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Brassey's History of Uniforms-------Current titlesAmerican Civil War: Confederate ArmyAmerican Civil War: Union Armyapoleonic Wars: apoleon's Armyapoleonic Wars: Wellington's ArmyEnglish Civil WarMexican-American War 1846-48Barbarian Warriors: Saxons, Vikings and NormansRoman Army: Wars of the EmpireSpanish-American WarWorld War One: British ArmyWorld War One: German ArmyIINapoleonic WarsNapoleon's ArmyBy Rene ChartrandColor plates by Christa HookForthcoming titleBritish Army: Zulu War to Boer WarAbout the authorRene Chartrand is an internationally renownedexpert on military uniforms. A senior curator withCanada's ational Historic Sites for nearly threedecades, he is now a freelance writer and historicalconsultant. He has written numerous books,including the first two volumes of Canadian MilitaryHeritage.Series editor Timewark

To my sonsContentsCopyright 1996, 2000 Brassey'sAll Rights Reserved. 0 part of this publjcation may bereproduced, stored in a retrevial system or transmined inany form or by any means; e1ectronjc, electrostatic,magnetic tape, mecharucal, photocopying, recording orotherwise, without perm.jssion in writing from thepublishers.First EngHsh Edition 1996First Paperback Edjtion 2000UK editorial offices:Brassey's, 9 Blenheim. Court, Brewery Road,London 1 7 9NTTel: 020 7700 7611 Fax: 020 77004552E-mail: brasseys@chrysalisbooks.co.ukWebsite: www.brasseys.comA member of the Ch~lis Group pic6 Introduction12 Senior Officers and Staff20 The Imperial Guard50 Infantry66 Heavy Cavalry82 Light Cavalry101 Artillery, Specialists, Reserves and avy120 Foreign Troops134 Bibliography136 apoleonic Wars Directory141 IndexRene Chartrand has asserted his moral right to beidentified as the author of this work.Library of Congress Cataloguing in PubHcation DataavailableBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is avajlable from theBritish LibraryI5B1-57488-306-2 PaperbackTypeset by HedgehogPrinted in ChinaFront cover: French cavalrymen of2nd Hussm"s and 1st LDluerRegiment ofthe Vistula Legion during the battle ofAlbuera inSpain, 1811.Detail ofpai/lting by Christa Hook.

IntroductionThe genesis of the uniforms worn by the French Armyduring the Napoleonic period owed much to the lastmajor dress regulations of Louis )(VI's royal armypromulgated in 1786. 'Vhile the colour of theinfantry's coats changed from white to blue during theFrench Revolution, many details, and especially thecut of the coats, remained largely the same until theImperial regulations decreed in 1812. The standingcollars did get higher during the 1790s and cuff flapswere added but, by and large, lapels remained theame, each with its se\'en small buttons, and coat tailforming turnbacks remained long.An alternative to the line infantry's long-tailedcoats with squared and cut-away lapel, and, until1807, bicorn hats, were the light infantry and chasseurunits who wore short-tailed coatees with pointedlapels. They were already sporting shakos in the lateI 790s, and long, tight trousers and short gaiters. Allthis supposedly made them more 'light' and nimble.The French cavalry, and especially the lightcavalry, saw an explosion ofvaried units in the early1790s created more or less spontaneously and wearingjust about every colour in the rainbow. Often raisedamong the wealthier classes of society, these unitsdesigned uniforms unhindered by any regulations.However, they were rationalized thanks to the geniusfor organization that the M.inister of\Var, LazareCarnot, possessed during this turbulent period. Allsorts of hussars 'of Liberty' of'Death' and so on weregrouped into new regular units of Chasseurs achevaland hussars and, after a time, adopted more 'standard'uniforms although the reader will doubt that anystandardization occurred after eeing our chapterdevoted to the light cavalry!The heavy cavalry and dragoons saw relatively fewchanges during the 1790 . The 'Cavalerie' regimentstoo were often in rags, lacking equipment and theiruniform did not radically change until converted intocuirassier regiments from 1803 -180-+' As for dragoons,their general appearance changed little from the 1780suntil I 12 when, like the infantry, they finally gave upthe long-tailed coat for the short-tailed coatee.Artillery, engineers and other specialist trOOps hadfew changes in dress during the Revolutionary period.National Guard or volunteer gunners only used a redcollar on the standard artillery uniform instead of theblue piped red collar of the regulars which eventuallyremained tile standard. Engineers too continued to usetile same uniform. The creation of horse artilleryregiments, however, brought the prevailing hussarfashion to that corps but in the more sober artillerycolours of blue trimmed with red. Gunnerseverywhere are traditionally more consen'ativedresser than hussars.At the head of this colourful parade was probablythe most splendid and fashionable general staff inmodern history. The flamboyant fashions of Frenchrevolutionary generals, something of an explosion ofgold embroidery, lace, plumes, silk sashes and so on,competed strongly with the dandy 'incroyables' and'merveilleu es' to be seen in the streets ofParis. Someorder wa attempted during the Consular and Imperialperiods which did bring in more gracious dress but, byand large, to see Napoleon's marshals and generals wasto see the heights of military fashion for generalofficers. The impression was such that most nationsemulated these uniforms for a century to come.In another sense, uniforms and uniformity ofdresscame to something of a peak during Tapoleon's rule.With the advent of con cription from 1792, far moreFrenchmen tllan ever before found themselves inuniform to do their military service. Thus was theconcept of a national unifornl born, forging new linksbetween the country's army and its population at large.The wearing of military-style uniform spread tooccupations which were not e entiall)' military such ascustoms, train drivers and man)' other types ofcivilianservices. Like military uniform, the civilian uniformsgave a sense of order and efficiency to the public.Hussar, c. 1800. Print after C. Vernet. J. Ostiguy. Ottawa.Hues of coloursAmong subjects of confusion, that of the exact colourhues of unifornls ranks high. During the Revolutionaryand apoleonic period, many chemicals orchemical effects were not understood with scientificprecision in a semi-industrial manufacturing context.Thus, while there were general rules and dyestuffsavailable, the dyeing ofvast quantities of materialcould vary according to the artisan's talents, theingredients used and the technical possibilities of theequipment. Therefore, absolute uniformity in hue,even on the same bolt of cloth was impossible.Generally speaking, the colour blue was a very darkblue generally known as 'Imperial blue'. The colourgreen was also a very dark 'Imperial green'. Redcovered quite a lot of related hues such as 'garance',usually given as a bright red, and scarlet which wasalso a bright red, but of richer quality. But red couldalso be somewhat darker pink with a touch ofviolet tobe 'amaranth'. In Britain and the ruted States,crimson was a sombre dark red but in France, crimsonwas brighter with a hard to define pinkish-violet hue,even on surviving uniforms. On the other hand, 'puce'was a dark crimson. A common colour for lace andGrenadier private of a line infantry half-brigade, 1793. Thissoldier wears the new blue 'national' uniform with redepaulettes and a hanger denoting his grenadier's status. Thecrested cap was a remnant of the 1791 dress regulations.German print after SeeIe.braid was 'aurore' which we have consistentlytranslated as orange since it was made ,vith two partsyellow mixed with one part red. Yellow was oftentermed 'jonquille' to indicate a fairly bright yellow.'Gris-de-fer' (literally: steel-grey) was a lightish bluegrey.But many light blue-grey uniforms were actually6 introductionintroduction 7

_¥_-- ._- ------ - -Goj'/'Fc8'~0oooooC· rrtAG 01..','J")! ! !".. ,. .. ,. '0 ..\,'.'IIII,I,: I'-..~: ..i.' ••:-;,.:: ::-.oJ.~:... ';; :-: ....0;'::'~:.:', . . :.o·0:. o..:..~.~.,,,,.(.,/ /I/I;'II I,,·1'I;I''''''v /~,\."", ,',,".,---_...~: ...'. ."."1Pattern of an officer's coat, 16th Light Infantry Regiment,1812 Regulations. A: front, B: back, C: lapel with its fold,D: top of sleeve, E: under sleeve, F: collar, G: cuff with its fold,H: pocket flap. Costumes at uniforrnas, 1912.sky blue.Last but not least, conditions in the field couldhave dramatic effects on uniforms colours anduniformity. Lieutenant Pieron of the 32nd Regimentof Line Infantry in southern Spain wrote in 1810:'The replacement [clothing] for the troops occurs oneor two years late. Our men are bare-footed, we cannotgive them shoes. Imagine their dress! Everything sentfrom France, men, horses, supplies, is consumed [ordiverted] on the way. Convoys take up to a year toreach us... A bad quality hat is worth 150 francs. Eachman thus becomes in turn a tailor and a shoemaker;the most skilJed cut, the others stitch. Pantaloons ofbrown cloth are much in wear by us, made with clothfound in convents; it is very much in fashion in thesouthern army...'Hair stylesQueues and powdered hair were the regulation style atPattern of an officer's coatee, 1st 'Chevau-Legers Lanciers'Regiment, 1814. A: front, B: back, C: double plastron, D: top ofSleeve, E: under Sleeve, F: half of collar, G: cuff, H: 'Soubise'type pocket flap. The lilies on the turnback were put on afterNapoleon's abdication. Costumes at uniforrnas, 1913.the time of the Revolution. But at Boulogne in late1803, apoleon ordered the army to cut its queues,quit the messy powder and adopt the eo-Roman'Titus' style of short hair of natural colour. 'Manygrumbled but all eventualJy submined' says Constant,who meant all line troops. However, a fewPattern of a trooper's kurta, 2nd Lancers of the Imperial Guard,1810-1815. A: front, B: back, C: top of sleeve, D: under sleeve,E: turnback, F: half of collar, G: cuff, H: pocket flap, I: belt loop,J: piped piece in the skirt. Costumes at uniforrnas, 1912.infantrymen still had them five years later. 'The 36thof the line,' wrote Marshal Castellane in Spain duringNovember 1808, '[was a] regiment of the smallnumber [of units] in the infantry whose soldiers stillwore the queue...' Hussars and Chasseurs achevalwere also ordered to adopt the new style, someregiments being most reluctant (see chapter 5). The8 IntroductionI1ltl'Oduetiol1 9

Old Guard units were allowed to keep their queuesand powder.Moustaches were the prerogative of grenadiers andhussars. Otherwise, all were clean-shaven (withsideburn) except for sappers who were the only men inthe army allowed to wear beards.GlossaryBicorn hat ('Chapeau bicorne'): essentially a widebrimmedhat folded to fonn two points.Breeches ('Culottes'): fairly tight nether wearending below the knee with a garter and side openingfastened by several small buttons. Worn by nearly allmilitary and civilians on dress occasions. Hussar (orHungarian) style breeches were tighter and went downlower.Coat ('Habit'): the basic coat worn by most foottroops until 1812. rt had long tails. The collar wasstanding. The cuffs were usually round with a cuff flapbearing three small buttons. The lapels each had sevensmall buttons and hooked at the top but flared awaycoming down. The bottom of the lapel wa usuallysquare but could also end in a point just below thewaist, usually for light troops. The tails had at the topthree-pointed pocket flaps, usually set horiwntally butsometimes vertically.Coatee (,Habit-veste'): essentially the same as thecoat but with short tails. Before 1812, the coatee frontwould usually be flared. From 1812, the coatee hadsquare lapels which hooked down to the waistcompletely hiding the waistcoat.Epaulettes ('epaulettes'): in this book, epaulettesrefer to a shoulder strap \vith fringes. Usually worn byelite troops in coloured wool and officers in gold orsilver lace with bullion or strand fringes.Forage cap ('Bonnet de Police' and, from 1812,'Pokalem'): the 'Bonnet de Police' was a cap \vith along crown that ended in a point with a tassel at theend and had a wide turnup. The crown was oftenfolded in two and tucked in the turnup. The crown'sseams and the turnup were edged with piping. Theturnup also had a lace edging and, often, a badge or anumeral in front. This type of forage cap was rolledand fastened under the cartridge box flap, the tasselhanging bellow. The 'Pokalen' forage cap introducedin 1812 was a cap \vith a flat round crown and a wideheadband, piped in the facing colour. However, manypreferred the older type and continued to wear it.Gaiters ('Guetres'): protective leg wear of wool orlinen with instep and closed at each side with manysmall buttons. Went above the knee until 1812 thenbelow but the Old Guard infantry continued wearingthe old style. On campaign, cut down or plain shortgaiters were often worn. Light infantry had shortgaiters which came at about mid-calf, usually edgedand sometimes with tassel at top front.Knapsack ('Sac ados'): Made of cow-hide with hairoutside, the top flap fastened by three buckles andstraps, carried by straps around each shoulder. Thegreatcoat could be rolled, and sometimes put in a linenbag, and carried on top of the knapsack held by twoand later three straps. Tapoleon felt that, sincesoldiers packed all their worldly belongings in theirknapsacks, they should not leave them in the fieldbefore a battle and lose them, as he had seen theRussian do at Austerlitz, so he insisted that 'the soldiershould wear hi knapsacks at all times'. Thus, theFrench apoleonic army went into battle wearingknapsacks.Kurta: Polish-style coatee worn especially bylancers. It featured piping on the back seams andunder the sleeves.Overall ('Surculotte' or 'Pantalon de cheval' or'Charivari'): ample trousers for mounted personnel,often with buttons on a coloured stripe at each side,reinforced with leather at the seat, down the inside ofthe legs and often ending in a leather cuff at thebottom ofeach leg.Shako: cap with a leather peak and reinforcingbands, generally bearing a metal plate, cockade andcockade loop, feather or pompon and chin scales.Introduced in the I 790s for light troops, it had spreadto the whole army by 1808. The shako gave animpression ofoverbearing height to soldiers. It wasalso supposed to give some minimal protection againstsabre blows to the head.Shoulder strap ('Patte d'epaule'): in this book,shoulder strap refers to a piece ofcloth on the coat'sshoulder, usually of the coat colour and edged withplpll1g.Surtout: a very plain undress coat, single breasted,with long tails and usually ofa single colour. Collarsand/or cuffs can be of a facing colour. Very popularwith officers.Rank BadgesFoot troops, heavy cavalry, dragoons, gendarmerie,transport corps.Officers:Colonel: two epaulettes \vith bullion fringe.Major: two epaulettes with straps and bullionfringe of contrasting metal, i.e. for a corps with goldbuttons: silver straps and gold fringe; for a corps \vithsilver buttons: gold straps \vith silver fringe.Chefde bataillon: one epaulette on left, strap \vithno bullion fringe on right.Captain: one epauJette with thin strand fringe onleft, strap with no fringe on right.Captain and Adjutant-Major: one epaulette withthin strand fringe on right, strap with no fringe onleft.Lieutenant; one epaulette \vith thin strand fringeon left, strap with no fringe on right. Both strap havea red line at the centre.Sub-Lieutenant: one epaulette \vith thin strandfringe on left, strap \vith no fringe on right. Bothstraps have two red lines at the centre.Non-Commissioned Officers:djutant: two epauJettes with red straps with two(gold or silver) lines at the centre. Fringe red and goldor silver mixed.Sub-Adjutant: one epaulette \vith thin strand fringeon left, strap with no fringe on right. Both straps redwith two (gold or silver) lines at the centre. Fringe redand gold or silver mixed.Marechal des logis chef (Chief Quartermaster,equivalent of sergeant-major in mounted troops): twopoints up gold or silver chevrons above cuffs.Marechal des logis (Quartermaster, equivalent ofsergeant in mounted troops): two diagonal gold orsilver chevrons above cuffs.Drum-Major: two red epaulettes, gold or silverstrand fringe. Gold or silver lace edging facings.Sergeant-Major: two diagonal gold or silver barsabove cuff .Fourrier: two diagonal gold or silver bars onsleeves above elbowsSergeant: one diagonal gold or silver bar abovecuffs.Brigadier (equivalent of corporal in mountedtroops): two diagonal yellow or white bars above cuffs.Corporal: two diagonal yellow or white bars abovecuffs.Appointe (Lance-Corporal): one diagonal yellow orwhite bar above cuffs.Rengage (re-enlisted soldier): chevron on uppersleeve, one for each eight year period. Generally whiteon blue, green or red coats; blue on white coats.Bars and chevrons were 23 mm \vide, often withred (usually) edging, on the coats and coatees. Thecorporals, appointes and rengages also had their rankbadges on the waistcoat but II mm \vide.Light Cavalry.Officers:Colonel: five gold or silver laces set as chevrons atOfficer, 1st Cavalry Regiment, c. 1800. This was the dress ofline cavalry regiments until converted into cuirassiers in 1803.Print after Hoffman.cuffs and front of breeches, three of 20 mm \vide, twoof9 mm.Lieutenant-Colonel: two of 20 mm, two of9 null.Major: one of 9 mm near the cuff, one of 20 mmand two of 9 mm.Captain: four laces of 9 mm.Second Captain: three laces of9 mm.Lieutenant: two laces of9 mm.Sub-Lieutenant: one lace of9 mm.Adjutant: three silver or gold chevrons above cuffs.Marechal des logis chef: two silver or goldchevrons above cuffs.Marechal des logis: one silver or gold chevronabove cuffs.Fourriers: three silver or gold chevrons aboveelbow.Brigadiers: two white or yellow chevrons abovecuffs.Appointes: one white or yellow chevron abovecuffs.Rengage: one white or yellow chevron above elbowper eight years of service.i 0 introductionIntroduction i J

Senior Officers and Staffapoleon Bonaparte was born on 15 ugust 1769. Atage ten, he entered the military academy of Brienneand from then on wore a unifoml during most of hislife. First that of Brienne then, from 1783, that of theEcole Militaire in Paris. He was commissioned in theartillery in 1785 and wore its uniform until promotedgeneral in 1794. From 1799 when he became Consul,and later First Consul, he often wore a scarlet'uniform' coat embroidered with gold associated withthat function but, as time went on, his dress becamesimpler and he reverted gradually to purely militaryuniforms. By the time he was crowned Emperor in1804, he commonly wore the plain hat, an undresscoat of the Chasseurs it cheval or the unifoml of FootGrenadiers of his guard and, increasingly, his famousgrey greatcoat.This simplicity in dress from the world's mosteminent man of the day contrasted enormously withthe lavish dress of his entourage, be they civil ormilitary, and considerably enhanced his image and hislegend. His hat, his grey greatcoat are still universallyrecognized instantly nearly two centuries later!Yet, while apoleon must have planned thisstudied simplicity in dress, his disdain of 'fuss andfeathers' and his love ofcomfortable clothes werefactors. His personal valet, Constant, recalled that hewas not fussy about fashion but he liked his clothes tobe comfortable and made of the finest materials. 'Hisfrocks, his coats and his grey greatcoat were made ofthe finest Louviers cloth' but his daily dress did notvary much. Every moming, he put on white silkstockings, white casemere breeches or tightpantaloons, white casemere waistcoat, shirt, black silkstock and either the green undress coat of the GuardChasseurs it cheval or, less often, the blue coat of theGrenadiers of the Guard. He would wear soft leatherriding boots with silver spurs or 'short English-styleboors'. The Emperor's famous hat was of 'beaver felt,extremely fine and very light; the inside lined \vith silk.It had no tassels, lace or plume, simply with a flat silkloop holding a small tricolour cockade'.Under his uniform coat and over his waistcoat, hewore the red sash of the Legion of Honour so that itwas hardly visible 'except for parades' when he wore itover his coat. On his coat, he pinned only two medals:the Legion of Honour and the Iron Crown.Generals and MarshalsAt the time of the Revolution, French generalsThe young Corsican gentleman-cadet Napoleone diBuonaparte at the Brienne military academy, shown in theschool's blue faced red uniform, the first worn by the futureemperor shown in this evocative print after JOB.The French Campaign of 1814. One of the most famouspictures of Napoleon shown wearing his famous hat and greygreatcoat. It captures the sombre mood during the invasion ofFrance by the allies. Print after the painting by Meissonnier.adopted some very distinctive unifomls of'revolutionary fashion' featuring bunches of largetricolour hat plumes, high stand-and-fall collars,ample tricolour sashes, tight pantaloons and low boors.The basic uniform was blue \vith scarlet collar andcuffs, often with white cuff flaps, and decorated \vithmuch gold embroidery. This was regulated further in1798 \vith generals in chief now having red and whitesashes, generals of division scarlet sashes and generalsof brigades sky blue sashes but all this could befollowed loosely.Napoleon being treated for a slight foot wound from a spentbullet during the 1809 campaign in Austria. Roustan, theEmperor's personal Mameluk in oriental dress is taking off theboot while three servants of the Imperial household prepareclothing and medicines. They wear a livery consisting ofcompletely green caps and coats laced with gold, redwaistcoat and breeches. Wherever the Emperor was in thefield, a pick\'t of Chasseurs II cheval of the Guard in campaigndress formed a perimetre around him. Print after JOB.12 Seniol' Officers and StoffSenior Office'rs and Stoff13

Napoleon and Marshal Murat during the 1805 campaign.Murat, famous for his outlandish personal uniforms, wears awhite hussar dress with scartet pelisse laced with gold. Printafter JOB.From 14 September 1803, generals were assignedthree types of uniforms. The full dress uniform was ablue coat with scarlet collar and cuffs heavilyembroidered \vith a gold oak leaf and acorn pattern onboth sides of the front, on and around the pocket flapsand on the collar and cuffs; gold buttons. This fulldress coat had no rurnbacks and no epaulettes. Thewhite waistcoat had a similar embroidery. Thebreeches and stockings were white on foot and bluebreeches and black boots were worn mounted. A goldlaced bicorn with a flurry of tricolour plumescompleted this dress.The 'undress' uniform was much more popular andsoon became the only one worn for all but the mostelaborate dress occasions. It was a blue coat with bluecollar, cuffs and lining but with no turnbacks althoughcut away, embroidered with the gold lace oak leafpattern as on the dress coat, gold epaulettes; goldbuttons; white breeches and long boots. The bicornwas edged with wide gold lace and a plume borderwhich was usually white for commanding generals andblack for the others. Even simpler was the campaignuniform which consisted of an all blue coat with blueturnbacks, gold embroidery only at the collar andcuffs, gold epaulettes.Rank distinctions were, for generals in chief:double row of embroidery on the collar, cuffs andpockets; white silk and gold sash; four silver stars onthe epawettes, the sash tassels and the sword knots.Generals of division had a scarlet and gold sash andthree silver stars. Generals of brigades had a sL:y blueand gold sash and two silver stars.Marshals ofFrance were generals given thatsupreme title for their individual achievements. Thus,being a marshal was not quite a regular military rankalthough it was understood that he was thecommander in chiefof an army. The uniform worn bymost of apoleon's marshals was basically that ofgenerals in chief but with additional gold oak leafembroidery on the coat seams at the sleeves and theback. However, some just wore general in chiefsuniforms in the field. aturally, a marshal such asMurat would dress after his own outlandish taste andstill be somewhat within a certain legitimacy asMarshal Angereau in full dress uniform. Marshals usually hadthe same as senior generals with the addition of embroidery atthe coat seams. Print after portrait.Above.M. de Vence, orderty officer to the Emperor, 1809. Print afterpainting by A. Adam.Top right.Count d'Astorg, Aide de camp to Marshal Bessieres, 1812,wearing the regulation hussar dress for a marshal's aide decamp. Print after a portrait by Gounod.Right.Baron Lejeune, ADC to Marshal Berthier painted this portraitof himself proudly wearing the uniform he designed. EnteringMadrid in December 1808 with five other of Berthier's ADCs,he later wrote that 'we were remarkable even at the head ofthe Imperial Guard... I never saw anything more brilliant ormore elegant...than our cavalcade...' Print after self portrait.marshal's unifomls were not officially regulated until1836.There also were a few special ranks such asColonel-General ofHussars. The holder of rhis officewas Marshal Junot which entitled him to wear a whitedolman, blue pelisse and breeches, red boots, blackhako with white aigrette, the whole richlyembroidered, corded and laced \vith gold. TheColonel-General of the Chasseurs acheval of the14 Senior Office1"S olld StoffSeniOl' Office1"S olld Stoff /5

Guard had a similar dress but with green dolman, redpelisse and breeches, and a fur busby.Aides de Camp (ADC)During the Imperial era, the number ofADCs was tobe six for marshals, three for generals of divisions andtwo for generals of brigades. The Emperor had someADCs at his service and al 0 had up to 11 'Officiersd'ordonnance' to transmit his orders.Uniform: early revolutionary ADCs tended to wearblue \vith slqr blue collar and red cuffs and, from 1798,their regimental uniforms with an arm-band on theupper left arm of the colour of their commander's sashwith gold embroidery. From 1803, the uniform was tobe a blue single breasted coat, sky blue collar andcuffs, blue rurnbacks \vith gold thunderbolts, goldepaulettes; gold buttons; white waistcoat; bluebreeches and pantaloons; plain bicorn with goldcockade loop \vith white tipped red, blue tipped red orsky blue plume for ADCs of generals in chief, ofdivision and of brigade. However, many wore theirregimental uniforms instead or added details such aslapels piped sky blue.On 30 March 1807, an order attempted to checkthe fantasy in the uniforms worn by ADCs. Those ofgenerals ofdivisions and of brigades were only to weara blue coat \vith long tails, 'sky blue collar and buttonsof aides de camp' and a bicorn. However, some fantasywent on as engineer Captain Paulin, ADC to Generalof Division Bertrand, recalled wearing a pelisse, a'dolman \vith astrakhan fur with the czap ka' during1809. Portraits of the period show many variations.By the order of 30 March 1807, only the ADCs ofmarshals would 'be allowed to wear the blue hussarstylecoat [dolman] \vith gold cords, colback or furcap.' On 3 May 1807, the uniform of marshals' ADCswas further ordered to have a red collar and cuffs onthe dolman, gold buttons and braid, fur busby inwinter and shako in summer.The order of 30 March 1807 also mentioned thatprinces commanding an army corps could chose thecolours of their ADCs hussar uniforms. Some hadalready been chosen. The order acknowledged that theADCs of Prince Jer6me had a green uniform \vith 'redfacings and silver cords.' The ADCs of the GrandDuke of Berg, Murat, wore 'amaranth with bufffacings and gold cords. White pelisse with gold lace.'Other princes quickly acted to select theiruniforms. By 20 April 1807, the Prince of PonteCorvo, Bernadotte, had his ADCs in 'sky blue dolman\vith buff collar and cuffs, sky blue pantaloons, buffpelisse \vith all garnishing in gold.' The Prince ofeufchatel, Berthier, dressed his ADCs in a 'whitedolman with scarlet collar and cuffs, scarletpantaloons, black pelis e, all the garnishings in gold.'From Augu t 1807, Berthier's ADCs also had a simpleruniform consisting of a scarlet frock ,vith black collarand pointed cuffs, white piped black lapels, facingembroidered with gold oak leaves, gold epaulettes,white waistcoat and breeches, bicorn hat with blackplume.Berthier was very touchy about his ADCsuniforms; General Castellane recalled that in Spainduring 1809, Berthier insisted that only his ADCswould wear red trousers among his staff. Even theminister ofwar's ADC sent to serve \vith Berthier hadto wear blue trouser. One day, one ofMarshal ey'sADCs arrived and 'presented dispatches wearing redpantaloons; [Berthier's] anger was most comical' andthe unfortunate ADC had to immediately obtain 'withgreat difficulty' another pair of trousers before hecould leave!There were many other variations and changes butthe example given above will give a fair idea of thefanciful and varied dress of the ADCs.Last but not least, the uniforms of the Emperor's'Officiers d'ordonnance' or orderly officers: on 30March 1807, they were reported wearing a 'green coatwith gold aiguillettes.' Possibly because of itsresemblance to the Imperial livery, this was orderedchanged on 31 January 1809 to 'a hussar style mediumblue [usually shown as sky blue] frock [shown as a longtailed coat \vith pointed lapels] with cuffs, collar, lapelsand lining of the same colour; cuffs, collar and lapelembroidered with silver; silver epaulettes andaiguillettes, scarlet waistcoat and medium bluepantaloons laced silver; hussar boots; bicorn hat withsilver garnishing.' Dress housings were to be a hussarstyle tiger skin or bearskin edged with scarlet.However, medium blue cloth edged with silver wasused for ordinary duty.Marshal's GuidesSome marshals had their own companies of 'guides'which were escort units of light cavalry. They wereusually dres ed in luxurious and colourful uniforms.For instance, Marshal Mortier's had green dolman andbreeches, yellow collar, cuffs and pelisse edged withblack fur, yellow cords and buttons, green and yellowsash, busby \vith white plume tipped red, yellow bagpiped green.Opposite.Marshal Josef Poniatowsky, 1813. Wearing a Polish dressuniform of blue with crimson trousers and silver lace. After aprint published in Dresden.16 Senior Officers and StafJSmwrOfficersandSwfJ17

Artillery, c. 1808.The French artillery of Napoleon's armies was reputed to beamong the most advanced of its time. The second half of the18th century had seen dramatic progress in the materiel andthe training of artillerymen in France, thanks to the systembrought forth by General Gribeauval.The one major irritant left in the 1790s was the persistentdifficulty faced by commanders on campaign when privatecontractors might not bring too swiftly to battle lines theexcellent Gribeauval system artillery. Shortly after he came topower, Napoleon decreed, in January 1800, that the drivers bemilitarized, formed into 'Battalions of the Artillery Train' andput into a blue-grey uniform. Blue facings were soon addedand eventually, some variations were perceived. For instance,it seems sky blue was often used instead of a light blue-greyfor the coatees and white piping edging the facings is alsorecorded. The figure in the plate shows the standard dress forthe Train in about 1808.Gunners of the French Foot Artillery of the Line regimentswore a uniform that was almost completely blue except for thered cuffs, turnbacks and piping. Apart from the change frombicorns to shakos in 1807-1808, the uniform remainedpractically identical until 1812 when the coatee replaced thelong-tailed coat. Shakos usually had red bands and pomponsbut some sources also show red feathers. The gunner in theplate shows the dress worn about 1808.Many regiments of Light or Horse Artillery were raisedduring the Revolution, proved to be useful and wereappreciated by Napoleon. Being 'light' the dress of the HorseArtillery followed that of the light cavalry and featured hussardolmans and breeches. The colours were in keeping with themore reserved character of the gunners being all blue with redcords rather than the outlandish styles worn by hussars. TheHorse Artilleryman shows the full dress used in about 1808.Guns were usually of polished brass, the carriages andlimbers painted olive-green with hardware in black. Painting byChrista Hook.Above left.Captain Dreux-Nancre, ADC to General of Division Gudin,c. 1809. Print after miniature.Above right.Napoleon in his favourite dress: the green trimmed redcampaign coat of the Chasseurs a cheval of the Guard,c. 1804. Print after Duplessls-Berteaux.18 Senior OffiCe1"S mid StoffSenior Officers and Stoff19

The Imperial GuardThe units which came to form, inJuly 180-1-, theImperial Guard, had various origins. The Cha eurs acheval had begun as General Bonaparte's Guide. Thecompany of Mamelukes was a re ult of Japoleon'campaign in Egypt and certainly a most exotic unit.During the Consular period (1799-180-1-), the guardgrew considerably. apoleon clearly wished to create adependable elite reserve that would be the envy of theArmy and create emulation.By 180-1-, the guard stood at 9,775 men. In 1805, ithad 12,175 men; in 1806, 15,-1- 0 men; in 1809,23,92-1­men; in 1 10 32,330 men; in 1811,51,906 and in1 12 nearly 56,000 men.o that emulation and respect be maintained, theguard wa divided into an 'Old', a 'Middle' and a'Young' guard from 1 08. Thus, the prestige of the oldunits was maintained, even enhanced, and withoutprejudice to the newer corp which could still boastthey were part of 'Ia Garde imperiale'.Back from the disastrous campaign in Ru sia,Opposite.Top left.Trooper, Chasseurs II cheval of the Imperial Guard in walkingout dress in 1804. Pnnt after todouard DeI31lle.Top right.Trumpeters. Empress Dragoons of the Imperial Guard, 1813.The mounted trumpeter wears full dress, the one on foot theundress. Print after Martinet. Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection.Brown UnIVerSity. USA.Bott9m left.Front and back view of privates in surtout, Foot Chasseurs ofthe Imperial Guard, 1807. Otto Ms. Anne S.K. Brown MllrtaryCoIlecllOll. Brown UnIVerSIty. USA.Bottom right.Privates, Tirailleurs-Grenadiers, National Guard and Tirailleurs­Chasseurs of the Imperial Guard, 1809. Pnnt after Marbot.Napoleon tried to boo t the Guard even more during1813 when the establi hment reached 81,000 on paper.But in January 1814, the Guard had in fact only17,-1-98 men bearing arms while decrees brought upthe paper strength to over 102,000 men.Following apoleon's abdication in May 1814,some Old Guard units were retained in service byLouis XVlll but they rallied to the Emperor when hecame back from Elba in 1815. They were dissolvedfollowing the battle ofWaterloo during the latter partof 1815.CavalryGrenadiers it ChevalHorse Grenadier. Originated in October 1796 a acompany of horse guards for the legislative a embly;part of the Consular Guard on 2 De~ember 1799;'Horse Grenadiers' in December 1800; regiment ini'ovember 1 01; four quadrons; velite squadronattached from 1805-1810; five quadrons in 1811;disbanded 23July 1 H; re-formed 8 pri11815;disbanded 25 Kovember 1815. Considered the seniorcavalry regiment of the Old Guard.Uniform: blue coat with blue collar, white lapelsand white three-pointed cuff flaps, red turnbacks withorange grenades, orange lace shoulder strap on leftshoulder and orange aiguillette with orange trefoil onright; brass buttons; white wai tcoat and breeches;grey pantaloons on campaign; bearskin cap with brasschin scales, orange cords, red patch with white cross,red plume; white cloak with three orange laces and redlining in front; blue forage cap piped red with orangelace edging turnup and orange tassel; blue hou ingswith double orange lace with grenade, later crown.Undress consisted of the all-blue surtout with orangeshoulder strap and aiguillette, nankeen breeches, whitestockings, ilver-buckled shoes, deerskin gloves, bluepantaloons and ouvarov boot in winter. Black horses20 The Imperial GuardThe I1J1pe'rial Guard 2J

Horse Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard, c. 1804. Front andback views of troopers wearing the undress surtout. Print afterEdouard Detaille.whites or greys for trumpeter.Trumpeters: Sb.)' blue coat and collar, crimson cuffs,lapels and rurnbacks with gold grenades, white cuffflaps, gold lace edging collar, cuffs, lapels andbuttonholes, gold and crimson aiguillette and shouldercords; brass buttons; white waistcoat and breeches;white bearskin cap with Sb.)' blue patch with goldgrenade, gold cord, white plume tipped Sb.)' blue; alsobicorn hat laced gold and edged with white andcrimson plumes; crimson housings laced gold; bluetrumpet banner with gold fringe and embroidery; goldand crimson trumpet cord; white or grey hor es.Chasseurs a ChevalMounted Chasseurs. Raised during the Italiancampaign in 1796 as the Guides of General Bonaparte,became Chasseurs acheval of the Consular Guard on2 December 1799; attained regimental strength inovember 1801; four squadrons; disbanded 28 July1814; re-formed 8 April 1815; disbanded 26 October1815. The unit was part of the Old Guard.Uniform in hussar style: green dolman with greenTrumpeter (back view) and musicians of the Horse Grenadiersof the Imperial Guard, c. 1804. Print after Edouard Detaille.collar, red cuffs, orange cords; brass buttons; redpelisse with orange cords and black fur edging; redand green ash; red waistcoat with orange cords; redbreeches with orange cords, later buff breeches; bootsedged orange; busby with red bag with orange edging,green tipped red plume and orange cords; greensabretache with imperial arms embroidered. Forundress, green coat with green piped red pointedlapels and collar, red cuffs and turnbacks with orangebugle horns, orange aiguillette; brass buttons; redwaistcoat with orange cords; green breeches withorange cords, green overall with red stripes and brassbuttons. Green housings edged orange and piped redon the outside with orange bugle horn and latercrowned eagle; white sheepskin edged red. Officers:gold buttons and cord, epaulettes and aguillette onundress coat.Trunlpeters: sky blue dolman with crimson colJarand cuffs, gold and crim on cords; brass buttons;crimson pelisse with sky blue and gold cords and whitefur edging; crimson and gold sash; buff breeches;white busby with crim on bag, crimson and gold bagedging and cords, Sb.)' blue plume tipped crimson; skyTrumpeters, Horse Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard, 1804­1814. Watercolour by Lucien Rousselot. Anne S.K. Brown MilitaryCollection. Brown University. USA.blue sabretache edged gold with Imperial arms;crimson hou ings with gold lace chain edging andeagle, sky blue valise. For undress, sky blue coat withsky blue piped red pointed lapels, crimson collar andcuffs edged with gold lace, sky blue piped redturnbacks with gold bugle horns, gold trefoil, gold andcrimson aiguillette; brass buttons; crimson waistcoatwith gold and sky blue cords; sky blue breeches withgold and crimson cords.MamelukesRaised in Egypt in 1799; created as a squadron of 240men on 13 October 1801; reduced to 150 men on 7January 1802; organized as a hussar squadron andattached to the Chasseurs acheval. There were feweroriginal Mamelukes as time passed, Frenchmenreplacing them. In 1813, after the Russian campaign,the 2nd company was reorganized with Frenchpersonnel and was nicknamed the 'Mamelukesfrancais' - the French Mamelukes. Corps disbanded18H.Uniform: Napoleon ordered this unit 'to have theVelite, Horse Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard, c. 1805. Printafter portrait.same uniform that the Mameluks wear' which seemsto have been just about anything that seemed orientalto Parisians. Basically, they wore a low fez with aturban, a sleeveless vest over a sleeved jacket, baggytrouser which became very popular with amlY officers,all these items being elaborately embroidered. Therewas no set unifornl colour but the fez was dark redwith white turban, the baggy 'Mameluk' trousersbeing often red and the boots often of yellow leather.They were armed with pistols, a blunder buss andtheir oriental sabres. The 1813 French Mamelukeshad few means but improvised an 'oriental' dress ofsorts. The headdress, however, was not a fez but aplain black shako with a brass crescent in front and awhite turban.Gendarmes d'EliteElite Gendarmes. Created 19 March 1802; 632 men intwo squadrons of two mounted companies each and ahalf-battalion of two foot companies; 456 men in twomounted squadrons only in 1806; disbanded 23 April18H; re-formed 8 April 1815; one company strong;disbanded later in 1815.22 The 11llpe'ria/ GuardTbe bnpel-ia/ Guard 23

surtout with shoulder strap and aiguillette, nankeenbreeches, white stockings, silver-buckled shoes,deerskin glove, green pantaloons and Souvarov bootin winter. Black horses, whites or greys for trumpeter.Officer: gold metal and lace.Trumpeters: for full dress a white coat, sb:y bluecollar, cuffs, lapels and turnbacks with gold grenades,white cuff flap, gold lace edging collar, cuffs, lapelsand buttonholes, gold and sk'Y blue aiguillette andshoulder cords; brass buttons; white waistcoat andbreeches; helmet \vith white or black mane and sk'Yblue plume; sk'Y blue housings laced gold; bluetrumpet banner with gold fringe and embroidery; goldand sk'Y blue trumpet cord; white or grey horses.There was al 0 a sky blue ordinary duty unifonn andsurtout.Trooper, Chasseur II cheval of the Imperial Guard in thecampaign dress worn in 1806. Print after Edouard Detaille.Uniform: blue coat, red collar, lapels and cuffs,blue cuff flaps piped red, red turnbacks with whitegrenades; pewter buttons; white aiguillette; whitetrefoils on blue at shoulders; buff waistcoat andbreeches; black long boots; bearskin cap with visor,white metal chin scales, red back panel \vith whitegrenade, white cords, red plume (white plume forparades); yellow-buff gauntlet gloves; yellow-buff beltedged white; white metal belt-plate with brass eagle;blue cloak \vith red cuffs. Blue housings with whitelace and ornaments. Officers silver metal, lace andcords.The Elite Gendarmes on foot of 1802-05 had thesame uniform except for epaulettes instead ofaiguillettes and trefoils, long black gaiters, bearskincap with no cords, arms and equipment of footGendarnlerie.Trumpeters: red coat, blue collar, cuffs, lapels andturnback, silver buttonhole and edging lace; silverbuttons; silver and red aiguillette and trefoils; bearskincap with red plume \vith white tip; blue housings lacedsilver. Rest of uniform the same as the men.Drummers of foot companies: red coat, blue collar,Trumpeters, Chasseurs II cheval of the Imperial Guard, c. 1804.Print after Edouard Detaille.cuffs, cuff flaps, lapels and turnback, silver buttonholeand edging lace, blue \vings \vith white lace andfringes; silver buttons; white trefoils; bicorn hat edgedwith red and white plumes, red standing plume withwhite top third.Dragons de l'lmperatriceEmpress Dragoons. Regiment created on 15 April1806; named Empress Dragoons in 1807; disbanded12 May 1814; re-formed 8 April 1815; disbanded 15December 1815.Unifonn: green coat with green collar, white lapelsand white t1lree-pointed cuff flaps, red turnbacks witllorange grenades, orange lace shoulder strap on leftshoulder and orange aiguillette with orange trefoil onright; brass buttons; white waistcoat and breeches;grey pantaloons on campaign; brass helmet \vith brasscomb, black mane, panther hide turban covering alsothe visor, brass chin scales, red plume; white cloakwith wee orange laces and red lining in front; greenforage cap piped red with orange lace edging turnupand orange tassel; green housings \vith double orangelace and crown. ndress consisted of the all-greenGendarmes d'OrdonnanceStaff Gendarmes. This was not a police-type unit butrather a corps of orderlies to serve near the Emperor.Created 23 September 1806; four mounted companiesof 150 men each, one 50 men infantry company;cavalry campaigned with the Emperor in northGermany and Poland; infantry stayed in Mayence.Recruited from youths from prominent families, it wasresented by other units which probably led to itsdisbandment on 23 October 1807.niform: coat completely green, of the same cut asthe undress coat of the Chasseurs acheval, \vithoutany other colour but green, turnbacks with noornaments; pewter buttons; silver trefoil andaiguillette; red hussar-style waistcoat \vith five rows ofsilver buttons and cords; green Hungarian-stylepantaloon with silver cords; hussar boots edged silver;also green overalls with silver outside buttons; shakowith black velvet band, silver plate and chin scales,silver cords, white plume; yellow-buff gloves; blackbelts edged with red morocco leather and silverornaments; green housings lace silver with silvereagles; same weapons as Chasseurs acheval.Trumpeters: same uniform but sky blue collar, cuffsand lapel edged with silver lace; black busby with skyblue bag piped silver, white plume.The infantry had the same but bicorn laced silverwitll white plume; black short gaiters edged silver;white accoutrements; infantry musket and short sabre.Drummers: same uniform except for completely skyblue coat with collar, cuffs, lapels and turnbacks edgedwith silver lace.Chevau-Legers-Lanciers PolonaisPolish Light Horse Lancers. Created 2 March 1807;became Light Horse Lancers (Chevau-Legers-Trooper of the Mamelukes of the Imperial Guard, fighting toquell the insurrection in Madrid during May 1808. There was nolove lost between Spaniards and these 'Moors' with theirarabic costumes and weapons. Print after JOB.Lanciers) in 1809; 1st Regiment from September1810; reduced to one squadron in 1814 which went toElba; disbanded I October 1815.3e Regiment de Chevau-Legers-Lanciers Polonais(3rd Polish Light Horse Lancers). Created 5July1812; nearly all lost in Russia; remnants merged into1st regiment on 22 March 1813.Uniform, 1st Regiment: two uniforms wereprescribed in 1807, a white parade uniform and a blueuniform but the need for a white parade unifoml wassoon questioned and only the blue uniform was made.It was in the Polish style: blue k'Urta, crimson collar,cuffs, lapels, nlrnbacks and piping edging back seams,silver lace edging lapels, white aiguillette andepaulette; pewter buttons; blue trousers \vith doublecrimson stripes; CZ

