terraces,contour bunds), as well as biological measures (e.g. cover cropping, mulching, contour cultivation,minimum or zero tilling) that could reduce soil erosion; Efficient use of compost to replenishhumus losses from soils;At Issue: Crop ProductionDiversification to new plant species and varieties that would have higher resistance to anticipatedtemperature increase and reduced rainfall; Improving local agricultural crop varieties thatare well acclimated and drought and pest resistant; Development of varieties and hybrids thatwould allow separation in time of critical development phases from the limiting environmentalfactors, particularly rainfall, affecting productivity;Adopting minimum or zero tillage and other appropriate technologies to reduce soil erosion andloss of organic matter and nutrients, but increase soil moisture availability to plants and reduceweed and pest infestation;Introduction of new irrigation schemes to dry land management to improve water use efficiencyand minimize moisture stress for crops, particularly in the Sudan‐Sahel zone; Improved use offertilizer, including varying the amounts and timing of application and promotion of organic fertilizerto match application to altered pattern of rainfall, avoid pest, weed and disease damage;Farmers encouraged to use meteorological forecastsAt Issue: LivestockReduction in stocking rates or livestock density; Adoption of supplementary feeding; Change inmix of grazers or browsers; Flexibility in the location of the watering points to promote alterationof animal distribution; Restoring degraded areas; Increasing rangeland vegetation and/oradapted species; Development of large‐scale watershed projects; Discouraging the use of marginallands and protecting areas that is degraded; Enhancement of veterinary and extension services;At Issue: EnergyVigorous and extensive tree planting for fuelwood and other purposes; Easy relocation of threatenedpower generation and transmission facilities; Citing new facility development in locationthat is minimally threatened by sea level rise; Physically protect highly sensitive energy productionfacilities (e.g. oil rigs with physical barriers); Develop and enhance utilization of renewableenergy resources solar energy.At Issue: TransportDrainage construction in and around ports in coastal areas; Emplacement of storm surge barriersaround airports; Appropriate choice of sites for airports and motor parks; Careful design of highwaysand railway lines taking into account expected changes in soil moisture changes due toClimate Change.

BNRCC BACKGROUNDERPAGE 17Climate Change Information-SharingThe BNRCC team is committed toinformation‐sharing, and is pleased toprovide a sampling of the many localand international organizations workingto address climate change in Nigeriaand abroad. The growing depth ofknowledge on Climate Change, and thenumber of organizations around theworld dedicated to its study, are reflectiveof the profound urgency of theClimate Change issue. Stay informedabout the BNRCC Project and ClimateChange in Nigeria; and find even moreClimate Change resources on our newproject website. Visit us today!www.nigeriaclimatechange.orgNigerian Groups Working on Climate Change"The good news isthat experienceshows that reducingcarbon emissions isprofitable forcompanies doingbusiness inCalifornia.Hundreds ofcompanies havereduced energyconsumption,saving money in theprocess."California governorArnoldSchwarzeneggerWomen Farmers Advancement Network, Kano Nigeria (WOFAN): In December, 2007,WOFAN partnered with IDRC, ARDA, University of Guelph, and DFID to produce a Resource Kiton Climate Change titled “Climate Change and Current Issues Facing the Development ofAgriculture and Rural Livelihoods in Northern Nigeria”.Contact Information: Hajia Salamatu Garba Jibril, National Coordinator – WOFAN, Plot 18,Yahaya Gusau Road, NNDC Quarters, P.O. Box 22 (Gyadi‐Gyadi) Kano Nigeria, Tel.: 234‐64‐665487, Fax: 234‐64‐662199, email: info@wofan.org / Web: www.wofan.orgNigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF): The Nigerian Conservation Foundation is presentlyworking on the “Participatory Renewable Natural Resources Management Project ‐ Buru andLaminga”. The project was conceived in 1995 to improve the livelihood of rural people, mostespecially the poorest sectors of Nigerian society.Contact Information: Km 19 Lagos‐Epe Expressway, Lekki, Lagos. P.O. Box 74638, VictoriaIsland, Lagos Nigeria. Tel. +234 1 2642498 / 2600600 Ext. 7901 ‐ 7906, Fax. +234 1 2642497email: info@ncf‐nigeria.org / Web: www.ncf‐nigeria.orgCont...

