Current online water quality monitoring methods and their suitability ...

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5.8 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) ....................................................................... 29Research and Development ............................................................................................................ 295.9 Trihalomethanes (THMs) .................................................................................................. 29Research and Development ............................................................................................................ 295.10 Nitrosamines ..................................................................................................................... 305.11 Pharmaceuticals ............................................................................................................... 30Research and Development ............................................................................................................ 305.12 Volatile Organic Carbon (VOC) ........................................................................................ 30Research and Development ............................................................................................................ 305.13 Early Warning Systems .................................................................................................... 30Research and Development ............................................................................................................ 316. Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................................316.1 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 316.2 Summary of Recommendations ....................................................................................... 33Recommendation 1: ........................................................................................................................ 33Recommendation 2: ........................................................................................................................ 33Recommendation 3: ........................................................................................................................ 33Recommendation 4: ........................................................................................................................ 33Recommendation 5: ........................................................................................................................ 33Recommendation 6: ........................................................................................................................ 33Recommendation 7: ........................................................................................................................ 33Recommendation 8: ........................................................................................................................ 34Recommendation 9: ........................................................................................................................ 347. References ...................................................................................................................35Appendix 1: Review of Commercially Available Sensors for WCRW Project................39Appendix 2: Review of Research Developments for Contaminants of Concern...........43LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1Figure 2Schematic diagram of the 7 Barrier treatment process employed in the WCRW Project(Queensland Water Commission Fact Sheet 4 1 )............................................................................... 4Schematic diagram of the South East Queensland (SEQ) Water Grid, which will include theWCRW project. (Urban Water Supply Arrangement in South East Queensland 2 )............................. 5LIST OF TABLESTable 1Table 2Table 3Number of water quality parameters required at each barrier to verify the treated water is ofa specified quality for its intended use............................................................................................. 11Organic parameters or indicators required to be measured at each barrier to indicate organicloadings........................................................................................................................................... 18Nutrient parameters or indicators required to be measured at each barrier in the WCRWproject.............................................................................................................................................. 21Table 4 Inorganic parameters required at each treatment barrier within the WCRW project........................ 23Table 5Heavy metal parameters required to be measured at each treatment barrier within theWCRW project................................................................................................................................. 24Table 6 Physicochemical parameters required to be measured at each barrier........................................... 26Table 7 Microbial parameters required to be measured in PRW closed loop system for each barrier ......... 27Current Online Water Quality Monitoring Methods and Their Suitability for the Western CorridorPurified Recycled Water SchemePage iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report forms part of the Water Quality Monitoring Technology and Information CollectionSystem research project jointly undertaken by CSIRO and Griffith University under the Urban WaterSecurity Research Alliance. The report presents a broad overview of the current state of online waterquality monitoring systems from both research and commercial perspectives. It provides a summaryof commercially available methods, and details the strengths and limitations of existing onlinemonitoring technology for the purpose of real-time water quality monitoring within different treatmentbarriers of the Western Corridor Recycled Water (WCRW) scheme. There has been a shift towardsonline water quality monitoring in the WCRW scheme because of the new Queensland RecycledWater Guidelines (QRWG), which specify that continuous or online analysers are preferred to discreteor grab sampling at critical control points (CCPs) to mitigate health hazards associated with the PRWscheme.The report briefly describes why online water quality monitoring is important to guarantee a consistentsupply of PRW, and also gives an overview of uses and applications of online monitoring tools for theWCRW project that can identify particular hazards and provide early warning of treatment failure or adecline in system performance. A summary of water quality parameters that are required to bemonitored at each treatment barrier is presented, along with details of ideal online analyserrequirements to obtain continuous, reliable water quality information.It was found that obtaining reliable low maintenance continuous online analysers for Barriers 1 and 2is problematic, and is a real challenge for commercial systems currently available due to the difficultnature of the measurement environment.In addition, due to the geographic separation of the PRW components and the diversified measurementconditions associated with each treatment barrier, a large number of widely separated instruments arerequired. Consequently, to obtain reliable online water quality information, it is recommended thatonline analysers must be capable of autonomous operation, especially at Barriers 1, 6 and 7. Theymust also be capable of maintaining their calibration status for lengthy periods and have acceptable(low) maintenance costs. The analysers must be resistant to biofouling, signal drift and blockages. Inaddition, the analytical performance must not be significantly affected by matrix interferences, so thatthe results can be directly used to optimise operational management procedures. For Barriers 1 and 2,biofouling and blockages are likely to be a major issue due to the harsh nature of the measurementenvironment. For Barriers 5-7 the analysers must have the resolution required to ensure compliance ofthe parameters measured with the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG) and AustralianRecycled Water Guidelines (ARWG).During the review it became evident that most online analysers have difficulty obtaining continuous,accurate and cost-effective water quality information, as most were based on direct adaptations ofstandard laboratory-based methods, which were not originally designed for field applications.Consequently, the online monitoring techniques/analysers available generally suffer from moreproblems than when used for laboratory-based analysis. Online systems require frequent calibrationand maintenance, and may be prone to matrix interferences, biofouling, blockages and signal drift, asthey must operate in variable non-ideal measurement environments. Therefore, there are significanteconomic and logistics costs associated with maintaining the equipment, especially for remotemonitoring locations. These factors have greatly limited the widespread application of onlineinstrumentation, especially for large-scale remote water quality monitoring, since there is no costeffective online monitoring technology currently available that can operate autonomously for extendedperiods of time.In light of this, it is recommended that when selecting online analysers for the PRW system, specialcare should be taken to ensure that the analysers employed are appropriate for their intended use.Current Online Water Quality Monitoring Methods and Their Suitability for the Western CorridorPurified Recycled Water Scheme Page 1
Page 1 and 2: Current Online Water Quality Monito
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was u
Page 5: CONTENTSAcknowledgements...........
Page 11 and 12: The multi-barrier treatment process
Page 13 and 14: The number of parameters per catego
Page 15 and 16: Online analysers operating within t
Page 17 and 18: Table 1Number of water quality para
Page 19 and 20: Additional background information (
Page 21 and 22: sensors that are stable slow to dri
Page 23 and 24: that it can handle more than one re
Page 25 and 26: Advantages: Sample acquired in-line
Page 27 and 28: These sensors are once again based
Page 29 and 30: 5.3 Inorganic parametersThere are a
Page 31 and 32: The majority of analytical methods
Page 33 and 34: For Barriers 1, 6 and 7 where the m
Page 35 and 36: 5.7 PesticidesCurrently there are n
Page 37 and 38: Recently, Hach introduced an Event
Page 39 and 40: 6.2 Summary of RecommendationsThe f
Page 41 and 42: 7. REFERENCES1. Queensland Water Co
Page 43 and 44: 63. WTW (2008) The IQ SENSOR NET XT
Page 45 and 46: Appendix 1: Review of Commercially
Page 47 and 48: CompanyNameYSIHANNAInstrumentsMettl
Page 49 and 50: Appendix 2: Review of Research Deve
Page 51 and 52: ReferenceGutirrez M et al. (2008).
Page 53 and 54: ReferenceRodriguez-Mozaz S et al. (
Page 55 and 56: ReferenceBohrer F et al (2008).J.AM
Page 57:
Urban Water Security Research Allia
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