Trooper, Elite Gendarmerie of the Imperial Guard, c. 1810. Printafter JOB.edged white. Armed with brass hilted sabre, carbine,pistol and, from December 1809, the lance withcrimson over white pennon. For undress the kuna wasworn with lapels buttoned over, blue pantaloon withcrimson stripe and pewter button. Officers: silverbuttons and lace. They also had a white faced crimsongala and ball dress.Trumpeters: in 1807-08, crimson uniform withwhite facings, silver lace, white czapska. From 1809,white kuna, crimson collar, cuffs, lapels, turnbacks andpiping edging back eams, silver and crimson lace atbuttonholes on lapels, silver and crimson aiguiUetteand epaulette; silver buttons; crimson trousers withdouble crimson stripes; czapska with crimson crownpiped white, silver and crimson cords, silver plate,crim on tipped white plume; crimson housings withsilver lace and badges. Campaign and service dress: skyblue uniform faced crimson laced silver, crimson andsilver aiguillette, white crown on czapska, other detailsgenerally as the men.3rd Regiment: same as 1st but brass or goldbuttons, yellow or gold lace and cords. Trumpetershad a crimson kurta faced white with gold lace; blueTroopers, Empress Dragoons of the Imperial Guard, 1806-1815.Watercolour by Lucien Rousselot. Anne S.K. Brown MilitaryCollection. Brown University, USA.pantaloons with yellow double stripes; czapska withwhite crown, gold lace, crimson and yellow cords,crimson plume.Chevau-Legers-Lanciers de BergBerg Light Hor e Lancers. Guard regiment of theduchy of Berg created 21 May 1807; the first squadronwas denoted life guard; regiment admitted to theImperial Guard on 171 ovember 1808; named lancers17 December 1809; 2nd regiment raised early 1812destroyed in Russia; one regiment in 1813; intoPrussian service following the dissolution of the RhineConfederation in October 1813.niform, 1807- c.180 : white l.:urta, amaranthcollar, cuffs, lapels, turnbacks and piping edging backseams; pewter buttons; white aiguillette andepaulette ; amaranth trousers with double whitetripes; czapska with amaranth crown piped white,Opposite.Trooper, Empress Dragoons of the Imperial Guard oncampaign in Spain, 1808. Print after JOB.26 Tbe Imperiol GI/ordTbe hl/periol Guord 27

aggy blue pantaloons; blue housings; crimson andwhite lance pennons.2e Chasseurs aCheval2nd Mounted Chasseurs. Five Chasseurs it chevalYoung Guard squadrons raised from]anuary 1813;became known as '2e Regiment de Chasseurs itcheval'; disbanded May 1814; re-formed 21 May 1815at four squadrons; stayed near Chantilly; disbanded 4December 1815.Uniform: green dolman with green piped orangecollar, red piped orange cuffs, orange cords; red pelisseedged with black fur, orange cords; brass buttons;green and red sash; red or green pantaloons withorange cords; hussar boots; red shako with mixedorange and green cockade loop, black visor, companypompon; black sabretache; white belting; greensleeved cloak; green stable jacket; red housings edgedgreen with white sheepslcin seat. Officers gold metal,lace and cords.Trumpeters (many variations): sky blue dolman,red collar and cuffs, red and gold cords and lace; brassbuttons; red or crimson pelisse edged with black fur,gold cords; sky blue or grey pantaloons with doublered stripes; red shako or black busby with crimson bag.Drummer, Elite Gendarmerie of the Consular Guard, c. 1802.Print after contemporary engraving.white cords, brass sunrise plate with white metalcentre, white plume; amaranth housings edged white.Life guard squadron had white lace at buttonholes andedging facings. Trumpeter had the kurta of reversedcolours. Officers had silver metal, lace and sash aroundwaist.1809-1813: green kurta, amaranth collar, cuffs,lapels, rurnbacks and piping edging back seams;pewter buttons; green trousers with double amaranthstripes; czapska with amaranth crown piped white,white cords, brass sunrise plate with white metalcentre, white plume; elite company red epaulettes,busby with amaranth bag piped white and red plume;crimson over white lance pennon (in silk from 1812);white sheepslcin edged amaranth, amaranth valiselaced white. Trumpeter had the green imperial liverycoatee with amaranth facings and livery lace.Detachment in Spain 1809-1813 also had chasseurit cheval model uniform: green coatee with amaranthcollar, cuffs, piping and rurnbacks; white metalbuttons; green pantaloons with amaranth stripe; redshako with white top and bottom bands, white plumebrass diamond badge.Trumpeter and trooper in service dress, 1st Polish Lancers ofthe Imperial Guard, 1807-1814. Print after Edouard Detaille.Chevau-Legers-Lanciers HollandaisDutch Light Horse Lancers. Former Dutch GuardHussars, incorporated into the Imperial Guard andcreated as lancers, numbered 2nd Regiment, inSeptember 1810; had four squadrons; six more YoungGuard squadrons raised in 1813; disbanded 1814;re-formed 8 April 1815; disbanded 20 September1815.Uniform: scarlet kurta, blue collar, cuffs, lapels,rurnbacks and piping edging back seams, yellowepaulette and aiguillette; brass buttons; scarlet trouserswith double blue stripes; czapska with scarlet crownpiped yellow, brass chin scales, yellow cords, brasssunrise plate with white metal centre, white plume;blue cloak; blue housings edged with a broad and anarrow yellow lace and yeLlow eagle and N; bluepantaloons with scarlet stripe and brass buttons.Officers: gold metal and lace.Trumpeters: white k'Urta faced scarlet with goldlace edging; scarlet trousers with gold stripes; czapskawith white crown, gold band, scarlet and gold cords,scarlet tipped white plume.Young Guard Squadrons: reversed colours (blueNCO and troopers in undress, 1st Polish Lancers of theImperial Guard, 1807·1814. Print after Bronislaw Gembarzewski.faced scarlet), greyish cloak; housings same but withonly one lace. Officers and NCOs were from the oldregiment and continued to wear the scarlet uniform.Tartares LithuaniensLithuanian Tartars. Created 24 August 1812; squadronrecruited in Lithuania and attached to the PolishLancers; many lost in Russia; remnants orderedincorporated into the 3rd Eclaireurs it cheval(Mounted Scouts) in December 1813, but the tartarsappear to have remained distinct within the 3rd untilreleased in]une 1814.Uniform of 1812: black astrakhan fur busby withpeak, green bag with red tassel, yellow rurban, brasscrescent; green sleeved vest; red sleeveless roundjacket trimmed with yellow cords; baggy greenpantaloons with red stripe; red laced yellow housings,black sheepslcin seat, Turlcish-style saddlery; sabre,pistols, lance with red and white or red and greenpennon. Officers had gold cords and lace. Uniform of1813- J4: black astrakhan fur busby, green bag, whitecords, red plume; crimson sleeved vest; yellowsleeveless round jacket trimmed with black cords;Gardes d'HonneurGuards of Honour. Four regiments raised from 3 April1813; recruited among the young bourgeois who wereto arm and uniform themselves at their own cost; eachregiment had 1250 to 2500 men divided into 10squadrons; the 1st Regiment was posted at Versailles,the 2nd at Metz, the 3rd at Tours and the 4th at Lyon;disbanded 1814.Uniform: green pelisse edged with black fur,pewter ball buttons, white cords; green dolman, scarletcollar and cuffs, pewter ball buttons, white cords;crimson and white sash; scarlet hussar-style breecheswith white cords; hussar boots edged white; red shakowith white top and bottom bands, silver crowned eagleplate and chin scales, visor edged silver, white cords,green plume \\~th red tip for 1st Regiment, blue for2nd, yellow for 3rd and white for 4th; black sabretachewith silver eagle and regimental number below, 1stregiment also had scarlet sabretache with white laceand embroidery; scarlet sleeveless waistcoat; all greensingle-breasted stable jacket; green overalls withscarlet band and 18 buttons on band; green cloak;green forage cap piped scarlet; white sheepskinhousings with green border. Officers had a bearslcincolback with scarlet bag as well as the shako, silver laceand buttons, overalls with silver stripe. Generalcommanding each regiment had the same uniform28 Tbe Imperial CunniTbe Imperial GUtl1·d 29

. .Trooper in cold weather dress, 1st Polish Lancers of theImperial Guard, 1807-1814. Print a~er Bronislaw Gembarzewski.with gold instead ofsilver bunons and cords.Trumpeters: many variations. Green imperial liverycoatee with chevrons on sleeves and broad lace onchest; reversed colours and red pelisse all with whitecords; sl,)' blue pelisse and dolman corded white withred cuffs and collar and busby with red bag; same asthe men with, in addition, lace of the imperial liveryon the pelisse and dolman, shako plumes inverted,black sheepskin housings.Eclaireurs aChevalMounted Scouts. Three regiments created 29December 1813. Each regiment had four squadrons of250 men each. The 1st Regiment was anached to theGrenadiers acheval, the 2nd to the EmpressDragoons and the 3rd to the Polish Lancers. The firsttwo regiments were half Old Guard and half YoungGuard while the third was Polish. Half of the first tworegiments had carbines, the other half and the 3rd hadlances with crimson over white pennons. All weredisbanded in later 1814.1st Regiment uniform: the Old Guard squadronshad a green dolman with green collar, red cuffs, whiteKettledrummer and trumpeters in full dress, 1st Polish Lancersof the Imperial Guard, 1807-1814. Print a~er BronislawGembarzewski.cord; pewter bunons; green pelisse with white cordsand black fur; crimson and wrute sash; greenpantaloon with red stripe and pewter bunons; blackshako with red top band, red pompon, brass eagleplate and chin scales; green hou ings laced white andpiped red. The Young Guard squadrons had the samebut wore a green Chasseur acheval coatee with scarletcollar, cuffs and piping, pewter buttons.2nd Regiment unifoml: green single breastedcoatee with crimson collar, cuffs and turnbacks, greenshoulder straps piped crimson; brass bunons; greenwaistcoat; green pantaloons \\~th crimson stripe andbrass buttons; crimson cylindrical shako, cockade infront with button at centre and orange cord loop,green pompon, orange cords, brass chain on leatherchin strap.3rd Regiment uniform: same as the 1st PolishLancers but \~th white pompon instead of plume onOpposite.Trooper, Berg Lancers, service dress, 1809-1813. Watercolour byHerbert KnOtei. John Elling. Cornwall, USA.30 Tbe hllperial GuardTbe 11I1pel'ifll GUl/l'd 31

Top left.Trooper, 2nd Dutch Lancers of the Imperial Guard, c. 1810. Fulldress. Contemporary print.Above.Trumpeter,3rd Polish Lancers of the Imperial Guard, 1812. Printafter Bronislaw Gembarzewski.Above.Trooper, 2nd Dutch Lancers of the Imperial Guard, 1811-1815.Original uniform used on campaign. MUs8e de l'Armee, Chiiteaude l'Empari, Salon·de·Provence.Left.Trumpeter in full dress, 2nd Dutch Lancers of the ImperialGuard, c. 1813. Print after Edouard Detaille.czapska; white and blue stripped sash; grey pantaloonswith leather inset; plain blue housing.InfantryGrenadiers a PiedFoot Grenadiers Regiment. Considered the seniorinfantry unit of the Guard originating in 1796.Created on 2 December 1799 as regiment of theConsular Guard; numbered I st on 15 April 1806;disbanded 11 September 1815.2nd Foot Grenadiers formed 15 April 1806;amalgamated into 1st in 1809; 2nd regiment formedTop right.Officer and troopers of the Lithuanian Tartars attached to theImperial Guard, 1812-1813. Print after Bronislaw Gembarzewski.Right.Officer's busby, Lithuanian Tartars, 1812-1813. Print afterBronislaw Gembarzewski.again 18 May 1811; disbanded 24 September 1815.3rd (Dutch) Foot Grenadiers (3e Regiment deGrenadiers hollandais). Former Dutch GuardGrenadiers, incorporated into the Imperial Guard on13 September 1810 as 2nd Grenadier Regiment,renumbered 3rd on 18 May 1811 when the old 2ndwas re-formed; disbanded 15 February 1813 andamalgamated into 1st and 2nd regiments.3rd (French) Foot Grenadiers Regiment created 8April 1815; disbanded 24 September 1815.4th Foot Grenadiers Regiment created 8 April1815; disbanded 24 September 1815.The corps had twO grenadier battaljons of eightcompanies of 100 men each per battaljon, and a five-32 The 11IIpel'io! GuardThe 11IIperio! GUOI'l! 33

. ,ar~Top left.Troopers in full dress, 2nd 'Chasseurs II cheval' of the YoungGuard, 1813. Watercolour by Lucien Rousselot. Anne S.K. BrownMilitary Collection. Brown University, USA.Above.Private, Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard, 1804-1815. Originalfull dress uniform. Musee de l'Armee, Chateau de l'Emper;, Salonde-Provence.34 Tbe Imperinl GunrdAbove.Trooper in campaign dress, 2nd 'Chasseurs II cheval' of theYoung Guard, 1814. Watercolour by Lucien Rousseiot. Anne S.K.Brown Military Collection, Brown University, USA.Left.Back view of a trooper and elite company officer of the'Gardes d'Honneurs' in 1813. Print after Maribel.company battalion ofvelites (191 men per company)added when it became the Imperial Guard in]uly1804. From 1807, the velite companies wereamalgamated into the grenadier battalions. FromOctober 1808, the number of companies were reducedto four per battalion, but 200 men per company,double the previou strength. During the 1 15campaign the Foot Grenadiers were organized intoregiments of two battalions, each battalion having fourcompanies of 150 men each.Uniform: blue coat \vith blue collar, white lapelsand white three-pointed cuff flaps, red turnbacks withTop right.Front and back view of privates in surtout, Foot Grenadiers ofthe Imperial Guard, 1807. Otto Ms copy, former C. Aries collection.Right.Pioneer wearing the undress surtout, Foot Grenadiers of theImperial Guard, 1807. Otto Ms copy. former C. Aries collection.orange grenades, red epaulettes; bra s buttons; whitewaistcoat and breeches; white and black gaiters;bearskin cap with brass plate then bronze from 1809,white cords, red patch with white cross until late 1807then white grenade, red plwne; blue greatcoat; blueforage cap with white piping, orange lace edgingturnup and orange grenade edged white in front;cartridge box with bronze-brass eagle and a smallgrenade at each corner.'\t\Then we were under arms in full dress,' wroteGuard Grenadier Coignet, 'we wore the blue coatwith white lapels, cut away below the chest; thewaistcoat, breeches and gaiters were white; silverTbe huperinl GUfl/'d 35

Band of the Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard in theforeground, c. 1810. The Black cymbals player had a red capwith white tUrban, green aigrette and gold decorations, bluejacket with scarlet collar and cuffs, red trousers, gold lace andbuttons. The Guard Grenadiers in full dress are behind. Printafter JOB.buckles to the shoes and breeches; black cravat linedwhite inside leaving a narrow white border at the top.In undress, we wore the blue surtout, white waistcoat,naked breeches and plain white cotton stockings. Addto this the pigeon wings [sideburns] and the six-inch[about 15 em] long queue with its end cut like a brushtied by a black ribbon with loose ends of two incheslong, more or less. Further add the bearskin cap withits long plume, and you have the summer dress of [theGrenadiers] of the Imperial Guard.' From 1809, aecond uniform coat was issued i.nstead of the bluesurtout so that the grenadiers were always inregimentals thereafter.When not wearing the bearskin caps, thegrenadiers wore a bicorn with orange cords and redcarrot-shaped pompon. This, until 21 May 1809 when'at II in the morning,' recalled Guard GrenadierCoignet, 'we were ordered to cross the Danube and toput on our bearskin caps. The Emperor wanted toFoot Chasseur of the Imperial Guard, full dress, c. 1806. Printafter Duplessis-Berteaux.present his old grumblers to the enemy in their finestdress. It was the end of our three-cornered [actuallybicorn] hats. As we marched on the bridge in threeranks, each hurriedly took out his bearskin cap carriedin a bag on top of the knapsack. As we were in a hurryto put [our bear kin caps] on, we threw our hats in theriver. \Ve never wore any [hats] since.' The bearskincap was henceforth worn without cord or plumesexcept for dress occasions.From 1812, the grenadiers also had on campaignblue winter and white sUlllmer pantaloons, worn overthe gaiters. The blue greatcoat, single-breasted up tothen was now double-breasted and the epaulettes wereworn on it.Sappers: same as grenadiers with red crossed axeson upper sleeves, red and gold epaulettes; fur cap withno plate, red and gold cord, red patch with white cro suntil late 1807 then gold grenade, red plume; from1810, gold lace edging the facings.Drummers: same as grenadiers \\~th gold and redlace edging facings and buttonholes, gold grenades ontumbacks, red wings edged with gold lace, red andgold epaulettes.A seasoned private of the 3rd Dutch Grenadiers of the ImperialGuard at right gives instructions to young Pupils of the Guard,c. 1811-1814. Print after JOB.Musicians: blue coat with crimson collar, cuffs, cuffflaps, lapels and turnbacks, gold lace edging facings,gold buttonhole laces with tassels, gold shouldertrefoils on crimson; gold buttons; white waistcoat andbreeches; black boots; bicorn hat laced gold with redand white feather edging and a standing white plume.From 1810, all crimson items were changed to scarlet.The 1st and 2nd (French) Guard Grenadiersregiments both had identical uniforms with noregimental distinctions.The 3rd (Dutch) Grenadiers of 1810-1813 had adifferent uniform. Full dress: white coat, crimsoncollar, cuffs, lapels, turnbacks and pocket piping,yellow grenades on turnbacks, red epaulettes; brassbuttons; white waistcoat and breeches; long whitegaiters; bearskin caps with no plate, crimson backpanel with white grenade, white cords.Sappers: same as grenadiers with red crossed axeson upper sleeves, gold and crimson lace edging coatcollar, cuffs, lapels, tumbacks and seams; goldgrenades on tumbacks and back panel of bearskin cap.Undress: white surtout with crimson collar, cuffs andPrivates, Fusiliers-Grenadiers and Fusiliers-Chasseurs of theImperial Guard, 1806. Print after Marbol.tumbacks, yellow grenades on turnbacks; bicorn hatwith red pompon. Officers had facings ofcrimsonvelvet, gold metal and cords.Drummers had the same white and crimsonuniform as the men with, in addition, gold and scarletlace edging the collar, cuffs, cuff flaps, lapels andtumbacks.Musicians: sky blue coat, yellow collar, cuffs, lapelsand turnbacks all edged with silver lace, white cuff flapedged with silver lace; pewter buttons; silver trefoils atshoulders; hussar-style fur colback with yellow baghaving silver lace and tassel, white over blue plume;white waistcoat and pantaloons; boots edged withsilver lace.Chasseurs a PiedFoot Chasseurs. Created 2 December 1799; numbered1st regiment from 15 ApriI 1806; disbanded 11October 1815.2nd Foot Chasseurs Regiment created 15 April1806; merged into 1st in 1809; re-formed 18 May1811; disbanded 11 October 1815.3rd Foot Chasseurs Regiment created 8 April 1815;36 The Imperial GuardThe imperial Gum-d 37

- .- - - -Private, Voltigeurs of the Imperial Guard, 1811. Prinl afterMartinet. Anne S.K. Brown M~itary Collection, Brown University, USA.Private, National Guard Regiment of the Imperial Guard, 1810­1813. Prinl after Vernet.Veterans of the Imperial Guard, c. 1804-1815. Print after JOB.Horse Artillery of the Imperial Guard, c. 1804. Trumpeter andgunners in various orders of garrison service dress. Print afterdisbanded I October 1815.4th Foot Chasseurs Regiment created 9 May 1815;disbanded I October 1815.Uniform: blue coat with blue collar, white pointedlapels, red piped white pointed cuffs, red turnbackswith yellow edged white grenades and bugle horns;green epaulettes with red crescent and fringe; brassbuttons; white waistcoat and breeches; white and blackgaiters; bearskin cap, white cords, green plume tippedred plwne, no plate or patch; blue double breastedgreatcoat; blue forage cap with orange piping;cartridge box with bronze-brass eagle.Sappers: same as chasseurs with red edged greencrossed axes on upper sleeves, green and goldepaulettes; fur cap green and gold cord.Drummers: same as chasseurs with gold and greenlace edging facings and buttonholes, gold grenades onturnbacks, red wings edged with gold lace, green andgold epaulettes.Musicians: coat same as chasseurs, gold lace edgingfacings, gold buttonhole laces with tassels, greenepaulettes with green and gold crescent and fringe;gold buttons; white waistcoat and breeches; blackboots; bicorn hat laced gold with green and whitefeather edging and a standing green tipped red plwne.Compagnie des VeteransCompany ofVeterans. Created 12 July 1801 for theold soldiers with over three years ofservice in theGuard. Company of 102 men raised to 200 in 1807.Continued after 1815 under the royal government.Uniform: blue coat, blue collar, red lapels, redcuffs, blue cuff flaps, red turnbacks; brass buttons;white waistcoat and breeches; long white gaiters;bicorn with red pear-shaped pompon.There was also a company ofveterans attached tothe 3rd Dutch Grenadiers but it remained inAmsterdam. Its uniform was the same as theGrenadiers except it had no lapels and had a bicornwith red pompon, yellow cockade loop and cords.Fusiliers-GrenadiersFusiliers-Grenadier Regiment. Created 19 September1806; establishment of 1600 men formed from thevelites; considered part of the 'Middle Guard';disbanded 12 May 1814.niform: same as the Foot Grenadiers except forthe following items. White epaulenes with two redstripes lengthwise on the strap; shako with whitechevrons in 'V' on each side, brass scale chin strap andcrowned eagle plate, visor edged ,vith brass, whitecords, red plunle. Drummers had the same with goldlace edging the collar, cuffs and lapels. Officers hadthe same uniform as Foot Grenadier officers but ,vitha shako having a black velvet top band withembroidered gold stars and edged gold, bottom bandthe same but without stars, gold cords and metal,cords worn until 1813 by officers.Fusiliers-ChasseursFusiliers-Chasseurs Regiment. Created l3 December1806; establishment of 1600 men formed from thevelites; considered part of the 'Middle Guard';disbanded 12 May 1814.niform: same as the Foot Chasseurs except forthe follmving items. Shako with brass scale chin strapand crowned eagle plate, visor edged with brass, whitecords, green plume tipped red. Drummers had thesame with gold lace edging the collar, cuffs and lapels.Officer had the same uniform as Foot ChasseurEdouard Delaille.officers but ,vith a shako having a black velvet topband with embroidered laurel leaves and edged gold,bottom band the same but ,vithout leaves, red overgreen plume, gold cords and metal, cords worn until1813 by officers.Tirailleurs-GrenadiersSharpshooters-Grenadiers. 1st Regiment created 16January 1809; became 1st Tirailleurs Regiment 30December 1810. 2nd Regiment created 25 April 1809;became 2nd Tirailleurs Regiment 30 December 1810.Each regiment had an e tablishment of 2000 men,reduced to 1600 men in 1810; considered part of the'Young Guard'.Uniform: blue coatee, blue pointed lapels pipedwhite, red collar piped blue, red pointed cuffs pipedwhite, red turnbacks piped white ,vith white eagles,red shoulder straps piped white; brass buttons; whitewaistcoat and breeches; black gaiters below the knees;shako with white chevron, brass plate and visoredging, white cords, white plume tipped red; 1stRegiment had a red over white pompon; 2nd38 The Imperial GuardTbe bllpf1'iol Guard 39

Napoleon takes aim with one of the guns of the Horse Artilleryof the Imperiat Guard, c. 1808-1815. The gunners wear the fietdgrenades on turnbacks. Officers had gold metal andcords.uniform. Print after JOB.Officer, Horse Artillery of the Consular Guard, c. 1803. Print afterHoffman.Regiment had white over red pompon. Sergeant'sshakos had red chevrons with two gold lines near eachedge, gold and red cords, gold grenades on turnbacks.Officers had gold metal and cords.Tirailleurs-ChasseursSharpshooters-Chasseurs. 1st Regiment created 29March 1809; became 1st Voltigeurs Regiment 30December 1810. 2nd Regiment created 31 March1809; became 2nd Voltigeurs Regiment 30 December1810. Each regiment had an establishment of 1600men divided into two battalions ofsix companies each;considered part of the 'Young Guard'.Uniform: blue coatee, blue pointed lapels pipedwhite, red collar piped blue, red pointed cuffs pipedwhite, red turnbacks piped white with green eagles,green shoulder trap piped white; brass buttons; whitewaistcoat and breeches; black gaiters below the knees;shako with brass eagle, whjte cords, green pompon.Sergeant's shakos had gold and green cords, bra s chinstraps and visor edging; turnbacks had gold eagleinside and gold bugle horn outside. Officers had goldmetal and cords.Conscrits-GrenadiersConscripts-Grenadiers. Ist Regiment created 29March 1809; became 3rd Tirailleurs Regiment 10February 1811. 2nd Regiment created 31 March 1809;became 4th Tirailleurs Regiment 10 February 1811.Each regiment of 'Conscrits grenadiers' had anestablishment of 1600 men divided into two battalionsof six companies each; considered part of the 'YoungGuard'.Uniform: blue coatee, blue cut away square lapelswithout piping, blue collar without piping, red cuffwith white three-pointed cuff flap, whjte turnbackspiped red with red eagles, blue shoulder strap pipedred; brass buttons; white wajstcoat and breeche ; blackgaiters below the knee; shako \vith white chevrons in'V' on each side, brass scale chin strap and crownedeagle plate, visor edged with brass, red cords, redplume. Sergeant's shakos had red chevrons with twogold lines near each edge, gold and red cords, goldConscrits-ChasseursConscripts-Chasseurs. Ist Regiment created 31 March1809; became 3rd Voltigeurs Regiment 10 February1811. 2nd Regiment created 31 March 1809; became4th Voltigeurs Regiment 10 February 1811. Eachregiment of 'Conscrits chasseurs' had an establishmentof 1600 men divided into two battalions ofsixcompanies each; considered part of the 'Young Guard'.Uniform: blue coatee, blue pointed lapels pipedwhite, red collar piped blue, red pointed cuffs pipedwhite, blue turnbacks piped white with green buglehorns, green shoulder straps piped white; brassbuttons; blue or white waistcoat, blue pantaloons; lowblack gaiters; shako with brass eagle, white cords,green pompon. Sergeant's shakos had gold and greencords, brass chin straps and visor edging; turnbackshad gold eagle inside and gold bugle horn outside.Officers' had gold metal and cords.Velites de Turin; Velites de FlorenceVelites ofTorino, Velites of Florence. Created 24,\ larch 1809 by the Emperor's order; one battalioneach; raised in northern Italy. These uruts were40 Tbe Impe o rial GuardTbe Imperial Guard 41

Sailors of the Imperial Guard, c. 1805, service dress. ALieutenant wearing the blue undress with gold lace, epauletlesand aiguilletles is saluted by a Trumpeter. Print after EdouardDelaille.Artillery Train of the Imperial Guard, driver, 1807. Print afterMartinet, Anne SK Brown Military Collection, Brown University, USA.attached to the Imperial Guard because of [ apoleon'ssister. The Torino Velites (Velites de Turin) formedthe guard of Prince Borghese, husband of 1 apoleon'ssister Caroline. The Velites of Florence were theguards of Elisa, Grand Duchess ofTuscany. In 1813,some French personnel from the Young Guard wereadded. Both units were disbanded I Februarv 18 H.niform: Velites ofTurin: blue coat, blue collar,white lapels and three pointed cuff flaps, red cuffs,mrnbacks and epaulettes; white waistcoat andbreeches; shako with brass crom,ed eagle plate, brassedged visor, orange (later white) cords and red plume.Velites of Florence: blue coat, blue collar, whitelapels and three pointed cuff flaps, red cuffs andmrnbacks, white epaulettes with two red stripes; whitewaistcoat and breeches; shako with brass crow"edeagle plate, brass edged visor, red cords and plume.companies each (four of fusiliers, one of grenadierand one ofvoltigeurs); became 7th VoltigeursRegiment 15 February 1813.niform: blue coatee, white pointed lapels pipedred, red collar piped white, red pointed cuffs pipedwhite, white mrnbacks piped red with blue eagles, blueshoulder strap piped red; brass buttons; whitewaistcoat and breeches; black gaiters below the knees;shako with brass crowned eagle plate, white cords,pompon of fusilier company colours: Ist, green; 2nd,sky blue; 3rd, orange and 4th, violet. Grenadiers redgrenades on mrnbacks, red epaulettes, sabre knot,shako cords and pompon. Voltigeurs had green bugleson rurnbacks, green epaulettes, sabre knot, shakocords and pompon. Officers had the same uniform asthose of the Fu iliers-Chasseurs.TirailleursSharpshooters. 1st Regiment created 30 December1810 from Tirailleur -Grenadiers; disbanded 1814; reformed8 pril 1815; disbanded after ~ aterloo.Sailor of the Imperial Guard, c. 1807, wearing the full dress'paletot' trimmed in the hussar style. Print after Martinet. AnneS.K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University, USA.2nd Regiment created 30 December 1810 fromTirailleurs-Grenadiers; disbanded 1814; re-formed 8April 1815; disbanded after Waterloo.3rd Regiment created 10 February 1811 fromConscript-Grenadiers; disbanded 1814; re-formed 8April 1815; disbanded after Waterloo.3rd bis Regiment created 1 January 1813 fromPupils of the Guard; disbanded March 1813.42 Tbe Imperil/I GUI/rdTbe Imperil/I GUI/rd 43

--Foot Artillery of the Imperial Guard, 1810-1815. Print afterMarbot.4th Regiment created 10 February 1811 fromConscript-Grenadiers; disbanded 1814; re-formed 8April 1815; disbanded after Waterloo.4th bis Regiment created 17 January 1813 fromPupils of the Guard; disbanded March 1 13.5th Regiment created 18 May 1811; disbanded1814; re-formed 8 April 1815; disbanded afterWaterloo.5th bis Regiment created 17 January 1813 fromPupils of the Guard; disbanded March 1813.6th Regiment created 28 August 1811; disbanded1814; re-formed 8 April 1815; disbanded afterWaterloo.6th bis Regiment created 17 January 1813;disbanded March 1813.7th Regiment created 17 January 1813; disbanded1814; re-formed 8 April 1815; disbanded afterWaterloo.8th Regiment created 23 March 1813; disbanded1814; re-formed 8 April 1815; disbanded afterWaterloo.9th to 13th Regiments created 6 April 1813;disbanded 1814.- .'14th to 16th Regiments created 11 January 1814;disbanded later in 1814.17th to 19th Regiments created 21 January 1814;di~banded later in 1 14.Each regiment had an e tablishment of 1600 men.However, this remained only a paper trength for theregiments raised in 1813-14; considered part of the'Young Guard'.Uniform: blue coatee, blue pointed lapels pipedwhite, red collar piped blue, red pointed cuffs pipedwhite, red turnbacks piped white with white eagles,red shoulder straps piped white; brass buttons; whitewaistcoat and breeches; boot-shaped black gaitersbellow the knees with brass buttons; shako with white'V' chevron, brass plate and visor edging, red cordsuntil 1813, brass chin scales from 1813; 1st Regimenthad a red over white pompon; 2nd had white over redpompon; 3rd had red pompon with white centre; 4thhad white pompon with red centre; 5th had whitepompon with blue centre; 6th had blue pompon withwhite centre; 1st Regiment had red over white plume,2nd and 3rd red plumes until c. 1813. Sergeant'sshakos had red chevrons with two gold lines near eachedge, gold and red cords, gold grenades on turnbacks.Officers had gold metal and cords.From April 1813, the coatee lapels were square atbottom, ordinary shakos with no chevrons or cordswith brass eagle and chin scales, red pompon.The I 15 uniform of the 1st to 6th TirailleursRegiments of the Young Guard was the same but withred epaulette for the grenadiers.Voltigeurs1st Regiment created 30 December 1810 fromTirailleurs-Chasseurs; disbanded 1814; re-formed 8April 1815; disbanded after Waterloo.2nd Regiment created 30 December 1810 fromTirailleurs-Chasseurs; disbanded 1814; re-formed 8April 1815; disbanded after Waterloo.3rd Regiment created 10 February 1811 fromConscript-Chasseurs; disbanded 1814; re-formed 8April 1815; disbanded after Waterloo.3rd bis Regiment created 17 January 1813 fromPupils of the Guard; disbanded March 1813.4th Regiment created 10 February 1811 fromConscript-Chasseurs; disbanded 1814; re-formed 8April 1815; disbanded after Waterloo.4th bi Regiment created 17 January 1813;disbanded March 1813.5th Regiment created 18 May 1811; disbanded1814; re-formed 8 April 1815; disbanded afterWaterloo.5th bis Regiment created 17 January 1813;disbanded March 1813.6th Regiment created 28 August 1811; disbanded1814; re-fornled 8 April 1815; disbanded after\Vaterloo.6th bis Regiment created 10January 1813;disbanded March 1813.th Regiment created 15 February 1813 fromNational Guards of the Guard; disbanded 1814; reformed12 May 1815; disbanded after Waterloo.8th Regiment created 23 March 1813; disbanded1814; re-formed 12 May 1815; disbanded afterWaterloo.9th to 13th Regiments created 6 April 1813;disbanded 1814.14th to 16th Regiments created 11 January 1814;disbanded later in 1814.17th to 19th Regiments created 21 January 1814;disbanded later in 1814.Each regiment had an establishment of 1600 men.However, this remained only a paper strength for theregiments raised in 1813-14; considered part of the'Young Guard'.Uniform: blue coatee, blue pointed lapels pipedwhite, yellow or buff collar piped blue, red pointedcuffs piped white, red tumbacks piped white withgreen eagles, green shoulder straps piped white (greenfringed epaulettes with yellow crescent also seen);brass buttons; white waistcoat and breeches; blackgaiters bellow the knees; shako with brass crownedeagle, wh.ite cords, green pompon, red over greenplume. Martinet shows green over red plume, redcords, white 'V' chevron on shako, red eagles onturnbacks. Sergeant's shakos had gold and green cords,brass chin straps and visor edging; turnbacks had goldeagle inside and gold bugle horn outside. Officers hadgold metal and cords.From April 1813, the coatee lapels were square atbottom; shako had no cords and plumes, greenpompon only for all regiments.The 1815 uniform of the 1st to 8th Voltigeurs asbefore.PupillesPupils of the Guard. Created 30 March 1811; nucleuswas the former regiment of Dutch Velites incorporatedinto the Guard as 'Pupilles de la Garde Imperiale'composed ofyouths from 10 to 16 years old whosefather or uncle had died on campaign. apoleonraised establishment of regiment to nine battalions on30 August 1811; reduced to four then two battalions in1813 as amalgamated into other units; last twobattalions were Dutch and took the orange cockade inpril 1814 and went to Holland in June.Sailors of the Imperial Guard, c. 1804-1815, manning a boat inservice dress. Print after JOB.Uniform: green coatee, green square lapels pipedyellow, green collar piped yellow, green pointed cuffspiped yellow, green turnbacks with yellow eagles,green shoulder straps piped yellow; brass buttons;white waistcoat and pantaloons; shon black gaiters;shako with white chevron, green cords, yellowpompon. Pupils had short light muskets.However, the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th battalions woresurplus Dutch white uniforms faced green or crimson.From May 1812, the pupils in green coatees were tohave buff collars and piping and those in white to havegreen collar, cuffs, lapels and piping.Flanqueurs-ChasseursFlankers-Chasseurs. Regiment with an establishmentof 1600 men created 4 September 1811; consideredpan of the 'Young Guard'; disbanded 1814.Uniform: green coatee, green square lapels pipedyellow, green collar piped yellow, green pointed cuffspiped yellow, red turnbacks with white horns, greenshoulder straps piped yellow; brass buttons; whitewaistcoat and breeches; boot-shaped black gaitersbellow knees; shako with brass crowned eagle, white44 The Imperial Gtlfl1'd The Imperial GlIfI1·d 45

