Recent Researches <strong>in</strong> Energy & EnvironmentCarbon Dioxide Levels <strong>in</strong> Educational Institutions 359Allan Hani, Teet-Andr<strong>us</strong> Koiv, Alo MikolaA Probabilistic Nodal Analysis for Help<strong>in</strong>g the System Operator to Validate the Results of theDay-Ahead Electricity MarketDavide Poli, Paolo Pelacchi365E.U. Environmental Policies: A Document – based Qualitative Research 372Iuliana Pop, Madal<strong>in</strong>a-Teodora Andrei, Charlotte Valent<strong>in</strong>e Ene, Flor<strong>in</strong> Vartolomei, Petronela-Sonia Nedea, Radita AlexePhotovoltaics <strong>in</strong> the Czech Republic – Example of a Distorted Market 378Lubos SmrckaLoad Forecast under Uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty: An Innovative Approach beyond GDP Growth 384Leont<strong>in</strong>a P<strong>in</strong>to, Luiz Macedo, Daniel Sica, Mirian GomesAuthors Index 389ISBN: 978-960-474-274-5 13
Recent Researches <strong>in</strong> Energy & EnvironmentPlenary Lecture 1Strategies of Develop<strong>in</strong>g Road Transport by Controll<strong>in</strong>g Automotives’ Emissions to ReduceLocal and Global Environment ImpactsProfessor Corneliu CofaruAutomotive and Eng<strong>in</strong>e DepartmentMechanical Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g FacultyTransilvania University of BrasovRomaniaE-mail: ccornel@unitbv.roAbstract: This research paper presents an overview of policies and methods of controll<strong>in</strong>g the emissions ca<strong>us</strong>ed bymotor vehicles and road traffic to reduce local and global pollution. The ma<strong>in</strong> premise is the fact that <strong>in</strong>dividualmobility and modern freight transport system should <strong>in</strong>clude the ideea of people’s well-be<strong>in</strong>g, quality of life, freedom,all these be<strong>in</strong>g parts of the social and cultural context. In this case, the mobility of tomorrow will be moreenvironment-friendly, resource lean, quieter, safer, geared to <strong>in</strong>dividual mobility needs and seamless logistics. Highlyefficient, <strong>in</strong>novative powertra<strong>in</strong> technologies and alternative fuels will have a key-role <strong>in</strong> this respect.Therefore, effective policies m<strong>us</strong>t meet multiple objectives such as:• Establish<strong>in</strong>g a balance among different solutions of power tra<strong>in</strong>s: ICEs, Hybrid, and Electric Vehicle. Petroleumbasedfuels will cont<strong>in</strong>ue to be the foundation of mobility <strong>in</strong> the com<strong>in</strong>g years. The ma<strong>in</strong> reasons lie <strong>in</strong> the extremelyhigh energy density of diesel and petrol, whereby large distances can be covered <strong>us</strong><strong>in</strong>g a relatively small volume offuel, and <strong>in</strong> efficient comb<strong>us</strong>tion eng<strong>in</strong>e technology. The <strong>in</strong>troduction of electric vehicles on the market willencompass: hybrids (micro, mild, full and plug<strong>in</strong> hybrid electric vehicle – PHEV), range extender electric vehicle(REEV), battery electric vehicle (BEV) and fuel cell vehicles (FCV).In the future, other powertra<strong>in</strong> technologies ashydrogen-powered vehicles will be able to contribute to climate protection.• Provid<strong>in</strong>g security of fuel’s supply by <strong>us</strong><strong>in</strong>g alternative fuels. Such alternative fuels can be methyl or ethyl esters(biodiesels), biogases (digester gas, wood gas, gas from biomass gasification, ...), alcohols from biomass (methanol,ethanol, ...), vegetable oils, animal fats, etc. , or even hydrogen.• Def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a concl<strong>us</strong>ive mobility concept. This concept is materialized through a s<strong>us</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>able, consistent transportpolicy for economic growth and efficient environmental protection;?<strong>in</strong>vestment <strong>in</strong> good transport routes based onneeds and promotion of <strong>in</strong>telligent traffic systems (real-time traffic <strong>in</strong>formation, dynamic park<strong>in</strong>g space management,fleet management systems and powertra<strong>in</strong>s assistance systems, ICT <strong>in</strong> logistics).• Reduc<strong>in</strong>g chemical and noise pollution ca<strong>us</strong>ed by motor vehicles by controll<strong>in</strong>g emissions. At present, all studiesshows that is no doubt that the <strong>in</strong>ternal comb<strong>us</strong>tion eng<strong>in</strong>e (ICE) will be the ma<strong>in</strong> propulsion technology for roadtransport for a long time, there is no doubt that we have to f<strong>in</strong>d alternative fuels, to replace the derivatives from crudeoil, such as gasol<strong>in</strong>e and diesel. Simultano<strong>us</strong>ly, the alternative fuels should decrease the noxio<strong>us</strong> emissions (NOx,particles) and decrease the net greenho<strong>us</strong>e gas emissions (CO2). Biofuels constitute a central pillar of s<strong>us</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ablemobility and they have the advantage of not requir<strong>in</strong>g essentially new eng<strong>in</strong>es or a new <strong>in</strong>frastructure, s<strong>in</strong>ce they canbe added to fossil fuels <strong>in</strong> a controlled form (biodiesel can only be added to a maximum 7% of the fossil fuel).Brief Biography of the Speaker: Corneliu Cofaru is a full Professor at the Automotive and Eng<strong>in</strong>e Department with<strong>in</strong>the Mechanical Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g Faculty from Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania. His area of expertise is theenvironmental aspects of <strong>in</strong>ternal comb<strong>us</strong>tion eng<strong>in</strong>es. He authored or co-authored over 200 scientific paperspublished <strong>in</strong> reviewed journals or presented at <strong>in</strong>ternational conferences organized by FISITA, EAEC, SIAR, etc. Hewrote as author and co-author 23 books. Two of these are written <strong>in</strong> English and are entitled: "Materials-EnergyS<strong>us</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>able Development" published <strong>in</strong> 2002 and „Transport and Environmental Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g" published at theTransilvania University Publish<strong>in</strong>g Ho<strong>us</strong>e <strong>in</strong> 2007. He had the opportunity to manage <strong>in</strong>ternational projects <strong>in</strong> Temp<strong>us</strong>and Leonardo da V<strong>in</strong>ci frame and he is a member of Romanian society of automotive eng<strong>in</strong>eers. He is Deputy Deanof the Mechanical Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g Faculty.He serves as an associate editor of some scientific journals, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g IEEE Transactions on Ind<strong>us</strong>trial Electronics,member of editorial board of Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence, member of vario<strong>us</strong> national and<strong>in</strong>ternational scientific committees. He is the founder of the IEEE International Conference Series on IntelligentEng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g Systems (INES) and IEEE International Conference on Computational Cybernetics (ICCC), and someISBN: 978-960-474-274-5 14
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