Thematic paper 3: Urban-rural tensions - Groundwater Governance

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Table of Contents1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 41.1 Origins of urban-rural tension ......................................................................................................... 41.2 The governance challenge ............................................................................................................... 71.3 Thematic paper approach ............................................................................................................... 72 The Baseline ..................................................................................................................................... 82.1 Urban water management - a global review ................................................................................... 82.2 Incorporating the special and unique attributes of groundwater ................................................ 102.3 Urban water issues at the rural-urban interface and peri-urban fringe ....................................... 132.4 The role of policy reforms ............................................................................................................. 142.5 IWM, IWRM, IUWM and the role of groundwater ........................................................................ 152.6 Policy issues arising from current trends of urban groundwater use in developing cities ........... 163 Thematic Diagnostic ...................................................................................................................... 203.1 Mexico City .................................................................................................................................... 203.2 Rural-urban transfers of groundwater in Taiz, Region, Republic of Yemen .................................. 213.3 Access to potable water supplies in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India ....................... 223.4 Growing conflicts with peri-urban users in Chennai (formerly Madras), India ............................. 233.5 Groundwater Use in Metropolitan Fortaleza – Brazil ................................................................... 243.6 Approaches to aquifer protection plan development in Narayanganj, Bangladesh and Bishkek,Kyrghyzstan ................................................................................................................................... 243.7 Successful control of groundwater production in Bangkok, Thailand .......................................... 263.8 A cautionary tale of water privatisation in Cochabamba, Bolivia ................................................. 273.9 Some of the lessons learned ......................................................................................................... 284 Groundwater Governance and Opportunities for Rural-Urban Co-Management ........................ 294.1 Mechanisms for reducing tension ................................................................................................. 294.2 Groundwater governance. ............................................................................................................ 324.3 Urban groundwater governance issues – within city limits .......................................................... 354.4 Urban groundwater governance issues beyond the city limits – opportunities for rural-urban comanagement................................................................................................................................. 385 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 406 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................... 422
List of FiguresFigure 1 Global and urban population growth (from the UN, 2006) ................................................................. 4Figure 2 Two stages of urban expansion (A and B). Shaded areas are populated. The rural-urbaninterface (between the solid lines) and the peri-urban area are shown. Note how peri-urbansettlements eventually get absorbed into the urban area and new, peri-urban settlements grow. ................ 5Figure 3 Urban and rural population change for the more developed and less developed regions of theworld (in millions) (from the UN, 2006). Beyond 2020, the population of urban areas is projected toexceed the population of rural areas, for the less developed regions.. ........................................................... 6Figure 4 The role of groundwater during the evolution of a city (from Barrett, 2003, after Morris et al.,1997 and Foster et al., 1998). .......................................................................................................................... 11Figure 5 Sources of groundwater contamination in urban areas (from Howard, 1997). ................................ 12Figure 6 Unconfined groundwater and the man-made urban water cycle in developing cities. .................... 12Figure 7 A framework for the development and implementation of a groundwater managementaction plan with corresponding governance provisions (modified after Foster et al., 2010a). ...................... 33List of TablesTable 1 The world’s 21 megacities (data from the UN, 2010a) ......................................................................... 5Table 2 Essential differences between surface water and groundwater (modified after Puri andNaser, 2003). .................................................................................................................................................... 10Table 3 Advantages and disadvantages, from a public administration perspective, of urbanprivate, in-situ residential water supply from groundwater (Foster et al., 2011). .......................................... 18Table 4 The role of groundwater during the evolution of a city (from Barrett, 2003, after Morris et al.,1997 and Foster et al., 1998). .......................................................................................................................... 18Table 5 Pollution risk assessment information sources (modified after Morris et al., (2002)). ...................... 25Table 6 Check list of 21 key benchmarking criteria for the evaluation of groundwater governanceprovision and capacity (modified after Foster et al., 2010a).. ......................................................................... 34Table 7 Summary of major policy issues associated with urban groundwater (after Foster et al., 2010b). ... 373
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