Foot Artillery of the Imperial Guard, Russia, 1812-1813. Prinlafter JOB.cords, yellow over green pompon. Officers had goldmetal and cords.Flanqueurs-GrenadiersFlankers-Grenadiers. Regiment with an establishmentof 1600 men created 23 March 1813; considered partof the 'Young Guard'; disbanded 1814.Uniform: green coatee, green square lapelspiped yellow, green collar piped yellow, red pointedcuffs piped yellow (cuffs shown as green by Vernet),red Ulrnbacks with white eagles, green shoulderstraps piped yellow; brass buttons; white waistcoatand breeches; boot-shaped black gaiters bellowknees; shako with white chevrons, brass eagle plateand scales, red cords, red over yellow pompon. Themen had no hanger. Officers: captains and above hadthe blue long-tailed uniform of the Fusiliers­Grenadiers; subalterns wore the green regimentaluniform but with long tails, white pantaloons, blackboots.Bataillon PolonaisPolish Battalion. Created 5 October 1813, short-livedunit recruited to honour Poles in the French anny;battalion dissolved in early November after battle ofLeipzig (16-19 October) when its commander refusedto retreat eastwards with the French army across theRhine.niform: blue k'Urta with red cuffs and shortUlrnbacks, white square lapels, cuff flaps andepaulettes; brass buttons; white trousers and shortgaiters; plain black shako with brass chin scales, whitePolish cockade on upper front and red pompon.Artillery and Auxiliary CorpsArtillerie a Cheval de la GardeHor e Artillery of the Guard. Created as a company ofGuard Light Artillery (Artillerie legere) on 28November 1799; two company squadron from 8March 1802; Horse Artillery (Artillerie acheval)regiment of three squadron from 15 April 1806;reduced to two squadron on 12 April 1808; threesquadrons from 13 March 1813; a young guardcompany added at the end of 1813; disbanded in]ulyI 14; two squadrons reorganized 8 April 1815;disbanded 3 October 1815.Unifonn in hussar style: blue dolman with bluecollar, red cuffs, red cords; brass buttons; blue peli sewith red cords and black fur edging; red and yellowsash; blue waistcoat with red cords; blue breeches withred cord ; boots edged red; busby with red bag, plumeand cords; blue sabretache edged red with yellowgrenade and later eagle with crossed cannons. Forundress, blue coat with blue piped red pointed lapelsand collar, red cuffs and turnbacks with blue grenades,red aiguillette; brass buttons; blue waistcoat with redcords; blue overalls with red stripes and bras buttons.Blue housing edged red with red grenade; whiteheepskin edged red. Officers: gold buttons and cords,epaulettes and aguillette on undress coat.Trumpeters: crimson dolman with crimson collar,sky blue cuffs, gold and sky blue cords, crimson andgold cords from 1806; brass buttons; crim on pelissewith crimson and gold cords and black fur edging; redand yellow sash; sky blue waistcoat with crimson andgold cords; sky blue breeches with crimson and goldcords; boots edged crimson and gold; white busbywith sky blue bag, crimson and gold bag edging andcords, sky blue plume tipped white; sky bluesabretache edged gold with gold grenade and latereagle with crossed cannons. For undre s, sky blue coatwith blue piped red pointed lapels, collar and cuffsedged with gold lace, sk1' blue piped red Ulrnbackswith gold grenades, gold trefoil, gold and crimsonaiguillette; brass buttons; sky blue waistcoat with goldand crimson cords; sky blue overalls with red stripesand brass buttons; black busby, sk1' blue bag, gold andcrimson bag edging and cords, sk1' blue plume tippedwhite. Sk1' blue housings edged red with red grenadeor eagle.Train d'Artillerie de la GardeArtillery Train of the Guard. Created 8 September1800; initially four companies raised to six; disbanded1814; re-formed 8 April 1815; disbanded I December1815.Uniform: light grey-blue or sky blue coatee, bluepiped scarlet square lapels, collar, cuffs, three-pointedcuff flaps and turnbacks, red epaulettes; pewterbuttons; light grey-blue waistcoat; light grey-bluehussar-style pantaloons with scarlet cords; black bootsedged red; bicorn with red plume, later shako with redtop band, white metal eagle plate, visor edged brass,brass chin chain, red plume, red cords; light grey-bluecloak; cavalry model cartridge box with brass eagle oncrossed canons, white sling \vith brass furnishings;short sabre like Foot Grenadiers, red sabre knot.Sergeants and officers had a long tailed coat, lightcavalry sabre model Year XI.Foot Artillery of the Imperial Guard, 1813, in action at Hanau.This illustrations gives an excellent view of the equipment andthe back of the uniform. Print after JOB.Marins de la GardeSailors of the Guard (often translated in Englishas 'Marine' but 'marin' mean sailor in French.Calling them 'Marines' was understandableconsidering the very military appearance of thesesailors wearing shakos and armed like elite soldiers).Created 17 September 1803; battalion 737 strong,divided into five crews; raised to 1136 officers andmen in 1810; disbanded 30]une 1814 except for adetachment with apoleon to Elba; re-formed8 April 1815 to 84 and later 150 men; disbandedIS August 1815.Uniform: the sailors wore a 'paletot' which was anaval jacket. Blue dress paletot with blue collar andcarlet cuffs, orange hussar-style cord in front andedging the collar and cuffs; brass buttons; scarlethussar-style waistcoat with orange cords; blue trouserswith orange stripe and Hungarian knot in front; shakowith orange bands and cords, red plume. The undresspaletot was the usual double-breasted type, all blue,with orange lace edging the collar and cuffs, plain bluepantaloon. Armed \vith musket, bayonet and sabre;46 The Imperial GuardThe Impet-ial GlIfl7'd 47

pontooneers); three Young Guard companies created 9]wle 1809, other companies gradually raised andorganized into a 2nd regiment in 1813 to serve withthe Young Guard; disbanded in 1814; re-formed 8April 1815; six companies of Old Guard, 16 companiesofYoung Guard, one of'Ouvriers-pol1tonniers';disbanded 29 October 1815.Uniform from 1808: blue coat with blue pipedscarlet collar, cuff flaps and lapels, scarlet cuffs andturnbacks with blue grenades; red epaulettes; brassbuttons; blue waistcoat and breeches; white and blackgaiters; shako with red top band, cords and plume,brass eagle over crossed cannons plate; blue greatcoat;white accoutrements; muskets with brass furnishings.The Old Guard companies had powdered hair withqueues. The tip of the queue was in a small black bagornamented with a small brass grenade. Red cuff flapsfrom 1809. From 1810, bearskin cap with black visoredged brass, red patch with yellow or orange grenade,red cords and pompon. Service dress: all blue singlebreastedround jacket with two shouJder straps; longblue or white pantaloons; black short gaiters; blueforage caps piped red. Drummers: same uniform withgold lace edging the collar, cuff and lapels. Officershad gold metal and lace, gold aiguillettes.Ouvriers-Pontonniers Company: same uniform asthe Old Guard but had red lapels.The YOWlg Guard artillery had the same uniformas the Old Guard but wore the shako and, generaIJy,blue pantaloons and black short gaiters. From about1813, they had the short-tailed coatee and noepaulettes or plumes a year later. Grey greatcoat from1812.grenades, red epaulettes; brass buttons; blue waistcoatand breeches; white or black long gaiters; polishedsteel helmet with brass eagle badge, crest and chinscales, black roll on crest, red plume at side.Equipment and arms same as Guard Grenadiers, brasseagle on cartridge box, red sabre knot. For working intrenches during sieges, the men had special blackenediron helmets and front and back plates for protection.Drununers had gold and scarlet lace edging colJar,cuffs, cuff flaps and lapels, gold grenades on turnbacks,red and gold epaulettes, red caterpillar roll on helmetcrest.Officers had gold metal and lace, gold aiguiIJettes.Train des Equipages de la GardeSupply Train of the Guard. Battalion of threecompanies created 24 August 1811; disbanded 1814;re-formed 8 April 1815; disbanded later in 1815. Theydrove four-horsed, four-wheeled wagons painted olivegreen with, painted on each side, the Imperial crownand below: 'Garde Imperiale. Bataillon des Equipages.Compagnie no. _' in white.Uniform: sky blue coatee, brown piped scarletsquare lapels, collar, cuffs, three-pointed cuff flaps andshoulder straps, brown turnbacks with scarlet eagles;pewter buttons; sky blue waistcoat; buff breeches;black boots; shako with white metal eagle plate andchin scales, red pompon, white cords; sky blue cloak;housings of white sheepskin edged s1.'}' blue; whitebelts; short sabre like Foot Grenadiers. Sergeants andofficers had a long tailed coat, light cavalry sabremodel Year XI. The men on foot had sky bluepantaloons and black gaiters.Sappers of the Imperial Guard Engineers, 1810-1815. Print afterMarbot.black accoutrements. Officers wore the uniform ofnaval officers with a gold aiguillette.Trumpeters had the same blue dress uniform as themen, the undress was sky blue.Ouvriers d'AdministrationArtisan workers administrative corps. Companycreated 15 April 1806; became 'Bataillon d'Ouvriersd'administration' on 24 August 1811; disbanded 1814.niform: sky blue coatee, sky blue square lapelspiped scarlet, sky blue piped scarlet collar, cuffs, threepointedcuff flaps and shouJder straps, scarletturnbacks with sky blue eagles; brass buttons; sky bluewaistcoat and pantaloons; short black gaiters; shakowith yellow top band, yellow cords, brass crownedeagle, scarlet pompon; musket and sabre; whiteaccoutrements.Artillerie a Pied de la GardeFoot Artillery of the Guard. Created 12 April 1808;regiment of six companies (five ofgunners, one ofSapeurs du Genie de la GardeSappers of the Guard Engineers. Company of 120men raised 16]uly 1810; augmented to 250 men in1813; battalion of400 men in 1814; disbanded later in1814; re-formed 8 April 1815; disbanded later in 1815.Uniform: blue coat, black velvet piped red colJar,cuffs, cuff flaps and lapels, red turnbacks with blueCanonniers-VeteransVeteran artillerymen. Raised January 1812 forArtillery of the Guard veterans; disbanded 1814.niform: as the foot artillery but bicorn with redpompon, cockade loop, cords and tassels. The veteranswore the Old Guard's powdered hair with queue.48 Tbe Imperial GlIm'dTbe Imperial Guad 49

InfantryThe bulk of the French Napoleonic army was madeup of regiments of line or light infantry, the infantrybeing the 'Queen of Battles' in days of linear tactics. Itwas certainly the most numerous of the many arms ofservice in Napoleon's French Army and the majorityofvolunteers and conscripts served as line footsoldiers.Infantry of the lineThe French Revolution of 1789 brought sweepingchanges to the infantry of the line. The regimentswere numbered from January 1791 while volunteerunits of all sorts appeared all over the realm whichbecame a republic in September 1792. \Mth most ofEurope declaring war on the Republic and marchingacross its borders, the cry of 'La Patrie en Danger'(The Country in Peril) went out and all sorts of unitsmobilized. On 21 February 1793, in a desperatestroke, the Revolutionary government abolished alldistinctions between old army regiments and newvolunteer units, ordered that numbered Half-Brigadesbe organized immediately by meshing a regularbattalion with two volunteer battalions. It was aninspired measure which permitted the enthusiasticnew young warriors to be taught the 'tricks of thetrade' by seasoned veterans.On 24 September 1803, the Half-Brigades wererenamed Regiments; raised to four battalions each inMay 1804; a company ofvoltigeurs created in eachbattalion on 19 September 1805; from 18 February1808, each regiment to have five battalions (four onservice and one as depot), service battalions to eachhave a company ofgrenadiers, one of voltigeurs andfour of fusiliers, the depot battalion to have fourfusilier companies, all companies to have 140 menincluding three officers. With battalion staff, eaglebearers and musicians, the regimental establishmenttotaled 3908 men including 78 officers; from June1809, regiments in Italy and Germany were to eachhave two, three or four-pounders but th.is wascancelled in April 1810.Apart from the nwnbered line regiments, therewere temporary units such as the five 'Legions dereserve de I'interieur' formed in 1807 from surplusconscripts. They went into Spain in 1808, lost 11battalions at Baylen and the other nine wereincorporated into the line infantry. In early 1810,seven 'Bataillons auxiliaires d'infanterie' were formedfrom men in regimental depots in France and sent intoSpain becoming the 130th Line and 34th LightInfantry in 1811.The number of regiments increased rapidly in1812 by incorporating various units and even NationalGuards, reaching 156 regiments by January 1813;reduced to 90 regiments each of 1379 men (including67 officers) in three battalions in May 1814. Theinfantry was reorganized into legions in 1816.niform: the Half-Brigades of line infantry had,from 1793, the blue 'National Uniform' which was tobe the same for all line infantry units. For a timehowever, the line infantry ranks were a two-to-onemotley of the new blue uniforms of the ationalGuards with the old white uniforms worn by theseasoned veterans. The blue dress was the so-called'1 ational Uniform' and was worn throughout the lineinfantry by 1796. While details in cut and headgearchanged, it remained basically the same from the timeof the Revolution and was as follows:Blue coat, red piped white collar and cuffs, whitepiped red lapels, blue piped red cuff flaps and shoulderstraps, white turnbacks piped red; brass buttons. Thelapels were fastened (by hooks and eyes) at the upperchest but sloped away below. Collars were high andhooked all the way up or sometimes left open in a 'v'.There were many variations to the above, for instancered cuff flaps instead of blue or no cuff £laps at all;vertical pockets instead of horizontal but always pipedred but orne colonels had taken off 'the red piping onthe lapels' complained the minister of war in 1805.Turnback ornaments for fusiliers varied al 0 goingInfantry recruits at training, c. 1805. The recruits wear theforage cap and waistcoat for drills. The instructors shown inthis print are grenadiers. Print after Martinet.from hearts, diamonds, stars, eagles and ofcourse,regimental numbers, all in either red or blue.White waistcoat and breeches, the buttons beingof brass, cloth or bone; black gaiters with black leatherbuttons for full and service dress, grey gaiters formarches and some units also had non-regulation whitegaiters for parades; black cravat for full and servicedress, white otherwise; linen smock and trousers forfatigues; all blue forage cap piped red with red bandon rurnup; greatcoat ofvarious shades of beige, brownor grey.The headdress of fusiliers from the time of theRevolution was a black felt 'tricorn' hat but actually abicorn bearing the national (from the outside) whitered-bluecockade with a yellow cockade loop. To thissome regiments might have added pompons, orderedto be 'round and flat' in 1804, ofa different colour percompany which could be blue, red, orange, violet, etc.,but there was no clear order in colours until late 1810.By an order of 25 February 1806, the hat was to bereplaced from 1807 by the shako but this probablywent into 1808 as well. The shako was of black feltwith black leather top and top and bottom bands,chevron on the side and visor, brass diamond platestamped \vith the Imperial eagle over the regimentalnumber, cockade above held by a white loop, whitecords, brass chin scale. nits added pompons andsome even put plumes on the fusilier's shakos. Manyhad pompons \vith a small brush on top (a 'houpette')and the centre, usually white, \vith the companynumber in black or red. The diamond shaped platestamped \vith the regimental number was mostcommon but others were in the shape ofeagles orrising suns. When shako covers, usually beige, wereworn, the pompon was put on outside. FromNovember 1810, a new sturdier shako, a bit higherand wider at the top with no side chevron (which hadproven useless) was introduced. The shako plate wasto be a brass diamond with only the number, no cords,cockade loop or plumes to be worn but the pomponswere given an order: green, sky blue, orange and violetfor Fusilier companies 1 to 4.The regulation of 19 January 1812 did not changecolours but the cut of the coat made it now a coatee\vith short tails, a blue crowned on the fusilier'stumbacks, and the lapels cut square and fastened (byhooks and eyes) down to the waist. The waistcoat wascut higher and no longer visible. The black gaiters50 111folltryIllfolltry 51

)": .::" ... I t(')i Ill' 1/1.Sapper, 22nd Regiment of the Line, 1807. The infantry's shortlivedwhite coat is worn with the usual sapper distinctions:bearskin cap, beard, axe and apron. Otto Ms. Anne S.K. BrownMilitary Collection, Brown University, USA.now came up to below the knees. The shako plate wasnow a crowned eagle over a semi-circle bearing theregimental number.One may wonder how all this all fitted on acommon soldier, if it fitted at all. The verdict from themen who wore these uniforms appears to have beenless than enthusiastic when it came to comfort. Onesoldier, Fusilier Private D. Ravy of the 32nd, laterwrote: 'The fourth day after my arrival [to the unit in1802], I tried on my unifonn... first, the full dress: ablue coat with white lapels and red piping, cut in theFrench style; long white waistcoat with skirts; whitebreeches, with no suspenders, which, by tightening thecalf, prevented me from marching freely. The knee,covered by a long black gaiter, was further compressedby another garter pressing over the garter of thebreeches. nderneath, a pair ofdrawers tied with acord further constrained the movement of the calves.All told, there were three layers of cloth, two rows ofsuperimposed buttons and three garters [to each leg]destined to paralyze the efforts of the most intrepidmarchers. On the head, a three cornered hat wornstraight; brush cut hair with a queue without powder. Ithen tried the undress: a poor quality greatcoat, aforage cap, a pantaloon ofcoar e cloth held bysu penders, grey linen gaiters. For the summer, I wasissued a linen smock and pantaloon, and [ hort] whitegaiters. The sergeant-major said that a few fantasyitems were tolerated when off duty, and even boots fortho e who could get them. I later saw that the dre swas rather irregular, we were in a transition period.'Grenadiers wore basically the same unifonn afusiliers, but with red epaulettes and red grenades onthe turnbacks. They wore a bearskin cap with a brassplate in front (usually stamped with a flaminggrenade), red cords and plume, red back patch with awhite cross. There were variations such a blue andred quartered back patch, white cords and even a peak.They also had a bicorn with red pompon. From 1807­1808, the shako replaced the bearskin (in principle)and it had red cords and a red plwlle; some also addedred top and bottom bands and side chevrons. Fromovember 1810, red pompon with brush. FromJanuary 1812, shako with red bands and chevrons, bluepiping on coat collar.Voltigeurs had a yellow-buff collar, greenepaulettes often with a yellow crescent, yellow-buffbugle horns on the turnbacks. They probably hadshakos from 1804, like the officious '€c1aireurs' presentsome Half-Brigades had them before, as the decreecreating them mentions they would 'be dressed aslight infantry' but some had bicorn hats with greenpompon often with a yellow brush. In any event, by1807, all had the shako which could be plain black,have a yellow top band, or also the (continued on p. 57)Opposite above.95th Regiment of the Line, c. 1806. From left, five soldiers invarious orders of dress, the voltigeur with buff collar, thegrenadier with red epaulettes. Follows the drum-major holdinghis cane, with red collar and cuffs talking to the band masterwho has sky blue cuffs and collar, both having collars edgedwith gold lace. At left centre, two grenadiers (and a back viewof a Chasseur it cheval in green). At centre right, a group ofofficers with gold epaulettes, then a bearded sapper, a trooperof the Gendarmerie with the laced hat and white aiguillette,and a drummer whose brass drum has red, white and sky bluehoops. Print after a German drawing.Below.Bearskin cap, Foot Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard, 1808­1809. This rare example has the brass plate used until 1809.The back patch with the grenade was adopted in late 1807.Adrian Forman, Minehead, UK.52 InfantryInfontry 53

French Line Infantryman, c. 1801-1807.Napoleon's French Army had an incredible variety of uniforms,yet, most Frenchmen performed their military service in theline infantry wearing the uniform shown opposite. The Frenchline infantry did not have distinct regimental uniforms as inmost other armies. All wore the 'national uniform' decreed forline infantrymen.It consisted of a blue coat with red collar and cuffs pipedwhite and white lapels piped red with long white turnbacks.Only the brass buttons had, in principle, the unit'sidentification number stamped thereon. With this, the menwore white waistcoats and breeches, long black gaiters goingover the knees fastened with many small buttons on theoutside. Except for the headdress, this basic order of dresshardly changed until 1812 when the cut of the lapels and longtails were changed and made shorter, the uniform's coloursremaining the same.The hat, basically a bicorn, was the standard line infantryheaddress at some of Napoleon's greatest victories. Theinfantry that marched into Austria and crushed the Austro­Russians at Austerlitz in December 1805, possibly Napoleon'smost brilliant tactical success, wore the felt hats. So did theinfantry that defeated Prussia at Jena and later the Russians atFriedland. Although shakos were being introduced in 1807,many units do not seem to have had them until 1808. It was theonly substantial change in the infantry's dress until 1812.Infantrymen carried the M. 1777 mUSket, the smallimprovements to it decided in 1800 not being generally inservice before 1809-10. It had a bayonet with a 406 mm blade.The black leather M. 1801 cartridge box held 35 rounds andwas carried by a white buff shoulder belt which, for fusiliers,also had a frog for the bayonet. The cartridge box flap usuallyhad no badge but often had a white linen cover. The foragecap was rolled under the box with the red tassel hanging outbelow. Only corporals, sergeants, voltigeurs and grenadierscarried hangers and had another shoulder belt to hold it whichalso had a frog for their bayonet.The M. 1801 knapsack was of cow hide with hair outsidewith two, later three, straps to hold the rolled greatcoat on top.The rest of the equipment was more informal with no setmodels. Water canteens might be of tin, glass bottles in wickercasing or a carved gourd. Kettles and pans were also muchvaried. Painting by Christa Hook.Above.French line infantry marching near Viloutina Gora, Russia, on19 August 1812. The men have the new M. 1812 coatee exceptthe drummers who still have the blue coats. Print after Faber duFaur. Anne S.K. Brown Milrtary Collection. Brown University, USA.Illfantry 55

",.\ y(. .:..bottom band, or also have the side chevrons in yellow,green cords, green plume with yellow tip or all greenplume. From Nm'ember 1810, yellow pompon. FromJanuary 1812, shako with double yellow chevron toeach side, yellow-buff epaulettes with the strap pipedblue, collar piped blue.Sappers: every regiment had a squad of sappers,dressed generally as grenadiers with red epaulettes andcrossed axes badge on the upper sleeves, bearskin capwith red cords and feather but no plate, and equippedwith a long leather apron, white gauntlet gloves, axewith brass mounted handle. It was customary forsappers to grow beards.Officers wore the same basic uniform as their menbut of better quality. Their buttons were gilt, they hadepaulettes accordjng to their rank and also had, onduty, a gilt gorget with a silver badge, usually acrowned eagle. Their turnback ornaments were as themen but in gold, the battalion staff having grenades.They wore black boots instead of gaiters. Theirbicorns had gold cockade loops and sometimes goldtassels at each end. Bearskin caps had gold cords, plateand cro on back patch. Shakos had gilt plates andchill scales, gold bands and sometimes chevrons too.Plwne and pompons were to be the colour of theircompany or white if on the regimental staff. 'favoured and comfortable garment with officers wasTop left.Line infantry private, fusilier company, c. 1808. This soldierwears a private's unifonn but is shown with a hanger, nonnallycarried by elite companies and NCOs. Pnnt after Weiland. AnneSK Brown Military Collection, Brown University, USA.Top right.Officer and private of the colonial Chasseurs de La Reunion,1804-10, in green faced buff. Although a corps recruitedamong white settlers, some blacks were also admitted. At left,a chasseur company private of the 1st National Guard Legionat Port·Louis, Mauritius, wearing a most distinctive czapskaworn by the chasseurs. Pnnt after H, Botsseiier.Bottom left.Chasseur, 1st Light Infantry, 1815. Blue unifonn with only thecollar, the pompon and the top of the gaiters in red, whitepiping and white metal buttons and plates. Print after Genty,Bottom right.Napoleon with line infantry grenadiers on his return to Francein 1815. The anny was dressed according to the 1812the single-breasted surtout which could be all blue,blue with a red collar or with a vellow-buff collar for a\·oltigeur officer. A blue full-skirted double-breastedfrock coat was another favorite in chilly weatl1er aswell as a blue cape. Mounted senior officers had bluehousings laced with gold. Fusilier and staffofficers hadgilt-hilted strajght-bladed swords, grenadiers andvoltigeurs had slightly cun'ed abre.Drummers had, in principle, the same uruform asthe men in their company with tricolour or yellow ororange lace edging the facings, red wings edged withlace, a brass drum with medium blue hoops and wrutebelts. The green Imperial livery was announced asearly as May 1810 but it was not really in wear untilI 12. It consi ted ofa green single-breasted coateewith nine buttons in front, red piped wrute collar andcuffs, green piped cuff flaps and shoulder straps, wruteturnbacks, livery lace with green eagle and 'r 'onyellow background thereon edging the collar andcuffs, five wide pointed doubled lace on the chest,seven lace chevrons to each sleeve and edging thecoatee.Were there many exceptions and 'extravagances' tothe abo\'e unifonns? It would seem that the answer is'yes' judging from known surviving records. In 1807,grenadiers of the 45th Line sported s!':y blue coatcollars and cuffs rather than red. ot to be outdonethat year, the colonel of the 63rd Line reqwred theofficers of the regiment to have orange collars andpiping. appers had many recorded variations, those ofthe 3rd Line going so far as to sport s!';y blue coatsfaced red and hakos with a large brass grenade badge!However, the' ec Plus Ultra' of deviations wentto drummers whom the regimental officers naturallywished to be as fine looking as possible. The 9th'sdrummers and bugler, c. 1803-1809 had blue coatee,mediwn green cuffs, pointed lapels, collar and cuffflaps, wrute and red lace edging facings, its band had acolourful uniform that included scarlet czapskastrimmed with white, scarlet coatee \vith medium greenfacings edged with yellow lace, wrute wajstcoats,medium green pantaloons with white cords. The57th's drummers had, in 1809, a blue coat with slqrblue facings and wings edged with orange lace; shakowith red plume and cord. The 67th's drwnmers,I 07-180 ,had a yellow coat, blue collar, cuff, cuffflaps, lapel, turnbacks and wings all edged withtricolour lace, red epaulettes, pewter buttons, blackshako with red top band, pompon, short plume andcords, brass diamond plate.)6 Infantryregulations. The white royal cockades on shakos were soonreplaced by the tricolour cockades which many men had kepthidden. Print after JOB,White UniformsA curious episode was the attempt to dress the linebifantry S7

infantry in white coats. It was motivated by thedifficulty in obtaining large quantities of indigo, atropical ingredient necessary to make blue dye. InApril 1806, a decree announced that the line infantrywould be dressed in white and a regulation followedon 24 July directing 14 facing colours, one for everyeight regiments, with instructions that 19 regimentswould start wearing white coats in 1807. The 15thLine had been immediately dressed in white as aneA'Periment and looked impressive to apoleon onparade in Paris. But the bloody white coats of the15th's dead and wounded at Friedland looked horrific.From that time, recalled Boucquel de Beauval, the'issue was settled in favour of blue' no doubt helped bythe discovery that good blue dye could be made inEurope without indigo. On 20 June 1807, a I apoleon'extremely displeased with the white coats' ordered theblue uruform coats to be issued again.The white coat had the facing colour or piping ofthe facing colour on the collar, cuffs and lapelsdepending on the regiment. The regiments known tohave worn the wrute coat were: 3rd, green lapels andcollar, brass buttons, horizontal pockets; 4th, greencuffs and collar, brass buttons, horizontal pockets;13th, black collar, cuffs and lapels, pewter buttons,vertical pockets; 14th, black lapels and cuffs, pewterbuttons, vertical pockets; 15th, black collar and lapels,pewter buttons, vertical pockets; 16th, black collar andcuffs, pewter buttons, vertical pockets; 17th, scarletcollar, cuffs and lapels, brass buttons, horizontalpockets; 18th, scarlet lapels and cuffs, brass buttons,horizontal pockets; 19th, scarlet cuffs and collar, brassbuttons, horizontal pockets; 21 t, scarlet collar, cuffsand lapels, pewter buttons, vertical pockets; nnd,scarlet cuffs and lapels, pewter buttons, verticalpockets; 30th, capucine cuffs and lapels, pewterbuttons, vertical pockets; 33rd violet collar, cuff andlapels, brass buttons, horizontal pockets; 46th sky bluecollar, cuffs and lapels, pewter buttons, verticalpockets; 53rd pink collar, cuffs and lapels, pewterbuttons, vertical pockets.There were variations to the above. The 3rd wasshown with green cuffs, cuff flaps and brass buttons;17th and 21st, scarlet turnbacks; Brd, violet cuff flapsand tumbacks. The eristing white coats were worn outover the next couple ofyears. On 14 October 1808,Marshal Castellane in Spain wrote that a fewdetachments still 'had white coats' and commentedthat 'the Emperor had wished to give this colour tothe infantry; [but] had renounced. These coats weredirty on campaign. In action, the blood was morevisible which produced a bad effect on the morale ofthe soldier. The 15th of the Line participated in thiscampaign [wearing] white coats.' By late 1 09,Marshal Suchet reported that there were no morewhite coats and bicorn hats in the infantry. In Europethat is... Incredibly, the 66th Line in Guadeloupe hadheard of the white coats, felt it was a good idea in thetropics and made them on the spot. A French officerwas seen in Guadeloupe during 1807 wearing thewhite coat with blue collar and piping, brass buttonsand a bicorn. Three years later the British invadedGuadeloupe and sketched the 66th in white coats withblue lapels and cuffs as per regulation, and bicorn hats.58111fontryGrenadiers d'OudinotOudinot's Grenadiers was the generic name given totemporary corps gathering grenadier, carabiniers andvoltigeurs companies from various regiments, thecorps being under the command of Marshal Oudinot.Such corps were formed three times between 1804 and1809. The fir t fornlation occurred in 1804 when fivetemporary regiments of two battalions, each battalionhaving three companies of grenadiers and three ofvoltigeur were assembled for the projected invasion ofEngland but later went to Austria and Germany untilVoltigeur private, line infantry, 1812-1815. Original shako andgreyish beige greatcoat. Musee de l'Armee, Chateau de l'Emper;,SaJon-de-Provence.66th Line Infantry, Guadeloupe, 1807. The officer at left wearsthe undress surtout, the officer at right has the full dress whiteuniform. Watercolour by C.C.P. Lawson after W. Loftie. Anne S.K.Brown Military Collection. Brown University. USA.dissolved on I July 1806. The second formation wasordered formed on 2 November 1 06 to have eighttemporary regiments, the first battalion composed ofgrenadiers and carabiniers, the second of voltigeurs,and campaigned until dissolved on 5 December 1808.The third formation was ordered by the Emperor thesame day, to have six 'brigades' each having sixcompanies, con iderably augmented from February1809 to an army corps of 39 battalions divided into 13half-brigades and was disbanded early in 1810. Thesetempor3lY corps had tlleir own staff of senior officersand even some temporary bands.Uniforms: in principle, Oudinot's Grenadiers worethe uniforms of their own regiments but it seems thatsome added various distinctions, especially in the180-+-1806 formation. Long red turnbacks were addedto the coats and coatees ofsome regiments, notablythe 17th Light. Red cuffs in tead of blue in some lightcompanies was also noted.111f0l1l:1)1 59

white metal plate and chin scales, company pompons.Iuskets ordered withdrawn on 25 November 1813,armed with picks only until late 1814.Napoleon visits a bivouac during the 1814 campaign. Thesoldiers wear the 'pokalem' forage cap with grey or brownishgreatcoat. Print after JOB.Drwnmers of the 1804-1806 formation, or at leastome drummers seen in Al ace, had a wnite coat withsl"1' blue collar, cuffs, lapels and turnbacks, orange laceedging the facings, white piped ky blue cuff flaps, redepauJettes; brass buttons; white waistcoat, breechesand gaiters; bearskin cap with brass plate, white cordsand red plume; brass dnnn with blue hoops.Bataillons ColoniauxColonial Battalions. Four battalions created 16 August1803; remained in Europe as depots for colonialtroops, later for refractory soldiers; five companies of100 men each (one of voltigeurs, no grenadiers);reorganized into battalions of four companies of 140each from)uJy 1810; amalgamated with colonialpioneers to form a two battalion colonial depot on 5October 1814.nifoml: in 1803, to be 'light grey-blue, unlessthere is in stores [cloth] to dress them in blue, and thelight grey-blue coat to be established upon renewal...'Collar, cuffs and lapels red, white turnbacks; pewterbuttons; white waistcoat and breeches; shako with60 Infmm]Infantry Uniforms in the ColoniesThe variou French colonies had detachments of lineregiments which put up considerable resistance untilthe last fell to the British in 1810. In the West Indies,these troops retained their linkage with their parentunit in France but in Mauritius and Reunion, the twobattalion colonial 'Regiment de l'I1e-de-France' waformed in 1804 from detachments of the 15th Lightand 18th of the Line, its uniform as the line infantrywith the features for the troops in the East Indieslisted in the 14 May 1802 decree on colonial uniformsmentioned below.There had been light weight uniforms for colonialunits in the later 18th century but this was swept asidein the disarray caused by the Revolution. During the1790s, a few metropolitan line units were sent to theWest and East Indies wearing basically the same heavywoollen materials as in Europe and soon adapted theirdress to local conditions by adding linen or nankeenjackets and trou ers to their kit.The large numbers of troops sent to Haiti in 1802­1803 basically landed on this hot and fever-riddenisland in woollen uniforms and bicorns. On 18 May1802, General Leclerc ordered uniforms more suitedto the area consisting, for the line infantry a bluecoatee with red turnbacks, square white lapels whichhooked down to the waist, three buttons below, darkblue collar without piping, pocket flaps with redpiping, red cuffs piped dark blue and white cuff flapspiped dark blue; white linen pantaloon with instep;linen half-gaiters worn over the pantaloon; black feltround hat six inches high with a three inch brim, theleft side held up by a cockade loop and button.In France meanwhile, Napoleon also issued adecree on 14 May 1802 concerning the dress of theinfantry posted overseas. The blue coats were to bethe same cut and colours as the '1 ational Uniform'described above, but made of light weight wool linedwith grey linen. Troops in the West Indies, FrenchGuyana and Senegal had a white linen waistcoat withno sleeves, gaiter-trousers ofwhite duck and a canvasssmock with blue collar and cuffs. Troops in the FrenchEast Indies had a white or yellow nankeen sleevelesswaistcoat and gaiter-trousers, and no smock. The bluecloth coat was to last three years in the East Indies, sixyears elsewhere, and all waistcoats, gaiter-trousers,etc., were annual issues. 1 othing was said of headgear,some had bicorns or round hats, others shakos,notably in I1e-de-France (Mauritius) and La ReunionFusilier, 1st Colonial Battalion, 1807. All four battalions had thelight blue-grey faced red shown. Print after Martinet. Anne S.K.Brown Military Collection. Brown University. USA.which made them from blue material on bambooframes.Light InfantryLight infantry was a relatively new type of unit at thetime of the French Revolution, the 12 battalions beingnumbered from 1791. This arm was to grow~' Il.~l-­}Iff'·.....\1"""" ~ OSr4'~ v..u.-\MI.I¥'"'~IU, "t,l~" J.,... Pt ICarabinier, 5th Light Infantry, c. 1805. Fur cap shaped like apeakless shako with a white metal plate, red cords and plume.Sketch after a document in the Musee de l'ArrnE!e.the 11 th, 19th, 20th, 29th and 30th had beendisbanded. The same year, the Half-Brigades werehenceforth named regiments. In 1804, a voltigeurcompany was created in each battalion. The 32nd wasformed in 1805 by incorporating a Tu can unit, 33rdin 1810 with Dutch personnel; Hth in 181\ fromalLxiliary battalions in Spain, while the II th and 29thconsiderably in the years to follow. By 1803, howe_ve_r_,__,_ve_r_e_r_e_'-_ra_i_se_d_;_3_5_th_t_o_3_8_t_h_ra_i_se_d_in_l_I_3_;_re_d_u_c_e_d_t_o---,InfanNY 6/

