48 Paul G. Pickowiczthe character of the young people with<strong>in</strong> the framework of the various socialclasses, the film treated their behavior as a manifestation of universal humannature.At middle age did not discuss the period before the Cultural Revolution<strong>in</strong> any detail. Instead, it focused on the sensitive topic of the party's poortreatment of nonparty <strong>in</strong>tellectuals, especially middle-aged <strong>in</strong>tellectuals, dur<strong>in</strong>g<strong>and</strong> after the Cultural Revolution, an issue scarcely mentioned <strong>in</strong> the 1981resolution. The film reached two sober<strong>in</strong>g conclusions: First, the <strong>Mao</strong>istapproach to <strong>in</strong>tellectuals was an almost unqualified disaster <strong>and</strong>, second,very little was done <strong>in</strong> the immediate post-<strong>Mao</strong> era to correct the problem.Consequently, <strong>in</strong>tellectuals like Lu Went<strong>in</strong>g, who believed they had sacrificedtheir youth for the noble cause of reconstruct<strong>in</strong>g Ch<strong>in</strong>a, were now full ofself-pity, burned out professionally, <strong>and</strong> ambivalent about the party's latestmodernization strategy. Lu Went<strong>in</strong>g was lonely, depressed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>differenttoward life. Indeed, the end<strong>in</strong>g failed to resolve the issue of her will<strong>in</strong>gness<strong>and</strong> ability to carry on <strong>in</strong> her work.As <strong>in</strong> the other films, the sharpest contrast was between the alienatedhero <strong>and</strong> party bureaucrats who reassumed lead<strong>in</strong>g positions follow<strong>in</strong>g aperiod of <strong>in</strong>tense persecution dur<strong>in</strong>g the Cultural Revolution. Vice M<strong>in</strong>isterJiao Chengsi, upon whom Lu Went<strong>in</strong>g performed successful cataract surgery,<strong>and</strong> his obnoxious wife, Q<strong>in</strong> Eo-openly ridiculed <strong>in</strong> the film as a typical"Marxist-Len<strong>in</strong>ist old lady"-lived a life of extraord<strong>in</strong>ary privilege <strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>fluence. Lu Went<strong>in</strong>g, on the other h<strong>and</strong>, did not even have the time tocare for her children.Q<strong>in</strong> Bo, a figure whose negative traits can <strong>in</strong> no way be traced to theCultural Revolution or the Gang of Four, was the most <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g villa<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong> the film. Lu Went<strong>in</strong>g's work was made much more difficult by this abusiveparty veteran who constantly expressed distrust of the middle-aged surgeon<strong>and</strong> questioned her professional competence because Lu was not a partymember <strong>and</strong> because her official status was still that of a resident. The filmsuggested that even if people like Lu Went<strong>in</strong>g were able to summon up theenergy to serve the party <strong>and</strong> state, it was by no means clear that powerholderslike Q<strong>in</strong> Bo were prepared to give them a free h<strong>and</strong> to do their jobs. LuWent<strong>in</strong>g made great sacrifices for the party, but the party did not appreciateor trust her.The constant repetition of important political themes <strong>in</strong> these <strong>and</strong> otherpopular works produced <strong>in</strong> the early 1980s strongly suggests that the op<strong>in</strong>ionsof these privileged filmmakers resonated with the political thought of young<strong>and</strong> educated urban viewers. One of their most basic themes was the notionthat the problems of the present were related to serious political fail<strong>in</strong>gs ofthe party <strong>and</strong> state that were apparent before the onset of the CulturalRevolution <strong>and</strong> persisted after it ended. On this crucial po<strong>in</strong>t, the politicalconcerns of the audience <strong>and</strong> the filmmakers discussed here contrasted quitesharply with the views conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> official ideological statements such asthe July 1981 resolution.It seems to me, however, that these films were appeal<strong>in</strong>g at other, lessexplicit, levels as well. Their popularity also had someth<strong>in</strong>g to do with how<strong>Popular</strong> <strong>C<strong>in</strong>ema</strong> <strong>and</strong> Politi,the stories were told. In e<strong>in</strong> Beij<strong>in</strong>g was asked: WI(51 percent) respondenthardships <strong>and</strong> difficultieissues, but one that dospeak<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> an explicit,wesc:: clearly full of politQf Ch<strong>in</strong>ese life conta<strong>in</strong>edthe films humanized accothem <strong>in</strong>to melodramas tWestern viewers often fi1But the Ch<strong>in</strong>ese audienceasy to identify with theuse <strong>and</strong> even manipulatiwhat l<strong>in</strong>ks the popular !=like Xie J<strong>in</strong> to the rich tr;The filmmakers' effort~their approval were facilihonored Ch<strong>in</strong>ese storytellagoniz<strong>in</strong>g moral dilemmdilemmas that <strong>in</strong>volve conbanned from Ch<strong>in</strong>ese sc1were appeal<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> part, bto complex social problerwitness <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> a vicariousThe dilemma that conf1Chun <strong>in</strong> The legend of Tiof life strategies. In 195/make a difficult choice. Shthe film made it clear thatto do so would have meascorn (young children aredeprivation. Or, she coulfollow<strong>in</strong>g the advice of pathe man she loved <strong>and</strong> endoctr<strong>in</strong>aire Wu Yao, whoseknew that, <strong>in</strong> moral terms,surprised when Song WeiShen Huangmei, the cefaced a similar choice thatcould demonstrate filial w<strong>and</strong> have a more comfortaagree<strong>in</strong>g to a traditional arThe other option was to t
~aul G. Pickowicz1e various socialniversal humanural Revolutionhe party's poorllcctuals, dur<strong>in</strong>gcd <strong>in</strong> the 1981rst, the <strong>Mao</strong>istcr <strong>and</strong>, second,ct the problem.v had sacrificed'~re now full ofhe party's latest<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>differenther will<strong>in</strong>gness~n the alienatedns follow<strong>in</strong>g a. Vice M<strong>in</strong>istercataract surgery,film as a typicaly privilege <strong>and</strong>ave the time tobe traced to theterest<strong>in</strong>g villa<strong>in</strong>t by this abusivelie-aged surgeonas not a party~sident. The filmsummon up theat powerholderso their jobs. Luid not appreciatethese <strong>and</strong> otherthat the op<strong>in</strong>ionshought of youngs was the notioniitical fail<strong>in</strong>gs ofof the Cultural<strong>in</strong>t, the politicalcontrasted quitetements such asng at other, lessto do with how<strong>Popular</strong> <strong>C<strong>in</strong>ema</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Political</strong> <strong>Thought</strong> 49the stories were told. In early 1984 a group of students from eight universities<strong>in</strong> Beij<strong>in</strong>g was asked: What film subjects move you most? By a wide marg<strong>in</strong>(51 percent) respondents stated a preference for films that treated "life'shardships <strong>and</strong> difficulties," a topic that is <strong>in</strong>extricably l<strong>in</strong>ked to politicalissues, but one that does not necessarily have to be treated, artisticallyspeak<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> an explicit, heavy-h<strong>and</strong>ed fashion. 22 The films reviewed herewe~