Paint Manual - Hempel

Thank you for choosingHempel1 Contents2 Why do I need to paintmy boat?3 Preparing to paint4 Planning the job5 Temperature and humidity6 Personal protection8 Surface preparation13 Application methodsand tools16 Choosing the rightpaint system17 Painting adviceand specifications18 General painting advicefor all substrates21 Repainting all substrates23 Painting substrates23 Painting glassfibre25 Painting ferrocement26 Painting metal29 Painting and varnishing wood34 Painting decks, bilgesand lockers35 Painting keels36 Painting propellers,outdrives and sterngear38 Mast protection39 Osmosis40 What is osmosis and howit is caused?41 Osmosis protection43 Osmosis treatment45 Using High Protect47 Our products48 Primers and undercoats52 Fillers53 Antifoulings andbottom coats60 Topcoats63 Varnishes65 Teak treatment66 Thinners67 Boatcare71 Reference72 Calculating areas tobe painted73 Overcoating information74 Health and safety77 Troubleshooting79 Technical terms81 Colour Card

Why do I need to paint my boat?We need to paint for a whole number of reasons. As well as decoration andappearance, painting helps protect your boat, makes it easier to clean and safer tosail. By creating a film between a substrate (surface) and the environment, paintprotects:Steel & aluminium against CorrosionGRP against OsmosisWood against Rot and weatheringUnderwater areas against FoulingDecks against AbrasionOnce the surface is protected, paint can be used to enhance the appearanceof your boat.The Hempel Group of companies wasestablished in 1915by Mr J C Hempel with the motto of“Quality and Service”, which remainsthe hallmark of the Hempel Grouptoday.

Preparingto paint• Planning the job• Temperature and humidity• Personal protection• Surface preparation• Application methods and tools• Choosing the right paint system

4Preparing to paintPlanning the jobGeneral considerations:• Consider the total process, includingsurface preparation and paintapplication.• Decide on the type of paints you’regoing to use.• Consider drying, curing and recoatingintervals.• Consider anticipated temperatures andweather conditions.Indoor and outdoor painting advice:• If you’re painting indoors, make surethere’s plenty of ventilation so thepaint solvents evaporate and the paintcures properly.• If you’re painting outside, pick a calmweather day. This minimises the riskof dust pollution on the paint surface,and allows solvent based paints to flowout naturally, which will improve thefinal finish.

5Temperature and humidityOur paints are very tolerant to varyingconditions. The drying/curing andre-coating times we give in this guide are(unless otherwise stated) based on:• temperatures of 10 o C and 20 o C• relative humidity (RH) of 60–65%• a well ventilated working area.TemperatureYou may need to adjust these drying/curing times depending on the conditions.As a guide:• double drying/curing times for a dropof 10 o C• halve drying/curing times for a rise of10 o C• adjust accordingly between thesetemperatures.Remember that paint properties changewith temperature variation.At lower temperatures, paint thickens somay need thinning. Always note correct/maximum thinner ratios, and take carenot to add more than is recommended.Avoid painting above recommendedmaximum temperatures, as the fasterdrying/curing rates reduce the paint’sflowing properties, and this can result invisible application marks. This can alsohappen if you paint in direct sunlight,where the surface has a much highertemperature than the surrounding(ambient) temperature.Check minimum application temperatureof the paint you are using as the paint willnot cure below it, resulting in poor filmformation, poor adhesion between coatsand unsatisfactory gloss finishes.Relative humidityIdeally, relative humidity should not beabove 65%. (You can measure humiditywith a hygrometer.)A good test is to moisten the surfaceto be painted. If it dries within 10–15minutes it should be okay to paint.Key Advice:Do not paint outdoors too early or toolate in the day, when there’s a risk ofcondensation or dew.Preparing to paint