Sapper, Grenadiers d'Oudinot, c. 1806. The coat has thedistinctive red turnbacks usually adopted by this eliteformation. Print after contemporary watercolour.15 regiments in Mar 1814; incorporated into theDepartmental Legions from july 1815.Uniform: from 1793, blue coat, blue piped whitepointed (square from 1812) lapels, turnbacks and cuffs,red piped white collar and cuff flaps; brass buttonsinitially but later changed to pewter. The cut was thesame a for the line infantry. There were omevariations: the cuff was sometimes pointed with no62 /lIjall17)'cuff flap which became the regulation cuffin 1812;cuff flaps might have four instead of the usual threebutton. Buffcollar for voltigeurs from 180·+' Shoulderstraps were blue piped white for fusiliers, redepaulettes for carabiniers, green with yellow crescentfor voltigeurs who also had a buffcollar. From 1812,buff piped blue shoulder straps for voltigeur , scarletpiped red for carabiniers. Turnback ornaments werewhite bugle horns for fusiliers, buff for voltigeurs, redgrenades for carabiniers.The waistcoat was to be blue piped white but wasocca ionally plain blue or plain white. Bluepantaloons; black half gaiter with white, buff or red(for carabinier) edging. Beige greatcoat from 1806.Bicorn hat until 1801, shako thereafter.Early shakos had a brass bugle horn plate in front,green cords, cockade on upper left side, plume above,usually green or green tipped yellow, red cords andplumes for carabiniers, often had wings in red forcarabiniers or buff for voltigeurs as late as 1810. From1806, shakos had plumes and/or pompons andcockades placed in front, white metal plate and chinscales, often with red or yellow bands for elitecompanies. Carabiniers had bearskin caps with redplumes and cords for dress, some units had bu bieswith red bags, cords and plumes until 1812, shako onlythereafter the same as line infantry but witll whitemetal plate and chin scales.Officers had the same dress as their men and asrelated for line infantry officers but with silver metaland lace.\ Yhen stationed at Corfu, the Hth also had auniform for the "ery hot summer weather: whitejacket; pewter buttons; white pantaloons; black shakowith a wing or 'flame' wrapped around it. Chasseurshad blue collar and cuffs, green epaulettes witll redcrescent, sk·y blue wing on shako with green plume.Voltigeurs, yellow collar and cuffs, epaulettes withyellow strap and green fringes, yellow shako wing,green plume tipped yellow. Carabiniers, red collar,cuffs, epaulettes, shako wing and plume.Dmmmers of Light Infantry regiments had, likethe line infantry, the same uniform as the men in theircompany witll, in principle, tricolour or yellow ororange lace edging the facings, red wings edged withlace, a brass drum with medium blue hoops and whitebelts. The green Imperial livery was introduced from1812. In practice, there were also many exceptions tothe official uniforms.Infantry in May 1803 but independent unit again fromApril 1804 as 'Tirailleurs corses'; recruited in Corsicabut depot at Antibes; battalion ten companies (eightchasseurs, one carabiniers, one voltigeurs) reduced tosix by September 1810; amalgamated into 11 th Lightfrom 8 eptember 1811.niform: initially the standard blue Light infantrydress; with possibly green pointed lapels and turnbacksfrom c. I 08; pewter buttons; black light infantrygaiters edged yellow; shako with white metal plate andchin scales. Voltigeurs had yellow epaulette, yellow topshako band, plume and cords; Chasseurs had yellowepaulettes with green fringes, green top shako band,cords and pompon. Tan or black Corsican stylecartridge 'belly' box on tan waistbelt, tan shoulder beltover right shoulder only for short sabre and bayonet.The colour of the coatee, waistcoat and breechesfrom 1805 has been given as brown by various turn ofthe century authors and artists (Quinto Cenni, notalways reliable, seems to have been the first).However, archival research (A. Rigondeau in LaSabretacbe, 1973, pp. 163-164) reveals tile battalionused blue and red material and white piping, thestandard light infantry =iform material colours, in1805; a May 1808 inspection reported again the blue,red and white material as before, but also green whichmay have been used for facings. The brown uniformsmay have existed but there is no official record ofthem.Legion CorseCorsican Legion. Originally five independent lightinfantry battalion each having a carabinier companyand four chasseur companies raised from 1802;grouped into a Cor ican Legion in 1805; passed intoNeapolitan service on 30j=e 1806 except for 3rdBattalion which had remained independent andbecame 'Tirailleurs corses'.niform from 1802-05: brown coatee with brownturnbacks with battalion facings (see below); pewterbuttons; brown waistcoat and pantaloons; brown lightinfantry gaiters; shako. Accoutrements probably asTirailleurs corses. I t Battalion had red piped yellowcollar and cuffs, yellow piped blue lapels; 2d, bluepiped pink collar and cuffs, pink piped blue lapels; 3rd,blue piped orange collar and cuffs, orange piped bluelapels; 4th, green piped red collar and cuffs, red pipedgreen lapels; 5th, blue piped dark pink collar and cuffs,dark pink piped blue lapels.The 1805 Cor ican Legion was to have a skl' bluefaced yellow unifort1l but the material was notavailable and Prince Eugene de Beauharnais directedin September 1805 that it be issued the standard light~--------------------infantry U1liform instead.Bataillon des Deserteurs Franc;:ais RentresBattalion of Repatriated French De erters. Created 23March1802; called 'Cha seurs fran,;ais rentres' from1809, 'Nlilitaires fran,;ais rentres' from 1812; fivecompanybattalion raised to six in 1809; stationed atFlushing on \Valcheren Island; almost destroyedduring British capture of island; reorganized in 1810;1813-1814 campaigns, disbanded in August 1814.niform: sb.'y blue coatee, blue collar, cuffs, lapelsand turnbacks, green epaulettes; brass buttons; whitewaistcoat; sky blue breeche ; black gaiters; plain shakowith cockade, green pompon and brass chin scales.Chasseurs CorsesCorsican Chasseurs. Raised from about 1806; threebattalions (Liamone, 1st and 2nd Golo); served inCorsica; isolated actions mostly against British navalraiders; incorporated into the Regiment de laMediteranee and the Gendarmerie in late 1810.Uniform: the light infantry uniform or a brownuniform with accoutrements as Tirailleurs corses.Chasseurs corses raised again in October 1814 byroyal government and reorganized by [ apoleon'sorder from 23 March 1815 into four battalions eachhaving a company ofgrenadiers, one ofvolti geurs andfour of chasseurs; disbanded after Waterloo.Unifornl: basically the same as the October 1814formation with new facings for new 3rd and 4thbattalions. Brown light infantry coatee, brownturnbacks; pewter buttons; brown waistcoat andpantaloons; black half gaiters; plain black shako withonly cockade and pompon; black accoutrements. 1stBattalion, brown collar, green cuffs; 2nd, green collarand brown cuffs; 3rd, yellow cuffs brown collar; 4th,sky blue collar and cuffs.Chasseurs de MontagneMountain Chasseurs. Created 6 August 1808; was tohave 34 companies divided into eight battalions butrecruiting proved difficult and the unit eventually had4600 chasseurs in tllree battalions; made up ofmountaineers from the Pyrenees; served in Pyreneesand nortllern Spain, mostly against guerrillas;disbanded late 1 13 and early 1814, the menincorporated in the I I 6th Line and 4th and 25thLight Infantry. Re-raised from 9 May 1815, to havenine battalion; by 15 june, seven battalions raisedtotaling 143 officers and 3 H3 chas eurs, eightbattalion raising in Bordeaux; all disbanded after\Vaterloo.nifornl: procured locally and had manyIl1jall17y 63

France and disbanded.niform: 'same as that of the light infantry,except that the collar of the coatee \\~Il be white.In the voltigeur companies, the collar will beyellow. Pay, accoutrements and arms \vill be thesame as in the light infantry.'Light Infantry voltigeurs and carabiniers in action, c. 1807­1812. U.S. Military Academy Museum, West Point.variations; basically a brown coatee with sL:y bluecollar, pointed cuffs, lapels and piping, brownturnbacks; white metal buttons; brown waistcoat andbreeches; black half gaiters; black shako \\"ith whitemetal plate and chin scale, white pompon, red plumesand cord for elite. Brown lapels piped sL.'y blue;brown lapels and collar piped skl' blue with sky bluecuffs; red collar with red epaulettes (apparently forelite companies); white trousers; brown or grey-blueblanket roll instead of knapsack also shown. Officershad silver metal, black shako with silver top andbottom bands, plate and chin scales; long-tailed coats;skl' blue trousers with brown stripe or brown trousersand gaiters. Elite company officer in nlll dress witll furbusby, skl' blue bag with silver tassel, silver cords andchin scales, white pompon, brown coatee with sky bluecuffs, collar and piping; silver buttons; brownwaistcoat edged with silver lace; brown Hungarianstylebreeches ornamented with silver; black bootsedged silver.Chasseurs des AlpesChasseurs of the Alps. Battalion raised in I 13 forservice in south-eastern alpine region; disbanded 1814;re-formed from 5 May 1815; one battalion of422 menby 15 June; participated in successful defense ofBrian~on; disbanded later in 1815.Uniform: as light infantry but yellow piped bluecollar, yellow piping edging lapels, pointed cuffs,shoulder straps and turnbacks.Chasseurs ColoniauxColonial Chasseurs. Battalion created 26 May l815,raised in Bordeaux \\~th volunteer 'men of colour'living in France; organized as a light infantrybattalion; disbanded following the 'insurrection' andpitched battle of a large detachment of these Blacksoldiers against tile local I ational Guard andGendarmerie at Agens on 23 July 1815.Uniform: 'to be imperial blue and have the samecut as that of the light infantry'.Legion de l'Ouest\Vestern Legion. Created 5June 1815; four lightinfantry battalion; recruited \vith veterans indepartments of Vendee, SeHes. Loire and Maine areafor local service. Probably had only started itsorganization when news of Waterloo reached westernLight Infantry Colonial uniformsThe light infantry units in the colonies had theame features decreed on l4 May 1802 for thedress of the infantry in the colonies (see thatsection) but with light infantry uniform coatees.This would have been the uniform worn by the3rd battalion of the 18th Light Infantry embarkingfor M.auritius in ovember 1802. The lightinfantry uniform with colonial features may havebeen worn by the 1803-1810 company of Black'Chasseurs volontaires de la Martinique' and the1803-1809 two-company 'Legion colonia Ie deChasseurs' which was part of the French garrisonof the city of Santo Domingo (now the DominicanRepublic).However, the uniform of French light infantryin Saint-Domingue (Haiti) ordered by GeneralLeclerc on 18 May 1802 was a blue coatee withblue piped red square lapels closed in front withthree buttons below, blue piped red pointed cuffs,vertical pockets piped red; pewter buttons; wnitepantaloon with instep; white half-gaiters; black feltround hat six inches high \vith a three inch brim, theleft side held up by a cockade loop and button.Chasseurs de la ReunionCreated on 2 November 1803, to be raised amongstwhite inhabitants of the Indian Ocean island coloniesof La Reunion and Mauritius; Black artillerymen wereadded in 1804; battalion 387 strong in 1810; 4October 1810, three companies of 100 men each ofSepoys created and attached to the battalion.Uniform: green coatee, lapels and nlrnbacks, buffLight Infantry on campaign, c. 1812. The cartridge box isprotected by a linen cover. Print after Raffet.collar and cuffs, white epaulettes; pewter buttons;yellow or white nankeen waistcoat and breeches; blackor blue short gaiters; white cravat; shako. Officers hadthe same uniform but long tailed coat, hussar bootsand silver buttons and epaulettes. Gunners' uniformuncertain. The l8l0 Sepoys were to have a clothcoatee (colours not mentioned), a nankeen undresscoatee, nankeen waistcoat and trousers.64 hifmltl),bifontry 65

Heavy CavalryCarabiniersThe corps of Carabiniers, originally raised by LouisXIV as heavy cavalry armed with rifled carbines,consisted of two regiments of 820 men each at thetime of the Empire. They were considered the elite ofthe heavy cavalry.Uniform: blue coat with blue piped red colhlr, redcuffs, lapels and rurnback with white grenades, redepaulettes with the strap edged white, red cuff flaps forthe 1st Regiment, blue piped red for the 2nd; pewterbuttons; white waistcoat; buff breeches; high boots;black bearskin cap, white cords, red patch with whitecross, red plume, white metal chin scales from 1809;yellow-buff belts edged white; white gauntlet gloves;blue cloaks; blue housings with double white lace,white grenade, white sheepskin edged red. "''hite longgaiters for service on foot; blue overalls for undress.Armed with a dragoon musket with bayonet andsword. The regiments rode black horses, trumpetersgreys.Trumpeters: reversed colours, red coat with redcollar, blue edged silver cuffs, lapels and turnbacks,silver and blue epaulettes. Other items as above.On 24 December 1809, the uniform was orderedchanged by Napoleon but it took over a year toreplace.the old uniforms, which the men loved, witll aflamboyant new dress finally in wear by 1811: whitecoatee, single breasted, with blue piped white collarand turnbacks, white grenades on rurnbacks, red pipedwhite cuffs and white piped sky blue cuff flaps for tile1st Regiment, sky blue piped white cuffs and cuff flapsfor 2nd Regiment, red epaulettes with strap edgedwhite; pewter buttons; white sleeveless waistcoat; buffbreeches; sky blue stable jacket; grey overalls; highboots; brass helmet with white metal comb, chin scalesand plate, red caterpillar crest; brass cuirass with frontand back plate edged with white metal trim fixed withbrass rivets, blue lining piped white; white cloak; skyblue housings with double white lace. Officers hadsilver metal and epaulettes; their cuirass and helmetswere red-copper and silver plated with a silver sunbadge with a gold circle bearing a star on the upperfront plate; blue cloaks; sky blue housings with doublesilver lace, silver grenade, white sheepskin edged sl.:yblue.Trumpeters from 1811: for 1st Regiment, sl.:y blueRight.Chef d'escadron Tarbe, 2nd Carabiniers Regiment, 1807-1810.Print after portrait.Opposite.NCO Marteau, 1st Carabiniers Regiment, c. 1809. Print aftercontemporary self portrait.66 Heavy CavahyHeavy Cavahy 67

Top left.Carabinier's cuirass and helmet, c. 1810-1815. Christopher Ross,New York.Above.NCO Guillot, 1st Carabiniers Regiment, 1813, wearing theundress sky blue surtout. Print after contemporary self portrait.left.Carabiniers at the outskirts of Moscow, 1812. Print after JOB.coatee, single breasted, six white laces on chest, whitecuffs, sl,:y blue piped white collar, white turnbackswith sk)' blue grenades, white epaulettes, helmet as themen but with white caterpillar crest; 2nd Regiment,coatee as Ist with, in addition, six points up chevronson each sleeve, silver lace edging collar, sky bluecaterpillar crest on helmet; pewter buttons and redtrumpet cords for both units. From 1813, green coateewith sky blue collar and turnbacks with silvergrenades, red cuffs and green cuff flaps for 1stOpposite.NCO Marteau, 1st Carabiniers Regiment, c.1810-1811,wearing the new white uniform. Print after contemporary selfportrait.68 Heavy Cava")Heavy Cava"y 69

Sub-Lieutenant Charles Le Grand, Provisional (later 13th)Cuirassiers, killed in Spain on 2 May 1808. Print after portrait byBaron Gras.Cuirassier officer, c. 1804-1815. Note the white plumeindicating a senior regimental officer. Print after periodwatercolour.Regiment, sky blue cuffs with sb:y blue piped whitecuff flaps for 2nd, Imperial livery lace on chest, sleevesand edging collar and turnbacks; green and yellowtrumpet cords. Tnlmpeters did not wear the cuirass.Cuirassiers'vVhen Napoleon came to power, the French Army had25 regiments of heavy cavalry whose tactical value wasin doubt. In December 1802, the number was reducedto 18 and the 5th, 6th and 7th regiments were assignedto wear cuirasses. On 24 September 1803, the first 12regiments were made cuirassiers and the restconverted into dragoons. With the cuirassierregiments, Napoleon now had the elite heavy shockcavalry he sought and he used them with considerablesuccess. Each regiment had four squadrons each oftwo companies, each company having 100 men; fivesquadrons from March 1807; two provisionalregiments created in 1808 to serve in Spain, become13th regiment on 21 October 1808; 14th regimentcreated from Dutch cuirassiers on 24 December 1809;four squadrons per regiment from 18January 1810;reduced to six regiment from August 1815.Uniform: the cavalry regiments had blue coats ,vithlong tails until 1804 when all the regiments startedwearing cuirasses and helmets. The helmets were ofpolished steel with brass comb, black mane, black cowOpposite.Trooper, 11th Cuirassiers, 1804. Print after Hoffman.70 Heavy Cavah")'Heavy Cavah")' 71

Opposite top.Cuirassier helmet for enlisted men, c. 1804-1811. Part of themane on the upper comb was tied up to form a sort of brushrising in front. Print after Raffers sketches of helmets in museums.Opposite bottom.Helmet of Colonel Dubois, 7th Cuirassiers, c. 1812. Officer'shelmets followed the same general design as the men but withrefinements such as the lower part of the brush enclosed inbrass and the fur turban also covering the visor. Print afterRaffel.IUde turban, black visor edged with brass, red plume ina small brass socket on left side, brass chin scales.Senior officers had white plumes and gilded brass.The cuirass had front and back plates of polished steel,leather straps with brass scales, brass studs and fittings;the cuirass lining was red edged with wlUte for allregiments. Armed with straight-bladed cavalry sword,carbine and, from 1806, pistols. A small blackRight.Colonel Lataye, 10th Cuirassiers, c. 1810. Print after portrail.Bottom.Cuirass of Colonel Dubois, 7th Cuirassiers, c. 1812. Print afterRaffel.CUlIlASSEdu CUI,.nSHI. JURUS DUBOIS. lIu ;~ CuinIS~I{'rs (lSI:.?)(0",,,,,,...,. c,.t!: AUI..UU!LU,- CO),UICSIUCY.K I'A" Y. V.U'W.UHI IIKTM'.I.tU72 Heavy Cavalry Heavy Cavahy 73

Trooper, 5th Cuirassiers, c. 1812-15, shown on a march. Notethe helmet with the mane plaited, the plume covered by acover, the grey overalls and the horse's tail tied up. Pnnt afterJOB.cartridge box on a white belt i worn over the cuira s,white word belt at waist when mounted. Cuirassierswere mounted on blacks or dark bays.The 24 September 1803 order only specified thatthe colour of the w1iforms remained the arne and'only the changes in cut' for cuirassiers would bemade, which meant a short-tailed coatee. The facingswere to be scarlet collar, cuffs, lapels and turnbacks forthe 1st to 6th regiments, yellow for 7th to 12th.However, it seems that the 3rd, 5th, 8th and 11 thCuirassiers had blue collars. In principle, the coateeshad lapels but it seems some were in fact single-Opposite.Helmet and cuirass, 4th Cuirassiers, 1811-1815. In 1811, a new,much cheaper, pattern of helmet was introduced lacking thefluted embossing on the comb and without the brass rimedging the visor. It was not popular and the men kept wearingthe old helmets whenever they could but several regimentsonly had them. Very few are now known to exist. Adnan Forman,Minehead, UK.Trumpeter, 6th Cuirassiers, 1808. Trumpeters had blacksheepskin saddle covers edged orange for the 6th. Print afterMartinet.breasted. All had pewter buttons, silver for officers.As for the cut of the coat, some regiments hadthem made with short tails. Inspection reports indicatethat the 3rd, 7th, 9th and lOth had coatees by 1805and the 2nd, 11th and 12th had them in late 1805 orearly 1806. However, the I t, 4th, 5th, 6th and 8thkept wearing long tailed coats as late as 1810-1811.Turnbacks had blue grenades. The blue shoulderstraps piped with the facing colour were graduallyreplaced by red epaulettes.The rest of the uniform consisted of: whitewaistcoat; buff breeches; long black boots withbronzed steel spurs; white gauntlet gloves; blackcravat; white cloak; blue housings laced white, whitesheepskin edged red, white grenades on the housingsand regimental numbers on valise. On foot: bluesurtout; white stockings, blue in winter; buckled shoes;bicorn with pompon. Stable dre s: blue forage capwith blue turnup edged with white lace, piping offacing colour; blue stable jacket; white duck or linenpantaloon; wooden shoes.Cuirassier, like other elite troop, were proud of74 Heavy CavahyHeavy Cavahy 75

Dragoons in campaign dress, c. 1800-1812. Print afterMeissonnier.Chef d'escadron Patenotre, 7th Dragoons, c. 1805-1812. Printafter portrait.their queues and seem to have abandoned themreluctantly; the 3rd Regiment still had them in 1809.idebums were to be no lower than the upper lip leveland mustaches were compulsory from March toDecember.The 13th regiment was assigned wine red ('lie-devin')facings. Initially, it seems to have used brownSpanish cloth for surtouts and brown pantaloons ,vithred piping.The 14th kept wearing its former Dutch uniform:steel helmet and cuirass (with medium blue liningedged yellow) as French cuirassiers, 'white coat,medium blue tumbacks, lapels to the wai t, yellow[brass) buttons, red epaulette , medium blue waistcoatwith pockets, black cravat, white pantaloons, yellowgauntlet gloves and belts, white cloak.' In I II,following the Emperor's suggestion, it adopted theblue French unifoml with wine red facings and pewterbuttons.Tew facing colours were ordered for the 4th-6thand 10th-12th regiments, apparently in the later partof I lOon a new 'coat-surtout' introduced at thattime. It had round cuffs, no lapels and its tails werefairly long going down to just above the back of theknee. The collar and cuffs were, depending on theregiment, of the facing colour piped blue or blue pipedin the facing colour. The tumbacks were always of thefacing colour ,vith a blue grenade and the front waspiped in the facing colour. The regimental facingswere:1st: scarlet cuffs and collar2nd: scarlet cuffs, blue collar3rd: blue cuffs, scarlet collar4th: orange cuffs and collar5th: orange cuffs, blue collar6th: blue cuffs, orange collar7th: yellow cuffs and collar8th: yellow cuffs, blue collar9th: blue cuffs, yellow collarlOth: pink cuffs and collarOpposite.Brigadier, 4th Dragoons, c. 1808, 'leaving the cantonment' withsome obvious regrets. Pnnt after Martinet. Anne S.K. BrownMilitary Collection, Brown UnIVersity, USA., I76 Heavy Cavab"]Heavy Cavab)' 77

Band of the 4th Dragoons, early 18005. Painting by EdouardDelaille. Mr. & Mrs. Don Troiani, Southbury, CT.11 th: pink cuffs, blue collar12th: blue cuffs, pink collar13 th: wine red cuffs and collar14th: wine red cuffs, blue collarThe orders of 7 February 1 12 brought substantialchanges to the uniforms of cuirassiers. All were nowofficially to have a single-breasted coatee with ninepewter button and red epaulettes. The collar,turnbacks (which had a blue grenade) and piping werealways of the facings colours but cuffs and cuff flapsotherwise varied for each regiment as follows:1 t: red cuffs and cuff flaps2nd: red and cuffs, blue cuff flaps3rd: blue cuffs, red cuff flaps4th: orange cuff and cuff flaps5th: orange cuffs, blue cuff flaps6th: blue cuffs, orange cuff flaps7th: yellow cuffs and cuff flapth: yellow cuffs, blue cuff flap9th: blue cuffs, yellow cuff flaps10th: pink cuffs and cuff £laps7 Hen'') Cnvnlry11 th: pink cuffs, blue cuff flaps12th: blue cuffs, pink cuff flaps13th: wine red cuffs and cuff flaps14th: wine red cuffs, blue cuff flapsOther noveltie included grey overalls and white cloakflecked with blue. Other items as before. There wereno further major changes in the uniform.Trumpeters, from 1804: helmet with red or whitemane; single-breasted coatee either of the facingcolour or blue \\~th cuffs and collar edged with silveror white lace, white lace at buttonholes on the front.For instance, before 1810, the 1st and 4th's trumpetershad: white helmet mane, red plume; red coatee, rededged silver collar and cuffs, white turnbacks with redgrenades, seven white laces on the chest, whiteepaulettes. The 6th had, in c. 1810-12, white maneand red plume; blue coatee \\~th orange edged silvercollar and cuffs, red epaulettes with white crescent,orange laces on chest. The 7th had a yellow coatee,the 8th an orange coatee. The 13th had, in 1 12, awhite mane, wine red coatee with five white lace 111Opposite.Trumpeter, elite company, 21st Dragoons, 1802-1812. Pnnt afterJOB... 'Henvy Cnvnhy 79

front. From 1812, the cuirassiers trumpeters adoptedthe green imperial livery coatee with collar, cuffs andturnbacks of the facing colour, imperial livery lace.They did not wear the cuirass and were mounted onwhites or greys.Dragoons\Nhen the Revolution broke out in 1789, there were18 dragoon regiments in the army. In 1793, threemore were added, each regiment having foursquadrons, each squadron having two companies of100 men each. In September 1803, several heavycavalry and hussar regiments were converted todragoons forming the 22nd to the 30th regiments;1805, four temporary regiments of foot dragoonsformed with detachments, two temporary regiments in1806; 1807, each company to have 128 men includingfour officers; 1808, eight sappers created per regiment;in 1811, the 1st, 8th, 9th, lOth and 29th regiments areconverted into Chevau-legers-lanciers regiment;further reduced to 15 regiments in May J814.Uniform: green coat with lapels and ulrnbacks ofthe regimental facing colour and the collar, cuffs, cuffflaps and piping edging the facings either of the facingcolour or green depending on the regiment, vertical orhorizontal pockets depending on the regiment (seeregimental distinctions below), green shoulder strapspiped with facing colour but many regiments hadwhite epaulettes instead, green grenades on turnbacks;pewter buttons; white waistcoat and breeches; blacklong boots; brass helmet with brass crest, black mane,sealskin turban, black leather visor, plume variedconsiderably (see below), brass chin scales; bearskincap with red plume, red or white cords, red back panelwith white cross, red epaulettes for elite companies;green surtout and green stable jacket, sometimes withcollar of the regimental facing colour; green foragecap with piping of the facing colour, white lace andgrenade; white duck trousers; grey overalls withbuttons on side; white gauntlet gloves; off-white cloak;green housings edged white with white number, alsowhite sheepskin edged with facing colour. Sappers hadbearskin caps with red cords, plumes and back panelwith white cross; red epaulettes, red crossed axes onupper sleeves; white or buff apron.From February 1812, coatee in the same colours;plumes no longer issued for helmets, only pomponswhich were red, sky blue, orange and violet for thefirst company of each squadron, same colours with awhite centre for the second companies. Armed with adragoon mu ket with bayonet and sword. Officers:I silver buttons and lace; the brass on their helmet wasguilded, turban of leopard fur (usually imitation) oftengoing over the visor, white plumes for senior officersFoot Dragoons, 1805-06: had tile same uniform asthe units they were detached from except for infantrygaiters, shoes, knapsack. In 1805, the 1st regiment wasmade up of detachments from the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 14th,20th and 26t1l; 2nd regiment from the 3rd, 6th, lOth,11th, 13th and 22nd; 3rd regiment from the 5th, 8th,9th, 12th, 16th and 21st; 4th regiment from the 15th,17th, 18t1l, 19th, 25th and 27th. In 1806, the 1stregiment was from the 2nd, 6th, 11th, 13th, 14th,20th, 22nd and 26th; the 2nd regiment from the 8th,12th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 21st, 25th and 27th.Trumpeters: reversed colours, facings sometimesedged Witll white lace, the coat often single breastedwith white buttonholes in front, no cuff flaps, whiteepaulettes; white or red mane on helmet. Same dressfor Foot Dragoons but brass drums with blue hoopsinstead of trumpets. Imperial livery from 1812. Theyrode whites or greys.1st: scarlet lapels, collar, cuffs and cuff flaps,horizontal pockets; scarlet plume, also bottom halfgreen Witll scarlet top half.2nd: scarlet lapels and cuffs, green collar and cuffflaps, horizontal pockets; white epaulettes; plumebottom half green \vitll scarlet top half, also all red.3rd: scarlet lapels and collar, green cuffs, scarletcuff flaps, horizontal pockets; red-white-red plume.4t1l: scarlet lapels, collar, cuffs and cuff flaps,vertical pockets; white plume.5th: scarlet lapels and cuffs, green collar and cuffflaps, vertical pockets; white plume.6th: scarlet lapels and collar, green cuffs, scarletcuff flaps, vertical pockets; plume bottom half greenwith scarlet top half.7th: crimson lapels, collar, cuffs and cuff flaps,horizontal pockets; plume half red and half green.8th: crimson lapels and cuffs, green collar and cuffflaps, horizontal pockets; white plume; plume half redand half green.9th: crimson lapels and collar, green cuffs, crimsoncuff flaps, horizontal pockets; white epaulettes; redplume.lOth: crimson lapels, collar, cuffs and cuff flaps,vertical pockets; crimson plume.11 th: crimson lapels and cuffs, green collar and cuffflaps, vertical pockets; white plume.12th: crimson lapels and collar, green cuffs,crimson cuff flaps, vertical pockets; plume half red andhalf green, also half white and half red.13th: dark pink lapels, collar, cuffs and cuff flaps,horizontal pockets; plume half red and half green.14th: dark pink lapels and cuffs, green collar andcuff flaps, horizontal pockets15th: dark pink lapels and collar, green cuffs, darkpink cuff flaps, horizontal pockets16th: dark pink lapels, collar, cuffs and cuff flaps,vertical pockets; white plume.17th: dark pink lapels and cuffs, green collar andcuff flaps, vertical pockets; white epaulettes; red, alsowhite plume.18th: dark pink lapels and collar, green cuffs, darkpink cuff flaps, vertical pockets; plume half white andhalf red. In 1808, the regiment received brown coats(faced dark pink) due to difficulties in obtaining greencloth.19th: yellow lapels, collar, cuffs and cuff flaps,horizontal pockets; white epaulettes; white plume, alsobottom half green with yellow top half.20th: yellow lapels and cuffs, green collar andcuff flaps, horizontal pockets; plume bottom halfgreen with yellow top half, also half yellow and halfwhite.21 st: yellow lapels and collar, green cuffs, yellowcuff flaps, horizontal pockets; white plume.22nd: yellow lapels, collar, cuffs and cuff flaps,vertical pockets; white epaulettes; red plume, also halfblack and half yellow.23rd: yellow lapels and cuffs, green collar and cuffflaps, vertical pockets; white plume.24th: yellow lapels and collar, green cuffs, yellowcuff flaps, vertical pockets; white plume, also halfwhite and halfyellow.25t1l: orange lapels, collar, cuffs and cuff flaps,horizontal pockets; red epaulettes having green strapswith two white line; plume bottom half green withorange top half.26t1l: orange lapels and cuffs, green collar and cuffflaps, horizontal pockets27th: orange lapels and collar, green cuffs, orangecuff flaps, horizontal pockets; brass chains on eachshoulder.28th: orange lapels, collar, cuffs and cuff flaps,vertical pockets; white plume.29th: orange lapels and cuffs, green collar and cuffflaps, vertical pockets; white plume.30th: orange lapels and collar, green cuffs, orangeTrumpeter of elite company, 23rd Dragoons, c. 1800-1812. Printafter Edouard Detaille.cuff flaps, vertical pockets; red plume.Guides Interpretes de l'Armee d'AllemagneGuides Interpreters of the Army of Germany. 1\VOsquadrons created in October 1805, recruited amongGerman speaking dragoons to serve as interpretersand messengers. Disbanded 30]une 1807, the menwere incorporated into Marshal Berthier's Guides.Uniform: completely white surtout, yellowaiguillette; brass buttons; white waistcoat; white-buffbreeches; brass dragoon helmet; white housings andsheepskin edged yellow.80 Heflvy CflvflhyHeavy Cflvflhy 81

Light CavalryThe largest body of cavalry in apoleon's army wasthe light horse which amounted to nearly fiftyregiments of hussars and Chasseurs it cheval by 1814.There was no real difference between the cha seursand hussars, both performed the same tactical dutiesand were, in t11eir day, among the best light cavalry inEurope.HussarsThe first six hussar regiments were from the old royalarmy and numbered from 1791; another sevenregiments were raised from various volunteers madeinto permanent units from 1792 to 1795; 13th Hussarsdisbanded in 1796; on H September 1 03, the 7th bi ,11th and 12th Hussars converted into dragoons; new11th formed 25 December 1810; 9th bis formed inSpain from 10January I 12; 12th, 13th and 14thformed in 1813 and new 14th in 181'} (see detailsbelow); reduced to six regiments from May I H.Hu sar regiments generally had four squadron eachof two companies, each company of 12 each, the totalestablishment being, from I 07, of 1000 ICO andhussars led by'}3 officers. Each regiment had an elitecompany being the 1st company.Hus ar regiments had many peculiarities inorganization and uniforms far too numerous to relatehere. In ofar as the uniforms are concerned, the detailsgiven bellow hold for the period going from 1803 to1815. While general features remain before that timeframe, many aspects such as headgear varied a greatdeal from one unit to another and even within thesame regiment. VVith plumes notably, the variationsseem endless during the Imperial era. What i givenhere is what seems to have been the general trend in aOpposite.4th Hussars, c. 1800-1805. Officer in the foreground withenlisted hussars on a patrol wearing their pelisses in coolmountainous country. Painting by Edouard Det31lle. Mr. & Mrs. DonTroiani. Southbury. CT.unit but certainly not the affirmation it was its onlypractice. In maners of uniform, hussar were reputed,and rightly so, to be the most outlandish dressers inthe army - the proudly self-avowed 'black sheeps' ofthe military bureaucrats at HQ trying to regulate theirdress and hair styles.Uniforms: the hussar had a dress of centralEuropean origin, Hungarian in particular, which cameto France with the first units of mercenary hussars atthe end of the 17th century. These corps soon wereincreasingly recruited with Frenchmen whoappreciated the da hing style as well as the novel lightcavalry tactics. By the time of the French Revolution,there were many aspiring 'beau sabreurs' whicheventually formed the backbone of some of the finesthussar units on record during the Empire.Hussar wore a hon jacket called a dolman, anover jacket trimmed with fur called a pelisse slungwith studied 'negligence' over the left shoulder whennot worn, a ash with small 'barrels' and knots, tightbreeches and boots. The dolman, pelisse and breecheswere elaborately decorated with about 18 cord loopstied to, generally, five rows of small ball bunons on thefront, the breeches being also much braided. Hangingon three slings from their waistbelt was a sabretache, aflat leather case with a decorated flap meant to carrydispatches but admittedly more useful for love notes towoo local girls.Early hussar shakos had a 'wing' wrapped aroundthem but this feature seem to have gone out of use byabout 1806. nless otherwise noted, the shakos wereblack, wider at the top than bottom, with cords of theregimental colour, chin scales and hako plates addedfrom about 1805-1 06. The plumes and cords wereofficially abolished in November 1811 but manycontinued to wear them even with the black waxedcloth shako covers. From 1812, cylindrical shakos withno plates but a cockade held by a loop in front starredreplacing the previous type.The whole business of hair styles was a moot pointLight Cavah)' 83

Chef d'escadron Du Pouget, 5th Hussars, at the siege ofWesel, 1813. Prn a er contemporary. painting.Trumpeter's dolman, 4th Hussars, c. 1805-1810. Back view.Formerly In the M.H. de Young Museum. San Francisco.with hussars. Part of their claim to fame was thewearing of not only queues, but also of 'cadenenes'which were pleated lengths of hair coming down onthe side of each cheek, and, ofcourse moustaches.\Vhile the moustaches remained, the queues andpleats were ordered to be cut in 1 05. j aturally, thehussars resisted but, in time, the regiments obeyedfinding the eo-Roman 'Titus' style to be quiteacceptable and less trouble. But some held out and the5th Hussars was probably the last to have queues.'Many times,' recalled d'Espinchal of the 5th, 'thecolonel, on the verge of ordering the execution of theorder, had ceded to the troop's grief [at having to cutthem]; but an ultimate order from the minister of warpermitted no further delays.. .' This was at thebeginning of 1808 (!) and the order wa finallyexecuted swiftly, each hussar being ordered to cut thequeues of the next man in file. \ Vithin a few minutes'eight hundred queues were left on the field' which theregiment immediately left, without leaving the hussarsa chaf!ce to bid 'adieu' to an ornament so dear tothem. By that evening, they had forgotten aboutqueues and the 'Titus' hair tyle was now that of theregiment.Hussars also had undress and ordinary campaigngarments. This consisted of a forage cap, a stablejacket and a pair of overalls which buttoned on theoutside and often strapped \vith black leather. nits inSpain often used the local brown cloth for repair andreplacements of undress items, and this ofcoursemade wags in the 2nd Hussars boast that all hussarswished to adopt their uniform lThe uniforms of the hussar regiments from c. 1803to 1815 were generally as follows:1st: sky blue dolman and dolman collar, reddolman cuffs; k:y blue pelisse edged with black fur; skyblue breeches; pewter bunons; white cords; red andwnite sash; sk)' blue pantaloons \vith red tripe; blackshako plume; sk)' blue stable jacket, red cuffs, whitepiping edging collar and cuffs; all sk)' blue forage capOpposite.Trumpeter's dolman, 4th Hussars, c. 1805-1810. Front view.Red with blue collar and cuffs, brass ball buttons, yellow cordsand lace. A superb example of a rare garment. Formerly In theM.H. de Young Museum, San Francisco.4 Light CnmbyLigbt Cnvnby 85

Auguste Fesquet, officer, 5th Hussars, c. 1807. Print afterminiature.Captain Bro de Commere, 7th Hussars, 1810. Pnnt after aminiature signed Jacques.piped white, wrute lace edging turnup. Elite companyblack bearskin busby with red plume and red bagpiped white. From late 1813, black cylindrical shako.Silver buttons, cords and lace for officers. Trumpeters:red dolman and dolman collar, sL:y blue cuffs; redpelisse with black fur; sky blue breeches; pewterbuttons; white cords; red trumpet cords; sky bluesabretache laced red and piped wrute; black sheep kinhousing edged scarlet.2nd: brown dolman and dolman collar, sky bluedolman cuffs; brown pelisse edged with black fur; skyblue breeches; pewter buttons; white cord; red andwhite sash; sky blue pantaloons with brown stripe;black shako plume; brown stable jacket, sL:y blue cuffs,white piping edging collar and cuffs; brown forage cappiped white, white lace edging sky blue turnup. Elitecompany black bear kin bu by with red plume and sL.'Yblue bag piped wrute. From late 1813, blackcylindrical hako. Silver buttons, cords and lace forofficers. Trumpeters: sL:y blue dolman and dolmancollar, brown cuffs; sL.'), blue pelisse; red trumpet cords;red sabretache laced white with gold eagle; brownpantaloons with wrute stripe.3rd: grey dolman and dolman collar, red dolmancuffs; grey pelisse edged with black fur; grey breeches;pewter buttons; red cords; red and white sash; greypantaloons with no stripe; black shako plwne; greystable jacket, red cuffs; all grey forage cap piped redred lace edging turnup. Elite company black bearskinbusby with red plume and red bag piped crim on.From late 1813, black cylindrical shako. Silverbuttons, cords and lace for officers. Trumpeters: sameas regiment but red breeches, black fur busby with redbag and plume.4th: blue dolman and dolman collar (sometimesshown red), red dolman cuffs; red pelisse edged withblack fur; blue breeches; brass buttons; yellow cords;red and yellow sash; blue pantaloons with red stripe;black shako plume; blue table jacket, red cuffs; redforage cap piped yellow, yellow lace edging blueturnup. Elite company in Spain had black bearskinbu by with brass grenade, red plume and red bagpiped yellow, mounted on black horses with blackOpposite.Trumpeter, 11th Hussars, 1810. Print after Edouard Detaille.86 Light CnvnhyLight Cnvnhy 87

Trooper, 9th Hussars, c. 1812. Print after Edouard Detaille.sheepskin housings. From late 1813, red cylindricalshako. Gold buttons, cords and lace for officers.Trumpeters: red dolman, blue dolman collar and cuffs;blue pelisse; blue breeche ; brass buttons; yellowcorcls; red and yellow trumpet cord; crimson shako;black sheepskin housings edged scarlet.-th: slq. blue dolman and dolman collar, whitedolman cuffs; white pelisse edged with black fur; sLTblue breeche . brass buttons; yellow cord ; red andblue shako with no plate but yellow cockade loop infront, white hako plume; sky blue stable jacket, whitecuffs and collar; white forage cap piped yellow, yellowlace edging k-y blue turnup. Elite company blackbear kin busby with red plume tipped black and skyblue bag piped yellow. From 1813, red cylindricalshako with yellow top band. Gold buttons, cords andlace for officers. Trumpeters: white dolman, k-y bluecuffs and collar; skT blue pelisse; skT blue breeche ;brass buttons; yellow cords; black heepskin housingsedged k-y blue.6th: red dolman, red collar and cuffs; blue peli seedged with black fur; blue breeches; brass buttons;yellow cord; red and yellow sash; blue pantaloonwith red stripe; black hako plume with red tip; bluestable jacket, red cuff and collar; blue forage cappiped yellow, yellow lace edging red turnup. Elitecompany black bearskin busby with red plume and redbag piped yellow. From late 1813, red cylindricalshako. Gold button, cords and lace for officers.Tnlmpeters: blue dolman, red collar and cuff; redpelisse; blue breeches; brass buttons; yellow cord;sheepskin housings edged red.7th: green dolman, red collar and cuffs; greenpelisse edged with black fur; red breeches; brassbutton ; yellow cords; red and yellow sash; greenpantaloons with red stripe; black shako plume; greentable jacket, red cuffs and collar; green forage cappiped yellow, yellow lace edging red turnup. Elitecompany black bearskin busby with red plume and redbag piped yellow. From 1812, green cylindrical shako.Gold button, cords and lace for officer. Trumpeters:red dolman, green collar and cuffs; red pelisse; greenbreeche ; brass buttons; yellow cord ; yellow and redtrumpet cords; green shako with green cords; whiteheepskin housings edged red.7th bis (former 1st Regiment of'Hussards de laLiberte' which became th Hussars bis in 1794;converted into 28th Dragoons on 23 September 1803):scarlet dolman, blue collar and cuffs; blue peli seedged with black fur; blue breeches; brass buttons;yellow cords; crimson and yellow sash; red waistcoat;black shako with scarlet edged yellow wing.8th: green dolman, red collar and cuffs; greenpelisse edged with black fur; red breeches; pewterbuttons; red cords with black thread; red and greensa h; green pantaloons with red stripe; black shakoplume; green stable jacket, red cuffs and collar; greenforage cap piped white, white lace edging red turnup.Elite company black bear kin busby (coI/ti11ued 071 p. 93)Opposite.yellow sash; sL:y blue pantaloons with no tripe; sky Trooper,3rd Hussars, c. 1806. Pnn a er Hoffman.--------8 Light Cavah)' Light Cavalry 89

