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12| 13Michael ThonetEugène Delacroix1809 Charles Darwin is born 1837 Victoria becomes queenof the United Kingdom1851 First World’s Fair in London1857 Gustave Flaubert,Madame Bovary1874 First Impressionistexhibition in Paris1887–1889 Eiffel Towerbuilt in ParisWilliam Morris1894 Tower Bridge in Londonopened for traffic1900 Boxer Rebellion in China1914 Beginningof WorldWar IMichael Thonet1745 1750 1755 1760 1765 1770 1775 1780 1785 1790 1795 1800 1805 1810 1815 1820 1825 1830 1835 1840 1845 1850 1855 1860 1865 1870 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920“Never was a better and more elegant design and a more precisely crafted and practical item created.” This was how thearchitect Le Corbusier admiringly described the bentwood furniture. It was a cabinetmaker from Boppard, a small townon the Rhine River, who revolutionized furniture design of the 19th century with his pioneering invention.Michael Thonet, coffeehousechair No. 214, re-edition byThonet GmbHAround 1830, Michael Thonet began to experimentwith a new process that permitted him to bendlaminated wood and later even solid beech-woodrods into curved shapes using steam and pressure.With the bentwood, he broke new ground in designduring the mechanical and industrial age.The Austrian Chancellor Prince Klemens Wenzelvon Metternich, who was himself from theRhineland, was impressed by Thonet’s work at theKoblenz trade fair in 1841. He advised Thonet to goto Vienna and promised to put in a good word forhim at court. In 1842, Thonet was granted theprivilege by the Imperial and Royal Court Chamberto “bend any type of wood, even the most brittle,into any shape or curve using chemical-mechanicalmethods.” Thonet first worked for the parquetmanufacturer Carl Leistler and created magnificentparquet floors and chairs for the Palais Liechtenstein.In 1849, he established his own workshop forthe production of bentwood furniture, which, after1853, was run under the name Gebrüder Thonetwhen he transferred the business to his five sons(without of course removing himself from thebusiness).In 1849, Chair No. 1 was created for the gardenpalace of Prince Schwarzenberg. Its constructionwas revolutionary: the individual parts created frombentwood were all finished parts that could becombined with the parts of other models using atoolbox principle. Thonet thus created the basis forthe variety of types and models in industrial massproduction. The company’s most successful modelwas Chair No. 14, which was made of solid beech andcreated in 1859. It became famous as a Viennesecoffeehouse chair. Over 50 million units of thismodel alone were sold by 1930. It is the mostmanufactured chair in the world and is a perfectexample of a modern article of mass consumption.In the 1850s, Thonet established a flourishingbentwood furniture industry by moving the productionsites to the forested regions of Moravia, Silesia,Hungary, and Poland and by increasing worldwidesales. This is where Thonet’s true talent becameapparent as he combined his groundbreaking inventionwith ingenious business sense. The bending ofsolid wood, which is what had made industrial massproduction at all possible, was soon copied by competitors.Thonet’s bentwood furniture was clearlyidentified by the stamp and trademarks and could betaken apart. The low transport costs made it perfectfor export. Worldwide turnover was expanded withthe aid of advertisements, catalogs, and retail outletsin all the major cities of Europe and the US.The company continued to flourish even afterMichael Thonet’s death in 1871, and after the turn ofthe century, leading designers began to createfurniture for Gebrüder Thonet. In 1929, the Frenchsubsidiary Thonet Frères was established and theproduct range was expanded to include tubularsteel furniture by Marcel Breuer and Ludwig Miesvan der Rohe, among others. The Thonet familybusiness is now being run by the fifth generationand is today based in Frankenberg, in North Hessen,Germany. ch1796 Born in Boppard am Rhein1819 Establishes a furniture workshopin Boppard1830 First experiments with bentwood(Boppard laminated wood chairs)1842 Invited to Vienna by Prince Metternich1843–1846 Works with his five sonsat the parquet company CarlLeistler, including work on furnishingsat the Palais Liechtenstein1849 Establishes his own furnitureworkshop in Vienna, run from1853 on under the name GebrüderThonet1851 Bronze medal for Thonet’sfurniture at the first World’s Fair,London1856 Patents the process for bendingsolid wood1859 Chair No. 14 (Viennese coffeehousechair)1860 Establishes factory production1867 Awarded the gold medal at theWorld’s Fair in Paris1871 Dies in ViennaPortrait of Michael Thonet
14 | 15aboveGebrüder Thonet, Chair No. 209,re-edition by Thonet GmbHright pageGebrüder Thonet, Chair No. 233,re-edition by Thonet GmbH
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Page 4: Front cover from top to bottom:Arne
Page 9 and 10: 18| 19William MorrisCharles Rennie
Page 11: 22| 23Josef HoffmannGustav Klimt182
Page 15 and 16: 30| 31Le CorbusierLudwig Mies van d
Page 17 and 18: 34| 35Wassily KandinskyPiet Mondria
Page 19 and 20: 38| 39Paul KleeLudwig Mies van der
Page 21 and 22: leftColdspot refrigerator, 1934belo
Page 23 and 24: 46| 47Wassily KandinskyAlvar AaltoR
Page 25 and 26: 50| 51Pablo PicassoJosef AlbersJean
Page 27 and 28: leftBauhaus display cases, 1925,re-
Page 30 and 31: 60| 61Constantin BrâncușiIsamu No
Page 32 and 33: 64| 65Max BillEl LissitzkyDieter Ra
Page 34 and 35: 68| 69Pablo PicassoDiego RiveraTapi
Page 36 and 37: 72| 73Joan MiróRobin DayLucienne D
Page 38 and 39: 76| 77Mark RothkoEttore SottsassAnd
Page 40 and 41: 80| 81Achille CastiglioniMarcel Duc
Page 42 and 43: 84 | 85Selene plastic chair, 1969Ma
Page 44 and 45: 88 | 89Basket 370FC04, Blow up, cen
Page 46 and 47: 92| 93Arne Jacobsen1895 First Venic
Page 48 and 49: 96| 97Terence ConranDamien HirstPip
Page 50 and 51: 100| 101Dieter RamsHans GugelotJona
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Page 54 and 55: 108| 109Frank O. GehryVITRA1909 Pub
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112| 113Ron AradZaha Hadid1902 Alfr
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116| 1171925 Invention oftelevision
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122| 123Edward Ruscha1919 Treaty of
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126| 127Sol LeWittCy Twombly1916-19
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130| 131Donald JuddJasper MorrisonK
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134| 1351930 Grant Wood,American Go
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138| 1391931 Second SpanishRepublic
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142| 143AppleJonathan IveDieter Ram
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146| 147Mimmo Paladino1939-1945 Wor
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150 | 151Tejo Remy, Multiplex, ches
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IndexAalto, Alvar 46Alessi 86Apple
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