The Big Bang Never Happened

■ INFINITE IN TIME AND SPACE ■Another example is cited by Paul Davies and Brandon Carter.Davies points out that the properties of stars such as our sun canbe roughly calculated knowing their structure and certain basicconstants of nature, such as the gravitational constant (G), electroncharge, and Planck's constant. According to Davies, Cartercalculated that if gravity's force were to differ from what it is byonly one part in 10 40 , stars like our sun could not exist—only giantstars, which presumably would not support planets with life.Again such a fine tuning of fundamental constants is attributableto divine foresight.A final such case of fine-tuned constants comes from FredHoyle, who points out that if a certain energy level in the oxygennucleus—in essence, how fast the nucleus vibrates—were .5 percenthigher than it is, all the carbon produced in a star's corewould burn immediately to oxygen, and none would be left overto make up living organisms.However, in each of these cases the "astonishing coincidence"is, in fact, evidence only of the faulty theories involved, a basicmisunderstanding of statistics, or a simple mix-up of the facts.The first example, that of the incredibly accurate omega, we'veseen before. It is one of many indications that Big Bang theory isinadequate—eliminate the Big Bang, and the incredible finetuningof omega is no longer needed. In the case of the "delicatebalance" needed for the sun, the idea that G is fine-tuned to onepart in 10 40 has no basis in Dr. Carter's actual calculations. In fact,the electrical force would have to be twice as strong or the forceof gravity six thousand times stronger than it is before stars likethe sun would be impossible.For the third example, the case of the missing carbon, it's necessaryto briefly discuss some basic ideas of statistics. To calculatethe probability of an event's occurring, one must ensure thatone has defined the event correctly. For example, many of ushave unexpectedly run into someone we know while far fromhome, perhaps in another country. The odds of meeting that particularperson at that particular time and place are so tiny as to bevirtually impossible. But if one tries to estimate the chance ofbumping into an acquaintance far from home at any point in ourlives, the chances become so great that such an event is no moresurprising than it is common.Similarly, if one looks through all the various energy states that399