1st Lancer Regiment of the Vistula Legion and 2ndHussars, Albuera (Spain), 16 May 1811.This plate shows one of the most epic incidents of thePeninsular War, occurring during the battle of A1buera, pittingGeneral Beresford's British, Spanish and Portuguese troopsagainst Marshal Sault's French army which was slowlywithdrawing from Portugal into Spain. At one point in thestruggle, as a rain and hail storm broke over an already bloodybattlefield, Brigadier General Sir John Colbome's brigadeconsisting of the 3rd (The Buffs), 31st, 48th and 66th regimentsof foot seemed to be gaining the advantage. But as theyadvanced, their flank and rear became vulnerable. Frenchcavalry commander and first rate tactician General Latour­Maubourg perceived Colborne's weakness. He immediatelyordered the charge of two battle-hardened light cavalryregiments, the 1st Lancers of the Polish Vistula Legion and the2nd French Hussar Regiment.In some confusion at the novel sight of lancers, the Britishbrigade faced about to meet the coming onslaught but it wasin vain. In a flash, the lancers and hussars were upon themand, with irresistible elan, swept all over the redcoats in aterrible carnage by lance spearings and sabre cuts. Within afew minutes, the 3rd Buffs, the 48th and 66th were destroyed,half killed or wounded and the rest prisoners. The lancers thenoverwhelmed the gunners of a nearby British battery andcaptured its guns. The charge was so quick and fierce thateven General Beresford barely escaped from a Polish lancer.Only the 31st managed to hold on until more British andSpanish units came up.Albuera ended as something of a draw with awesomecasualties to both armies. Soult finally withdrew his forces sothat the British claimed victory but the sabre flashing, brownand sky blue hussars, and especially the lance wielding Polesclad in blue and yellow impressed so deeply the British thatthey eventually created their own lancer regiments. Painting byChrista Hook.Top.Officers, 3rd Hussars, 1813. Print after contemporary painting.90 Light CnunhJ'

with black plume tipped red and red bag piped white.From 1812, red cylindrical shako. Silver buttons, cordsand lace for officers. Trumpeters: red dolman, greencollar and cuffs; red pelisse.9th: red dolman, sk)' blue collar and cuffs; sk)' bluepelisse edged with black fur; sky blue breeches; brassbunons; yellow cords; red and yellow sa h; sky bluepantaloons with red stripe; black shako plume withwhite tip; all sky blue stable jacket, yellow pipingedging collar and cuffs; all sky blue forage cap pipedyellow, yellow lace edging turnup. Elite companyblack bearskin busby with red plume and red bagpiped yellow. From late 1813, red cylindrical shako.Gold buttons, cords and lace for officers. Trumpeters:yellow dolman, red collar and cuffs; scarlet pelisse;scarlet breeches; brass buttons; black cords; crimsonand black sash; boots edged orange; red sabretachelaced orange with brass eagle and green laurels; greentrumpet cords; sk)' blue shako with orange lace andcords, yellow plume. Also, yellow pelisse with blackcords; sk)' blue breeches with yellow cords; elitecompany trumpeters had black busby with yellow bag,yellow plume with black base; black sheepskinhousings edged red.9th bis (formed January 1812, incorporated into12th in January 1813): red dolman, red dolman collarand cuffs; sky blue dolman edged with black fur; skyblue breeches; pewter buttons; white cords. Silverbunons, cords and lace for officers.lOth: sky blue dolman, red collar and cuffs; skyTop left.Officer of elite company, 25th Chasseurs II cheval, c. 1810. Hewears the busby of the elite company and the 'Kinski' jacketworn from 1809 to 1813. Print after Martinet. Anne S.K. BrownMilitary Collection, Brown University, USA.Top right.Trooper, 1st Chevau-Legers-Lanciers, c. 1811-1812. Print afterMartinet. Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University, USA.Bottom left.Trooper and officer of the 30th Chasseurs II cheval, 1811,wearing green kurtas faced buff, and an officer and a lancer ofthe 91h Chevau-Legers-Lanciers in blue faced buff, 1813-1814.Print after R. Knotel.Bottom right.NCOs' czapska, 1st Polish Lancers, date-stamped 1808. Thisexample in mint condition is of finer quality for NonCommissioned Officers. The Poles were distinguished furtherby a Polish Maltese cross over the cockade. Adrian Forman,Minehead, UK.blue pelisse edged with black fur; sky blue breeches;pewter bunons; white cords; red and white sash; skyblue pantaloons with red scripe; black hako plumewith red lower third; sk)' blue stable jacket, red cuffsand collar; all sky blue forage cap piped white, whitelace edging turnup. Elite company black bearskinbusby with red plume and red bag piped white withwhite tassel. Silver bunons, cords and lace for officers.Trumpeters: red dolman, sk)' blue dolman collar andcuffs; red pelisse; blue crumpet cords; busby withyellow bag piped white; red valise edged white.IIth (converted into 29th Dragoon on 24September 1803): light green dolman, light blue-greycollar and cuffs; light green pelisse edged with blackfur; light blue-grey breeches; pewter buttons; whitecords; crimson and white sash; red waistcoat; blackshako with light blue-grey edged black wing.11 th (formed December 1810 with 2nd DutchHussars): blue dolman, red collar and cuffs; bluepelisse edged with white fur; blue breeches; brassbunons; yellow cords; red and white sash, blue line incencre of white; blue pantaloons with narrow redcripe; black shako plume; stable jacket, red cuffs,white piping edging collar and cuffs; all blue foragecap piped yellow, yellow lace edging turnup. Elitecompany white busby with red plume and red bagpiped yellow. From 1812, black cylindrical shako.Gold bunons, cords and lace for officers. Trumpeters:white dolman, blue collar and cuffs; white pelisse; bluebreeches; yellow and blue cords; black busby.12th (converted into 30th Dragoons on 24September 1803): brown dolman, sky blue collar andcuffs; sl.)' blue pelisse edged with black fur; sky bluebreeches; pewter bunons; white cords; crimson andwhite sash; sky blue waistcoat; black shako with skyblue edged white wing.12th (formed January 1813 with remnants of 9thbis): red dolman, sk)' blue collar and cuffs; sky bluepelisse edged with black fur; sky blue breeches; pewterbunons; white cords; red and white sash; black shakoplume with yellow tip. Green cloak, stable jacket andtrousers. Elite company black bearskin busby with redplume and red bag piped white with white tassel.Silver bunons, cords and lace for officers. Trumpeters:white dolman, sky blue collar and cuffs; white pelisseedged with brown fur; red cords on dolman andpelisse.13th or 'Bacciochi's' Hussars created 28 January1813, raised in Italy, incorporated into 14th on 13December 1813: brown dolman, sky blue coLlar andcuffs; brown pelisse edged with black fur; sky bluebreeches; pewter buttons; white cords; red and whitesash; sk)' blue pantaloons with brown stripe; black92 Light CovohyLight Covohy 93

Colonel Meda, 1st Chasseurs a cheval, c. 1807-1812. Print afterportrait.shako, green plume tipped red. Elite company blackbearskin busby with red plume and sky blue bag pipedwhite with white tassel, also black shako with redbands. Silver buttons, cords and lace for officer.Trumpeters: brown dolman, green collar and cuffs;brown pelisse; green breeches; pewter buttons; whitecords; black busby, green bag, black plume; sheepskinhousingsedged red.13th or 'Jerome Napoleon' Hussars created 31 July1813, raised in VVestphalia, reorganized 1January1814 and numbered 13th Hussars, remnants dissolvedlate March 1814: red dolman and collar, sky blue cuffs;sky blue pelisse edged with white fur; sky bluebreeches; brass buttons; yellow cords; red, white andblue sash; red shako with yellow top band, black lowerband, brass plate with JN cipher (later 13), yellowcords, white plume. Gold cords and lace for officers.Trumpeters: white dolman, slq' blue collar and cuffs;white pelisse edged with black fur; brass buttons;yellow cords; red breeches; shako same as men butblue tip on white plume. Imperial livery may havebeen worn in 1814.14th (formed January 1813 from variousColonel Shee, 13th Chasseurs a cheval, c. 1812-1814. Print afterminiature.nationalities, eventually partly deserted to allies):brown dolman, sky blue collar and cuffs; brown pelisseedged with black fur; sky blue breeches; pewterbuttons; white cords; red and white sash; sky bluepantaloons with brown stripe; black cylindrical shako.Silver buttons, cords and lace for officers. Trumpeters:brown dolman, sky blue collar and cuffs; brownpelisse; Sk]' blue breeches with green cords; pewterbuttons; white cords; black busby, sky blue bag, blackplume14th (formed January 1814 with remnants of 13thand 14th): green dolman, red dolman collar and cuffs;green pelisse edged with black fur; red breeches;pewter buttons; red cords witll black thread; red andgreen sash; red cylindrical shako. Silver buttons, cordsand lace for officers.Chasseurs aChevalThere were 12 Chas eurs 11 cheval (MountedChasseurs) light cavalry regiments at the time of theFrench Revolution. It was a relatively new arm which,in 1793, leapt to 23 regiments by the incorporation ofvarious independent volunteer units although the 17thElite Company of the 5th Chasseurs a cheval, c. 1805. Print afterH. Chartier.and 18th regiments were disbanded the following yearand their numbers remained vacant until 1811. The24th, 25th and 26th regiments were raised in 1801.The 27th was formed in September 1806, the 28th inMay 1808, the 29tll in August 1809, the 30th inDecember 1810. In 1811, the vacant 17th and 18thregiments were ordered re-raised and the 31st created.From 1796, each regiment had 941 men including 38officers in four squadrons. In March 1807, theorganization was ordered to be the same as hussarregiments. In May 1814, the number of regiments wasreduced to 15.Uniform: the dress of the Chasseurs 11 cheval variedgreatly during the Napoleonic era. They initially had ahussar-style dress featuring a green dolman with whitemetal buttons and white cords, cuffs and collar coloursdepending on the regiment. The dolman was wornwlal about 1805-06 (later for some units) whenreplaced by a green coat with green lapels piped withthe facing colour. A green surtout was often worn forW1dress. In 1808-09, tlle green '11 la Kinski' coatee,which was single breasted, appeared. A green coateewith green lapels also appeared in some regiments atthe same time. It was replaced in 1813 by the 1812green regulation coatee which had green lapels. Allthese garments had piping and turnbacks of tlle facingcolour. Buttons were of white metal for all.The Chasseurs 11 cheval wore a waistcoat whichcould be red, white, green or of the facing colour,often braided hussar-style with white cords. Greenhussar breeches with white braid, hussar boots, greenoveralls with stripe of the facing colour. Initially, theshako with a wing wrapped around it, of the facingcolour, was worn until about 1805-06, replaced by theordinary black shako with a cockade and loop in front,with a plume and later a pompon of the companycolour (sky blue, yellow, orange, violet) and whitecords. Elite companies usually had a busby with bag ofthe facing colour piped white and a red plume, whitecords and often red epaulettes.Trumpeters generally, but not always, worereversed colours to 1813 when nearly all took thegreen imperial livery coatee trimmed ,vith livery lace.Housings were of white sheepskin edged ,vith facingcolour, valises green witll white lace.In spite of a certain apparent uniformity because allwore green, tlle Chasseurs 11 cheval had, perhaps, themost varied dress of the all arms of service. The mainfeatures only, for this is hardly exhaustive, for each94 Ligbt CflvflhyLigbt Cflvflhy 95

Chef d'escadron Raveneau, 14th Chasseurs II cheval, c. 1805.Print after portrait.regiment are given below:1st: scarlet collar and cuffs. Dolman to about 1807;coatee with lapels until 1813, M. 1812 coateethereafter. Scarlet vest with white cords. Red leatherbelts for officers. Shako with scarlet wing, greenplume tipped scarlet; leather helmet with brassfittings, black crest and white plume in 1815.Trwnpeters: reversed colours, from 1809 whitebuttonhole lace on lapels and red vest with whitecords; busby with green tipped red plume; Imperiallivery from 1813.2nd: green collar, scarlet cuffs. Dolman to about1807; Kinski coatee with white waistcoat 1808-12;from 1813, M. 1812 coatee. Red waistcoat for elitecompany. Trumpeters: reversed colours, imperiallivery from 1813.3rd: scarlet collar and cuffs for dolman to about1808 then coat with lapels and coatee with lapels fromc. 1809, M. 1812 coatee with scarlet collar and greencuffs from 1813. \vrute waistcoat. Red plume tippedgreen. Elite company officers had pelisses.Trumpeters: sky blue coatee with scarlet regimentalfacings, scarlet shako with black top and bottom bandsand green plume, red overalls; Imperial livery from1813.4th: yellow collar and cuffs. Dolman to 1808, alsocoatee with lapels from 1802; Kinski coatee from1809-13, M. 1812 coatee thereafter. Shako with yellowwing, green plume with yellow tip. Grey overallspiped yellow. Trumpeters: reversed colours, imperiallivery from 1813.5th: green collar, yellow cuffs. Dolman to 1808,cords mixed yellow and green in 1807-08; coatee withlapels from 1809, M. 1812 coatee from 1813. Greenpelisse to about 1806. Shako with green wing, changedyellow c. 1802, black plume with yellow tip. Yellowbelts. Green overalls with yellow stripes. Trumpeters:blue coat to about 1800, regimental reversed colourswith green cords; appears to have worn a yellowKinski coatee with imperial livery lace from 1813.6th: yellow collar, green cuffs. Dolman to 1806;also coat to 1809 then coatee with lapels, M. 1812coatee from 1813. White waistcoat. Shako with yellowwing, plume black with yellow lower third. Leatherhelmet with brass plate and black crest in 1815.Trumpeters: red with yellow collar and cuffs, whitelace, yellow czapska with green plume in 1809,afterwards white coatee with yellow collar, cuffs andlapels. In 1814, yellow coatee, green collar and cuffs,red buttonholes on chest, white epaulettes (red forelite), yellow shako with red band and black plume.7th: pink collar and cuffs. Dolman to 1806; alsocoat to 1809, Kinski coatee to 1813, M. 1812 coateethereafter. Red waistcoat, white in summer. Shakowith pink wing, various plumes including red-whiteblueand red with black bottom and later black withpink top. Trumpeters: green coat with white lace thenblue from about 1805, pink faced green from 1808,pink shako with white lace or busby with pink bag;imperial green livery from 1814.8th: green dolman with pink collar and cuffs toabout 1804, then green coat, from 1809 the coateewith lapels and green collar and pink cuffs, M. 1812coatee from 1813. Trumpeters: in 1806-07, pinkcoatee faced green with white lace and epaulettes,green vest with pink cords; imperial livery from 1813.9th: pink collar, green cuffs. Dolman to about1805; also coatee with lapels to 1809, Kinski coatee to1813, M. 1812 coatee thereafter. \Vhite waistcoat.Green plume with bottom third pink, later greentipped pink. Trumpeters: as for 8th regiment.Opposite.Trooper, 19th Chasseurs II cheval, 1808. This unit wore thedolman until about 1810. Print after Martinet. Anne S.K. BrownMilitary Collection, Brown University. USA.96 Light CflVfI!7)'Ligbt CflVfI!7)' 97

Officer, 3rd Chevau-legers-lanciers, c. 1811-1812. Prin afterMartinet. Anne S.K. Brown Military CollectIOn. Brown UnIVerSIty. USA.lOth: crimson collar and cuffs. Dolman to aboutI 0 ; also coat with lapels, from 1809 coatee withlapels, M. 1812 coatee from 1813. \"'hite waistcoat.Crimson over black plume. Trumpeter: crimsondolman faced green with white cords to about 1808,then crimson faced red coatee with white lace;imperial livery from 1813.11th: dolman \\~th crimson collar and cuffs toabout 1805; also coat with lapels to 1813, M. 1812coatee with green collar and crimson cuffs thereafter.White waistcoat. Crimson over black plume.Trumpeters: coat of reversed colours with white lace atcollar and cuffs in c. 1809; imperial livery from 1813.12th: dolman with crimson collar and cuffs to180{, coat to 1809, coatee with lapels with crimsoncollar and green cuffs, ,\1. I 12 from 1813. Whitewaistcoat. Shako with crimson wing. Green plumetipped red, black plume tipped crimson from 1809.Officers had a summer dress of pale )'ellow cottondolman faced crimson with crimson pantaloons allwith sih'er cords. Trumpeters: sky blue faced crimsonin 180{, crimson coatee faced green from I 09;Imperialli\'ery from 1813.13th: orange collar and cuffs. Dolman to about1807, also coat with lapels, coatee with lapels from1 09 to 1813 then .\1. 1812 coatee. Green over orangeplume, later green plume tipped orange. Trumpeters:re\'ersed colours, imperialli\'ery from 1813.l-tth: dolman with orange collar and cuffs to aboutI OS, coat with green collar and orange cuff to I 08then Kin ki coatee to 1813 when .\1.1812 coatee istaken. \ \'hite waistcoat or orange with white cord.Green m'er orange plume. Trumpeters: re\'ersedcolours, seems not to have adopted the Imperial livery.15th: dolman \\~th orange collar and cuffs to aboutI O{, coat with orange collar and green cuffs to I 09,then Kinski coatee, NI. 1812 from 1813. Greenwaistcoat with white cords. Red hussar style breechesin full dress, brown overalls with leather inset in Spain.The men of this regiment still had queues in 1813.Trumpeters: reversed colours, red breeches to I 10,sky blue faced orange to 1813 then the imperial livery.16th: sk'Y blue collar and cuffs. Dolman to about1806, coat to about 1809 then Kinski coatee to 1813when i\I. 1812 coatee is adopted. \ Vhite waistcoat. Skyblue over green plume, later green with sk1' blue lowerthird. Trumpeters: reversed colours coatee withoutlapels but with wide buttonholes on chest, sk1' blueshako with white plume tipped sky blue; in 1812 sk1'blue Kinski jacket, white epaulettes, green overallswith false boot and sk1' blue tripe, light blueczap ka; imperialli\'ery from 1813.17th (ordered re-raised in 1811 bur not actuallyformed): was to have green collar, sky blue cuffs.Green plume tipped sky blue.I th (ordered re-raised in I II but not actuallyformed): was to ha\'e sk'Y blue collar, green cuffs. Skyblue plume with green lower third.19th: orange collar and cuffs. Dolman to about1810, coat also worn, coatee with lapels from 1810,green overalls with white stripe, M. 1812 coatee from1813. Shako with orange \~ng edged white.Trumpeters: reversed colours, imperial livery from1813.20th: dolman with orange collar and cuffs to about1805, also coat with green collar (from c. 1805),orange cuffs to about 1810-11 then Kinski coatee,.'I\. 1812 coatee from 1813. The men had queues until1813. Officers and COs in Spain had orangebreeches. Trumpeters: reversed colours, Imperialli\'ery not adopted. Commander Parquin of the 20th,who joined his regiment as a volunteer in JanuaryI 03, left us an exceptional description of hisregiment. His unit then wore 'a black shako, of anelegant shape, surmounted by an aurore [orange]flame ending in a point. This flame left floating withthe red and black plume announced the full dre s. \ \'ewore the queue four inches [long] from the hair, oneinch covered with black ribbon and one inch [flowing]below the queue. Two sturdy and long braids hung atthe cheeks and ended with a small piece of ribbonlead. The hair and braids were greased and powdered.Green dolman, orange cuffs and piping, white woolcords, five row of ball buttons, Hungarian [style]breeche with wool cords; hussar boots; green andorange sash, eight inches \\;de with tassels of the samecolour. Finally, gauntlet glo\'es completed this brilliantuniform. Each chasseur had a sabretache hangingabout two feet [from the waist] on the left side andheld by three straps from sabre belt. This abretachewas used to carry letters when the chasseurs were ondi patch sel'\~ce, and for their handkerchief if they hadone.' In I OS, ParquiJ1 noted that 'after leaving Breda,the regiment received the order to cut the queues andthe braids, which left us in despair. It took no Jess thanthe all-powerful reasoning of the officers, who told thetroopers that, as we were going on campaign, it wouldbe much cleaner and better at war.'21 st: dolman with red-orange collar and cuffs toabout I 03-05, coat with red-orange collar and greencuff then coatee with lapels from I 09, M. 1812coatee from 1813. Red-orange waistcoat with whitecords. Green plume with orange base. Tnll11peters:reversed colours, white lace and epaulettes, redwaistcoat with white cords, green breeche , redorangeczapska.22nd: red-orange collar and cuffs. Dolman toabout 1803, coat to I 09, coatee with lapels to 1813then.\I. I 12 coatee. Red waistcoat. Red-orange overgreen plume. Trumpeters: reversed colours, Imperiallivery from I 13.23rd: dolman \~th red-orange collar and cuffs toabout 1803, coat with green collar and red-orangecuffs to about I 10 then Kinski coatee, M. 1812coatee from 1813. Officers often had red-orangebreeches up to about 1806, red-orange overalls forofficers and NCOs around 1811, green or greyoveralls with red-orange stripes for troopers. Whitewaistcoat. According to Colonel Marbot, during 1813,much of the regiment sported white pelisses with'gold' cords captured from Austrian hussars. In early181{, the regiment was armed \\~th lance.Trumpeters: in 1811, red (red-orange') Kinski coateewith yellow cuffs, turnbacks and star on collar, whitelace on chest, yellow shako with white band andplume; imperial livery from 1813.2{th: dolman with yellow collar and scarlet cuffs toabout I OS, coat with red-orange collar and greencuffs to 180 then Kinski coatee, ;V\. I 12 coatee from1813. Shako with red wing and white cords, blackplume tipped yellow, later red-orange plume and blacktipped red-orange. Trumpeters: in 1808-09, redorangeKinski coatee with sk~' blue collar, cuffs andturnbacks, white lace, ky blue overalls \~th redorangestripe. bout I II, green coat with red-orangecollar, cuffs, lapels and turnbacks, white buttonholelace; Imperial livery from 1813.25th: dolman \~th pink-red collar and cuffs toabout I O{, coat to 1809 then Kinski coatee, ,\1. 1812coatee from 1813. hako with pink-red wing and blackand yellow plume, later green o\'er pink-red. Officershad yellowish nankeen dolman and breeches forsummer in early 1800s according to Marbot.Trumpeters: reversed colours.26th: dolman with green collar and pink-red cuffs,coat also and later until 1809 then Kinski coatee, M.1812 coatee from I 13. Green waistcoat with pink-redcuffs and white cords. Green over red plume, latergreen tipped red. Trumpeters: reversed colours.27th (formed in May 1808 from Arrenberg'sBelgian Light Horse): green dolman \\~th pink-redcollar and cuffs, yellow cords and brass buttons; greenpelisse with black fur; green overalls, brown in pain;yellow leather belts. From 1813, M. 1812 coatee \~thpink-red collar and green cuffs, pewter buttons.Trumpeters: reversed colours, green overalls, pink-redczapska.2 th (forn1ed ,\la)' I 08 from Tuscan Dragoons):green coatee with amaranth collar and cuffs, Kinskicoatee from 1809, .\1. I 12 coatee from 1813. Shako\\~th cockade at front instead of plate. Trumpeters:reversed colours with white lace, yellow plume;imperial livery from 1813.29th (formed in Spain during I 10 from 3rdPro\-isional Light Cavalry): initially various 1IJ1iformsand some brown Kin~ki coatees with red facings;eventually green ,\1. 1812 coatee with green collar andamaranth cuffs. Green plume tipped amaranth.Trumpeters: reversed colours with white lace, yellowshako with green plume and white cords.30th: t11is regiment, formed in Hamburg from 3February 18ll; converted to 9t11 Chevau-Iegers­Ianciers on 18 June I II; was initially to haveamaranth collar and green cuffs but things worked outvery differentl),. vailable green cloth to make aChasseur it che\'aluniform was insufficient and since itwas to be armed with lances, a lancer uniform wassettled upon: green kurta with buff collar, pointedcuffs, lapels, turnbacks and piping; pewter buttons; redpantaloons with black stripe; czapska \\;th red crown,white middle band, white metal sunrise plate, blackleather chin strap; grey stable jacket with buff collar;98 Ligbt Camh)'Ligbt Cavah) 99

white accoutrements; red housings edged black; lightcavalry sabre, pistols, carbine and lance with buffpennon. Officers: silver metal and lace; red mamelukestylepantaloon favoured. Trumpeters: red l.."Urta, blackcollar, cuffs, lapels, turnbacks and piping edged withwhite lace, white epaulettes and trumpet cords; restsame as the men. The blue uniform of the 'Polish'chevau-legers-lanciers was only adopted in 1813 (seeChevau-legers-lanciers).31st (formed in Portugal in September 1811 from1st and 2nd Provisional Light Cavalry, was actually alancer regiment): various uniforms at first then Polishkurta with buff collar and cuffs; pewter buttons; greensash with buff stripes, red for elite company; scarletoveralls with buff stripe for dress and green in thefield; buff czapska, white band, white metal sunriseplate; buff over white lance pennant. Some may havehad M. 1812 coatee in 1813-14. Trumpeters: sameuniform as troopers with white lace at collar, cuffs andbuttonholes, white epaulettes, plume yellow tippedgreen.Chasseurs aCheval de la VendeeMounted Chasseurs ofVendee. Created 5 June 1815;was to have up to four squadrons recruited withveterans in Vendee and lower Loire area for localservice. Probably had only started its organizationwhen news of Waterloo reached Vendee anddisbanded.Uniform: 'same as that of the Chasseurs 11 cheval,except that the collar and piping will be white and theshako will be replaced by... [blank].'Chevau-Legers-LanciersThe French cavalry had been surprised and impressedby the effectiveness of lancers as light cavalry inopposing armies. I oting this, the Emperor decreed,on 18 June 1811, the formation of nine regiments of'Light Horse Lancers' by converting some regimentsinto lancers; each French regiment had foursquadrons, the Polish six. The first six regiments werecomposed of French personnel of the 1st, 3rd, 8th,9th, lOth and 29th Dragoons. The 7th and 8th werePoles of the Vismla Legion and the 9th was a mixmreof Poles and Germans of the 30th Chasseurs 11 chevaland were disbanded 12 May 1814. The Frenchregiments were disbanded after Waterloo in 1815.Uniform of the French Light Horse Lancers:green coatee with collar, lapels, pointed cuffs andturnbacks of the facing colour, green eagle on theturnbacks, green shoulder straps piped with the facingcolour, red epaulettes for elite company; brass buttons;green hussar breeches with yellow cords and greenpantaloons with stripe of the facing colour, greypantaloons also worn from 1813; hussar boots edgedyellow; brass dragoon helmet with fur turban, brasscomb and chin scales, black caterpillar crest on combinstead of mane as the dragoons, black visors in frontand back, no plumes generally worn except elitecompanies which had red plumes (elite company ofthe 6th had red crest and white plume); gauntletgloves; white cloak replaced in September 1811 by agreen greatcoat; green stable jacket; facing colourforage cap with green upmrn; sheepskin housingsedged with facing colour. Armed witll light cavalrysabre, pistols, carbine and a lance with red over whitepennon. Officers: gold buttons, epaulettes and lace,gold belts Witll lines of the facing colour.Trumpeters: no information on early dress exceptfor 1st and 2nd shown with blue coatee withregimental facings, white lace edging facings, whiteepaulettes and caterpillar crest, white plume for 1st,red for 2nd; from 1812, green Imperial livery singlebreastedcoatee with facings edged by livery lace;white caterpillar crest on helmet but 6th shown withred crest in 1813-14.Regimental facings: 1st, scarlet; 2nd, orange; 3rd,pink; 4th, crimson; 5th, sky blue; 6th, red.niform of Polish Light Horse Lancers: bluekurta, collar, pointed cuffs, lapels, mrnbacks andpiping at back seams of regimental facing colour, blueshoulder straps piped with facing colour, whiteepaulettes for elite company; pewter buttons; blue sashwith two white stripes; blue pantaloons with doublestripes of facing colour; black boots; czapska with bluecrown, piping and band of facing colour, brass plate,brass chain, white metal chin scales; red pointedpompon; crimson over white lance pennons; whitesheepskin housingsedged with the facing colour.Officers: silver buttons, epaulettes, lace and belts;czapska laced silver, gold plate and chain, white plume.Trumpeters: initially l.."Urta as the men, facingsedged with silver lace; later green imperial livery withfacings edged by livery lace.Regimental facings: 7th, yellow; 8th, blue pipedyellow cuffs and collar with yellow facings; 9th, buff.Artillery, Specialists,Reserves and NavyCorps Imperial de I'ArtillerieImperial Corps ofArtillery. \Nhen the FrenchRevolution broke out, the Corps ofArtillery consistedof seven army artillery regiments, six companies ofminers, ten and later fifteen of 'Ouvriers' and a staff ofspecialist officers. In 1791, the colonial artillery wasordered amalgamated as the 8th regiment and, in April1792, nine companies of light, or horse, artillery wereraised and attached to the regiments. The horseartillery rapidly increased to 20 companies and, on 7February 1794, organized into nine regiments, soonreduced to eight then to six in 1801. Eight artillerytrain battalions were attached since 1800 to each footregiment. Two companies of 'Arl11uriers' (armourersor gunsmiths) were added from 1805. It represented aforce varying from 26,000 to 35,000 men. In 1813, aninth foot artillery regiment was organized and theartillery train was now 14 battalions. This was reducedin 1814 to eight foot regiments, four of horse artillery,12 companies of Ouvriers and four squadrons ofartillery train.Uniform of the Foot Artillery: blue coat, bluepiped red lapels, cuff flaps and collar, red cuffs and redturnbacks with blue grenades, blue piped red shoulderstraps; brass buttons; blue waistcoat and breeches; hatwith red pompon replaced, from c. 1807, by the shakowith brass plate and chin scales, red top band, cordsand plume, also red pompon on campaign; bluegreatcoat from 1806. From 1812, coatee in samecolours as coat; blue waistcoat with red cuffs; shakowitllOut the red top band and with red pompon. Whiteaccoutrements, all gumlers had the brass-hilted hangerwith red sabre knot, dragoon musket with brassfurnishings. Drummers: same as the men but red coatwith blue collar, cuffs, lapels, wings and mrnbacksedged with yellow lace; Imperial livery from 1812.Officers had gold metal and lace.Uniform of the Ouvriers: same as the foot artillerybut witll red lapels; completely similar to the footartillery from 1812.Uniform of the Armuriers: same as the footartillery but with blue piped red cuffs and red collar.Uniform of the Horse Artillery: blue dolman withblue collar, red cuffs, red cords; brass buttons; blueand red sash; blue hussar-style waistcoat with redcords; blue hussar-style breeches with red cords; bootsedged with red; blue overalls with red stripes; shakowith brass plate and chin scales, red cords and plume;on campaign, blue coat with blue piped red pointedlapels, red pointed cuffs, red mrnbacks with bluegrenades, red epaulettes. From 1812, blue coatee with100 Light CnvnhyRear view of a gunner of the Horse Artillery of the line, c. 1800­1812. Print after Vernet.A1tillelY, Specialists, Reserves a11d Nnvy 10J

eeches; shako; green stable jacket; light grey-bluecloak. There were many variations such as sky blueiJ1Stead of light grey-blue and white piping edgingfacings. Trumpeters: same but blue coatee with lightgrey-blue facings edged white; imperial livery from1812. Officers had silver buttons, epaulettes, shako topband and cords.Officer, Foot Artillery, c. 1805-1812. Miniature. J. Ostiguy. Ottawa.blue piped red lapels, blue collar, red pointed cuffs, redturnbacks with blue grenades, red epaulettes; shakowith red pompon, rest as before. Blue housings edgedred with brass numeral, crossed cannons and grenadebelow. White accoutrements, brass hilted light cavalrysabre, carbine and pistols, blue sabretache edged redwith brass crossed cannons, number and grenade.Trumpeters: same as the men but red dolman, bluecuffs and collar edged yellow, blue cords; also a varietyof red coats with lapels sometimes worn with a czapskaon campaign. Officers had the same as the men butwith gold cords, buttons and lace.Uniform of the Artillery Train: light grey-bluecoatee, blue square lapels, collar, cuffs and turnbackswith light grey-blue grenades, light grey-blue pipedblue shoulder traps; pewter buttons; light grey-bluealso white waistcoat; light grey-blue overalls with bluestripe and white metal buttons; also buff breeches;boots; bicorn hat; grey cloak; hat and later shako withwhite metal plate and chin scales, white cords, greybluetipped red plume also pompon. From 18 J2, lightgrey-blue coatee, blue collar, cuffs, lapels andturnbacks, light grey-blue grenades on turnbacks;white metal buttons; light grey-blue waistcoat; buffCorps Imperial du GenieImperial Corps of Engineers. The French Corps ofEngineers consisted of officers specialized infortifications, of battalions of Sappers and companiesofM.iners with their own engineer officers, and of'employees' serving as canal and building keepers. Thecorps had two sapper battalions raised to four in 1800and six companies of miners; 5th sapper battalion andthree miner companies raised 1801; each sapperbattalion had nine companies of 152 each; minersorganized into two miner battalions of five companiesof LOO each on 21 December 1808; 6th sapperbattalion raised in 18 I0 by incorporation of Dutchsappers; vValcheren sapper battalion created 4 May1811; lie d'Elbe (Elba) sapper battalion created 18June 181 I; company of'Ouvriers' (Artisans) created 12November 181 I; reduced to five sapper battalions in1813; reorganized into three regiments of twobattalions each including five ofsappers and one ofminers on 12 May 1814; disbanded 15 October 1815and later reorganized.From I October 1806, each sapper battalion had20 caissons for tools driven by 60 wagoneers('charretiers') reorganized into four Train companies('Train du Genie') totaling 563 on II August 1809;train battalion ofsix companies on 9 December 1811.Uniform of Sapper Battalions: blue coat, blackpiped red collar, cuffs, cuff flaps and lapels, redturnbacks with blue crossed axes, blue piped redshoulder straps and red epaulettes; brass buttons; bluewaistcoat and breeches; black and grey gaiters; bicornhat with red plume or pompon, yellow cockade loop;white accoutrements; white stock in peacetime andblack on campaign; grey greatcoat; short sabre withred sword knot; musket with brass furnishing. Shakosreplaced hats from about 1808 but were officiallyordered only on 9 Tovember 1810. The shako hadbrass crowned eagle plate and chin scales, red plumeand cords. Rank badges on sleeves were an orange lacefor corporal, gold lace for sergeants. Miners had thesame uniform as sappers except for orange epaulettes,Opposite.Gunner, Foot Artillery, c. 1808-1812. Print after Martinet. Anne S.K.Brown Military Collection, Brown University. Providence, USAJ02 Al1illelJ, Specifllists, ResenJes fl1/dIfiVyAl1illelJ, Specifllists, Reserves fl1/d Nflvy J03

Ingemieurs GeographesTopographical engineers. Corps originated in 1777,abolished in 1791 but a staffof topographicalengineers continued to exist. Reorganized as a corps of90 officers from 30 Januan' I 09.Uniform: from 1809, blue coat, orange collar andcuffs (later blue piped orange), blue turnbacks pipedorange; gold buttons and epaulettes; white waistcoatand breeches; plain bicorn hat.Officer, Train of the Foot Artillery of the Line, c. 1812. Miniature.J. OstigUY. Ottawa.hako cords and sabre knot. Drummers had the sameuniform as the men but their facings were edged withorange lace before 1812, green Imperial liverythereafter. During sieges, the men in exposedpositions could be issued an iron helmet and cuirasspainted black.The 1812 regulations kept the same uniformcolours while introducing the coatee and a fewchanges: the turnbacks piped black; shoulder straps forsappers and orange epaulettes for miners; red pomponfor shako.Officers had the same uniform with gold metal,shako band, cords, pompon and sword knot, facings inblack velvet, boots. Only the battalion officers worethe shako. The fortification and staff engineer officerswore the bicorn hat with gold cockade loop (noplume). Housings were blue laced gold. From 1807,engineer officers attached to cuirassier divisions werealso to wear the cwra s.Train uniform. The wagoneers from 1806 wore:light grey-blue coatee, black (no piping) pointed lapelsand cuffs, white turnbacks; pewter button; whitewaistcoat; buff breeches; boots; bicorn hat; grey cloak;Artillery Train on the march, c. 1805. Print after JOB.white accoutrements. Same uniform continued whenthey became Train in I 09 but a shako with whitemetal plate and chin scales would have been taken intowear. From 1812, light grey-blue coatee, black collar,cuffs, lapels and turnbacks, light grey-blue crowned, 'on turnbacks; white metal buttons; light grey-bluewaistcoat; buff breeches; shako; green table jacket;light grey-blue cloak.Ouvriers company uniform, from 1811: bluecoatee, black piped red collar, cuffs and lapels, redturnbacks with blue grenades; brass buttons; bluewaistcoat and breeches; shako with brass plate andchin scales, red pompon with small black aigrette;white accoutrements; blue greatcoat with black pipedred collar. \Nork dress: blue round jacket, black collarand cuffs, brass buttons; blue or white linen trousers;blue fatigue cap piped red.The 'employes' or keepers had the same uniform asthe sapper but no plume on the bicorn, no epaulettesexcept for Ist class keepers who had them red withtwo gold cords; the 2nd class had two gold laces on thelower sleeves, 3rd cla one gold lace, -+th class a goldlace on the upper slee\·e.PontonniersPontoon troops, specialized in making temporarybridge to facilitate the crossing of rivers by armies.First battalion originated in Strasbourg in 1793; 2ndbattalion raised in 1797; each battalion had eightcompanies; I st battalion raised to ten companies while2nd battalion reduced to six in 180 ; Dutchpontonniers incorporated as II th company of 2ndbattalion on31 October 1810 but disappeared in 1812Russian campaign; 3rd battalion of six companiescreated on 18 April 1813; 1st raised to 14 companiesin October 1813; 2nd raised to eight companiesJanuary 1814; 2nd and 3rd battalions disbanded on 12May I 14; Ist disbanded in later 1815.Uniforms. There appears to have been no specificorders on the early dress of these troops buticonography hows the following: blue coat, bluepiped red collar, lapel, cuffs, cuff Raps and shouldertrap, red turnbacks; brass buttons; blue waistcoat andbreeches; black gaiters with brass buttons; bicorn withred cockade loop and plume; white accoutrements.Later black shako with brass plate and chin scales, redtop band, cords and plume. Gold metal and boots forofficers. Variations include red cuffs instead of blue,red cuff Raps, piping on lapels only, red epaulettes.From 1811, the uniform was ordered to be the arne asthe foot artillery.Canonniers Gardes-CotesCoast Guard Artillery. Raised 28 May 1803, 100companies of gunners and 28 companies of auxiliarysedentary gunners; had risen to 140 companies by1811 totalling about 17,000 men of which about halfwere mobilized permanently; disbanded on 20 April1814 but 0 companies were raised again on 24 April1815, disbanded on 14 August 1815.niform decreed on 28 May 1803: blue coat withblue collar and cuff, sea green lapels and piping; brassbuttons; ea green waistcoat and breeches. On Ieptember 1803, a new uniform was decreed: whitecoat with blue collar, cuffs, lapels and piping, red cuffRaps, white turnbacks; brass buttons; white waistcoatand breeches, plain bicorn, infantry musket withOfficer of the Topographical Engineers, 1810. Anne S.K. BrownMilijary Collection, BroWll UnIVersity. USA.bayonet and cartridge box with sling. Verner's and Vielde Castel's prints published a few years after theEmpire depicted the blue faced sea green uniformwith shakos. This might indicate that both uniformswere worn concurrentl y.Pionniers NoirsBattalion of Black Pioneers. Formed II May 1803from three independent companies of French Blacksoldiers coming from the West Indies, often prisonersof war exchanged from England. The battalion wastransferred to 1 eapolitan service on 14 August 1806and became 'Royal-Africain'.Uniform: brown coat, red cuffs and lapels, whiteturnbacks; brass buttons; white waistcoat andbreeches.Pionniers ColoniauxColonial Pioneers. Four battalions created 3 August1811, attached to the Colonial Battalions posted inEurope; disciplinary unit; amalgamated into a twobattalioncolonial depot on 5 October I H.niform: 'The dre of these troops \\~jj consist in1O-f ,..jrtillery, Specialists, Reserves and .\'avyAltille,y, pecialists, Reserves and 1 avy 105