PAGE 18...Nigerian OrganizationsAfrican Radio Drama Association (ARDA) Nigeria: ARDA, a Nigeria‐based internet radio stationorganized a workshop in December 2007 in Abuja tagged; “Climate Change AdaptationGoes Soap!” ‐ Drama held in Abuja. The workshop brought a unique group of collaborators,ranging from soap opera writers to agricultural scientists, to evaluate the effectiveness ofradio drama as a tool to help smallholder farmers in northern Nigeria adapt to ClimateChange.Contact Information: Dr. (Mrs.) Data Phido, Program Director, The African Radio Drama Association(ARDA), Plot 211, Muri Okunola Street, Victoria Island Lagos, Nigeria.Tel.: (234) 1 4705390, Fax: (234) 1 2621930, email: info@ardabroadcasting.org /dphido@ardabroadcasting.orgThe University of Ibadan (UI): The University of Ibadan in collaboration with Ogun State AgriculturalDevelopment Programme (OGADEP) and Foundation for Development and EnvironmentalInitiatives (FDI) is currently engaged in the “Community‐led climate adaptationprogramme for sustainable livelihoods in coastal areas of south‐western Nigeria” project. Theproject commenced in June 2007 under the United Nations Institute for Training and Research(UNITAR) managed programme, ‘Advancing Capacity to Support Climate Change Adaptation’(ACCCA)Contact Information: Dr. (Mrs) Ibidun O. Adelekan, Department of Geography, University ofIbadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Tel: 08023470003, email: ibidun.adelekan@mail.ui.edu.ng /ibiadelekan@yahoo.comCoalitions for Change (C4C): C4C in coalition with Nigeria Climate Action Network had a PressConference on Climate Change on the 2 nd of April, 2008; the Conference was organized tosensitize the nation with C4C activities on Climate Change in Nigeria. C4C also has a report onthe action of Lagos State government on climate change on their website.Contact Information: 3rd Floor Oakland Centre, 48, Aguiyi Ironsi Street, Maitama Abuja, Tel:+234 9 413 6256, Fax: +234 9 413 6258, email: info@coalitions4change.org / Web:www.coalitions4change.orgNigeria Model United Nations Society (NigMUNS): NigMUNS is preparing a conference inOctober 2008 for Senior Secondary School Students in Nigeria on a theme “Climate Change: AChallenge to Everyone”. The Conference aims to create awareness about Climate Changeamong Nigerian youth.Contact Information: ‐Nigeria Model United Nations Society, 3, Ziguinchor Street (BesidePHCN), Zone 4, P. O. Box 16177 Wuse, Abuja, Nigeria. Tel: 09 – 5233811, 2224422 Fax: 09 –5233812, Tel: (Mobile) 08058455565, 08068896000, and 08022412464, email:info@nigmuns.org, nigmuns@yahoo.com / Web: www.nigmuns.orgCont...

