Infant Feeding in Leicester City - East Midlands Public Health ...

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25duration of breastfeeding also had an important effect, and the longer an infant had been breastfed the lesslikely they were to experience GI (once they had been breastfed for longer than two weeks).This relationship is clear in other studies. Quigley et al(19) found that infants that were formula fed weremore than four times as likely to experience diarrhoeal disease as those who were exclusively breastfed,although they needed to be breastfed for at least six months. In a later study, Quigley et al(20) found thatinfants who had been exclusively breastfed had significantly lower admissions for GI (65% less likely to beadmitted to hospital) than those who had never been breastfed. They suggested that 53% of all GIadmissions could be prevented by exclusive breastfeeding and 31% by partial breastfeeding. A study in theNetherlands(21), found that infants who had breastfed for greater than six months were 55% less likely toexperience GI than those who had never been breastfed. There were no protective effects for infants thathad been breastfed for a shorter time period.While it is clear that breastfeeding has a protective effect against incidence of GI, there is debate on thetime period required to confer health benefits. In the 2005 Infant Feeding Survey(1), a significant drop inprevalence of GI was seen in those babies that had been breastfed for at least four months, and this dropwas even greater if they had been breastfed for at least six months. Some studies have shown that infantswere less likely to have diarrhoeal disease if they had been breastfed for at least three months(22)(23)(24).However, others have found that infants have to be breastfed for at least six months for significant effectsto be seen(21)(20)(19).The duration that such health benefits remains after cessation of breastfeeding also differs betweenstudies. In general, the longer an infant has been breastfed the longer the protective effect will exist; but thetime since cessation of breastfeeding is also an important factor. Howie et al(24) found that infants who hadbeen breastfed for at least 13 weeks had less incidence of diarrhoeal disease than those who had beenformula fed, and this protective effect was maintained until 52 weeks. Other studies have reported that theprotective effect only lasts an additional one or two months if they have been breastfed for at least sixmonths(19)(20). While Duijts et al(21) found that the protective effect was only maintained as long asbreastfeeding continued.Another factor which seems to have an impact on the protective effect of breastfeeding was whetherbreastfeeding was exclusive or partial. Quigley et al(20) found that infants who had been exclusivelybreastfed had significantly lower admissions for GI than those who had never been breastfed; this was nottrue for those who had been partially breastfed. A similar finding was reported in Quigley et al in 2006(19)for infants aged less than six months. However if breastfeeding was continued beyond six months partialbreastfeeding was associated with lower risk of GI. Howie et al(24) also reported that partial breastfeeding
26was associated with a reduced risk of GI. Raisler et al(25) reported that a reduced risk of diarrhoea wasonly associated with exclusive breastfeeding or where breastfeeding was a significant part of the infant‟sdiet. It is possible that there is a threshold level for the passive immunity conferred by maternal breast milkand that breast milk must make up the majority of the diet to achieve such health benefits and protectagainst GI.Breastfeeding clearly has a protective effect against GI but the precise strength of this effect is not fullyunderstood. In addition, the exact duration of breastfeeding needed for health benefits to be seen and thelength of time protection remains after breastfeeding stops are also areas where further work is needed.
Page 6 and 7: 5Notes.The data used cover the time
Page 8 and 9: 7More support is needed for mothers
Page 11 and 12: 10Local Variation.Fig.3Breastfeedin
Page 15 and 16: 14Table 1Initiation6-8 week prevale
Page 17 and 18: 16Demographics; Age of Mother.Fig.7
Page 19 and 20: 18over 35. It can be seen that the
Page 21 and 22: Breast Feednig RatesBreast Feednig
Page 23 and 24: 22When calculating deprivation quin
Page 25: 24Health Outcomes; Gastroenteritis.
Page 29 and 30: 28A number of studies have shown th
Page 31 and 32: 30Health Outcomes; Obesity in Recep
Page 33 and 34: 32Mangrio et al(37) found no signif
Page 35 and 36: 34model has been applied specifical
Page 37 and 38: 36given the same support in differe
Page 39 and 40: 38References1. Bolling, K., Grant,
Page 41 and 42: 4032. Contribution of Early Weight

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