Coast Guard Artillery, gunner, 1810. This print shows the blueuniform with sea green facings shown at the collar. Thebreeches are shown blue. The epaulettes and shako pomponare red. Note the anchor and crossed cannons badge on thecartridge box. Pnnt after Vernet.French Pontoon troops and 'Mariniers' (sailors), c. 1810. Thefirst and third figures are of Pontoon troops and wear all bluecoats with red piping, brass buttons and shako plates. TheNCOs and corporals to wear the long-tailed coat inthe same colour... 'second and fourth figure are sailors from a naval battalion Medical Servicesattached to the army to man the boats. They wear shakos, The medical services in the armies of this period wereblue single breasted jackets piped red with brass buttons, blue not numerous and not considered of great importance.and white pantaloons. Print after Berka and Z,mner. Anne S.K. Tvpically, the French army, in spite of its great size,Brown Milrtary Collection, Brown UnIVersity. USA.had few medical officers. About a thousand surgeonsin 180-+, a number that doubled in a few years but thea pantaloon, a [sleeveless] waistcoat, a single-breasted newcomers had deplorable medical training. Doctorsround jacket, half gaiters, a forage cap and a were few and surgeons formed the majority. On 13greatcoat...all to be light grey-blue...The officers, prill 09, ten companies of 'infirmiers' recruited--------from mutilated volunteers were organized. Their dutywas to get the wounded out to the field hospitals andgive first aid.Ore s uniform from 1803 for Medical Officersserving in military ho pitals: medium blue singlebreastedcoat with nine buttons in front, medium bluelining, no epaulettes, black velvet collar and cuffs formedical doctors, scarlet for surgeons, green forpharmacists; gold buttons; waistcoat was the colour ofthe coat's facings; medium blue breeches; boots;bicorn with gold cockade loop; medium blue cloakwith cape edged with gold lace; medium blue housingsedged with a gold lace, width depending on rank. Forundress, the uniform was similar but with a tand andfall collar and cuffs slashed under but these feature ,ordered during the Consulate, do not seem to havebeen implemented widely at the time of the Empire.The various grades of medical officers weredistingui hed as follows:Inspector General: double gold lace edging collar,Coast Guard Artillery, gunner, 1810. Print after JOB from adrawing by B. de Valmont.cuffs, pockets and front ofcoat and waistcoat. Lace oncollar and cuffs only for undress.Chief Doctor, Surgeon or Pharmacist: single goldlace edging collar, cuffs, pockets and front of coatand wai tcoat. Lace on collar and cuffs only forundress.Professor: nine wide gold buttonhole lace in frontofcoat, two at each side of collar and three to eachcuff and pocket on dress coat. \Vaistcoat edged with106 A7tille7J, Specialists, Reserves and ~'avy ,.J7tillery, pecialists, ResenJes and av)' 107

Pharmacist2d class J.-F. Fontaine, Medical Corps, c. 1803­1812. Print after miniature.gold lace. Bunonholes on collar and cuffs only forundress, lace edging waistcoat.Doctor: nine gold buttonhole lace in front of coat,two at each side ofcollar and three to each cuff andpocket on dress coat. Waistcoat edged with gold lace.Buttonholes on collar and cuffs only for undress.First Class: nine gold bunonhole lace in front ofcoat, two at each side of collar and three to each cuffand pocket on dress coat. Buttonholes on collar andcuffs only for undress.Second Class: two at collar and three to each cuffand pocket on dress coat. Buttonhole on collar onlyfor undress.Third Class: two at collar and three to each cuffondre s coat. One buttonholes on collar only for undress.Students had the same uniforms but without anylace or embroidery.From 1812, lapels of the facing colour were added.Regimental surgeons were to wear the sameuniform with the regimental bunons but they oftenwore the regimental uniform with crimson (ratherthan scarlet) veket cuffs and collar with the goldembroidery of their grade but with no epaulenes.'Infirmier' of the Medical Corps, 1812. Print after Vernel."Iedical officers in the Imperial Guard had goldaiguillenes.niform of the 1809 'Infirmiers': brown coatee,red piped white collar, pointed cuffs, pointed lapelsand turnbacks; brass buttons; white breeches; bicornhat with brown plume tipped red, later shako withbrass plate and chin scales, red pompon.Artistes VeterinairesVeterinary 'Artists'. From 7 February 1812, they wereassigned a uniform: all blue single breasted coat, twosmall buttons under each cuff, two silver buttonholesat each side of the collar and at the cuffs; buttons andturnback ornaments in gold or silver depending on theveterinarian's regiment, no epaulenes; buff breechesand high boots in heavy cavalry and train, pantaloonsof regimental coat colour and hussar boots in lightcavalry and light artillery; regimental cloak; bicorn;regimental sabre.National Guards, Gendarmerie and ConstabularyNapoleon's extensive talents to organize and militarizeall sorts of forces is exemplified by the creation ofalarge re en'e army, the militarization of police unitsNational Guard levies of 1814 in battle wearing the blue smock.Pnnt after Raffel.and the creation or transformation of ci,-il sen-iceunits into con tabulary' and para-military corps.Garde NationaleN"ational Guards. In 1789, l'\ational Guard unitssprang up all over France replacing the militia and, tosome extent, constabulary· forces. "Iany were com'eftedinto active units or faded away during the 1790s sothat when Tapoleon came to power, the institutionwas all but nonexistent as an effective force. In 1805,the National Guard was completely restructured andorganized in battalion-like cohorts (ten companieseach including grenadiers and chasseurs), They wereto assist in the maintenance of interior order, providegarrisons in forts and patrol the frontiers. In 1806, 31legions each having four cohorts were mobilized;1807, five 'Legions de resen'e de I'interieur' wereformed for active duty, each having six cohofts and anartillery company; cohorts reorganized into eightNational Guard infantry private, 1807. The uniform was similarto the line infantry except for white metal buttons. Pnm afterMartinet.JJ08 Al"tillelY, Specialists, Reserves alld 1 avypecialists, ReSI?I1JeS alldavy J09

companies each, six of fusiliers, one of artillery andone of depot in March 1812, companies of voltigeursand grenadiers organized later; many National Guardswere mobilized on 12 January 1813 and used to formthe 137th, and the 145th to 150th regiments oflineinfantry, the artillery companies into line artillery.More National Guard cohorts were raised during1813 in various areas and a mass levy of NationalGuards ordered in many departments in March 1814,the units resulting being known under a variety ofnames; all released from service after Napoleon'sabdication; 1 ational Guard ordered again from earlyApril 1815 and disbanded after \Naterloo.Uniform: infantry same as Line infantry but pewterbuttons, silver for officers. Artillery same as lineartillery but blue collar ~nd pewter buttons.Supplies of uniforms low from 1813; by February1814, militiamen mobilized were to assemble in Pariswhere they would be armed and issued 'a shako, acartridge box, a greatcoat, a knapsack, and if possible,a pair of breeches, a coatee or a sleeved jacket.' ByMarch, the contingents were to be issued with blueblouses, shakos, shoes and black accoutrements;officers and NCOs distinguished by embroidery onthe collar. This could vary as ational Guardsorganized by Marshal Davout in Hamburg duringFebruary 1814 had no uniform but all wore bicornhats and had a white armband with 'Garde nationale'in black letters, officers had white sashes. Meanwhile,some mounted volunteer units in the Ardennes andAlsace went so far as to dress like Russian Cossacks!The 1815 ational Guards were to have the blueblouse as the standard dress, grenadiers and voltigeursin full uniform if possible, officers in uniform if theywished or the blouse. Mobilized companies were tohave military muskets, sedentary companies withhunting muskets, black accoutrements. Uniformitycould vary greatly from one place to the other. Forinstance, the National Guards of the Cher turned outin full uniforms in 1815 while their neighbors in theLoiret mustered with shakos, blue blouses with redcuffs and collars, and blue pantaloons.Corps FrancsFree Corps. Created 22 April 1815; corps to beorganized in border departments, numbered byseniority; infantry corps to each have a maximum of1000 men, cavalry units to be 300 lancers each;dissolved after \Naterloo.Uniform: 'these corps will not be obliged to haveany regular uniform' and armed 'indifferently ofmilitary or hunting muskets' and the cavalry to havelances without pennon.Tirailleurs FederesFederated Sharpshooters. Created IS May 1815; 24battalions raised in Paris and viscinity from men notenrolled in the National Guard; each battalion had720 men divided into six companies; companiesassembled every Sunday; were to garrisonfortifications around Paris if called to active duty;dissolved after Waterloo.Uniform: civilian clothing, black accoutrementsand muskets.Colonial National GuardsThe French overseas colonies all had auxiliary forcesorganized as local National Guards. In Martinique, adecree of 14 October 1802 specified that all whitesand free Blacks from ages 16 to 55 were to beenrolled; six battalions each with Grenadier andChasseurs companies and the rest of Fusiliers.Uniform of white companies: blue coat, lapels andlining, red collar and cuffs, white piping; brassbuttons; white waistcoat and gaiter-trousers; roundhat, white cockade loop, red, white and blue plume forFusiliers, red plunle, cockade loop, red epaulettes andgrenades on the turnbacks for Grenadiers; greenplumes, cockade loop, epaulettes and bugle horns onthe turnbacks for Chasseurs. Black companies had thesame but wore coatees. Dragoon companies attachedto each battaLion and had blue frock with white collar,red cuffs and piping, yellow epaulettes; brass ballbuttons; white waistcoat, blue pantaloons, knee boots,round hat with yellow cockade loop and a white plumewith a black base; housings blue edged with red lace.Officers had gold metal and epaulettes.Guadeloupe had six battalions of ational Guardsfrom 1802, each battalion having white Fusiliercompanies, coloured Chasseur companies and acompany of dragoons. Infantry apparently had theFrench 'National uniform' (same as line infantry) butwith white collar and cuffs instead of red.The National Guard oflle-de-France (Mauritius)and La Reunion reorganized from October toDecember 1803; whites 'infanterie' companies of 64men each. Free Blacks formed 24 men sections of'Chasseurs coloniaux' attached to the whitecompanies; Artillery detachments for somecompanies in I1e-de-France, three companies at LaReunion. 'Chasseurs de reserve' created 2 June 1806composed of trusty slaves \vith white planters asofficers, later known also as 'Bataillon africain'(African Battalions) when mobilized. 'Compagniede Mahe' National Guard created 15 May 1807,had two white infantry sections and a Black chasseursection.Mounted and dismounted members of the ImperialGendarmerie in various orders of dress, c. 1804-1815. Print afterMarbo!.Uniforms: white 'infanterie' companies oflle-de­France and La Reunion had the 'National uniform';'Chasseurs coloniaux', blue coatee, lapel andturnbacks, red collar and cuffs, white piping, pewterbuttons. The gunners, blue coatee, lapels andturnbacks, red collar, cuffs and piping; brass buttons.'Chasseurs de reserve' officers, green coatee, cuffs andturnbacks, black collar, silver buttons and epaulettes;white waistcoat and pantaloons; sergeant-majors hadblue coatee, cuffs and turnbacks, green collar, pewterbuttons; white waistcoat and breeches; black gaiters;the slaves had no uniform. Seychelles National GuardCompany in Mahe white sections, blue coat, lapelsand turnbacks piped red with red collar and cuffspiped white, brass buttons; Black section, blue coateeand lapels piped green, green collar, cuffs and turnbacks,pewter buttons. All wore shakos made locally ofcloth on a wicker frame and considered far better thanhats. Finally, the British observed some miLitias at LaReunion and Mauritius in 1809-10 wearing whiteuniforms with blue facings.GendarmerieGendarmerie ImperialeThe national police force of the Ancien Regime, the'Marechaussee', was reorganized as the 'GendarmerieJationale' in 1791 and became a completely militaryorganization. The Gendarmerie ('imperiale' from1804) could serve as local police or be deployed withthe army, not only to watch for lawless soldiers but asa combat force.niform of mounted gendarmes: blue coat, redcollar, cuffs, lapels and tumbacks with blue grenade,white aiguillettes ending trefoil on left shoulder,blue edged red shoulder strap at right; pewterbuttons; yellow-buff waistcoat and breeches; highblack boots; bicorn edged white, red plume; yellowbuffbelts edged white; blue cloak; blue housingsedged white with white grenade, white sheepskinwith red edging. Armed with straight-bladed sabre,pistols and carbine. Foot gendarmes: same uniformbut with long black gaiters; armed like grenadiers withinfantry hanger, musket and bayonet. Officers: silvermetal and lace. Trumpeters and drummers: same coatas the men with a silver lace edging collar, cuffs andturnbacks.Gendarmerie d'EspagneGendarmerie of Spain. Corps of4000 Frenchpersonnel including 2000 gendarmes detached forservice in Spain; 20 squadrons each of 200 men(including 80 mounted) raised from January 1810; alegion of 1400 men raised to serve in Catalonia fromJune 1810; legion for Burgos formed in ovember1810; force reorganized into six legions in December1812; saw much action; dissolved on evacuation ofSpain in late 1813.Uniform: same as above but red epaulettes withstrap edged white for foot gendarmes. Brown Spanishcloth was often used for uniform repairs andreplacements on the spot.Lanciers GendarmesLancer Gendarmes. Formed in Spain at the end of1810 by training two squadrons of mountedgendarmes in Aragon to use lances and light cavalrytactics, then attached to various other squadrons.Disbanded in 1814.Uniform: blue coat, blue piped red pointedlapels, red collar, pointed cuffs and tumbacks, whiteaiguillette; pewter buttons; red hussar waistcoat,white cords; blue hussar breeches with white cords;boots edged white; black shako, white metal plateand chin scales, red plume; white belts; red over white110 Anille1Y, Specialists, Rese77JeS and NavyArtille1Y, Specialists, ReSe17Jes and Navy 111

Gendarmerie ColonialeColonial Gendarmerie. Some French overseascolonies had small units of Gendarmes, erving onfoot, until 1810 when the last colonies fell to theBritish.•vlartinique had a company from 1 02, dressedas in France but with white piping edging the facings,yellow nankeen waistcoat and gaiter-trousers, no laceon the bicorn hat. In Saint-Domingue (Haiti), acompany was organized from December 1802 with theame uniform a in France except that the coat was ashon-tailed coatee and a round hat with white cockadeloop and red plume. French Guyana had, from 1803, aCompany of Black Gendarmes dressed as best as couldbe with limited resources. TIe-de-France (Mauritius)and La Reunion al 0 had a small Gendarmerie fromMarch 1808 dre sed as in France but with yellownankeen waistcoat and breeches, gaiter or half-boots.• IGarrison and Constabulary TroopsInspector General Buquet of the Gendarmerie. His uniform, asa senior officer, was the blue faced scarlet of the Gendarmerieembroidered with silver. Print after portrait.lance pennon; blue housings edged with white laceand white grenade. Bugler: same but coat is all redwith white epaulettes; blue hussar waistcoat; whiteshako plume.Gendarmerie Imperiale de ParisCreated 10 April 1813 to replace the 'Garde de Paris'(see below) which had been amalgamated into the lineinfantry and the Imperial Guard; four companiestotaling 853 men, pan mounted, pan foot;reorganized as 'Garde royale de Paris' on 31 May and14 August 1814.Uniform: same as the Gendarmerie Imperiale butbuttons, belt-plates and other insignia marked to thecorps with coat of arm of the city; red edged silverbandoleer with silver plate bearing coat of anns; rededged silver sword-belt worn over the shoulder; 2ndclass gendannes had white accoutrements instead andunlaced hat; 'eleves-gendarme ' (student-gendarmes)had a grenadier's shako with red band, cords andplume, red epaulettes, grenadier's arm andaccoutrements.Garde de ParisParis Guard. The security of the City of Paristraditionally depended on a military con tabularyforce. During the French Revolution, this becamedisorganized and Gendarmerie detachments filled in.On 4 October 1 02, lapoleon created twO infantryregiments, two battalions each, and a squadron ofdragoons of two companies as 'a municipal guard ofthe city of Paris' shonened to 'Garde de Paris' in1806; provided service battalions which campaigned\vith the Grande Armee; both regiments amalgamatedinto a ingle two-battalion regiment on 12 February1812; infantry convened into 1Hth Line Regiment inOctober 1 12; dragoons amalgamated to 2nd Lancerof the Imperial Guard.niform from 1802: 1st Regiment, green coat, redcollar, cuff and lapels, red cuff flap piped green,white turnbacks; brass buttons; white waistcoat andbreeche ; black gaiters. 2nd Regiment: red coat, greencollar, cuffs and lapel, green cuff flaps piped red,white Ulrnbacks; brass buttons; white waistcoat andbreeches; black gaiters; infantry accoutrements andarms. Grenadiers of 1st regiment: bearskin cap withbrass plate, green plume and white or green cords, redor green epaulettes with red crescent; 2nd had similarbearskin cap with white cords, red plume andepaulettes; on campaign, shako \vith red plume andcords. Voltigeurs had a bearskin cap \vithout plate,green plume sometimes tipped yellow, green or whitecords, shako on campaign, yellow-buff collar andepaulette . Fu iliers had bicorns \vith companypompon, coat colour shoulder straps piped red orgreen. Drummer had the men's unifonn \vith facingQRENPJ)!ER1)E .LA:AlIDE 1>~ PJiRJ2>'A~Wtlf

Grenadier,34th Departmental Legion, 1813. Print aftercontemporary illustration.hu sar boots; brass dragoon helmet with black maneand red plume for 1st company, red over black for2nd; white accoutrements; dragoon musket and sword;light grey-blue sleeved cloak; light grey-blue housingslaced white. Trumpeters: red coat with k')' blue collar,cuffs, lapels and turnbacks, white lace at lapelbuttonholes and edging collar; pewter buttons; helmetwith white mane, red plume and leopard fur turban;red trumpet cords; sky blue hou ings laced white.Compagnies de Reserve des DepartementsDepar011entaI Reserve Companies. Also called'Legions departementales de reserve'. Created H May1805. Prefects in each depar011ent raised thesecompanies meant to stand guard at prefectures,departmental archives, poor hospices and jails.Companies were to have from 36 up to 250 men each.They were organized into 28 'legions' with, usually,the companies of four depar011ents grouped into alegion. From 1808, ome reserve companies weredetached to arnlies for active service; di banded 31May I H.niform, decreed on 18 August I114 Anil/oy, Specialists, Resen;es and.coat, vertical pockets, white turnbacks; brass buttons;white waistcoat and breeches; a pair of grey and a pairof black gaiter; black cravat; bicorn hats; grey or beigegreatcoat; infantry arnlS and equipment. Each groupof seven legion had facing colours applied differently.The parts of the facings not designated were of thecoat colour piped with the facing colour.Collar, cuffs and lapel:1st, white; 2nd, red; 3rd, green; -+th, yellow; 5th,orange; 6th, crimson; th, black.Collar and lapels:th, white; 9th, red; lOth, green; 11 th, yellow;12th, orange; 13th, crim on; 14th, black.Cuffs and lapels:15th, white; 16th, red; 17th, green; 18th, yellow;19th, orange; 20th, crimson; 21st, black.Lapels:nnd, white; 23rd, red; 24th, green; 25tll, yellow;26th, orange; 27th, crimson; 28th, black.Totice of the change in headgear to shakos wassent to the departments in Tovember 1807 butspecified that bicorns were to be worn out first.On 20 July 1808, the colour of the coat waschanged to white. The companies that had whitefacings now had sk')' blue facings, the other companieskeeping the same colours.the size of the French Empire increased and thenew territorie organized into departments, newlegions came into being. The 29th Legion (Italy)created 6 September 1810 had pink collar, cuffs andlapels; the 30th (Italy) created 9 May I 11 had skyblue collar and cuffs; the 31 t (Illyrian provinces) wasnot formed; 32nd, green collar and cuffs; 33rd, yellowcollar and cuffs; Hth, orange collar and cuffs. The lastthree legion were in western Germany. Theirwaistcoat had collars and cuffs of the facing colour.The changes in cut and style in the 1812 dressregulation were also directed towards theDeparonental Legions. The draft regulation alsocontained some changes in the legion's uniform facingcolours. Some of these changes were implemented butit is hard to ay how widely in a period of turmoil andcollapse of the empire during 1813-1814. In eachseries, the 1st Legion had sky blue facings, the 2ndred, 3rd green, 4th yellow, 5th orange, 6th crimsonand 7th black.The first serie of Legions I to 7 had collar, lapels,cuffs, turnbacks and shoulder straps of the facingcolour, white cuff flaps piped with the facing colour.The econd series, Legions 8 to 1-+, had collar,lapels, shoulder straps and turnbacks of the facingcolour, ky blue cuffs, white cuff flaps piped in thefacing colour.-~----~--------------'The third series, Legions 15 to 21, had cuffs,lapels, shoulder straps and turnbacks of the facingcolour, sky blue collar (except for 15th Legion whichhad white piped sky blue collar), white cuff flaps pipedin the facing colour.The founh eries, Legions n to 28, had cuffs,lapels and turnbacks of the facing colour, ky bluecollar and shoulder straps (except for nnd Legionwhich had white piped sk')' blue collar and shoulderstraps), white cuff flap piped in the facing colour.The 29th had pink collar, cuff, lapels, turnbacksand shoulder straps, white piped pink cuff flaps. The30th had the same facings in sky blue, the 32nd hadgreen facings, the 33rd had yellow, the 34th hadorange.DouaniersCustoms. Personnel of the customs, often recruitedfrom veteran soldiers, also acted as border guards.Soon after Napoleon came to power, the 'Douaniers'were given a military organization, a uniform andarmed; mounted brigades added in 1812; somecustoms personnel organized into temporary infantrybattalions in 1814.niform: from I 01, all green single-breasted coat;pewter buttons; green or white waistcoat, greenpantaloons; black light infantry gaiters edged white;bicorn with silver cockade loop, sometimes with greenpompon and red brush. Rank was denoted by acomplex ystem, enior officials had silver embroideryon collar and cuffs and, for very senior staff, pocketflap, ilver lace for officers and white lace for themen. \Vhite piping ometimes used. Some had theshako with white metal plate, white or silver cord,green plume tipped red from c. 1810. Shon sabre,musket and bayonet, white accoutrements. "'lountedbrigades from 1812 had the coat front, turnbacks andpointed cuffs piped white, collar had a green threepointedpatch with a button at the centre, whitetrefoils on shoulders; green hussar waistcoat withwhite cords; green hussar breeches with white cords;hussar boots edged white; bicorn with silver tassels,white plume with green lower third; white chasseur 11cheval accoutrements; carbine and light cavalry sabre.Sapeurs-Pompiers de ParisFiremen-sapper of Paris. This organization wasincreasingly militarized once apoleon came topower. It had three companies of 100 men each from1801; raised to a five company battalion of 576 men on18 September 1811 and anned with shon sabre,musket with bayonet; white accoutrements.niform: blue coat black piped red collar, cuffsCustoms agent, Douanes Imperiales, c. 1804-1815. Print afterVerne!.------------------------and lapels, blue turnbacks, blue shoulder straps pipedred; brass buttons; blue roW1d jacket with black collar;blue breeches; black gaiters, later light infantry gaitersedged red; brass helmet with leather turban, brasseagle in from, brass comb, black caterpillar crest, blackplume tipped red.Veterans and InvalidsBefore the French Revolution, soldiers too old or wlfitfor active duty but equal to garrison service wereassigned to companies of invalids posted in forts andfortresses. On 16 May 1792, the invalids wererenamed 'Veterans nationaux'; 'Veterans irnperiau.x'from 17 May 1805 of90 companies of 120 men eachand 25 gunner companies of 100 men each fromSeptember 1805; other veteran's companies wereadded as the Empire amalgamated other areas.Unifornl: blue faced red until organization intoHalf-Brigades in 1800 when the line infantry unifQrmwas adopted. From May I OS, the infantry veteranshad blue coat with blue cuffs, red collar, cuff flaps andlapels, white turnbacks with blue stars, blue piped redshoulder straps; pewter buttons; white waistcoat andA7til/e1Y, pecialists, ResenJes and allY 115,

the :-':a\~' had it O\\'n artillery regiments and'Ou\Tiers' hattalions as "'e11 as Gendarmerie. na\'alengineers and a host of ,ldministrati\'e and ~eCUrilYforces, all with c1istincti\'e uniform~, which are far toonumerous to deal \\'ith here. \ \'ith ~ailors added. the• 'a\~' could number up to 100.000 men. a considerableforce which :-':apoleon partly mobilized to sen'e onland.1st class artisan of the Navy's 'Ouvriers militaires de la Marine'between 1810-1814. Pnnt a er Vernet.breeches; bicorn \\;th white cockade loop and redpompon; infant!!· arms and equipment with shortsabre; infantry shako with white metal diamondshapedplate and chin scales from 1 ovember \ \0;crowned Non turnbacks and lapels to waist from1 12. rtillery companies wore the same uniform asthe line artillery.There were also im'alids at the hospital of the'trwalides' in Paris. apoleon added hospitals atLom·ain and A\;gnon as well as care homes atVersailles and Vincennes. These men were mJivinvalidated by missing limbs, blindness or affected b)'other grievous wounds and cared for by MedicalCorps staff and nursing nuns, Their uniform was anample blue coat with no lapels, open in front, mallblue tanding collar, red round cuffs and lining; pewterbunon ; blue wai tcoat and breeches; bicorn withwhite cockade loop, There also were many badges forvarious ranks and decorations,NavyThe French Navy was not part of the arm)' but wasunder the authority of the .\Iinistry of the :-':a\')'. ButArtillerie de la Marine.\larine Artillery. The Royal ,\1arine Artillen' Corpswas disbanded in the turmoil of the Re\'olution but thegovernment soon came to its senses. On 25 October\ 795, a new corps of,\larine Artillef)' of 22,000 menin 7 Half-Brigades wa created. each ha\;ng threebattalions of nine companies, each compam' ha\;ng120 men: also three companies of 'OmTiers' of themarine artillef)' and four squads of 'Apprentiscanonniers'(apprentice gunners) to pro\'ide trainedgunners for the fleet, Corps transformed into fourregiments totaling H,400 men on 5 ,\lay \ 03; fourcompanie of'Ou\Tier~',each of I -0 men; 5th and 6thcompanies added in.\la)' and june I 05: fourcompanie~ of':\.pprentis-canonniers', three more from6 October 1 03; one disbanded in I 05: titled 'Corpsimperial de l'Artillerie de la Marine' on 9 ~ovemberJ804; establishment raised on 29 Februaf)' 1812 to19, -00 ~trong; transferred from the .\1inist!!· of the~a\~' to the .\1inistf)' of \\'ar on 24 januaf)' 1813. ixbattalions remained in the ports, 20 banalions totaling9640 men became the outstanding ',\ larine Di\;sion'of the 1 13-14 campaigns: rallied to the Emperor inI 15 but. aw no action.l:niform from 1803: blue coat, blue piped scarletcuffs, lapels and turnback~; red collar piped white andred cuff flap; brass buttons; blue waistcoat andbreeches; black gaiters. Fir t Class gunners had redepaulenes, econd Class gunners had red shouldertrap, 'Aspirants' gunner blue piped red shoulderstrap . ~COs and ma ter gunner~ had a gold laceedging the collar. Bicorn hat with a yellow cockadeloop and red pompon; from \807, black shako withred cords and pompon (red plume for dress occasions),bra s plate, red bands at tile top and ba~e until c. \810,black thereafter. Blue undres 'paletot' and linenpantaloons: white accoutrements; hanger only worn by:-':COs and First Class gunners; musket with brassfurnishings. 'Ou\Tiers' had the same uniform exceptfor scarlet lapels. ':\.pprentis-canonniers' had a blue'paletot' and a leather cap with brass plate bearing 'theattribute of the artillef)·'. During the 1813 and 1814campaign, the four artillef)' regiments wereometimes mistaken for the Imperial Guard as the)'Admiral's dress uniform, c. 1804-1815. Senior naval officers ofthe French Imperial Navy had similar uniforms to armygenerals, blue with gold embroidery. The only distinction wasthe anchor badge on buttons, belt-plates and belt.wore blue greatcoats with blue pantaloons and blackshako cover. Officer had gold metal and lace.Ouvriers Militaires de la MarineMilitaf)' Artisans of the Na\'y. Raised on 15 januaf)'1808, of I companies augmented to everal battalions;II battalion existing in I II; most erved \\;ththe land army; disbanded during .\1ay of 1 14, reraisedin Mar 1815 and disbanded injul)'and ugust.niform: blue coatee with black velvet collar, cuffsand lapels, blue piped red turnbacks piped red \,;th ananchor and crossed axes as ornaments; brass buttons;blue waistcoat and breeches; long grey gaiters; shako\\;th red bands and pompon, also red over blackplume, and yellow cockade loops. 1st class OmTiershad red fringed epaulettes, 2nd class red shoulderstraps and 3rd class blue shoulder straps piped red.\Vorking dress was a fatigue cap, 'paletot' and trousersall in dark blue witll black short gaiters as well as alinen smock and trousers. Officers: gold buttons,epaulene and lace.Back view of Admiral's dress uniform, c. 1804-1815.Gendarmerie Maritime.\1aritime or na\'al Gendarmerie. Seven companieposted in large naval ba e and ar enal at Bre t,Lorient, Le Ha\·re, Rochefort, Toulon, Antwerp andGenoa.Uniform: ame as the Gendarmerie but buttonshad naval designations and anchor. Some also mentionan anchor on belt-plate and at the collar.Equipages de la Flotille NationaleThe 'Equipages' were simply the crew of each ship.Although they had no set uniform initially, theygenerally were issued a 'paletot' which was a doublebreasted round jacket with standing collar, a waistcoat,long trou ers, a wool cap and a round hat. In May180-1-, sailors were henceforth to wear a blue jacket\,;th horn buttons, red waistcoat, blue trousers, blackcravat and round hat.The 'Flotille Nationale' came about from late Mar1803 when Napoleon started planning an invasion ofEngland. \tVithin a few months, the 'FlotilleNationale' had over 20.000 men which remainedpoised to anempt a crossing for the next two years.The 'Flotille' sailor's uniform was ordered to be, from116 Al1ille1'Y. Specinlists. Reserves nnd Xm.:l'A1'li//ery. Specinlists, Reserves nnd nt'] 117

July 1803, a blue 'paletot' with scarlet collar, cuff flapsand arm band; brass buttons; blue or white trousers;round hat.Equipages de Haut-Bord, Equipages de FlotilleCrews ofslUps of the line, crews of flotillas. AherTrafalgar, 1 apoleon had little time to devote to theJavy with campaign in Au tria and Gennany. In1 08 however, the Emperor's renewed attention to thefleet brought sweeping change. On 8 March, all ship'screw were reorganized into 50 numbered 'Bataillonsde la Marine imperiale' soon renamed 'Equipages deHaut-Bord' followed by gunboat crews on 7 April whowere formed into battalion-like 'Equipages de Flotille'each crew having 500 men divided into fourcompanies. Greeted with much grumbling in theports, the new organization nevertheless grewconsiderably. By 1811, there were 63 'Haut-Bord' and22 Flotilla crews; in 1812,76 'Haut-Bord' and 24Flotilla; in March 1813, both types ofcrews werecombined for a total of 110; in January 1814, ship'screws were ordered to send 120 men skilled in artilleryto erve with the amlY; all crews disbanded afterapoleon's 1814 abdication. On his return from Elba,he ordered 40 'equipages de Haut-Bord' raised inApril 1814, each having four companies of fusilierswith one of grenadiers and one of voltigeurs; saw noaction and disbanded after Waterloo.niform of the 'Haut-Bord' from April 1808: blue'paletot' with collar, cuffs, shoulder straps and pipingof distinctive facing colours for each 'equipage' orcrew; brass buttons; blue waistcoat; blue or wlUtetrousers; grey linen gaiters; black cravat; shako withbrass plate, white cords, pompon of the facing colour.The shako caused considerable scorn from the sailorsand were replaced, from ugust 1811, by a round hathaving a brass scroll with the crew's designation infront, cockade on the side and pompon of the facingcolour. The 1 COs had the regular military blue coatwith blue pointed lapels with facings and piping of thedi tinctive colour. It should be noted that periodillustrations show many variations to the above generalrules. The facings of the first 53 crews are known andwere as follows:Crew Collar, cuffs, shoulder straps PipingI Blue Red2 Blue Green3 Blue Orange4 Sky blue Sky blue5 Blue Light green6 Blue Yellow7 Sky blue BlueBlue9 Red10 RedII Red12 Red13 Red14 Dark yellowIS Blue16 Red17 Dark yellowI Dark yellow19 Red20 Red21 Red22 Red23 Dark yellow24 Dark yellow25 Dark yellow26 Dark yellow27 Orange28 Orange29 Orange30 Green31 Dark yellow32 Dark yellow33 SI'17 blue34 S1:y blue35 Sky blue36 Sky blue3 Sky blue38 Sky blue39 ky blue40 SI'1' blue41 Orange42 Orange43 Orange44 Orange45 Green46 Green47 Green48 Green49 Green50 Green51 Green52 Green53 VioletPinkRedBlueSky blueGreenOrangeS"-1' blueWhiteLight greenWhite'vVhiteYellowWhitePinkVioletLight greenPinkVioletGreenOrangeWlUteBlueWlUteBlueRedRedGreenOrangeVioletLight GreenYellowWhitePinkSky bluePinkLight greenGreenGreenRedOrangeVioletYellowPinkBlueSky blueBlueThe 1815 crews had the same uniform as before butwithout facing colours.niform of the 'equipages de Flotille' or Flotillacrews, 1 0 -1 13: same as the 'Haut-Bord' but allwith blue facings and piping.Accoutrements for all crew were to be the same asFrench sailors in Hamburg, 1813. They wear round hats withred pompons, all blue 'paletots' with red epaulettes which mayindicate they belong to the elite company of an 'equipage deFlotille' (Flotilla Crew), blue trousers, red waistcoat visible atthe neck, brass buttons, black accoutrements. The officerwears a blue surtout with gold epaulettes and buttons. Printafter Chnstoph Suhr. Anne SK Brown Military Collection, BrownUniversity, USA.for army troop but there were variations as the 9thhad black belting in 1 14. Muskets were of navalmodels, almost imilar to anny muskets but withbrass furnishings.Officers wore the uniforms prescribed for navalofficers and did not use the distinctive crew facings.They conformed to an extensive regulation of 1804.Briefly, the dre s uniform was blue, single breastedwith nine buttons, carlet collar and cuffs, blue lining,gold buttonhole embroidery bearing an anchor designat collar, cuffs, front and pocket flaps for slUp of theline captain and variable arrangements for lowercommissioned rank, gold epaulettes; gold buttons;wlUte waistcoat; blue or white breeche ; bicorn hatwith gold cockade loop.118 A,tille1Y, Specialists, Rem"1Jes and au]A1tille1Y, pecialists, Rem-