6Personal protectionPersonal protectionEnsure you wear suitable protective clothing, including gloves and glasses. Readlabels carefully and follow all application and health & safety advice. Open cans withcare. Don’t eat or drink in the vicinity of stored or applied paint.What are the hazardsChemical splash, dust,paint particles anddroplets, projectiles,vapour.The equipment to useSafety spectacles, goggles, faceshields, visors.EyesBreathingBreathing dust, vapour,fumes, aerosols, oxygendeficientatmospheres,paint particles.Short term filtering mask againstdust while sanding. Half facemaskfor sanding and painting, can bedisposable or with replaceable filtercartridges. Full air feed facemaskfor spray painting.Abrasion, cuts andpunctures, impact,chemicals, solvents, liquidpaints, skin infection.Leather gloves, latex gloves, armlets.HandsHandsDust, dirt, oil and grease,paint particles.Barrier cream: short termprotection. Cleaning cream:designed to remove contaminatesand cause least skin damage.Maintenance cream: to helprestore the skin’s natural protectivelayers.

97Personal protectionWhat are the hazardsDamage to inner ear fromloud or constant noiselevels.The equipment to useEar defenders, ear muffs, ear plugs.HearingBodyChemical or paint splash,spray from spray guns,impact or penetration,dust, excessive wear orentanglement of ownclothing.Overalls, coveralls.Wet, slipping, cuts andpunctures, falling objects,chemical and paintsplash, abrasion.Steel toe protection and anti-slipsoles. May be a pre-requisite onsome sites.FeetImpact from fallingobjects, head bumping,hair entanglement.A range of helmets and bump caps.Head

8Surface preparationSurface preparation:1. Removing old paint and antifoulingRemoving old paints and antifoulings can be easier with PaintStripper, which is a highly effective solvent based paint remover,and can be used on most painted or varnished surfaces.• Test a small section to see how longthe whole job is likely to take.• Apply Paint Stripper liberally by brushor roller a dry surface.• Take caution on plastics (it may harmsome thermoplasts).• Don’t do too big an area at once.• Leave for 15 – 30 minutes untilthe paint coat dissolves or lifts.(Antifoulings, alkyd paints andvarnishes react quickest, silicone andepoxy take longer.)• We recommend putting aluminiumfoil over the treated area to help stopactive solvents evaporating.• Scrape off old paint; clean withhot water and Pre-Clean.• Old or thick coatings may needa repeat treatment.Alternatives to Paint StripperAbrading. Use coarse paper for coatings,being careful not to damage the substrate.Wet abrade antifoulings to avoid inhaling toxicdust particles.Hot air guns can remove paints andvarnishes, but not antifoulings as toxic fumesare released.Don’t damage/burn the substrate!Paint scrapers work for varnishes andpaints, but not antifoulings.Wet abradeKey Advice:If you’re using a hot air gun,use at low temperature and take greatcare.Hot air gun / paint scraperPaint scraper

92. Cleaning and degreasingGood surface preparation is the key to achieving a greatfinish. Part of this preparation is making sure the surface isfree from dirt and contamination.Surface preparationPre-CleaningPre-Clean is a high strength cleanerand degreaser for pre-cleaning gelcoatand painted surfaces in order to removefuel, oil, grease, waxes and silicones. Youshould use this before painting, and fordeep cleaning.• Dilute 1 part Pre-Clean to 20 partswater for general cleaning, 1:10 formore demanding cleaning jobs.• Don’t use on bare or untreated wood,as it may absorb the water.You can also use Pre-Clean to cleanbrushes covered in part cured paint.DegreasingUse Degreaser to remove surfacecontaminants, especially wax or siliconeon new gelcoat. Do not use it on singlecomponent conventional paint systems,as the solvents in Degreaser can damagethe coating.• Work in a well ventilated area using aclean absorbent, lint free cloth soakedin Degreaser.• Using the soaked cloth in alongitudinal motion, clean 1m 2 ata time, changing the cloth surfacebefore the next section – wear solventresistant gloves and eye protectionwhile doing this.• Wipe excess Degreaser from thesurface using a new dry cloth.Key Advice:Check the surface for grease bysprinkling it with water. If pearlydrops form, the surface is still greasyand needs a further treatment withDegreaser. If the water flows outevenly, no grease is left on the surface.For general cleaning, see Boatcare section, page 67 - 70.

