PDF - Manor Vets

Newcastle Disease• Highly contagious virus caused by avianparamyxovirus type 1• Sings include depression, respiratorydistress, yellow/green diarrhoea, tremors,paralysis and death• Affected humans may show conjunctivitisand flu-like signs

Avian Influenza• Highly contagious affecting respiratory,digestive and/or nervous system• Primarily a bird pathogen, althoughhuman infection seen rarely• Signs include odema of comb andwattles, cyanosis, dullness, diarrhoea,egg drop, sudden death

Avian influenza• Notifiable disease• Compulsory slaughter of clinicallyaffected birds and those who are likely tobe infected• Compulsory movement restrictions forpremises with suspected cases• Further information at DEFRA website7

Avian Influenza• Control by avoidance• Cover feeding areas to avoidcontamination by wild birds• Prevent mixing poultry and wildwaterfowl

E. coli and Campylobacterjejuni• Commonly found in large intestine ofpoultry• Infected birds do not show clinical signs• Thought to be major cause of enteritis inhumans

E. coli and Campylobacterjejuni• Diagnosis by faecal and postmortem samples• AHVLA carries out investigations to tracesources of human outbreaks on request of theHealth Protection Agency• Contact AHVLA for guidance if outbreaksuspected• Good hygiene practices important - handwashing, clean nesting boxes• Do not keep poultry in home environment

Salmonella• S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium biggest concern aszoonoses• S. Pullorum and S. Galliarum most significant forclinical disease in poultry• Previously well publicised cause of enteritis inhumans• Out breaks of enteritis in humans with bloodydiarrhoea who have been in contact with poultryshould be investigated• Closely monitored in commercial flocks by AnimalHealth Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA)

Salmonella• Infected poultry may be asymptomaticor show diarrhoea, dullness,dyspanoea and sudden death• Clean dry nesting boxes, handwashing, good basic environmentalhygiene• Wildlife control• Vaccination

Salmonella• Contact local AHVLA InvestigationCentre to discuss with a VeterinaryInvestigation Officer• Guidance given by AHVLA onmonitoring and diagnosis of suspectcases

Practical Aspects• Anesthesia• Blood sampling• Fluid therapy• Coelominocentesis• Ingluviotomy

Anesthesia• Masking using isoflurane recommended– Initial 4-5% in 2l oxygen– Does not appear aversive in avian species– Rapid induction and recovery• Alternative injectable protocols rarelyindicated• Beware excitation phase

• Intubation– Glottis clearly visible and accessible at tonguebase– Uncuffed tubes used as cartilage rings arecomplete– Corneal reflex and capnography are the mostuseful monitoring tools– Rapid changes in depth possible due toefficiency of the avian respiratory system

Blood sampling• Jugular– Apterium on right side of neck• Align vessel with vertebrae before samplingto allow application of pressure for haemostasis• Superficial ulnar vein– Often used for catheterisation– Blood sampling can be done from catheter– Haematoma formation often greater than jugular• Manual haematology necessary

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Fluid Therapy• SC, IV and IO routes• Hartman’s appropriate for most cases• Generally 5% of body weight boluses a goodamount to start with• Maintenance requirements are50-100mls/kg/day• SC - inguinal fold or over scapulae• IV - most common ulnar vein• IO distal ulnar, proximal tibia1119

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Coelominocentesis• 14g IV catheter• Three way tap• 50ml syringe• Kidney dish• Measuring jug

Coelominocentesis• Bird held standing• Aseptic preparation of skin on ventralcoelom• Transillumination or ultrasonographyof coelom to avoid viscera• Gentle back pressure on syringe• May need to adjust needleplacement if more than singlecompartment of fluid

Ingluviotomy• Indicated for removal of crop foreignbodies or impactions• Drainage and debridement in severecases of sour crop• Placement of ingluviotomy tube forlong-term nutrition

Ingluvitotomy• Indicated for removal of foregn bodiesor impactions in the crop• Grass balls• Straw• Twigs etc

Ingluviotomy - equipment• 3-0 monofilament absorbable suturematerial• Crop tube• Fine general surgical kit

Ingluviotomy - procedure• General anesthesia induced and birdintubated• Placement in right lateral recumbency, headelevated above the level of the crop• Crop tube placed through mouth into cropto delineate position of crop wall• Incision made by sharp dissection over theleft craniolateral crop wall

Ingluviotomy - procedure• Stay sutures placed into the crop wall toaid handling and prevent tissue trauma• Incision into the crop made in anavascular area over palpated tip of croptube• Removal of crop foreign body orimpaction

Ingluviotomy - procedure• Closure of crop wall with invertingpattern using 3.0 monofilamentabsorbable suture material• Skin closed with horizontal mattress orcruciate pattern• Heavily contaminated areas mayrequire skin drainage and incompleteclosure