Foreign TroopsThe French Army always had an important contingentof foreign mercenary troops. The annexation of vastterritories into the Empire brought many more intothe Imperial Army, achieving a transnational characternot seen since the Roman Army. It also brought omemost unusual uniforms into the French apoleonicArmy. We only include the main units existing duringthe Imperial era.SwitzerlandDemi-Brigades SuissesSwiss Half Brigades. In December 1798, an agreementbetween France and the Swi s Canton called for alevy of 18,000 S,viss to form ix Helvetic HalfBrigades, reduced to three in January 1800. The 3rdwas sent to Haiti in I 03 and evenrually incorporatedinto the 5th Light Infantry. The 1st sent a detachmentto Guadeloupe which remained distinct until 180 .The Half Brigades were incorporated into the new 1stS\\;Ss Regiment in 1 05 (see below)..niform: the Half Brigades raised from 179 had ablue coat with yellow piped red cuffs and lapels, redpiped yellow collar, green piped yellow cuff flaps.white rurnbacks, yellow piping edging pocket flaps;pewter buttons; white waistcoat and breeches; bicornhat with green, red and yellow cockade and plume. Bya decree of 31 March 1803, the Half Brigades wereas igned red coats with red collar, white lining; pewterbutton; white waistcoat and breeches; hat withFrench cockade and no plume. The 1st had white cuffsand lapels with blue piping, the 2nd blue cuffs andlapels with white piping, the 3rd yellow cuffs andlapel with sky blue piping.Chasseurs aCheval HelvetiquesHeketic '''Tounted Chasseurs. Created 1 pril I 03with disbanded Swiss hussars, one company strong,incorporated into 19th Chasseurs it cheval on 21 AprilI 04.l:niform: green dolman with red cuff and collar,yellow cord; bra buttons; green breeche pipedyellow; black shako with red wing edged yellow, green,red and yellow plume and cockade.Regiments SuissesSwiss Regiment. On 27 September 1803, Franceentered into another agreement with the SwissCantons to take into its service four regiments of Swisssoldiers, each regiment to have four battalions, eachbattalion to be of a thousand men for a total of 16,000.There was initially no hurry to recruit and form theseunits but as war with Austria, Russia and Prussialoomed, orders were given to form the units.The 1st Regiment was formed 15 March 1805;2nd, 3rd and 4th formed 10 October I 06. Aprovisional battalion was created in Spain fromdetached companie of the four regiments. Swissartillery compan)' raised in April 1803 was attached tothe Ist regiment on I April 1806 but acrually served inCherbourg. The three other regiments also each hadan artillery company attached from 10 December1811; regiments disbanded 1 15.niform: red coat, white rurnbacks, regimentalfacing colour on collar, cuffs and lapel, regimentalpiping edging collar, cuffs, lapels and pockets; brassbuttons; white waistcoat and breeches; shako forfusiliers and voltigeur , bearskin cap for grenadiers.1st: yellow collar, cuff and lapel, sk)' blue piping.2nd: blue collar, cuffs and lapels, vellow piping.3rd: black collar, cuffs and lapels, white piping.4th: sky blue collar, cuffs and lapels, black piping.The artillery companies had: blue coat, regimentalfacings with red piping, blue cuff flaps piped red,white nlrnbacks with red grenade; brass buttons; shakowith brass crowned eagle plate, red band, cords andpompon.Drummer: 1st Regiment, blue coat, )'ellow pipedsk'Y blue collar. cuffs, cuff flaps and lapels, whiterurnbacks, yellow lace edging facings. 2nd Regiment,blue coat, blue collar, cuffs, cuff flaps and lapels, whiterurnbacks, yellow lace edging facing. 3rd, same coatas regiment with white wings edged all around withblack lace. 4th, blue coat with blue cuff flaps, k'y bluecollar, cuffs and lapel, tricolour lace edging facingsand chevrons on sleeve .From January 1 12, the basic coat and facingcolours remained the ame but there were changes tothe piping colour. The 1st regiment had the collar,lapel and cuffs piped red, the pocket flaps pipedwhite, houlder straps piped yellow. The 2nd had thecollar, lapels and cuffs piped red, the pocket flapspiped blue, shoulder straps piped blue. The 3rd hadthe collar, lapels and cuffs piped red, the pocket flapspiped white, shoulder straps piped black. The 4th hadthe collar, lapels and cuffs piped red, the pocket flapspiped sky blue, shoulder straps piped sk)' blue.Drummers had the single-breasted green coatee withImperial livery lace.Bataillon ValaisanThe Valais, now a Swiss Canton, was an independentrepublic and, on 8 October 1805, following anagreement between France and the Valais, a ValaisBattalion was raised for French service. Following theincorporation of the Valais into the French Empire on12 September 1810, the Valais Battalion wasdi banded and incorporated into the 11 th LightInfantry at Wesel on 16 September 1811.Uniform: red coat, white collar, cuffs, lapels andrurnbacks; brass buttons; white waistcoat andbreeche ; fusiliers had red piped white shoulder traps;grenadiers had white epaulettes, red shako cord,bands and plumes. Drummers: blue coat, white pipedred collar, cuffs, cuff flaps, lapels and rurnbacks, yellowand blue lace in up-pointed chevrons on sleeve.Bataillon de NeuchiitelThe principality of Teuchatel, now part ofSwitzerland, was granted by the Emperor to MarshalBerrruer in 1 06. On 11 May 1807, the 'Battalion ofthe Prince of I euchatel' was created; a company ofartillery (32 gunners, 16 sappers and 16 train drivers)wa attached from 27 August 1808; served in Spainand in Russia; disbanded on 1June 1814.Unifornl: the infantry had yellow-buff coatee,scarlet collar, cuffs, square lapels and rurnbacks,yellow-buff piping, vertical pockets; pewter buttons;white waistcoat and breeches; black shako ,vith whitemetal eagle and chin scales. Fusiliers had whiteepau!ettes, buffs stars on turnbacks, white shako cordsand pompon. Voltigeurs had green epaulettes, greenbugle horns on rurnbacks, green shako cords andplumes. Grenadiers had red epaulettes, buff grenadeson rurnbacks, plain tall bearskin cap worn withoutcords, plumes or plate for full dress; shako 'vith redcords and plumes otherwise; buff forage cap; beigegreatcoat. Sappers had red epaulettes ,vith whitecrescent, bearskin cap with red plumes and cords butno plate.Drummers had, before 1 12, blue coatee with redcollar, cuffs, lapels and rurnbacks; blue and yellow laceedging facings and rurnbacks and on up-pointedchevrons on sleeves; pewter buttons. \\'hite facing arealso mentioned. From I 12, ingle-breasted greencoatee ,vith Imperial livery lace.Gunners had blue coatee, blue piped yellow lapels,cuff flaps aJld rurnbacks, yellow-buff collar and cuffs,red epau]ettes; pewter buttons; blue waistcoat andbreeches; black hako with brass diamond plate, redcords and plume. Train drivers had the same but lightblue-grey cuffs; buff breeches and black boots. Sappershad blue coatee, blue piped red collar, cuffs and cuffflaps, yellow-buff piped red lapels and rurnbacks, redepaulettes; pewter buttons; blue waistcoat andbreeches; shako as gunners.Officers for infantry, artillery and sappers hadlong-tailed coats, silver metal and cords.ItalyLegion Piedmontaise, Legion du MidiPiedmontese Legion. Created 1 May 1803; renamedMidi Legion in 1 04; twO battalions reduced to onebattalion in ovember 1808; incorporated into the2nd Line (25 May 1811) and the 11 th and 31st Light(11 August 1811).Uniform: brown coat, sk)' blue collar, cuffs andlapels, white rurnbacks; brass buttons; white waistcoatand breeches. Grenadiers had red epauJettes andbearskin cap ,vith brass plate, red cords and plume;Chasseurs had green epaulettes, shako ,vith green andyellow plume; Fusiliers first had a greyish leatherhelmet ,vith brass crest, black pompon and brush butno mane, greyish visor, brass chin scales; greenepaulettes with yellow crescent; later the shako andbrown piped sky blue shoulder straps. Drummers:same as the men with yellow lace with sky blue (?)lines edging collar and lapels and as chevrons on eachsleeve; brass drum with blue hoops.Tirailleurs du POSharpshooters of the PO. Created 20 August 1803;incorporated into 11 th Light in 1811.Uniform: light infantry style blue coatee with bluepiped white collar, red piped white collar, pointedlapels, pointed cuffs and rurnbacks, red epaulettes;pewter buttons; white waistcoat; blue pantaloons;Foreign T7-oops 121

lack light infantry gaiters edged red; hat with fallingred plume; white accoutrements. From 1 06, bluecoatee with blue co]]ar and pointed lapel, white cuffs,cuff flaps, piping and turnbacks; pewter button; hakowith white metal diamond plate, white cords andgreen plume.Dragons ToscansTuscan Dragoons. Created January 1808; became28th Chasseurs acheval on 29 May 1 0 .Uniform: completely green coatee and trousers,amaranth piping edging collar, pointed cuffs, lapelsand turnbacks; amaranth epaulettes; amaranth stripeson trousers.Gardes D'Honneur de Turin, de FlorenceCompanies of Guards of Honour created by Japoleonon 1 April 1809, one in Torino and one in Florence, ashorse guards for his sisters, princess CarolineBorghese in Torino and Eli a, Grand Duchess ofTuscany. Although not officially part of the ImperialGuard, their duties were much the ame. TheFlorentine company served in the Russian campaignand renmants disbanded on 16 July 1813. The Torinocompany was disbanded on 1 May 1814.niform for both companies in 1 09: scarlet longtailedcoat, blue collar, cuffs and lapels, verticalpockets, silver aiguillettes and epaulettes; silverbuttons; white waistcoat and breeches; long blackboots; bicorn hat laced silver; blue housings lacedsilver. Officers had silver oak leaf embroidery 2 cmwide edging collar, cuffs, lapels and pocket flaps;NCOs had embroidery on collar, cuff and pocketflaps. Hat later replaced by a scarlet shako with silvereagle plate, blue embroidered silver top and bottomband and upside down 'v' at sides, silver cords, silverpompon and ta]] red plume.Compagnies de Sbires, de PoliceArmed constabulary unit raised in Tuscany on 19 May1809; four companies; renamed Police Companies inJune 1809. Other companies raised in Rome on 31July 1811.Uniform: grey single-breasted coatee with greycollar and cuffs; pewter buttons; grey waistcoat andpantaloons; black halfgaiters; round hat withupturned brim on left side with white cockade loopand grey pompon.Regiment de la Mediterranee.v1editerranean Regiment. Formed 27 January 1 10with refractory conscripts in northern Italy andCorsican Chasseurs; became 35th Chasseurs apied 20Chef de bataillon P.J. Blanc, Valaisan Battalion (Swiss),c.1807-1811. Print after portrart.September 1812.niform: same as the French light infantry.VeteranS RomainsCompany of Roman Veterans created 30 April 1810;inco~porated with two companies of Ligurian Veteransinto the 9th Imperial Veteran's (continued 011 p. J29)Battalion on 25 August 1810.niform: sky blue coatee with red piped whitecollar and cuffs, white square lapels to the waist, whitecuff flaps, ky blue piped white shoulder straps; pewterbuttons; white breeches and long gaiters; shako withred top band and pompon, brass plate and chin scales.Later same as French veterans.Bataillon de Chasseurs-Flaqueurs (Elba)Flanker -Chasseurs Battalion. Four-company unitformed by apoleon at Elba from a battalion of the35th Chasseurs (ex-Regiment de la Mediterranee)during 1814. "'ent to France \\~th apoleon,landingat Golfe-Juan on 1 March 1815 and incorporated into1st oltigeurs of the Young Guard as its 2nd battalionon 8 April.Capt De Brun, Neuchatel Battalion (Swiss), c. 1807-1814. Printafter portrait by Louis Boily.niform: same as French light infantry butapoleon wanted to change it. On 2 April 1815, heasked that the first three companies have greenuniforms and the fourth blue. It seems however that,because of supply difficulties, the light infantryunjform continued to be used.GermansRegiment la Tour D'AuvergneLa Tour d'Auvergne Regiment. Created 30 September1805; three light infantry,battalions; to be recruitedfrom Germans 'and other foreigners'; became' lerregiment etranger' (1st Foreign Regiment) on 3August 1811; disbanded 25 ovember 1813.Uniform: light infantry style green coatee withgreen lapels, cuffs and rurnbacks, scarlet collar andcuff flaps, white piping edging facings, whiteepaulettes; pewter buttons; white waistcoat, greenpantaloons; shako with brass plate and chin scales,white cords, green plume. Carabiniers, red shakocords, top band and plume; red epaulettes.Regiment D'isembourgIsembourg Regiment. Created 1 November 1805; tobe recruited solely from Germans; became '2eregiment etranger' (2nd Foreign Regiment) on 3August 1 11; disbanded 25 November 1 13.Uniform: light infantry style sky blue coatee withky blue lapels, pointed cuffs and turnbacks, ye]]owcollar, white piping; pewter buttons; sky blue waistcoatand pantaloons; black halfgaiter; shako with brassplate and chin scales. Fu iliers had sky blue pipedwhite shoulder straps, white cords and sky bluepompon with white centre. Voltigeurs, greenepaulettes \\~th yellow crescent, green cords, greenfeather tipped yellow. Grenadiers, red epaulettes,bearskin cap with white cords and red plume.Drummers: as above with sky blue wings edged withwhite lace.Regiment de PrussePrussian Regiment. Created 13 November 1806;recruited among former soldiers of the Prussian army;became '4e regiment etranger' (4th ForeignRegiment) on 3 August 1811; disbanded 25 November1813.Uniform: initially green somewhat Prussian curcoatee with red square lapels, cuffs, collar andrurnbacks, plain green shoulder straps; brass buttons;green breeches; black gaiters edged yellow; Frenchshako with brass plate with white cords and plume forfusilier, red for grenadier, ye]]ow for voltigeur. From c.1810: light infantry style green coatee with greenpointed lapels and cuffs, scarlet collar, rurnbacks andpiping; pewter buttons; green waistcoat andpantaloons; shako. Drummers c. 1807: white coatee,red collar, cuffs, lapels, shoulder straps, wings andprobably turnbacks, red and white lace edging facingsand \\~ngs; brass buttons; green breeches; shako withbrass plaque, white cords and plume; brass drum withred and yellow hoops.Regiment de WestphalieWestphalia Regiment. Light infantry unit created 11December 1806; four battalions, each of sixcompanies; recruited from fonner Prussian soldiers;incorporated into the Hanoverian Legion 30September 1809.niform: 'white uniform, red cuffs and collar; thecoat and the headdress, the armament and theaccoutrements will be in the Prussian infantry styleand we will use for that purpose anything that can befound in the [pru sian] stores' decreed apoleon.ArnlS and accoutrements were Pru sian taken atJena.J22 Foreign TroopsForeign Tmops J23

Legion HanovrienneHano\'erian Legion. Created 13 April I Ool; consistedof light infantry battalions and mounted chasseurquadron ; di banded 9 :\ugust I I I. Chasseurincorporated into I tHus ars and 9th Che\'au-Iegers,light infantry into 12 th, 12 th, 129th Line Infantry,Prussia and I embourg Regiments.niform: Infantry had red coatee, blue collar, cuffand lapel, white piping, white rurnbacks; pewterbutton; white waistcoat and Hungarian-style trousers;light infantry shako. Officers had long-tailed coatswith vertical pockets..\Iounted chasseur had greensingle-brea ted coatee, yellow collar, cuffs, rurnbacksand piping; brass buttons; yellow waistcoat andHungarian-style breeches; hussar shako; yellow beltswith black waist belt buckle.PolesLegion du Nord?-'orthern Legion. This unit wa created in Poland on20 eptember I 06, followed by the creation of a 2ndLegion at Turemberg three day later, butincorporated into the 1st Legion in March 1807;passed into axon service on I August I 07.nifonn: blue kurta with blue piped red collar, redlapels, cuffs, cuff flaps and rurnbacks; pewter buttons;blue breeches; black gaiter up to knees; czapska withblue crown, white piping and cords, brass plate; skyblue epaulette and plumes for fu iliers, red forgrenadiers who al 0 had red cord on czapska.Legion de la VistuleVi rula Legion. Organized in 180 with remnants ofthe former Polish Legion, re-named Legion de IaVi rule in March 1 08; 2nd Legion created July1809; 1st Legion had four infantry regiments and acavalry corps, 2nd Legion had three infantryregiments only; 2nd Legion incorporated into 1st on12 February 1810; the four regiments amalgamatedinto one 'Regiment de la Isrule' on 18 June 1813;disbanded 1814.niform of infantry: blue polish-style coatee('k"Urta'), yellow lapels and rurnbacks, regimental collarand cuffs, blue houlder trap piped yellow; pewterbuttons; tight white pantaloons; black half-gaiteredged white; shako with sunrise plate, white cords;grenadiers had white epaulette , red carrot-shapedpompon and czapskas from I 12. Regimentaldistinctions: 1st, blue collar and yellow cuff; 2nd,yellow collar and cuffs; 3rd, yellow collar and bluecuffs; 4th, blue collar and cuffs. Drummers had theame dress with crim on and white lace edging thefacing and chevrons on the slee\·es. Pioneer;, had a tallbearskin cap with brass sunrise plate and a long yellowbag piped white. Officer had silver metal andepaulettes.Ca\'alry of the \'isrula Legion organized as lancerregiment (Lanciers de la legion de la Visrule) 20.\Iarch I 0 ; becomes 7th Che\'au-legers-lanciers onI June 1 11. A 2nd \ Isrula Legion Lancers organizedFebruary 1 11; becomes th Che\'au-Iegers-Iancieron I June I 11 (see chapter 5).niform of cavalry: blue kurta, yellow collar, cuffs,lapels, rurnbacks and piping at back seams, bluehoulder strap piped yellow; pewter buttons: blue ashwith two white tripes; blue pantaloon with doubleyellow stripes; black boots; czapska with yellow crownpiped white, bras sun-shaped plate, white cords, blackplume with blue tip; white epaulettes for elitecompanie ; crimson over white lance pennons; whitesheepskin edged yellow. Trumpeters: Imrta of reversedcolours, facings edged with white lace; red trumpetcords; black sheepskin edged yellow.KrakusThe regiment of Krakus light cavalry was created inPoland on 19 December 1812; recruited in thecountryside; mounted on small, srurdy horse; took thefield in April I 13; part of French th Army Corps;served \\~th much distinction in campaign of Germanyand France right up to the battles for Paris in AprilI lol; disbanded afterwards.nifonn: had ome variations, basicall~' a melonshapedcrimson cap \~th white piping and top, narrowblack astrakhan fur at bottom, white plume at left ide;blue frock coat (full skirted, no buttons, fastening \~thhooks and eyes), crimson cuffs and collar white pipingon all edges, red edged white Cossack-style fivecartridgepockets on both sides of chest; crimson waistbelt; long blue trousers with crimson stripe and blackleather strapping; grey trimmed crimson (or black)sleeved cloak \~th shoulder cape and hood; bluehousings edged crimson. Anned \~th lance withoutpennon, sabre and pistol. Officers had same but silverlace instead ofwhite piping; blue housings edged silverpiped crimson.Variations are noted, possibly later changes: a plaincrimson square-topped Polish cap with black furbottom, no plume; the frock coat has no cartridgepockets, no white piping; black belts; black heep kinhou ings.The Krakus cavalry had no trumpeter but u ed'Bunczuncks' instead: a lance with a horse tail attachedbelow the spear used to make silent signals withoutalerting the enemy.Voltigeur officer in campaign dress, 3rd Swiss Regiment,c. 1810. Print after contemporary drawing.The BalkansBataillon des Chasseurs d'OrientBattalion of Oriental Chasseur . Fonned JanuaryI 02 \\~th elements from the Copt and Greek legionsrecruited in Egypt; erved in outhern France, Italy,Dalmatia and Corfu; only 96 left when recalled toFrance in late I 13; disbanded 24 September I 14.niforms: as French light infantry regiments.Voltigeur officer in full dress, 3rd Swiss Regiment, c. 1808. Pnntafter contemporary drawing.Chasseurs aCheval loniensIonian Mounted Chasseurs. Squadron created inCorfu 27 ovember 1807; reduced to a company of12 officers and men on 13 December 1 0 ; recruitedand served in Ionian islands and Corfu; disbanded18H.Uniform: as French 25th Chasseur Ii cheval butthe buttons bore 'Chasseurs ioniens'.124 FOl'eigl1 TroopsForeign Tl'OOpS 125

Foreign troops in French service, Russia, summer of1812.Napoleon's Imperial armies included a large number of foreignunits representing many nationalities. In t 8t2, most wereassembled in Poland and, in June, crossed the Niemen Riverinto Russia. The march of the Grande Annee's 420,000 meninto the interior of Russia was punctuated by a number ofrelatively small engagements and a multitude of skirmisheswith the retreating Russians. The plate opposite showsmembers of units in Marshal Oudinot's Second Army Corpsskirmishing in the summer of t 8t2.All four Swiss regiments were part of the corps and theywore the traditional red coatee of Swiss regiments in Frenchservice, with blue facings for the 2nd Regiment (bottom)according to the latest regulation issued in January 18t2. TheVoltigeurs of the regiment had yellow epaulettes, collar, shakoband, pompon and sabre knot. Grey pantaloons with a redstripe were worn by this, and many other, infantry units inRussia.The 2nd Corps included the 3rd Croat ProvisionalRegiment (top left), one of three regiments from Croatiaassembled for 'provisional' active duty from late 1811. Theywere uniformed in green and yellow uniforms of the old lightinfantry cut and just missed the new 18t2 regulation style.However, green trousers with yellow stripes were worn intoRussia. The elite Carabiniers were distinguished by redepaulettes, shako bands, plume and sabre knot.The brown-clad 3rd line regiment of the Portuguese legion(top right) also marched into Russia as part of Oudinot's 2ndCorps. They had a distinct Portuguese shako with raised front,said to have inspired the British 'Belgic' shako, and wore acoatee with lapels that squared off just above the waist.Pantaloons were white with red piping and stripes. Grenadiershad red plume, cords, epaulettes and sabre knot. Painting byChrista Hook.Top left.Private, Albanian Regiment (Albanian and Greek), c. 1808-t8t3.Watercok>ur by Helbert Kn6tel. John Elting. Cornwall. USA.Top right.Carabinier officer, Irish legion, c, 18tO. Print after Verne\./26 Foreign 7i-oops

Serezaner (Croat), c. 1809-1814. These mountain patrol troopswore a mixture of uniform and Balkans costume. Watercolour byHerbert KnOtel. John E~ing, Cornwall, USA.Bataillon SeptinsulaireSeptin ular Battalion. The Ionian i lands were oftencalled the 'seven islands' or' eptin ulaire' by theFrench. Raised 1807 as a light infantry battalion withthe men ofa former Venetian regiment; served onDalmatian coast and Ionian islands; disbanded 18 H.Uniform: possibly a blue coatee with blue lapels,cuffs and lining, slqr blue collar and cuff flaps, sky bluepiping; pewter buttons; blue waistcoat and trousers;short black gaiters; light infantry shako with brassplate. However, research in the archives by the lateRoger Forthoffer revealed only blue and red cloth for.this unit.Other Septinsulaires Corps1\VO companie of Septinsular Artillery (Artillerieeptinsulaire) raised 1January 1808· a Company ofIonian Sappers; a Company ofVeteran ; a CompanyofSeptinsular Gendarmerie. erved on Dalmatiancoast and Ionian islands. All were disbanded in 1 H.niform: all reportedly were organized, armed anduniformed as the French corps. However, theOfficer, Piedmontese (or Midi) Legion, c. 1807-1811. Watercolourby Herbert KnOlel. John ~ing, Cornwall, USA.Gendarmerie at Corfu in 1812 had a blue singlebreated coatee with red collar, cuffs, piping andrurnbacks, blue piped red cuff flaps and shoulderstraps; brass button; buff waistcoat and breeche ;black long gaiters; also blue pantaloons and shortblack gaiter; black hako with bras plate and chinscales, red pompon; white infantry accoutrements;musket and bayonet, short sabre and a pair of pistolscarried in front on a white waist belt with openholsters. Drummers had the same with white laceedging the collar and cuffs.Regiment AlbanaisAlbanian Regiment. Was in Russian pay, passed intoFrench service in I 07; reorganized on I July 1809into six battalions in Corfu and the Ionian islands withrefugee Albanians and some Greeks which formed abattalion of Greek Foot Chasseurs (Bataillon dechas eurs 11 pied grecs) within the regiment; the menserved as volunteers and could leave the ervice as theypleased; detachments on Ionian i lands attacked byBritish in October 1809 surrendered without a fight;discipline was somewhat lax but they made goodpartisans; reduced to two battalions on 6 I ovember1 13; passed into British sen;ce following the Frenchevacuation of Corfu in June I 14.niform: the men could not bear adopting amilitary uniform and kept wearing their regionalcostume. Basically an ample 'Greek' shirt fastenedwith a waist belt, a leeveless jacket, breeches andtockings or leggings, a cloak of coar e cloth, a lowdark red cap. They were amled with musket, sabre andoften a brace of pi tols as well. A small cartridge boxwas on the waist belt.Chasseurs d'lIIyrieUlyrian Chasseurs. Following the Treaty of Vienna ofOctober 1809, Croatia and Slovenia became part ofthe French Empire. The French found there six Croatborder regiments named after different localities.These units grouped able-bodied men in the borderarea which were kept ready to be mobilized against'Turkish' raiders in Bosnia. They were reorganized bythe French into six regiments of'Chasseurs d'lIIyrie'in May 1810; two battalions of 240 men each dividedinto six companies, plus a third reserve battalion calledup in war time; disbanded ovember 1813.niform: initially continued to wear the brownustrian uniform from 1 09 \vith regimental facingIi ted below. On 22 May 1810 uniform ordered to beblue coatee with collar, cuffs and turnbacks ofregimental colour; pewter buttons; white wai tcoat;blue trousers; Hungarian-style boots; French shako;beige greatcoat. Attempts to dye the ustrian coateesblue ended up in vaguely black coatees which wereallowed until blue could be procured. The facingswere red for the 1st llIyrian Chasseurs (fomler LikaRegiment), crim on for the 2nd (former Ottochatz),yellow for the 3rd (Ogulin), violet changed to orangein June for the 4th (Sluin), sky blue for the 5th (1stBanat), and green for the 6th (2nd Banat).From late 1811 and early 1 12, light infantry tylegreen coatee, green pointed lapels, yellow collar,pointed cuffs, turnbacks and lapel piping; pewterbuttons; green waistcoat; green pantaloons; black halfgaiters edged yellow; shako with white metal plate andchin scales; company pompons and epaulettes; greenforage cap piped in the regimental colour. Fordi tinction, each regiment often had a pointed collarpatch of the regimental colour.SerezanerAl 0 termed Serrigiani or Sereschaner. Croatiansedentary mountain border guard militia oftenmounted. The men were not paid when called onervice but served only in their home area and wereexempt from enli trnent in the IIIyrian Chasseur .niform: there wa no strict military dres per saybut they appear to ha\'e worn the brown of theAustrian border troops; the men being allowed somemoney for their clothing and equipment. mountedSerezaner would have a brown jacket with red collarand cuffs; pewter button; brown pelisse \vith rededging and cords; bluei h or whitish trousers \vith redstripe and red Hungarian knots; red cape lined white;fur busby with red bag. Armed with a long barreledmusket, a kandjar knife and a pair of pistols; Turkishstyle saddlery.Regiment d'lIIyrieIlIyrian Regiment. Created 16 ovember 1810;regular regiment of five battalions recruited inCroatia; a third of the officers were French andBelgians; had recruiting difficulties, other nationalitiesallowed into it notably Lithuanians; posted in Kosvno;down to one battalion in early 1813; evacuated toFrance and di banded I November 1813.niform: same a French light infantry but, theEmperor wished the coatee to have in addition,[scarlet?] \vings edged \vith white. The unit is said tohave been in rags by ovember 1813, most menlacking shoes and unable to march.Regiments Provisoires CroatesCroatian Provisional Regiments. Three provisionalregiments of two battalions each called up on activeduty in September and October 1811 from the 1stbattalions of the six border 'Illyrian Chasseurs' andappear to have dissolved in the retreat from Russia;four provisional regiments mobilized in 1813 foractive duty but 2nd Regiment mutinied and othersproved unreliable; disbanded late 1813.niform: the three units activated in the fall of1811 had the green light infantry uniform de cribedabove for the Chasseurs IlIyriens but also had yellowwaistcoats, green pantaloons \vith yellow stripe. Thefour 1813 units were clothed with Austrian uniformsfound in stores: brown single-breasted coatee \vithyellow collar, pointed cuffs, turnbacks and piping infront; white metal buttons; brown trousers;Hungarian-style ankle boots; black Austrian shakowith front and back vi ors, tricolour cockade \vithwhite cockade loop.Hussards CroatesCroatian Hussar. Regiment created 23 February 1813as four squadrons (two regiments were planned butone was actually raised); establishment raised to six128 Foreign TJ·oopsForeign Troops 129

squadrons totaLing 1584 on 3 March; 200 took part insuccessful defense of Karlstadt against Bosnian Turks;strength was 657 in June and some French personnelallowed in to raise effective strength; went to Francein October and disbanded 1276 strong in Lyon on 25November L813.Uniform: sky blue dolman, buff collar and cuffs;light grey-blue pelisse edged with black lambskin;pewter buttons; white cords; crimson and white sash;light grey-blue breeches with white cords; hussarboots edged white; pantaloons strapped with blackleather; black shako with white metal diamond plateand chin scales, pompon ofsquadron colour; whitebelts; black leather sabretache with silver crownedeagle and letters 'I H C' (ler Hussards Croates) below;light grey-blue cloak; sheepskin housingsedged buff,light grey-blue valise.Pionniers CroatesBattalion of Croatian Pioneers. Raised late 1813 frompersonnel of disbanded Croatian Hussars; sent toBourges; disbanded 1814.Uniform: same as 'Pionniers Blancs'.Pandours de DalmatieDalmatian Pandours. Also called Pandours of Ragusa(Dubrovnik). Organized 17 March 1810; one battalionofnine companies, each company having from 36 to48 Pandours including two drummers; guarded thesouth-eastern border, escorted couriers, watched'Turkish' caravans from Bosnia; disbanded 25November 1813.Uniform: according to an order 17 March 1810, itwas 'red dolman, laced silver, edged with sheepskin forthe Pandours; red jacket; blue pantaloon; red turban;opanque.' White cloaks for private Pandours, red fornon-commissioned officers. Fieffe adds that this waslater altered to blue dolman, red cloak for all and aFrench-style shako. They were armed with 'regulationmuskets, pistols, kandjars in the shape of huntingknives, cartridge box at the waist belt; sabre and pistolsfor the officers'. Officers were to wear the sameuniform with their troops with rank badges as in thelight cavalry and have hussar boots. But they were alsoallowed to wear the blue French-style coat with redturnbacks and red pantaloons, silver buttons andepaulettes.HollandHolland was absorbed into the French Empire on 9July 1810. As a result, the 27,000 strong Dutch armywas amalgamated into the French Army and adoptedFrench uniforms. There were, however, a few distinctcorps.Officer, Isembourg Regiment (German), c. 1810. Miniature. J.Ostiguy collection. Ottawa.Bataillons Expeditionaires des IndesExpeditionary Battalions of the Indies. Created 6September 1810; two Companies of ExpeditionaryArtillery also created in September; sent towards Javain February 1811 but pan offorce captured in Mayafter a fight near Tamatave, Madagascar, others heldMahe in the Seychelles and managed to get back toBrest and incorporated into other units.Uniform: same as French line infantry andartillery.Regiment de WalcherenWalcheren Regiment. Formed with refractoryconscripts created 24 January 1811 to serve inWalcheren Island, off the Dutch coast; first twobattalions had mostly Belgians, the 3rd Spaniards;became 131st of the Line in 1812; disbanded 1814.Uniform: blue coat with blue piped red collar,cuffs, lapels and shoulder straps, white turnbacks; brassbuttons; white waistcoat and breeches; black shakowith brass diamond plate and chin scales. The 3rd'Spanish' Battalion had a different coat: blue with bluepiped yellow lapels, shoulder straps and cuff flaps, redpiped yellow collar and cuffs, white turnbacks, brassbuttons. Standard infantry uniform adopted from1812.Garde Soldee d'AmsterdamAmsterdam Paid Guard. Created 22 October 1811;two battalions of four companies each and a squadronof cavalry; dissolved in late 1813.Uniform: blue coat, pink collar, cuffs and lapels,pewter buttons; white waistcoat and breeches. Theinfantry had the same style and cut as the line infantry.The cavalry wore the same colours but the uniformwas in the style of the Chasseurs 11 cheval.Garde Soldee de RotterdamRotterdam Paid Guard. Created 16 ovember 1811;one infantry company; dissolved late 1813.Uniform: blue coat, white collar, cuffs and lapels,pewter buttons; white waistcoat and breeches in thesame style and cut as the line infantry.Bataillon de PionniersPioneer Battalion. Organized with Dutch personnel inJanuary 1814; disbanded later in the year.niform: probably the same as the 'PionniersBlancs'.Other NationalitiesBataillons EtrangersForeign Battalions. Two battalions created on 23March 1802; 3rd battalion in 1809; recruited fromvarious foreign deserters and used mostly for garrisonand coast guard duties; disbanded 1814.Uniform: according to Elting and Kniitel, the 3rdhad in c. 1810-1811 a sky blue coat, sky blue pipedblue cuffs. lapels, turnbacks and shoulder straps, bluecollar and cuff flaps; pewter buttons; white waistcoatand breeches; black gaiters; shako \vith white metalplate and chin scales, sky blue pompon.Legion IrlandaiseIrish Legion. Created 31 August 1803; one battalion;raised to two then three in 1809 and renamed'Regiment irlandais' but recruited from all nations;became '3e regiment etranger' (3rd ForeignRegiment) on 25 ovember 1811; only 65 Irishmenleft by 1813; reorganized as 7th Foreign Regiment on2 May 1815; disbanded 29 September 1815.niforms: light infantry style green coatee, yellowcollar, pointed cuffs, lapels, turnbacks and piping;brass buttons; white waistcoat and pantaloons; blackgaiters with red (carabiniers) or green trim. Carabinierhad red shako cords and plume, red epaulettes, redgrenade on tum back. Voltigeurs had green shakocords, green tipped yellow plume, green epauletteswith yellow crescent, green horn on turn back.Chasseurs had white shako cords, green plume, greenpiped yellow shoulder straps, green horn on turnbacks.From 1810, green piped yellow lapels, cuffs,turnbacks, yeLlow cuff flaps; pewter buttons; greenwaistcoat and breeches. Model 1812 coatee apparentlyissued in 1813; sky blue coatee with red collar, lapelsand cuff flaps in 1814-15. Drummers: unknown,possibly as the men with white lace edging facings andyellow wings.Guides-Interpretes de I'Armee d'AngleterreGuides-Interpreters of the Army of England.Company of light dragoons created 3 October 1803,of 117 men including two drummers and five officers,recruited especially from Irish volunteers in Paris andChannel ports who could speak and translate English.Attached to HQ during the Boulogne episode;transferred to Poland and became part ofMarshalBerthier's Guides in 1806.Uniform: 'green coatee, red lining, scarlet lapels,cuffs and turnbacks, white hussar style buttons, whitecloth waistcoat, white buttons, white breeches,American style boots, black bronzed spurs' accordingto the decree creating it. Bicorn laced white with redplume; green housings laced white. Whiteaccoutrements, dragoon musket and sabre.Pionniers Blancs/Pionniers VolontairesEtrangersWhite Pioneers. Regiment created IS February 1806;two battalions of four companies each recruited fromAustrian prisoners; reorganized as a Foreign VolunteerPioneers Battalion of five companies on 1 September1810, sixth company formed at Bourges in February1811 and two more in September from capturedfollowers of Schill and the Duke of Brunswick whichmust have made most reluctant 'volunteers'; remnantsof unit incorporated into 3rd Foreign ColonialBattalion in August 1814.Uniform: all light grey-blue single-breasted roundjacket, waistcoat, pantaloons, cloth buttons, foragecap, shoft gaiters and greatcoat with brass buttons;bicorn hat and later shako. Privates only had tools,only NCOs were armed with dragoon musket andbayonet.Legion PortugaisePortuguese Legion. Created 16 January 1808 andorganized from 18 May 1808 with part of disbanded130 Foreign 71·oopsFOl'eign Troops 131

Portuguese army following Napoleon's invasion ofthat COWltry in 1807. The legion had six, later five,light infantry regiments of six companies of 140men each, two mowned chasseurs regiments of foursquadrons each with two companies of 100 meneach, and a short-lived battery of light artillery.Augmented in 1809 by a half-brigade of elite companies;reduced to three infantry regiments and one ofmounted chasseurs on 2 May 1811; disbanded1 ovember 1813.niform: brown coatee, red piped white collar,cuffs, square lapels and turnbacks (also shown white);pewter buttons; white waistcoat; brown trousers withred piping and red stripe to each side, white insummer; black Portuguese felt shako with high front(somewhat like the British 'Belgic' shako), low brassplate coming to a point at centre front bearingregimental number; red epaulettes, shako plume, cordsand brass grenade plate for grenadiers; greenepaulettes with yellow crescent, green shako cords,yellow over red plume and brass bugle horn badge forchasseurs. Many variations to the above. VVhiteundress jacket with red collar and cuffs; brown fatiguecap; beige greatcoat. Drummers had white lace edgingthe facings and chevrons on the sleeves.Mounted chasseurs had the same but with redwings; grey-blue cavalry trousers with red stripe; blackboots; black leather helmet with black caterpillar crest,red plume; white sheepskin housings edged red.Trumpeters had a coatee of reversed colours, yellowwings laced and fringed white; white helmet plume.From 1812, the men had a brown single-breastedcoatee, French Chasseurs 11 cheval cut, with red collar,pointed cuffs, turnbacks and piping; pewter buttons;brown trousers breeches laced white; brown overallswith red stripe; French shako with white cords andgreen pompon; busby with red bag piped white forelite company.Officers had gold metal and lace and a red sasharound the waist until 1812, silver metal and lacethereafter, and no sash.Pionniers PortugaisPortuguese Pioneers. Battalion raised in 1812; sameestablishment as French pioneer battalions; disbandedApril 1814.Uniform: same as 'Pionniers Blancs' battalions.Regiment Joseph-NapoleonJoseph-Napoleon Regiment. Raised 13 February 1809in Spain; four battalions, reduced to two in 1813;disbanded 25 1 ovember 1813.Uniform: white coat, light green collar, cuffs, lapelsChasseur, Portuguese Legion, 1810. Cavalry wearing thelegion's distinctive helmet and white cloaks are in thebackground. Print after Vernel.and turnbacks; brass buttons; white waistcoat andbreeches; shako with brass eagle plate.Regiment de CatalogneCatalan Regiment. Created in Spain on 2 February1811; three battalions to have 2558 officers and men;regiment was completing its organization whenvVellington's victory at Salamanca (12 July 1812)caused its dissolution.Uniform: white coat, sky blue collar, cuffs andlapels; brass button; white waistcoat and breeches;shako with brass eagle plate.Sapeurs EspagnolsSpanish Sappers. Battalion formed 18 February 1811;similar establishment as French; became 8th SapperBattalion in 1812; remnants become Company ofSpanish Sappers in December 1813; disbanded May1814.niform: same as French sappers.Pionniers, Ouvriers EspagnolsBattalion of Spanish Pioneers and two Companies ofSpanish Artisans. Formed in Holland from SpanishP.O.\,v,s 10 March 1812; disbanded 25 November1813; reorganized as Regiment of Spanish Pioneers(Regiment de pionniers espagnols) on 24 December1813; disbanded 17 April 1814.Uniform: grey round jacket with blue collar, cuffsand lapels, yellow piping; grey greatcoat. Armed onlywith a hanger and a pioneer's tool.Bataillons de Pionniers EspagnolsTwo Spanish Pioneer Battalions formed in January1814 with renmants ofK.ingJoseph's Spanish armywhich had fled to France; disbanded 1st and 6 August1814.Uniform: probably the all light grey-blue dress ofthe 'Pionniers Blancs' if they received one.Other Spanish UnitsThere were also some contra-guerrilla units in Frenchpay raised especially in Catalonia among Miqueletsmountaineers. They generally wore a brown roundjacket and trousers with red collar, cuffs, stripes andsashes, rowld hat with tricolour cockade. MarshalSuchet raised the 'Guides Catalans' in 1810 which had50 mounted and 100 infantrymen for escorts. Theyhad a blue coatee, single breasted, blue pointed cuffsand turnbacks, medium green collar, yellow piping infront, at cuffs, collar and turnbacks; pewter buttons;white waistcoat and breeches; plain bicorn; boots andsabres for mounted men, gaiters and muskets forinfantry. In 18 J3, the Independent Company of A1avaInfantry was formed by pro-French Spaniards. Theuniform was in the French 1812 style but browncoatee with red collar, cuffs, lapels and turnbacks;pewter buttons; brown trousers; shako.Regiment LithuanienLithuanian Regiment. Infantry regiment created 20September 1812; had Polish and French officers;dissolved in late 1813.Uniform: blue kurta, yellow collar, pointed cuffs,lapels and turnbacks; white metal buttons; bluepantaloons with yellow stripe; czapska with bluecrown, yellow piping and band, white metal sl1llriseplate with brass badge (Lithuania's national insignia:an armed horseman), white cockade with white metalPolish cross, company pompon. Grenadier in 1813had bearskin cap, uniform completely blue with yellowlace edging collar, cuffs, lapels; white epaulettes; bluepantaloons with white stripe.Gendarmes LithuaniensLithuanian Gendarmes. Organised in 1812 during theinvasion of Russia to keep some law and order alongthe French lines of communications; proved to beexcellent cavalry and charged at Borodino; retreatedwith French Army in Russia and about 200incorporated into 1st Polish Lancers in 1813.Uniform: blue single-breasted coatee with redcuffs, collar, Ulrnbacks and piping in front, whitetrefoils and aiguillette; pewter buttons; white or bluebreeches; high boots; white belts; bicorn edged withwhite lace; blue housings laced white with whitegrenade; red over white lance pennon.Foreign Regiments of 1815Back in Paris from Elba, Napoleon disbanded theSwiss troops on 2 April 1815 and the next daysuggested the reorganization of Foreign troops intofive regiments, each of three battalions. The decrees of11 and 25 April and of 20 May created eight: 1st(Piedmontese, organized at Chiilon-sur-Soane); 2nd(Swiss, Vitry), 3rd (Polish, at Reims), 4th (German, atTours), 5th (Belgian, at Amiens), 6th (Spanish andPortuguese, at Lorient from the former 'RegimentColonial Etranger'); 7th (Irish, at Montreuil-sur-Mer);8th (Italian, at Aix). Only the 2nd sufficientlyorganized to follow tlle army in Belgium, others partlyraised and equipped did garrison service; disbanded 6September 1825.Uniforms: Napoleon felt that each should have itstraditional colour, 'the Piedmontese (1st) in bluewhich I suppose to be the colour of the Piedmonteseuniform so as to use the volunteers in the dress inwhich tlley will arrive' and the Swiss (2nd) in red, thePoles (3rd) in Polish style dress. The 6th regiment wasto have a 'white uniform'. The 7th had the uniform ofthe old 'Legionlrlandaise' (see notice on that corps).The 8th was to have 'green, scarlet facings'.132 Foreign TroopsForeign Tl-00pS 133

