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280H .M. R. Javed et al.penetration resistance were measured using the standard procedures. Maizegrain yield per square meter was taken at crop harvesting using thequadrate. Data were statistically analyzed using the Statisitca 10.1V software(5) and significant treatments means were separated using Tukey’s test at 5percent probability level (4).Bulk density (Mg/ m 3 )RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSoil physical properties were remarkably affected by different tillage practicesand organic matter amendment during both years (Table 3). During 2010,significantly higher bulk density (1.49 Mg/ m 3 ) was observed in zero tillagetreatment followed by minimum tillage (1.46 Mg/m 3 ) and conventional tillage(1.41 Mg/m 3 ). The lowest bulk density was recorded in deep tillage treatment(1.38 Mg/ m 2 ) (Table 3). The same trend of data was observed during 2011.The higher bulk density in zero tillage treatment might be due to undisturbedsoil and more penetration resistance as compared to other tilled soilstreatments. The deep tillage had least bulk density during both years ofstudy. It might be due to more fine, pulverized soil by chisel upto 0.45 m. Inaddition, deep tillage broke down the hard pan of soil, which also caused thelower bulk density. These results are in line with those of Zorita (32) whoconcluded that bulk density was significantly decreased as tillage intensitywas increased. Jin et al. (19) reported that lower bulk density in deep tillagesoil than conventional tillage could be due to loosening the lower layers ofsoil through deep ploughing. Zero tillage was found to be associated withincreased soil bulk density (25).With regards to poultry manure, maximum bulk density (1.47 Mg/m 3 ) wasrecorded during 2010 in control treatment which was at par with 5 Mgfollowed by 10 Mg per hectare poultry manure (Table 3). During 2011 thehighest bulk density (1.43 Mg/m 3 ) was also recorded in control against thelowest (1.36) in poultry manure @ 10 Mg. The highest bulk density in controltreatment could be due to less organic matter, less water holding capacity ofcontrol soil while the poultry manure soil treatment had more concentration oforganic matter which increased the water holding capacity of soil and henceless bulk density (1). In the year 2011, significant lower value of bulk densitythan the year 2010 might be due to more rainfall and moisture contents (Fig).No poultry manure and no FYM field was significantly lower in bulk density(1). Bahremand et al. (8) observed that application of farmyard manurereduced the soil bulk density.J. Agric. Res., 2013, 51(3)
Soil properties and maize yield as influenced by tillage practices281Table 3.Influence of different tillage practices and poultry manure treatments on soilphysical properties and maize grain yield.TreatmentsBulk density(Mg/m 3 )Total porosity(m 3 / m 3 )Water infiltrationrate (mm/ hr)Root penetrationresistance (kpa)Grain yield(g/ m 2 )2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011Tillage practices 1.49a 1.46a 0.44a 0.46c 18.0b 15.0c 1729.6a 1720.3a 678.1c 876.6bZero tillageMinimum tillage 1.46b 1.42b 0.45c 0.47b 19.6a 17.3b 1675.5b 1663.7b 856.7b 1176.8aConventional 1.41c 1.37c 0.47b 0.48a 19.7a 17.7b 1654.7c 1645.4c 887.4b 1198.5atillageDeep tillage 1.38d 1.34c 0.48a 0.49a 20.2a 19.2a 1631.8d 1627.1c 945.8a 1267.2aLSD 0.032 0.027 0.012 0.005 1.38 1.36 13.50 23.21 72.50 88.76Poultry manureControl 1.47a 1.43a 0.45b 0.46c 18.4a 20.5a 1683.5a 1674.2a 664.4c 779.6c5 Mg/ha 1.43ab 1.40b 0.46ab 0.47b 17.5a 19.7a 1675.2b 1664.8b 887.1b 1181.5b10 Mg/ha 1.41b 1.36c 0.47a 0.49a 16.0b 18.0b 1659.8c 1653.4c 912.2a 1109.9aLSD 0.039 0.032 0.043 0.003 0.83 0.87 6.62 9.09 21.65 33.46InteractionTillage practicesx poultry manureNS NS NS NS NSTotal porosity (m 3 / m 3 )Fig. Meteorological data during crop growth season.During the year 2010 higher total soil porosity (0.48 m 3 / m 3 ) was recorded indeep tillage treatment followed by conventional (0.47 m 3 / m 3 ) and minimumtillage treatments (0.45 m 3 / m 3 ), against the lowest in zero tillage treatment(0.44 m 3 / m 3 ) (Table 3). Similar trend was observed during 2011. The highervalue of total porosity in deep tillage treatment might be due to more poroussoil and deep ploughing of soil might have disintegrated the particlescompletely. The lower value of total porosity in zero tilled soil might be due tovery compacted soil and higher moisture content which reduced the numberof pores of soil. Tangyuan et al. (30) reported that total soil porosity amongJ. Agric. Res., 2013, 51(3)
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