BNRCC BACKGROUNDERPAGE 19International Organizations Working in NigeriaHeinrich Boel foundation (HBF): HBF is currently executing a Climate Change project inNigeria, titled “Lagos under Water”. The project aims to increase awareness of stakeholderson the impacts and consequences of Climate Change and global warming on Nigeria’seconomy.Contact Information: 16A, Oladipo Diya Street, Second Avenue Extension, Ikoyi Lagos. email:info@boellnigeria.org / Web: www.boellnigeria.orgInternational Development Research Centre (IDRC): IDRC is presently working in conjunctionwith the Nigerian‐owned ARDA Radio on a project titled “Strengthening the capacity of smallholderfarmers to adapt to climate change through Radio Drama”. The project, which startedon 14 th May, 2007, aims to inform smallholder farmers, particularly women, which are morevulnerable to the impacts of climate change, on how to adopt a method of farming which willhelp them to mitigate the impacts of Climate Change on their livelihoods.Contact Information: Regional Office for West and Central Africa, BP 11007 PEYTAVIN, Dakar,Senegal / Street address: Rue de Saint‐Louis, angle de l’avenue Cheikh Anta Diop Point EDakar, Sénégal. Phone: (+221) 33‐864‐0000 Fax: (+221) 33‐825‐3255, email:jgerard@idrc.org.sn / Web: www.idrc.ca/bracoChristian Aid (CA): CA has worked with Nigerian Environmental Study/Action Team (NEST)between November, 2007 and June, 2008 to host a National Stakeholders’ Workshop. TheWorkshop is designed to help develop a road map towards having a National Adaptation Planof Action (NAPA).Contact Information: Web: africa@christian‐aid.orgCanadian International Development Agency (CIDA): CIDA is currently sponsoring this“Building Nigeria’s Response to Climate Change” (BNRCC) Project, with the aim of reducingpoverty and improving living conditions for Nigerians through the development of better ClimateChange adaptation strategies.The project is being implemented by implemented by NEST in partnership with CUSO(www.cuso.org) and Marbek Resource Consultants Ltd. (www.marbek.ca).Contact Information: CIDA Program Support Unit, Bobo Street, Maitama Abuja, Nigeria. P.O.Box 5144 Abuja, Nigeria. Tel: (011 234 9) 413‐9910, Fax: (011 234 9) 413‐9911email: abuja@international.gc.ca / Web: www.acdi‐cida.gc.ca

PAGE 20More Climate Change ResourcesCities for Climate ProtectionThe goal of the Cities for Climate ProtectionCampaign is to reduce greenhousegas emissions resulting from the burningof fossil fuels and other human activitiesUSAwww.iclei‐usa.orgClimate Action NetworkA coalition of 269 environmentalorganizations pushing for cuts ingreenhouse gasesBONN, GERMANYwww.climatenetwork.orgClimate Change Research LibraryA treasure trove of information andresources for the study of climate changeWASHINGTON DC, USAwww.worldwatch.orgClimate CrisisThis is a resource website that talks gave adescription of the documentary onClimate Change around the world asprepared by Al gore in movie titled: “AnInconvenient Truth”www.climatecrisis.netDepartment for InternationalDevelopmentwww.dfid.gov.ukEnvironmental Defence FundA not‐for‐profit environmental advocacygroup with four main goals: stabilizing theEarth's climate, safeguarding the world'soceans, protecting human health, anddefending and restoring biodiversityNEW YORK, USAwww.edf.orgFriends of the Earth: ClimateCampaigns, and help stop catastrophicclimate changeLONDON, UKwww.foe.co.ukGreenpeace: ClimateGreenpeace campaigns for governmentsto face up to their responsibilities and tourgently address global climate change asone of the greatest threats to the planetAZ AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSwww.greenpeace.orgGlobal Climate Change Student GuideA comprehensive work for geology, geographyand environmental science studentsstudying climate changewww.ace.mmu.ac.ukHadley Centre for Climate Prediction andResearchProvides the UK government with up‐todateassessments of both natural and man‐made climate changeDEVON, UNITED KINGDOMwww.metoffice.gov.ukIntergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC)Assesses the scientific, technical and socio‐economic information relevant for theunderstanding of the risk of humaninducedclimate changewww.ipcc.chInternational Institute for SustainableDevelopmentChampions sustainable developmentaround the world through innovation,partnerships, research and communicationsMANITOBA, CANADAwww.iisd.orgThe International Development ResearchCentreWorks in close collaboration withresearchers from the developing world intheir search for the means to build healthier,more equitable, and more prosperoussocietiesOTTAWA, CANADAwww.idrc.caCont...