BibliographyBooksB1ondiau, Christian, Aigles et sbakos du Premier Empire,Paris, 1980. Invaluable reference work on headdressand shako plates.Bory, Jean-Rene, Regiments misses au service deFrance (1800-1814), Fribourg, 1975.Brosse,Jacques and Henri Lachouque, Unifonl/es etcostmlles dll lei' ElIlpi1'e, Paris, 1972. Many period printsand painting in colour.Bulletin des lois. The legislative periodical of theFrench National Assembly. Contains many militarydecree with unifoml descriptions, especially duringthe Consulate.Chartrand, Rene, 1 apoleon S Ove-rseas AmlY,London, 1989 and Napoleon's Sea-Soldiers, London,1990. More data and colour reconstructions byFrancis Back on these neglected but no less interestingand colourful units of Napoleon's force.Chuquet, Arthur, Ord1'es et apostilles de Tapoleon,Paris, 1911-1912, -+ Vols.Constant, Louis, JWemoi/'es de Constant, pnmlier o'Oletde cbambl"e de l'Empi-rell1' sur 10 vie privee de J apoleon, sofamille et so cow'. Many reprints. "e have used the1969 Geneva edition. The source for Napoleon'sprivate habits, taste and daily routines from the valetwho helped him put on his uniform every morning.Con-espondance de apoleon 1er: .., Paris, 1858-1870,32 Vols. and C01nspondallce militaire de Napoleon la..,Paris, 1876,5 Vols. The ultimate printed sources onapoleon, many good documents on armyorganization and postings, relatively few on uniforms,arms and equipment.Delpierre, Madeleine, 'Les costume de cour et lesuniformes civils du premier empire', BlIlletin du .HlIseeCa17lao'Olet, Nov. 1958. The best study on uniforms ofhigh-ranking government officials.Fieffe, Eugene, Histoire des troupes et1"01lgeres ause1-vice de hallce..., Pari, 18H, 2 Vols. Still the classicstudy on foreign units.Elting, John R., Napoleonic Unifonl/s, Jew York,1993,2 Vols. A uperb luxuI!' edition in colour ofhundreds ofwatercolours b,- the acclaimed Germanillustrator Herbert Knotel, possibly the only workshowing nearly all units in the Imperial amlY.Elting, John R., Swords O1"01/l1d a tbrone, New York,1989. The most complete work in English on theGrande Armee, told with considerable incisive wit.Glasser, OttO von, Costumes militaires: cataloglle desprincipales mites de costumes militaires fi"011fais..., Paris,1900. The outstanding bibliography of Frenchmilitary prints.JOTI17IOI.'vlilitaire. Periodical publication containingorder and instructions to the armed forces.Superlative source for uniform decrees which we haveconstantly used in thi book. But it should be usedwith caution and verified against other sources.Haythornthwaite, Philip J., Tbe 1 apoleonic SOllneBook, London, 1990. Excellent and essential workcovering the whole period and the main countriesinvolved. Nluch useful data on uniforms, armament,etc.Haythornthwaite, Philip].," apoleon's Line hlfimt7J,London, 1983, Napoleon's Ligbt Illfimt1J, London,1983, Napoleon's Specialist Troops, London, 198 . Goodstudies of wuforms, arms, equipment and abstract ofservice for many units.Malibran, H., Guide ir I'usage des 011istes et costumierscontellallt 10 description des I/nifonl/es I'Anl/ee fi'{/llfaise de1780 ir 1848, Paris, 190-+. One of the most usefulstandard works describing uniforms. 0 illustrationsbut a book of patterns was published to accompany the'Guide' about 1907.Marbor, Marcellin, J'v!imoires..., Paris, 1892,3 Vols.Real memoirs that read like a novel' "Iarbot was ADCto several marshals and gives a fine view of the periodand its actors. seful remarks on uniforms andsupplies.Margerand, J., Amle1l/ent et equipeme11t deI'infallterie fi'anfaise du XVIe all XXe sihle, Paris, 1945.Morvan, Jean, Le soldot imperial, 1800-1814, Paris,1904, 2 Vols. The ultimate work if you \vish to knowabout the army's supply shortages.Lachouque, Henri and Anne .K. Brown, TbeAnatomy ofGloIJ: apoleon's bllpe1"ial GUOI'd, Brownniversiry, Providence, R.I., 1961, 2nd edition 1962,reprinted. A classic work, for both the text and for thesuperb illustrations.Lienhart, Dr. and Rene Humbert, Les xmifonnes de1'A171lie franfaise depuis 1690jusqu 'ir nosjours, Leipzig,1897-1902,5 Vols. A standard source for copiousdescriptions with many schematic plates. Vol. 5 onallied troops to be used with caution.Petard, Michel, Equipeme11ts lIlilitaires de 1600 ir1870, Olonne-sur-mer, France, 10 Vols., 1984-1994.Vol. 3 deals with the 1789-1803 period, vols. 4 and 5\vith the 1804-1815 period. As definitive a study as isever likely to be made on t1Us subject. Superlative withhundreds of fine dra\vings and extracts fromcontemporary texts.Riehn, Richard K., Tbe F!'e11cb hllperial A171IY: tbeCampaigns of1813-1814 and IiVtxterloo, Woodhaven,.Y., 1959, and Tbe Frencb Infal1t7y and A11illery,1795-1812, Queens, .Y., 1963. These two 'HelenicUniform Guides' booklets are an outstandingsummary of French apoleonic wliforms.~lling, Paul, Napoleon et ses soldats; l'apogee de 10gloire, 1804-1809, Paris, 1983. Hundreds of photos ofpaintings and objects in France's two 'Musee del'Armee'. A treat!~ndrow, Martin and Gerry Embleton, Milit01JDress oftbe Peninsular 1iVtx1', London, 1974. ExcellentB&W illustrations of artefacts and paintings,Embleton's colour figures among best ever produced.Plate Books and Print SeriesBellange, Hippolyre, Collection de types de tollS les corps etdes unifonnes lIlilitaires de 10 republique et de l'empire,Paris, 1844. Bellange's plates and line dra\vingsillustrated numerous books of the period.Berka and Zimner, L'Anllee fral1faise, Prague,c.1810.Charlet, Nicolas-Toussaint, Costumes 11lilitai1"esfi-anfais, Paris, 1818.Faber du Faur, Christian G. de, published over 100lithographs from his sketches of the 1812 Russiancampaign in Stuttgart, 1831-1843. Excellent source oncampaign dress and miseries of retreat from Russia.Forthoffer, Roger, Ficbes doc1t7lte11taires. Excellentplate series published in Romans, France, from the1960s to the early 1980s. Covered nor only French butall armies from 1792-1815.JOB Oacques Onfroy de Breville), Temus des troupesde F1"Once, Paris, c. 1900-1913. JOB also illustratedmany historical works, notably luxury children's bookssuch as Bonaparte and apoleon in the early 1900 andlater La vieille garde i11lpb'iale, Tours, 1929. Many arereproduced in this book.Girbal, Jack and Hourtoule, Rene, Soldats etxmifomles du premier empire. Series of plates publishedin France from the late 1960s to the early 1980s. Goodsynthesis of available sources, especially useful for themore obscure wlits.Hoffinan, icolaus. Published individual prints ofFrench Army from c. 1780 to c. 1807. Very rare andfine.Marbot, Alfred de. Prints on the Frenchapoleonic army published in Paris during the 18405.Martinet, Pierre, Troupes franfaises, Paris, 296coloured plates published from 1807 to 1815. One ofthe main primary sources, sometimes the only one forlesser known wlits and details.Rigo [Albert Rigondeau], Le Plmnet. Series ofuniform prints published from the 1960s usually basedon excellent data from archival sources.Rousselot, Lucien, L'A17nee franfOise: ses xmifonlIes,son annement, ses equipem/!1lts. Series published in Parisfrom the 1940s to the 1970s. The one outstanding,obligatory modern source on Napoleonic wliformsone must consult. Some have recently been translatedand republished in English.Suhr, Christoph. Print series published inHamburg showing over 500 wliforms of c. 1807-1814,very few originals known. Some re-drawn facsimileslater published as the 'Manuscrit du bourgeois deHambourg' but original prints are much better.Vernet, Horace and Eugene Lami, Collection desunifo171les des anneesfranfaises de 1791-1814, Paris,1822. A primary source.Weiland, c.F., Darnellung der K. K. F1"011ziisiscbenAnllu xmd ibrer Alliren, Weimar, 1807-1808. Apnmary source.Post card eries should also be mentioned as theyare small prints and can be important sources. Themost extensive was published by CommandantEugene-Louis Bucquois from 1911 to the 19505 titledLes Unifonnes du Premier Elltpi1'e, republished in bookform in the 1980s. Much less numerous but quiteimportant sources are the postcards shmving themannequins with original uniforms published by thetwo Musee de I'Amlee in France.134 BibliogmpbyBibliogmpby 135

Napoleonic Wars DirectoryThis directory is a comprehensive guide forNapoleonic re-enactors, historians, art collectors,modellers and wargamers.Napoleonic Re-enactment GroupsThe umbrella organisation for many of theNapoleonic re-enaconent groups in Britain is the longestablished Tapoleoruc Association organising eventsnot only in this country but throughout Europe. Overthe years the A has grown from a purely reenaconentorganisation to incorporate research andwargaming sections and members also receive themagazine, Fint E1Ilpil·e. For details write to theChairman, Mike Freeman, 5 Thingwall Drive, Irby,Wirral, Merseyside L61 3XN.VVinners ofMilitfl1Y Illustrated's Best Re-enacOllentGroup award in 1995, the 12th Light Dragoons areone of Britain's finest living history groups. The 12thha.ve high standards of authenticity and horsemanshipand pride themselves on maintaining the spirit of theoriginal regiment they proudly base themselves upon.Contact Martin Render, Shepherd's Cottage, Femhill,Glemsford, Suffolk, COlO 7PR for details.Another fine cavalry unit is the 15th King's LightDragoons (Hussars) who are also very exacting in theirstandards. The 15th can be contacted through NeilLeonard, Rose Cottage, Caledonia, Winlaton, Tyne &Wear, l'\TE21 6AX.The 3rd Battalion 1st Foot Guards portray theelite troops who fought under \tVellington through thePeninsula and 'vVaterloo campaigns. The unit is run byWaterloo expert Derek Saunders who can becontacted at the Waterloo Museum, Crow Hill,Broadstairs, Kent, CTI0 lHN.The 2nd Queen's Regiment of Foot recreates the2nd Foot during the early years of the Peninsular \tVar.Contact G. Brown, 18 Lilac Close, Bellfields Estate,Guildford, Surrey, GUlLPB.The 42nd Royal Highland Regiment was formedover a decade ago and its events include displays at136 Napoleollie Wan Oil-ectal)'Fort Amherst, Chatham, Kent, Britain's premierNapoleonic fort. Contact R. Prisley, 37 Byron Road,Gillingham, Kent ME7 5QH.The 68th (Durham) Light Infantry has becomewidely renowned for its painstaking authenticity andrecreates one of the fine regiments that fought in thePeninsula. Contact Tony Parker, 213 Bishopton RoadWest, Fairfield, Stockton, Cleveland, TSI9.Distinct in their green uniforms, the 95th Riflesare always popular at re-enaconents and the recentsuccess of the Sharpe television series has createdmuch interest in these 'specialists'. Contact LesHandscombe, -+8 Mutton Place, Prince On,ValesRoad, London IW1 8DF (Tel: 0171 485 4942).The Hoch und Deutschmeister are Britain's onlyNapoleonic Austrian regiment standing out at reenaconentevents in their white uniforms. The unithas been in existence for over 20 years and has alsoforged strong links with other groups in Europe.Contact Ian Castle, 49 Belsize Park, LondonNW34EE.La Garde Imperiale dedicates itself to recreatingthe glories of Napoleon's elite fighting force. The unitis particulary impressive because of its live firingdisplays using full size cannon, at the arlllual EuroMilitaire model show at Folkestone and other events.Because of its reputation, the Garde has taken part inmany prestigious events in France and from a foot andartillery group it has now diversified into cavalry,recruiting a group of Garde lancers. Members pay fortheir uniforms with a subscription of£20 per month.In tile north, prospective recruits should contactDerek Mellard on 01924 381 820, Midlands,jimjackson, 01455 449 264, South, jerry Lavender 01323724433.The geme Demi-Brigade Legere dedicates itself tore-enacting tile life and traditions of French soldiersduring the revolutionary and Napoleonic periods andhas become a particularly large unit, counting over100 chasseurs in its ranks. Members pay £1 0 permonth, which covers the cost of their uniforms andtravel throughout Britain and Europe. Prospectiverecruits should be a minimum age of 15 and hold acurrent passport. Contact 'Louis' at II BirchwoodAvenue, \"'allington, Surrey, SM6 7HE (Tel: 0181 6690900).The 2leme Regiment De Ligne is another largere-enaCOllent group witll a membership of over 100that always looks impressive at battle displays andliving history events. The unit includes sappers, twoeagle guards and an eagle bearer. Contact ChrisDurkin 22 Swallow Street, Oldham, Lancashire OL84LD (Tel: 0161652 1647).France has an impressive range of re-enaCOllentand study groups, particularly when it comes to thecavalry. One of the best groups is Les Hussards DeLasalle, 7 impasse des Balmes, 78450 Villepreux.Contactjean Pierre Mil' Del Rieu (Tel:(I) 30 562416). Another fine group is Le IOe Escadron deChasseurs it cheval de la garde 48, rue Chapon 75003Paris. Contact Michel Pourrey (Tel: (1) 48 87 49 54).The United States has seen the development ofNapoleonic re-enacting in recent years. One of thebiggest organisations is the Brigade Tapoleon whichhas a number of good units and publishes thequarterly magazine Le Bal1. Further details about theorganisation are available from Brigade apoleon,18914 \tValnut Road, Castro Valley, California 94546.Canadian Living history groups of the apoleonicperiod: The Ist Regiment ofFoot (Royal Scots), LightCompany, to the period of the campaigns on theiagara Frontier in 1813-1814, recreated bya largegroup based in the London (Ontario) area. For moreinformation, contact: Steve Hartwick, 1543 PerthAvenue, London, 0 T, I 5V 2M6, (519) 457-3832.The Canadian Regiment ofFencible Infantry,Light company, to the \-Var of 1812 period. ThisCanadian regular colonial unit is recreated in EasternOntario. For more information, contact: Mike Viger,#30-1491 Richmond Road, Ottawa, 0 ,K2B 6R9.The Voltigeurs Canadiens/Canadian Voltigeurs, aregular colonial light infantry unit from LowerCanada (Quebec) which served in the War of 1812,recreated in Western Quebec and Eastern Ontariowearing its distinctive grey, trimmed black uniform.For more information, contact: Richard Beaudin, 6427Timothy Crescent, Orleans, 0 , KIC 3E5, (613)824-9253. Fax (6J 3) 837-8896.Napoleonic re-enactment suppliersAges of Elegance at 480 Chis\vick High Road LondonW4 5IT (Tel: 0181 7420730) is run by Dawn Wood,an experienced re-enactor and costume expert whoseclients include English Heritage, the 12th LightDragoons and the Coldstream Guards Museum. Agesof Elegance accepts commissions to make uniformsand they also carry a range of buttons, leatherworkand otller items in their shop which is a treasure trovefor re-enactors.The Plumery at 16 Deans Close, \tVIutehallGardens, Cluswick London \.V-+ 3LX (Tel: 0181 9957099) offers a wide selection of Napoleonic shakosfrom £85 and other headgear accoutrements. Theplumery makes plumes for tile British army, and witllsuch exacting standards quality is assured.Napoleonic Associations'vVith the success of the Sharpe television series, a fanclub has been set up for Sharpe enthusiasts. The clubhas the approval 'of Richard Moore who is a consultanton the series and provides plenty of information. Forfurther details contact Chris Clarke, East Lea,Brookfield Drive, Hoveringham, Nons, NG14 7]W.The German States Study Group has been set upin the Napoleonic Association to study the period ofGerman military history during the revolutionary andNapoleoruc wars and sends out newsletters four timesa year. For further infonnation write to the Coordinator,john Henderson, 118 Milton Road,Hartlepool, Cleveland.Though not exclusively Napoleonic, La Sabretaebe,France's long established society and magazine fornlilitary historians and collectors has published manyexcellent articles on Napoleoruc uniforms. TheBulletil1 de 10 Societe des eolleetiol1l1e1l1'S de figm'illesHistoriques, merged witll the La Sabretaebe in thel 970sand many great artists such as Lucien Rousselot andEugene Leliepvre have been featured In the journal.For further information write to La Sabretaebe 7 RueGuersant, Paris 75017.The apoleonic Society ofAmerica is well worthjoining for all Napoleonic entllUsiasts. Membershipincludes a 40 page members' Bulletil1 with reports onNapoleonic sites and re-enaconents and a conferenceis held every year. For further details write to theNapoleonic Society ofAmerica 5744 w: Irving ParkRoad, Chicago, II, 60634.Another leading society studying the Life and timesofNapoleon is the International Napoleoruc Society.Details about the International Napoleonic Society areavailable from Ben Weider at 2875 Chemin BatesRoad, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H35 IE7.The Polish Military Collectors Association takes astrong interest in Poland's role in the I apoleonicWars. The $50 annual dues include the society'SNapoleollie Wan DiI'ee/my 137

magazine, Hetman. Further details from 168 JacksonMill Road, Freehold 1'\1] 07728, USA.Museums with Napoleonic collectionsThe mecca for all Napoleonic enthusiasts is the Museede L'Armee, Hotel ational des Invalides, Paris. Astaggering variety of Napoleonic uniforms are ondisplay and the walls are festooned with pictures, manyof them by the great French artist Edouard Detaille.Situated close to Japoleon's tomb, the museum offersplenty of material for even the most insatiableNapoleonic fan.The Musee de L'Emperi at Chateau de L'EmperiSalon-de Provence 133 00, is another fine museumfeaturing an outstanding collections of apoleonicand Second Empire uniforms painstakingly built up inthe Brunon Collection and now owned by the Museede L'Armee.Caillou, 1 apoleon's headquarters at Waterloo hasbeen turned into a museum and you can see the roomswhere apoleon spent a fitful night before the battleand where he had breakfast on the morning of]une 181815. A selection of battle flags is also on display.The National Army Museum, Royal HospitalRoad, Chelsea, London SvV3 4HT, features The RoadTo Waterloo gallery telling the story of theNapoleonic Wars and incorporating a fine display oforiginal artefacts including a captured French eagleand the hat General Picton was wearing when he wasmortally wounded.The Guards Museum at ''''ellington Barracks,Birdcage Walk, London SW41A 2AX has gooddisplays on the Guards' 1 apoleonic service withspecial emphasis on their legendary defence ofHougoumont and their part in thwarting the attack ofthe Garde Imperiale at Waterloo.The Museum ofArtillery in the Rotunda,Woolwich, London SEI8 4D J has much to offer theNapoleonic enthusiast. Displays include a six poundercannon used by the Royal Horse Artillery in thePeninsula.Near to the Museum ofArtillery is the RoyalArtillery Regimental Museum at the Old RoyalMilitary Academy, Red Lion Lane, London SEI84DI . In this museum the accent is more on uniforms,campaigns and equipment and a trip to both theMuseum of Artillery and the Royal ArtilleryRegimental Museum, offers an ideal day out.The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers Museum issituated in the Tower of London and again offers aworthwhile day out in conjunction with a visit to theTower itself.For a taste of the Duke of Wellington's life andtimes, a trip to his London residence at Apsley House,149 Piccadilly, is a must. The house has been recentlyre-furbished and features a breathtaking display ofNapoleonic memorabilia collected by and awarded tothe Iron Duke.Strameld Saye House, near Reading in Berkshire,is the country residence of the Wellington family andalso has many personal possessions of the first Duke.Also on display, is the first Duke's funeral hearse, madeout of metal cast from melted down French cannoncaptured at ''''aterloo.The Royal Green]ackets Museum, PeninsularBarracks, Romsey Road, vVinchester, S023 8TS hasexhibits on the role of riflemen in the apoleonicWars and also features a massive diorama of the Battleof Waterloo, which has over 20,000 figures andincorporates a sound and light commentary.The Museum ofThe Duke of Edinburgh's RoyalRegiment - Redcoats in The Wardrobe, 58 The Close,Salisbury, Wiltshire, SPI 2EX has exhibits on the 49th,62nd and 66th Foot and is housed in a particularlyelegant looking building.Although a comparatively small unit in theNapoleonic Wars, the Royal Marines rendered goodservice and their story is told at the Royal MarinesMuseum, Southsea, Portsmouth, Hampshire, P049PX.The achievements of the 3rd Foot, The Buffs, oneofBritain's oldest regiments who saw many finemoments during the apoleonic Wars is celebrated inthe Buffs Regimental Museum at the Royal Museum,18 High Street, Canterbury, Kent, CTI 2]E.At Dover Castle in Kent you can see the additionaltowers added during the apoleonic Wars and theinner bailey houses The Princess of Wales' RoyalRegiment and Queen's Regiment Museum.The Military Museum of Devon and Dorsetsituated in the Keep, Bridport Road, Dorchester, has agood selection of apoleonic artefacts and some fineperiod paintings.The Durham Light Infantry Museum, AykleyHeads, Durham City, has exhibits on the famed 68thFoot and their heroic actions in Wellington'sPeninsular campaigns. The colours of the regimentare laid up in nearby Durham Cathedral.The Duke ofWellington's Regimental Museum atthe Bankfield Museum Akroyd Park, Halifax, tracesthe services of the 33rd Foot and 76th Foot and alsohas some artefacts connected with Wellington himself.The Worcestershire Regimental Museum atWorcester City Museum, Foregate Street, Worcester,mainly concentrates on the history of the 29th and36th Foot. The Worcesters stood firm at Rolica in1808 and 'Firm' became their regimental motto.Artefacts of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, theheroic Greys, whose charge at Waterloo is one of thebest known aspects of the battle, are housed atEdinburgh Castle and the Scottish United ServicesMuseum in the Castle has many items of interest toJapoleonic enthusiasts.The Black V\Tatch Museum at Balhousie Castle,Perth, commemorates the famous 42nd Foot whofought gallantly at Quatre-Bras. The museum also hasexhibits on the 73rd Foot.The Regimental Museum of the Royal vVelchFusiliers in the Queen's Tower, Caernarfon Castle,Caernarfon, Gwynedd, has some particularlyinteresting material on the regiment'S servive duringthe Peninsular campaign.The Regimental Museum of the Queen's DragoonGuards at Cardiff Castle, has a fine uniform collectionincluding items worn at V\Taterioo.Napoleonic Book SuppliersOne of the most popular periods of military history, avast selection of books on the Japoleonic period isavailable both new and secondhand. The following is alist of some of the leading suppliers.Caliver Books, 816-818 London Road, Leigh-on­Sea Essex SS9 3NH, (Tel & Fax 01702 73986), offer abig selection ofNapoleonic Books from uniformstudies to a selection of Bernard CornwelJ's Sharpenovels.Hersant's Military Books, whose shop on theArchway Road in North London was a favourite hauntfor book enthusiasts, now operate a mail order servicefrom 17 The Drive. High Barnet, Hertfordshire, EN54]G (Tel: 0181- 440- 6816, Fax: 0181440-6816) andhave a good selection ofNapoleonic books.Francis Edwards the long experienced militaryhistory booksellers who were established in 1855 andhave their shop at 13 Great 1 ewport Street, CharingCross Road, London WC2H 7JA, (Tel: 0171-379­7699 Fax: 0171-836-5977) offer a range of secondhandNapoleonic books for collectors on big and smallbudgets.Ken Trotman Ltd, Unit 11, 135 Ditton Walk,Cambridge, CB5 8PY (Tel: 01223 211030. Fax: 01223212317), issues three free catalogues a year, featuring agood Napoleonic selection.Victor Sutcliffe, 36 Parklands Road, LondonSvVI6 6TE (Tel: 0181-769-8345. Fax: 0181-769 6446)is a specialist in the apoleonic era and issues aNapoleonic book catalogue. His premises are open byappoin011ent.Chelifer Books at Todd Close, Curthwaite,Wigton, Cumbria CA7 8BE (Tel & Fax 01228711388) offers a choice selection of Napoleonic books.Wanted lists are accepted, visitors by appolll011ent.Worley Publications & Booksellers, 10 RectoryRoad East, Felling, Tyne and Wear NElO 9Dl (Tel:0191 4692414), offer a range of facsimile reprintsincluding Tbe Recollections ofColonel de G071ne'"

or five times a year, are available by subscription andcost 12 dollars for America, $20 for Canada and $35for overseas.Napoleonic Model Soldiers and WargameFiguresSculptor Maurice Corry produces 120mm resin andwhite metall apoleonic models available through hiscompany The Roll Call, 316 Goodyers End Lane,Bedworth, Warwickshire CVI2 OHY (Tel or Fax01203494123). Releases include a Chasseur achevalof the Imperial Guard, and an ensign of the 1st Foot,Royal Scots, at Waterloo carrying the regimentalcolours.David Grieve runs D.E Grieve Models, StAndrews, vVestwood Road, Betsham Nr Gravesend,Kent DA 13 9LZ. I-lis work includes a selection ofIOOmm figures of the British army at Waterloo; andthe range includes an officer of the Royal HorseArtillery, and a sergeant of the 79th CameronHighlanders.Paste Militaire feature a range of definitiveNapoleonic miniatures in their range of figures,including magnificent 90mm mounted models of aFrench hussar trumpeter and a trooper of the 2ndRegiment red lancers. Paste Militaire are at StationRoad, Northiam, Rye, East Sussex TN31 6QT,Metal Modeles, the French firm run by talentedsculptor Bruno Leibovitz, produces some exquisteFrench apoleonic subjects in 54mm including amounted dragoon and a range of French light infantry.Leibovitz has also sculpted a magnificent large scaleFrench hussar. Metal Modeles are at BP 66, LaQueniere, Route de Mons, 83440 Fayence.Among the range of figures produced by LeCimier, 38 Rue Ginoux, 75015, Paris, are a range ofbusts ofNapoloenic French army soldiers. The rangeincludes a hussar and a carabinier.Tradition of London Ltd at 33 Curzan Street,Mayfair, London, WlY 7AE (Tel: 0171 493 7452, Fax:01713551224)andUnderTwoFlags,4StChristopher's Place, Oxford Street, London \tV] (Telor fax 0 I71 935 6934) both stock a variety ofapoleonic figures. One ofTradition's latest releasesis a set of toy figures depicting some of the charactersin the Sharpe series.apoleonic figures are continuing to grow in therange produced by the Italian company, Pegaso. Thelist includes a magnificent 90mm hussar of theNeapolitan Guard 1812-1815, sculpted by LucaMarchetti. Pegaso Models are at c.P., 99 SienaCentro, 53100 Siena, Italy.Relocated to America from Belgium, VerlindenProductions at the VLS Corporation, 811 Lone StarDrive. O'Fallon, Missouri 63366 are producing some120mm resin Napoleonic figures including an officerof the Polish lancers of the Imperial Guard, a Frenchhussar officer and a figure of the flamboyant Frenchcavalry commander, Lasalle.Fan Duquesne miniatures, 105 Tristan Drive,Pittsburgh PA 15209, USA have a 120mm mountedFrench cuirassier, 1812, in their range sculpted byMike Tapavica. A bust of a 95th Rifleman, sculpted byrising British talent]on Cheeseman.Many of the figures mentioned above and otherNapoleonic miniamres are stocked by HistorexAgents, Wellington House, 157 Snargate Street,Dover, Kent, CT17 9BZ. One of the largest modelmail order specialists in the world, Historex Agentsalso stock the legendary 54mm I-listorex plastic kitsthat revolutionised the model soldier hobby back inthe 70s and which are still very popular today.British, French, Russian, Prussian and Austrian25mm wargame figures are pan of the vastNapoleonic range produced by Connoisseur Figuresat 27 Sandycombe Road, Kew, Richmond, SurreyTW9 2EP (Phone & Fax 01819408156).Bicorne Miniatures have a range of 25mmapoleonic miniatures and £1 will bring you a pricelist and a sample figure. V,Trite to Brian Holland, 40Churrch Road, ppermill, Oldham, OL3 6EL.Irregular Miniatures of 69A Acomb Road,Holgate, York, Y02 4EP (Tel: 01904 790 597) havebrought out a range of42mm Napoleonic figures forthe wargamer and collector. The range includesFrench line infantry and British light infantry.Minifigs, one of the originators of wargamefigures, are still producing a wide range ofNapoleonicfigures. For details write to Minifigs at 1-5 GrahamRoad, Southampton SOl4 OAX.Elite Miniamres of 26 Bowlease Gardens,Bessacarr, Doncaster, South Yorkshire, DN4 6AP (Tel:01302530038) produce high quality 25mmNapoleonic figures for the warga mer and collectorincluding a particularly fine Peninsular CampaignBritish foot artillery battery.Wargames Foundry of the Foundry, Mount Street,Jew Basford, Jottingham, 1 G7 7HX producequality 25mm ranges ofNapoleonic figures from1805-1815 and also from the French RevolutionaryWars 1789-1802.Dixon Miniatures at Spring Grove Mills,Linthwaite, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD7 5QG(Tel and fax: 01484 646 162) include an extensiverange of 25nU11 Tapoleonic figures in their range ofwargaming figures.IndexAAdmiral 117Aides-de-Camp 16-18Aix 136Agens 64Albanian Regiment 130Albuera 90Angereau, Marshal 14Antibes 62Antwerp 118Amiens 136Amsterdam Paid Guard 133Aragon 112Ardennes 110Alsace I 10Artistes Veterinaires 108Artillerie' cheval (Guard) 40-41, 46Artillerie • pied (Guard) 44, 46-48Artillerie de la JV[arine I 17-118Artillery 19, 101Artillery Train (line) 19, 101, 104Artillery Train (Guard) 42, 47Artillerie septinsulaire 131Artisan workers administrative corps(Guard) 48Astorg, Count 15Austerlitz 9,55Austria 55, II ,121Aviguon 117, 135BBalkans 130Bataillon de Chasseur-Flanqueurs (Elba)129Bataillon de chasseurs • pied grecs 130Bataillons coloniam 60-61, 1st Battalion 61Bataillon des chasseurs d'Orient 130Baraillon des deserreurs fran~ais rentres 6-+Bataillons etrangers 134Bataillons expeditionnaires des [ndes 133Batailliom de Neuchate1 123-124Bat:lillons de pionniers (Hollandais) 134Bataillon polonais (Garde) 49Bataillon septinsulaire 131Bataillon val3is3n 123Battlion of Orien«11 Chasseurs 130Battalion of Repatriated French Deserters64Baylen 50Beauharnais, Prince Eugene of6....Belgium 135Beresford, General 90Berg Lancers (Guard) 26, 30Bemadorte, Marshal 16, 20Bertheir, Marshal 15, 16,82,123134Bertrand, General 16Bessieres, Marshal 15Bicom hat 10llIack Pioneers 105Blanc, Chef de bataillon, Valaisan Battalion123Bonaparte, Napoleon 12,BordealLx 63Borghese, Prince 42Borodino 136Bosnia 131, 132Boulogne 9,134Bourges 132, 134Breda 100Breeches 10Brest 118, 133Brian~on 63Brienne, military academy 12British Infantry Regiments, 3rd, 31st, 4 thand 66th at Albuera 90Bro de Commere, 7th Hussars 86Brunswick, Duke 134Buquet, Gendarmerie General 112Burgos 112CCatalan Regiment 135Catalonia 112, 135Castell..,e, Marshal 9, 16,20Canonniers Garde-cotes 105, 107Canonniers-Veterans (Guard) 49Carabiniers 67-70Carnot, Lazare 6Caroline, Princess 4-2,124­Cavalry, 1st Regiment IIChalon-sur-Soane 135Chantilly 29Chasseurs des Alpes 65Chasseurs ofthe Alps 65Chasseurs colonialLx 65Chasseurs corses 64Chasseurs • cheval (Guard) 13, 19, lI-HChasseurs' cheval, 2nd Regiment (Guard)29,34Chasseurs • cheval 94-98, 100-10I, 1stRegiment 94, 5th Regiment 95, 13thRegiment 94, 14th Regiment 96, 19thRegiment 96, l3rd Regiment 98, 25thRegiment 93, 30th Regiment 93Chasseurs' cheval ioniens 130Chasseurs' cheval de la Vendee 101Chasseur • cheval heJvetiques 121Chasseurs d'[iJyrie 130Chasseurs des montagnes 65Chasseurs' pied (Guard) 36-38Chasseurs de La Reunion 57,66Chasseurs volontaires de la Martinique 66Cher 110Cherbourg 121Chevau-Iegers-Ianciers (French) 101, 1stRegiment 9, 93, 3rd Regiment 98Chevau-Iegers-Ianciers (polish) 7th - 9thRegimentsChevau-Iegers-Ianciers hollandais (Guard)28, 30, 32Chevau-Iegers-Ianciers de Berg (Guard) 26,30140 Napoleonic Wan Oil'ectol)'Index 141

Chevau-Iegers-Ianciers polonais (Guard) 9,Coat 1025,28-30,93Coatee 10Coast Guard Artillery 105, 107Colborne, Brigadier General 90Colonel-General of the Chasseurs a chevalof the Guard 16Colonel-General of Hussars 16Colonial Battalions 60-61, 1st Battalion 61Colonial Chasseurs 65Colonial GendarmerieColonial Pioneers 105Conscripts-Chasseurs (Guard)ollColonial-Grenadiers (Guard) 41Constant (Napoleon's valet) 9, 12Compagnies de reserve des deparrements115Compagnies de Sbires, de police (Tuscany)124Compagnie de Veterans (Guard) 3 -39Corfu 63, 130, 131Corps francs I 10Corps imperial de l'Arillerie 101-104-IOolCorps imperial de l'Arillerie de la MarineCorps imperial du Genie 102, 100lCorsica 62Regiment 76, 21 st Regiment 78, 23rdRegiment 81Dragons toscans 124Dreux-Nancre, Capt, ADe to GeneralGudin 19Dubois, Colonel, ith Cuirassiers Regiment73Dubrovnik 132Du Pouget, 5th Hussars 80lDutch Grenadiers (Guard) 37Dutch Lancers (Guard 28, 30, 32EEclaireurs acheval (Guard) 30Ecole militare, Paris 12Egypt 21, 23,130Equipages de Flotille 118-120Equipages de Haut-Bord 118-120Elba21,ol7,I29,I36Elisa, Grand Duchess ofTuscany ol2, 124Elite Gendarmerie 23, 26, 28Empress Dragoons (Guard) 21, 24, 26-27Expeditionary Battalions ofthe Indies 133Eugene de Beauharnais, Prince 63FFederated Sharpshooters 110Fesquet, 5th Hussars 86Firemen-sappers of Paris 116Garde de Paris 113-115Garde Nationale 109-110Gardes 'ationales de la Garde 21, 38, ol2Garde soldee d'Amsterdam 133Garde soldee de Rotterdam 133Generals, uniform 12-15Gendarmes d'Elite (Guard) 23, 26, 28Gendarmes lithuaniens 136Gendarmerie coloniale 113Gendarmerie imperiale 110-112Gendarmerie irnperiale de Paris 113Gendarmerie maritime 118Gendarmerie d'Espagne 112Gendarmes d'Ordonnance (Guard) 25Gendarmerie of Spain 112Generals 12-16Genoa 118Germany 25,50115,118,129Glossary (of uniform terms) 10Golfe-Juan 129Greek Foot Chasseurs 131Grenadiers acheval (Guard) 21-23Grenadiers d'Oudinot 60, sapper 62Grenadiers apied (Guard) 32-37Gribeauval 19Guadeloupe 59, 11 0, 121Guides Catalans IHImperial Corps of Engineers 102, 100lImperial Guard 20-50Independent Company ofAlava Infantry135Infantry (Light) 60-62, 65-66, 1st Regiment57, 5th Regimcm 61, 16th Regiment 8,14th Regiment (at Corfu) 63, 18thRegiment 64Infantry (Line) 7, 50-60, II th Regiment 5nnd Regiment 52, 32nd Regiment 8,36th Regiment 9, 66th Regiment 59,95th Regiment 52Infirmier 108Invalids I 16-117Ingenieurs-geographes 105Ionian islands 131Ionian Sappers 13 IIonian Mounted Chasseurs 131Irish Legion 126, 134Iron Crown, medal 12Isembourg Regiment 129, 131Italy 50, 93,123,130JJava 133Jerome, Prince 16Joseph, J

PiolUliers portugais 135Pionniers "olontaires etrangers 134­Pokalem cap 10Poland 2-,126.130,134Poniatow l'y, .llarshal 17Pontonniers 105Pontoon Troops 105Polish Battalion (Guard)-l9Polish Lancers (Guard) 9, 25, 28, 19, 93Portugal 101, 133Portuguese Legion 133-135, 3rd InfantryRegiment 126Portuguse Pioneers 135Prussia 111Prussian Regiment 129Pupilles (Guard) 37,45Pyrenees 63RRagusa (Dubrovnik) 132Rank badges 10-11Raveneau, 14th Chasseurs acheval 96Ravy, Private, 32nd Regiment 51Regiment albanais 126, 131Regiment de Catalogue 135Regiment de I'lle-de-France (at Mauritius)62Regiment d'U1~,;e 132Regiment d'isembourg 129RegimentJoseph-Napoleon 135Regiment lithuanien 135Regiment de la .\Iediterranee INRegiment de pionniers espaguols 155Regiment provisoires croates 126, 132Regiment de Prus e 129Regimentsuisses 121-122,2nd Regiment126, 3rd Regiment 122Regiment de La Tour d'Am·ergue 129Regiment de \"estphalie 129Regiment de \ Valcheren 133Rochefort 118Rome 124Roman Veterans 124­Rotterdam Paid Guard 133Roustan (Mameluke) 13Rus ia25,26,29, 121, 123, 126, 136SSailor of l'he Guard 43, 45, 47Salamanca 135Sapeurs espaguols 135Sapeurs de Genie de la Garde 48Sapeurs-pompiers de Paris 116Sappers ofthe Guard Engineers 4Schill 134144111dexenegal (French) 62eptinsular Artille~ 13 Ieptinsular Battalion 13 Ieptinsular Gendannerie 131eprinsular I 'eterans 131epoys (French) 66erezaner 11 ,131Seychelles Islands 110, 112. 133Shako 10. 12harpshooters (Guard) 46Sharpshooters of the PO 124Sharpshooters-Chas eurs (Guard) 44Sharpshooters-Grenadiers (Guard) 43Shee, Colonel, 13th Chasseurs ache,'al 94Shoulder strap 10Slovenia 131oult, '\Iarshal 90Spain 8, 16,60, 70, 86, 98, 112, 121, 123Spanish Artisan 135Spanish Pioneers 135Spanish Sappers 135Spanish Veterans 135Stratsbourg 105suchet, .llarshal 135Supply Train of the Guard 49Surtout 10wiss antQns 121Swi s Half Brigades 121Swi Regiments 121-122, 2nd Regiment126, 3rd Regiment 122TTamatave 133Tarht', Chefd'escadron, 2nd Carabiniers 6Tartares lithuaniens 29, 32TirailleuTS (Guard) 43Tirailleurs corses 63TirailleuTS federes 110TirailleuTS du PO 124TirailleuTS-ChasseuTS (Guard) 21,40Tirailleurs-Grenadiers (Guard) 21, 39Topographical engineers 105Toulon 118Tours 29Train d'Artillerie (Guard) 42, 47Train des Equipages de la Garde 49Tuscan Dragoons 124Tuscany INVI'alaisan Battalion 123Vence, .11. de (orderly officer to theEmperor) 15Vendee 101I'elites ofTorino, I'elites of Florence(GuardHIVersailles 29, 11­\'eterans 116-117I 'eterans (Guard) 3 -39\ eteran artille~111en(Guard) 49\ 'eterans espaguols 13-\ ·eterans romains 114­\-eterina~' ',-\rtiSts' 10\ ienna, Treaty of 131\ incennes 117\lstula Legion 90,101,130\1m' 136I'oltigeurs (Guard) 38, 44W\Valcheren Island 64, 133\Valcheren Regiment 133Waterloo 21, 43, 65,119\Vesel 123\ Vestern Legion 65Westphalia 94Westphalia Regiment 129\ Vhite infantry uniforms - -60White Pioneers 13 3AcknowledgementsThe author would like to thank thefollowing people and organisations withoutwhose help this study would have beenimpossible: Francis Back, ~lontrealj RaoulBrunon of the ,\Iusee de I'Armee, Salon-de­Provence; Col. John R, Elting, Cornwall,New York; Adrian Fonnan, Minehead,Somerset; Peter Harrington of the AnneS.K. Brown Nliljtary Collection, BrownUniversity, Providence, Rhode Island; DonTroiani, Southbury, Connecticut; Timl"ewark of!\Lilitary LIIu trated, LondonjCol. Jacque Ostiguy, Onawa, Ontario;L\lichel Petard, 1 antes, Francej RobinSmith regarding the Directo~" And, lastbut not least, my wife Luce and my twOsons Louis and Alexandre for their patienceand support.