soil physical properties and spring maize yield as influenced by ...

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278H .M. R. Javed et al.conductivity of the soil upto two orders of magnitude and enhanced soilporosity upto 27 percent of total soil volume (12).Organic matter affects soil physico-chemical properties giving the soil darkercolour, increases soil aggregation and aggregate stability, increases CEC(cation exchange capacity), lowering soil pH, increasing soil microbial activityand enhances the availability of N, P and other nutrients (24, 27). Most oforganic matter (i.e. FYM) takes longer time for decomposition due topresence of lignin in it (26). That is why, the addition of poultry manure trendinto the field crop is increasing. The organic matter is less than 5 percent inPakistani soils (27). In Pakistan, poultry is contributing a valuable part intothe agricultural sector and showed a robust growth of 8-10 percent annually(3) and produces 890 metric tons poultry manures annually. The poultrymanure as a source of plant nutrients is better than FYM because it took lesstime for decomposition and improved soil fertility (23, 28). Poultry manureincreased the crop yield than no manure (23, 26).The present study was planned to evaluate the effect of different tillagepractices and integrated use of poultry manure with synthetic fertilizers onsoil physical properties and maize yield in clay loam soil of Faisalabad.MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study was carried out in the Department of Agronomy, University ofAgriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during the year 2010 and 2011. Maize cropwas sown in rice harvested field situated at 30 0 - E and 74 0 - N having 184 maltitude. Layout system was RCBD with split plot arrangement having threereplications and plot size of 10 m × 4.5 m with six rows in each plot. Row xrow 75 cm and plant x plant 20 cm distance was maintained to keep 300plants per plot. During both years, tillage practices were kept in main plots,while poultry manure treatments were in sub-plots. Four tillage practices viz.zero tillage (seed was sown with help of dibbling without ploughing),minimum tillage (one cross cultivation with normal cultivator + planking)conventional tillage (3 cross cultivations with normal cultivator followed byplanking) and deep tillage (two cross deep ploughing with chisel ploughfollowed by one cultivation with normal cultivator and finally followed byplanking) while three levels of poultry manure (0, 5 and 10 Mg/ha) wereapplied. One year old well rotten poultry manure was used for the experimentand analyzed for its nitrogen, phosphorus and potash compositions (Table 1).At first, crop fertilizer requirements was fulfilled from the poultry manure andthen left over crop need was supplemented from the synthetic fertilizers usingJ. Agric. Res., 2013, 51(3)
Soil properties and maize yield as influenced by tillage practices279Table 1.Chemical analysis of poultry manure.CharacteristicsComposition (%)2010 2011Nitrogen 2.11 2.17Phosphorus (P O )2 51.21 1.29Potassium (K O)21.85 1.91Dry matter 72.85 74.03urea, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and muriate of potash as sources ofnitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Synthetic fertilizer in control poultrymanure treatment was applied @ 380 kg nitrogen, 280 kg phosphorus, 192kg potash per hectare during both years of study while 5 Mg per hectarepoultry manure treatment received 275 and 272 kg nitrogen, 220 and 216 kgphosphorus, 100 and 98 kg potash while 10 Mg per hectare poultry manuretreatment received synthetic fertilizer @ 168 and 163 kg nitrogen, 159 and151 kg phosphorus and 7 and 1 kg potash during 2010 and 2011,respectively. In each year before start of experiment, soil samples from twodepths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) with the help of auger was taken and subjectedto different soil physico-chemical analysis in laboratory (Table 2).Meteorological data of both years of crop duration was taken from themeteorological cell situated at 0.4 km working under the Department of CropTable 2. Physico-chemical analysis of experimental soil taken from two depths (0-15and 15-30 cm).Characteristics Unit2010 20110-15 cm 15-30 cm 0-15 cm 15-30 cmA. Mechanical analysisSand % 61 57 60 55Silt % 15.8 18.6 16.1 23.4Clay % 23.2 24.4 22.9 23.4Textural class Sandy Clay Loam Sandy Clay LoamB. Chemical analysisSaturation % 40 40 40 40EC dS/m 1.20 1.12 1.26 1.18pH - 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.1Organic matter g/kg 3.9 3.2 4.4 3.8Total nitrogen % 0.06 0.02 0.084 0.038Available P ppm 7.38 5.2 7.45 5.55Available K ppm 290 150 297 161Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan (Fig). Soil bulkdensity (9), soil total porosity (22), water infiltration rate (10) and rootJ. Agric. Res., 2013, 51(3)
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