Audit of USAID/Haiti's Public Law 480 Title II Programs

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In addition to the varying levels of integration among the three cooperating sponsors, none hadoriginally developed indicators to measure the level of integration of the two components (e.g.,how many beneficiaries are receiving both types of assistance).After the midterm evaluation, CRS started tracking this information in 2011; however, it trackedintegration of livelihoods with mothers’ clubs rather than with MCHN beneficiaries, and only halfof the MCHN beneficiaries were in the clubs in FY 2011. In addition, the definition for thisindicator does not succinctly define livelihoods assistance. CRS officials said it was bringing ina consultant to improve how it gathers and reports data.ACDI/VOCA started tracking MCHN and livelihoods integration in 2011. However, the data areinternal and not part of its performance reporting to USAID. In addition, ACDI/VOCA officialssaid the data are not very accurate because the information comes from beneficiaries who arereluctant to report that they benefit from both programs because they fear of losing services oreligibility. World Vision has not developed an indicator for or tracked MCHN beneficiariesreceiving livelihood assistance.Since the 2008 Title II guidance the cooperating sponsors used in designing their programs didnot specify integrating MCHN and livelihoods activities, cooperating sponsors did not developindicators to track integration. The guidance provided in 2009 encouraging integration was notadopted fully into the program.Without accurate tracking, USAID cannot determine whether integrating the two componentshas had a better, more sustainable impact for beneficiaries than just the MCHN interventions doon their own. USAID/Haiti cannot determine the value these activities provide. FFP hascontracted two separate entities, FANTA 5 (now FANTA-2) and TOPS (technical and operationalperformance support), 6 to analyze Title II data. According to FANTA-2 officials, these data havebeen weak or lacking historically, and they are needed throughout Title II programs. Having thisinformation would help USAID make informed decisions about any future adjustments to theprogram.The 2012 Country Specific Information for Haiti contains guidance for integrating livelihoodactivities with MCHN households for the next MYAP. This requirement was added to promotemore women-focused livelihood integration, although the decision was not based on anyevidence that this approach has provided a more positive impact. USAID/Haiti officials saidthere was no practical way to measure the impact of integration efforts of the current MYAP.However, the next P.L. 480 program could help assess whether interventions of livelihoodactivities can have a significant and potentially sustainable impact on reducing food insecurityfor MCHN beneficiaries. Based on this we make the following recommendation.Recommendation 1. We recommend that Food for Peace and USAID/Haiti establishand implement a plan for the design, tracking, correlation, and analysis of maternal andchild health and nutrition and livelihood integration for the fiscal year 2013 multiyearassistance program5The Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance II Project (FANTA-2) provides technical support to USAIDand its partners to improve nutrition and food security policies, strategies, and programs.6FFP’s contract “Technical and Operational Performance Support - Program for FFP Grantees,” orTOPS, is designed to capture best practices for improved methodologies in Title II food aid commodityprograms.5
Food for Peace and USAID/HaitiDid Not Identify Best Practicesfor Mothers’ ClubsAccording to ADS 200.3.2.2, USAID seeks to identify its customers and to secure theirparticipation in order to better target projects and to focus the Agency’s efforts and resources onthe most productive tasks. In addition, ADS 201.3.8 7 states that USAID missions should deviseforeign assistance programs and activities to have the greatest possible impact ondevelopment.Behavior change communication (BCC) is an approach that Title II cooperating sponsors use toreduce malnutrition and disease. Mothers’ clubs are one of the primary vehicles thethree cooperating sponsors use to convey BCC to Title II beneficiaries, and this is done throughtraining on breast-feeding, child feeding practices, treatment of diarrhea, nutrition, immunization,family planning, and hygiene. BCC can have a critical impact on the survival of young children;for instance, ADS 212 states that among all preventive health and nutrition interventions,improved breast-feeding has the greatest potential to reduce mortality for children younger than5—by up to 13 percent. 8The audit found evidence that BCC is succeeding in Haiti. However, while the cooperatingsponsors are using similar information and presentation, they are not all using the samemothers’ club models for disseminating information. According to a TOPS representative, themost efficient, effective model is the “care group” model. This model uses a paid staff healthpromoter to train and support groups of mothers twice per month, with each group made up of10 to 15 volunteers selected by the community. These women, called “leader mothers,” arethen responsible for teaching what they have learned to ten households. The multiplier effect ofthis method is that 100 to 150 women are trained for every staff health promoter.The audit found that only one of the cooperating sponsors, ACDI/VOCA, was using the caregroup model. ACDI/VOCA started out with the traditional mothers’ club but switched to the caregroup model in 2010 in response to the midterm evaluation’s recommendation that the modelshould be considered. World Vision and CRS were using traditional mothers’ clubs. WorldVision organizes its clubs based on age (clubs of women whose children are younger than 2) orphysiological status (pregnant or lactating women, mothers of malnourished children). CRSwas working to duplicate this model.CRS’s model limits the membership of the mothers’ clubs to mothers selected by the communityvolunteers. During site visits, the audit team interviewed several mothers who wanted to be in aclub but had not been selected. The midterm evaluation’s team had similar observations; whenthey asked a group of women why they were not in a club, the response was “We have notbeen invited to do so,” or “We have not been authorized to do so.” The women noted thatmothers in the clubs had a great advantage because of what they learned about caring for theirchildren. The evaluation further stated that the community volunteers need to be involved, butas trainers under the care group model.7ADS 200.3.2.2 and 201.3.8 were revised on January 17, 2012. The citations in this report refer to theprevious version of ADS in effect during the period covered by the audit.”8G. Jones et al., “How many child deaths can we prevent this year?” Lancet, July 5, 2003, 65-71.6
Page 1 and 2: OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERALAUDIT OF
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Summary of Results .......
Page 5 and 6: This audit determined that USAID/Ha
Page 7: AUDIT FINDINGS Integration of Key A
Page 11 and 12: Recommendation 2. We recommend that
Page 13 and 14: Additionally, ADS 203.3.3.2 states
Page 15 and 16: The careful coordination of foreign
Page 17 and 18: Title II cooperating sponsors are d
Page 19 and 20: EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENTCOMMENTSIn
Page 21 and 22: The planning phase of the next MYAP
Page 23 and 24: Appendix IProgram Totals Through FY
Page 25 and 26: MANAGEMENT COMMENTS June 13, 2012ME
Page 27 and 28: USAID/Haiti agrees to include in it
Page 29: U.S. Agency for International Devel

Audit of USAID/Haiti's Public Law 480 Title II Programs

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