Mentoring, Education, <strong>and</strong> Training Corner, continued● Identifying the next, most logical steps for researchin the field; <strong>and</strong>● Illustrating how your proposal will exp<strong>and</strong> underst<strong>and</strong>ingof the field.The more specific objectives include:● Relating your preliminary findings to testable hypothesesin the context of the current application;● Making direct <strong>and</strong> plausible connections betweenyour most compelling findings <strong>and</strong> your currentaims; <strong>and</strong>● Leaving the reviewer with the sense that you havebuilt a proposal whose foundation <strong>and</strong> goals areseamlessly intertwined <strong>and</strong> which now representsthe next, most logical direction for the field.ApproachThe approach is the meat of the application <strong>and</strong>reviewers focus attention on the presentation <strong>and</strong> flowof this section as a primary determinant of the overallimpact. Key components to the approach section arethe preliminary studies <strong>and</strong> experimental design <strong>and</strong>,as in prior sections, there are important objectives toaccomplish for each.Preliminary StudiesThe core objectives include, first, to convince reviewersthat your preliminary data lead to testable hypothesesthat are reasonable, novel, timely, <strong>and</strong> interesting.A second set of objectives is to convince the reviewerthat all the proposed methods are feasible <strong>and</strong> ideally inh<strong>and</strong>. For junior investigators, the preliminary studiessection provides an opportunity to establish core competencein the approaches <strong>and</strong> to verify the feasibility of theaims. A third objective is to link the preliminary findingswith the aims, specifically by illustrating how the outcomesfrom preliminary data will be pursued through aspecific aim or subaim. It is important that the preliminarydata be presented from the viewpoint of testableimplications for the current aims <strong>and</strong> that the data includealternative interpretations <strong>and</strong> caveats. Reviewerspay particular attention to the analyses associated withthe data sets in addition to the quality <strong>and</strong> clarity of thedata.Other General <strong>Tips</strong>For fundamental or basic research applications,particularly for new investigators, it is important that allof the aims have at least some preliminary support. Forclinical research applications, preliminary data are lesscritical than providing evidence for the feasibility of theapproach <strong>and</strong> documenting your ability to reach beyondconventional boundaries (ie, division/department) <strong>and</strong> tohave fully exploited local resources by enlisting complementarysupport. It is helpful to organize the preliminarydata sets around the relevant specific aim. In other words,preliminary findings that inform the approach for aim 1should be embedded within the text allocated to aim 1. Thisorganizational framework makes it easier for the reviewer tovisualize the hypotheses <strong>and</strong> aims in the context of preliminaryfindings <strong>and</strong> anticipated outcomes.Key <strong>Tips</strong> for FiguresFigures are of central importance to the application.An overarching model figure is very helpful <strong>and</strong>might include pathways <strong>and</strong> hypotheses for each aim.The figures should use color if possible for impact <strong>and</strong>ideally should be able to st<strong>and</strong> alone. The legends shouldbe readable (no smaller than 9-point font) <strong>and</strong> shoulddetail what the data show rather than summarizing theexperimental approaches used. Figure legends for grantapplications are distinct in their construction from figurelegends in manuscripts. Do not cut <strong>and</strong> paste from manuscripts.The goal is to demonstrate to the reviewer thatyou underst<strong>and</strong> how to interpret your own findings <strong>and</strong>to frame the results with caveats <strong>and</strong> alternatives that willinform your approach.Key <strong>Tips</strong> for FormattingDo not overcrowd pages. White space providesvisual appeal <strong>and</strong> is much easier on reviewers. Avoidlengthy paragraphs with dense text. Use identical fontsfor both figure legends <strong>and</strong> text.Experimental DesignOrganize each aim <strong>and</strong> subaim exactly as detailedin the specific aims page <strong>and</strong> abstract. It is very helpful toorganize each aim in a templated modular fashion inwhich the preliminary data that substantiate the rationaleare placed adjacent to the relevant aim or subaim.A useful template to consider is rationale/experimentalapproach/anticipated results with potential caveats/pitfalls<strong>and</strong> alternative considerations. Outline new methods/concepts<strong>and</strong> emphasize innovation <strong>and</strong> environment.For new investigators, much of the methodologicvalidation <strong>and</strong> environmental resources can be emphasizedin the exp<strong>and</strong>ed biosketch section. Secure letters ofsupport for components of the proposal that you are notan expert in (eg, a pathologist to help read the histopathologyof proposed animal models; a biostatistician toaid with computational aspects). Provide a time-line foreach aim <strong>and</strong>, particularly for new investigators, add asentence outlining possible future directions. Try toachieve balance across all the aims. There is a phenomenonof applicant fatigue in which the first aim occupies3 or 4 pages, the second aim occupies 2 to 3 pages, <strong>and</strong>the third aim occupies a single page. Bear in mind that 1weak aim will sink an application. Try to balance the6