Pharmaceutical Preparations for External Use

“For External Use Only”Should neither be swallowedNor injected

Preparations which are applied to the skin.(Topical preparations)Preparations which are applied to the mucusmembranes ._________________ Local effect Systemic effect

The stratum conium (the superficial skin layer) is theprinciple barrier to penetration of drugs to the skin.But also, it is a reservoir for drugs .Topical preparations consist of :1-The active ingredient (drug).2-The Vehicle._____________________________

Lotion.Cream.Ointment.Liniment.Gel.Solution.Shampoo.Dermal patch.Spray.Dusting powder.________________________

A semi solid preparation consisting of a fatty(greasy)substance mixed with the active drug.Soft paraffinWaxVaselineOintments are generally immiscible with water.Used for Dry surfacesex. eczema

A semisolid preparation in which the drug is mixed witha fatty base in form of emulsion which is misciblewith water.Applied on wet surfaces because they mix well withsecretions.E.g. Fusidic acid cream

Is a liquid preparationContains a cooling substance like menthol.Used to cleans, cool, & relieve pruritus in acutelyinflamed lesions.Applied frequently to the skin.e.g. Calamine lotion.

A semisolid or liquid preparation thinner thanointment.Applied to the skin by friction.Contains irritant substance such as camphor,salicylates, menthol, capsaicin.Leads to vasodilatation & pain relieve.____________________

Drug is released by a rate-controlling membraneIt provides a relatively stable plasma concentration ofthe drug.It overcomes 1 st pass elimination.e.g. postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy._____________________

Eye, nose, and ear preparations:Eye drop.Eye ointment.Ear drop.Nasal drop, Nasal spray.Local mouth preparations:Mouthwashes(gargles).Oral gel.Spray.

Rectal preparations :SuppositoryCreamenemaVaginal preparations:vaginal tablet (ovule)vaginal creamvagina douche

Eye dropIs an isotonic sterile solution.Instilled into the eye by droppernasal dropIsotonic solution instilled into the nose by a dropper.Nasal spray can be used to give polypeptide hormones e.g.calcitonin, hr-PTHEar drop contains watery or oily solutionIt can be used to solublise the wax .Never prescribe without proper otoscopic examination

Eye ointment:same as skin ointment but should beSterile, non irritant, and usually contains lessconcentration of the active ingredient.

Mouth washes (gargles) are used for local antisepticeffect in treatment of mouth infections.Not suitable for children under 6 years.Gels or jellies are semisolid colloidal solutions orsuspensions can be used as a vehicle to drugs ,e.g.antifungal agents.

Suppository:Conical shaped preparation containing a fatty basewhich melt at body temperature.Local action:LaxativeTreatment of hemorrhoidsSystemic action :e.g. paracetamol suppository

Avoids stomach irritation .e.g. indomethacin suppTo get sustained action during night. e.g. aminophyllin.Used in uncooperative patient e.g. children.To get local actionPatient who can not take oral therapy e.g.metoclopromide.

Enema is a liquid that is forced into the rectumTo induce bowel movement(laxative effect)Prednisolone enema is used in treatment of ulcerativecolitis.(local and systemic effect).Barium enema is used as a diagnostic procedure.

Vaginal tablet(ovule, pessary) e.g. metronidazoleVaginal cream e.g. triple sulfaVagina douche .Certain applicator is used to insert the medicationAlways take time to explain to the patient.

A 4 years old child with diarrhea and fever is in need ofparacetamol to lower the body temperature, the bestpharmaceutical form of paracetamol would be:A :B :C :F :suppository.syrup.injection.tablet.Answer

Syrup

A patient with bacterial infection at his face, is in need oflocal antibiotic treatment, what is the most suitablepharmaceutical form for him?A: ointmentB: creamC: linimentD: solutionAnswer

Cream

A patient with a dry scaly psoriatic skin lesion is inneed of local steroid treatment, what would be themost suitable preparation used ?Answer

Ointment

A 70 years old patient with diabetes, hypertension, andheart failure, is having simple musculoskeletal pain athis right arm, and he is asking for treatment, whatwould be the most suitable pharmaceutical form forhim ?A: tabletB: capsuleC: InjectionD: linimentAnswer

Liniment

A patient with pyogenic infection(bacterial infection)in his left nostril is in need of local antibiotictreatment, what would be the most suitablepharmaceutical form of antibiotic ?Answer

Eye ointment

A 2 years old boy with septic meningitis is having highfever and in need of paracetamol, what is the mostsuitable pharmaceutical form for him ?Answer

Suppository

A 6 years old child is having acute otitis media and isin need for antibiotic, the best pharmaceutical formfor him would be :A: Ear drop.B: Syrup.C: Injection.D: Ointment.Answer

Syrup