BNRCC BACKGROUNDERPAGE 21The National Centre for AtmosphericResearch NCARConducts atmospheric research programsand helps transfer new technologies tothe private sectorBOULDER, USAwww.ncar.ucar.eduThe Woods Hole Research Centre: GlobalWarmingA beginner's guide to understanding theissue of global warmingMASSACHUSETTS, USAwww.whrc.orgUNEP's Information Unit for ConventionsUNEP's newsletter on internationalenvironmental treatieswww.unep.orgUnion of Concerned ScientistsWorks to ensure that all people haveclean air and energy, as well as safe andsufficient foodWASHINGTON DC, USAwww.ucsusa.orgUnited Nations Framework on ClimateChange ConventionIncludes methodologies and tools toevaluate strategies for adaptation toclimate changeBONN, GERMANYwww.unfccc.intReferencesUniversity of Cambridge Centre forAtmospheric ScienceTake a tour of the ozone hole or learnabout the university's various atmosphericresearch projectsUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, UKwww.atm.ch.ac.ukWorld Climate Research ProgrammeDevelops scientific understanding of thephysical climate system and climate processesneeded for predictionsGENEVA 2, SWITZERLANDwww.wmo.intWorld Meteorological OrganizationCoordinates global scientific activity inseveral areas, including: air pollutionresearch, climate change and ozonedepletion studiesGENEVA 2, SWITZERLANDwww.wmo.chWorld Resources Institute: Climate,Energy, & TransportProtecting the global climate system fromfurther harm due to emissions of greenhousegases and help humanity and thenatural world adapt to unavoidableclimate changeWASHINGTON DC, USAwww.wri.orgWorld Wildlife Fund: ClimateAims to ensure that industrialized nationsset in motion a permanent downwardtrend in their domestic emissions ofcarbon dioxide (CO2) ‐ the leading globalwarming gas ‐ as a first step towards substantialreductions in emissions by 2010www.panda.orgBoth ENDS (2007), Adapting to Climate Change: How local experiences can shape the debate,Amsterdam, The NetherlandsFederal Republic of Nigeria (2003), Nigeria’s First National Communication, Abuja, Nigeria.IPCC (2001), Climate Change 2001, The 3 rd Assessment report of Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC), Geneva 2, SwitzerlandIPCC (2007), Climate Change 2007, The 4 th Assessment report of Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC), Geneva 2, SwitzerlandNEST (2004), Regional Climate Modeling and Climate Scenarios Development in Support of Vulnerabilityand Adaptation Studies: Outcome of Regional Climate Modeling Efforts over Nigeria, NigerianEnvironmental Study/Action Team (NEST), Ibadan, Nigeria.

Stay in touch, stay informed, stayengaged! Visit our website todayto learn about the latest BNRCCproject developments, explore ourBNRCC Projectc/o NEST1 Oluokun Street, BodijaUIPO Box 22025Ibadan, NIGERIATel: +234.2.7517172Fax: +234‐2‐8501213Email: info@nestinteractive.orgClimate Change resources, andfind out how YOU can take action.Sign on to our new “Friends ofBNRCC” online database and bethe first to get exciting BNRCCnews as it happens!www.nigeriaclimatechange.org“The theme of this Session’s General Debate, ‘Responding to Climate Change’ ismost apposite. The African continent is particularly vulnerable to the impacts ofclimate change. In our collective determination to face up to this challenge, Africanleaders at the Assembly of the Heads of State and Government of the AfricanUnion in Addis Ababa last January, decided to integrate climate change issuesinto all sustainable development initiatives at national and regional levels.”Nigerian President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua at the 62 nd Session of the UN General AssemblyProduced with the financial support of the Government of Canada throughthe Canadian International Development Agency