Guidelines for Behavioral Research Using Animals - IACUC ...

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_______________________________________________________________________________Table of ContentsBACKGROUND ........................................................................................................ 5WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS AND REVIEWERS ..................................................... 7CHAPTER 1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 15CHAPTER 2 Contributions of Behavioral Research with Animals ........................ 19Animal Welfare ..................................................................................................................... 20Rehabilitation Medicine ........................................................................................................ 21Pain ...................................................................................................................................... 21Psychotherapy ...................................................................................................................... 22Biofeedback .......................................................................................................................... 23Stress .................................................................................................................................... 23Effects of Early Experience ................................................................................................... 25Deficits in Learning and Memory that Occur with Aging ..................................................... 26Sleep Disorders ..................................................................................................................... 27References ............................................................................................................................ 28CHAPTER 3 General Considerations ..................................................................... 37Role of Training, Monitoring, Evaluations, Track Record .................................................... 37Observation of the Experimental Animals ............................................................................ 37Team Approach to Setting Limits ......................................................................................... 38Level Evaluation of the Experimental Variable .................................................................... 38Species of Animals ............................................................................................................... 38Stress Versus Distress ........................................................................................................... 38Role of Adaptation, Habituation, and Conditioning ............................................................. 39Importance of Species and Ethological Considerations ........................................................ 39Change in Ethics, Values, and Knowledge ........................................................................... 39Provide Occupational Health Services .................................................................................. 39References ............................................................................................................................ 40CHAPTER 4 Manipulation of Food and Fluid Access ........................................... 43Regulated Versus Free Access to Food and Fluids ................................................................ 43‘Treats’ Versus Balanced Diet As Food Rewards .................................................................. 44Species Differences in Weight Regulation ............................................................................ 44General Procedures and Considerations ............................................................................... 46Regulating Access to Fluid ................................................................................................... 47Regulating the Taste and Chemical Composition of Food and Fluids .................................. 48A Final Note on Food and Fluid Control ............................................................................... 48References ............................................................................................................................ 491
CHAPTER 5 Experimental Enclosures and Physical Restraint ............................. 53Types of Apparatus ............................................................................................................... 53Considerations ...................................................................................................................... 54References ............................................................................................................................ 55CHAPTER 6 Pharmacological Studies ................................................................... 57Behavioral Baselines ............................................................................................................ 57Considerations Related to Housing and Social Grouping ..................................................... 58Pharmacological Variables ................................................................................................... 59Dose-Effect Relationships ............................................................................................. 59Drug Vehicles ................................................................................................................ 59Route of Administration ................................................................................................ 60Health Considerations .......................................................................................................... 62Drug Side Effect ............................................................................................................. 62Physical Dependence ..................................................................................................... 62Duration of Drug or Toxicant Exposure ........................................................................ 63Long-Lasting Drug Effects ............................................................................................. 63References ............................................................................................................................ 63CHAPTER 7 Aversive Stimuli ................................................................................ 67Aversively Motivated Behavior ............................................................................................. 67Electric Shock ....................................................................................................................... 69Stress Research ..................................................................................................................... 69Pain Research ....................................................................................................................... 70Pain Assessment Methods .................................................................................................... 71Chronic Pain Models ............................................................................................................. 73Other Considerations ............................................................................................................ 73Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 74References ............................................................................................................................ 74CHAPTER 8 Social Variables ................................................................................ 79Social Variables as Research Topics ..................................................................................... 79Population Density ........................................................................................................ 79Group Formation and Intruder Paradigms .................................................................... 79Social Separation or Isolation ....................................................................................... 80Social Deprivation ......................................................................................................... 80Behavioral Implications of Manipulating Social Variables ................................................... 81Sociability of the Species ............................................................................................... 81Group Formation and Intruder Paradigms .................................................................... 81Gender of the Animal .................................................................................................... 82Age of the Animal ......................................................................................................... 82Type of Social Partner ................................................................................................... 82Resource Availability ..................................................................................................... 82Separation from the Social Group ................................................................................. 83Mother-Infant Rearing .................................................................................................. 84Social Manipulations: Exposure to Unfamiliar Animals ............................................... 84Mixed Species Interactions ............................................................................................ 84Separation from Conspecifics During Development ...................................................... 85Nonhuman Primates in Social Research .............................................................................. 85Conspecific ..................................................................................................................... 86Peer Rearing .................................................................................................................. 862
Page 1 and 2: R E P O R T O F A N A T I O N A L I
Page 3: Single copies of this report are av
Page 7 and 8: ___________________________________
Page 9 and 10: ___________________________________
Page 11 and 12: Social StressorsChristopher L. Coe,
Page 13 and 14: POST-WORKSHOP CONTRIBUTORSIn prepar
Page 15 and 16: Helen E. Diggs, D.V.M.Office of Lab
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 1__________________________
Page 19 and 20: REFERENCESAmerican Psychological As
Page 22 and 23: et al., 1998; Shepherdson, 1994) an
Page 24 and 25: on animals. At the same time, stude
Page 26 and 27: disorders including posttraumatic s
Page 28 and 29: SLEEP DISORDERSThe recognition of r
Page 30 and 31: Dement, W.C. (1994). History of sle
Page 32 and 33: Markowitz, H. (1982). Behavioral en
Page 34 and 35: Redei, E., Pare, W.P., Aird, F., an
Page 36 and 37: Walker, K., Fox, A.J., and Urban, L
Page 38 and 39: TEAM APPROACH TO SETTING LIMITSLabo
Page 40 and 41: Animals (1997), are excellent resou
Page 42 and 43: CHAPTER 4__________________________
Page 44 and 45: established, even though food contr
Page 46 and 47: considerations. These include (1) t
Page 48 and 49: REFERENCESAltman, S., and Altman, J
Page 50 and 51: Laties, V.G. (1987). Control of ani
Page 52 and 53: 1982; Lukas and Moreton, 1979; Meis
Page 54 and 55:
Hemby, S.E., Martin, T.J., Co, C.,
Page 56 and 57:
variables are feeding or drinking o
Page 58 and 59:
influence on performance as well as
Page 60 and 61:
consumption of the food is reduced,
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flareCoupling relaysflare• Compac
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Turkkan, J.S., Ator, N.A., Brady, J
Page 66 and 67:
a variety of behavioral baselines f
Page 68 and 69:
serves in an avoidance procedure ma
Page 70 and 71:
pain. Latency measures often are us
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It is almost universally assumed th
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Gould, E., Tanapat, P., McEwen, B.S
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CHAPTER 8__________________________
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itself independently; the frequency
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SEPARATION FROM THE SOCIAL GROUPQue
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malnourishment may be necessary. Se
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ut the physiological consequences o
Page 86 and 87:
Reite, M., and Short, R. (1983). Ma
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Additional attention should be paid
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fully initiated. In many cases, it
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CHAPTER 10_________________________
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CHAPTER 11_________________________
Page 96 and 97:
Some relevant scientific societies
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