10Surface preparation3. AbradingAfter cleaning the surface you’re going to paint, it must beabraded to the correct profile. This is usually called “keying” thesurface. After keying, it’s essential to remove any dust beforepainting.Dry abradingDry abrading is recommended for:• removing old paint (not antifouling)• sanding filler• initial preparation of wood, aluminium, steel, leadand GRP.Dry sanding creates a lot of dust, so you should alwayswear a good quality particle mask and eye protection.Dry abrasive paper is available in various grades andcomes in sheets, disks or on a roll. To ensure evenhand abrading, wrap the paper around a cork sandingblock.Do not dry abrade antifoulings. They must always bewet abraded to avoid inhaling toxic dust particles.Size paper to fit blockWrap paper around blockDry abade

11Wet AbradingDue to the lubricating action of the water, there is minimum paper clogging and aclean surface can be quickly achieved.Wet abrasive paper is available in sheets in various grades, and should be used arounda cork sanding block to ensure an evenly abraded surface.Antifoulings must always be wet abraded to avoid inhaling toxic dust particles.Surface preparationWet abrasive paper Wet abrade Remove soiled waterChoosing the right grade paperSurface to abrade Dry paper grade Wet paper gradeGelcoat before priming for antifouling 150 180Gelcoat before priming for topcoat 150 – 180 240Bare wood 80 – 240 n/aBare metal 60 – 120 n/aEpoxy filler (2 component) 60 – 100 n/aUnifiller (1 component) 240 n/aPainted surface 150 – 180 180 – 240Varnished surface 220 240Old/deteriorated gelcoat 80 – 120 120Hard antifouling for a racing finish n/a 400 – 1200Before final coat of varnish or topcoat 280 – 400 600 – 800

12Surface preparationMechanical AbradingThe most popular types are:Belt SanderFor rapidly removing material on flatsurfaces.Random Orbital/Dual Action SandersRapidly removes material from mostsurfaces. With the correct paper grades,you can use these sanders all the wayfrom rough sanding to final sanding beforetopcoat application.Orbital SanderGeneral purpose sander for mostpreparations. Uses standard abrasivepaper, making it an economic choice.Abrasive BlastingBlasting leaves the ideal surface for newcoatings. Grit, slurry and sand are goodfor this. For aluminium and stainlesssteel, use a non-metallic abrasive, suchas garnet.This is usually carried out by aprofessional with the right equipment, butyou can hire a high pressure hose withattachments.Key Advice:•Only use drill machine attachmentsand angle grinders for rough abradingas they can cut in and leave marks.•Only lightly sand plywood and veneeredsurfaces to avoid sanding through thethin layer of veneer.

13Application methods and toolsThere are four main tools: brush, roller, paint pad and sprayequipment. Alongside the description of each product in thismanual, we recommend the best application tool.BrushAdvantagesVersatile, low cost and often the mostsuitable way to paint complex objects. Forrough surfaces, a brush works paint inbetter than any other method.Good practice• Use a good quality brush that’sas large as possible for the job.• Don’t use a new brush for the finalcoat, as they tend to shed bristles.• For best results, work ‘crisscross’ on amanageable area. Brush from side toside, then up and down.• Continue until the paint is evenlydistributed over the area, with yourfinal strokes being very light (“layingoff”)and vertical. (See Paint Pad onthe next page for an alternative way oflaying off).• Paint with the brush at an angleof 45 o to minimise brush marks.• During painting, the paint will start tocure on the brush. Clean the brushapproximately every 30 minutes forconsistency.RollerAdvantagesA low cost, versatile tool with similaradvantages to brush application. Rollersare particularly good on broad, evensurfaces, where they’re faster thanbrushing and the correct roller head cangive excellent results.Good practice• If speed is more important than finish,use a short pile mohair roller.• Small diameter felt and closed cellfoam rollers are recommended fora better quality finish.• In all cases use the crisscrosstechnique to distribute the paintevenly.• After applying by roller, laying off thepaint with a brush or pad will give animproved finish.• Before using a new felt or mohairroller, wrap masking tape around theroller and then pull it off. This willremove any loose fibres.Application methods and tools

14Application methods and toolsPaint padAdvantagesAlthough you can paint from scratch witha pad, they’re most effective for laying offpaint already applied by brush or roller.This eliminates almost all applicationmarks, and gives an excellent finish.Good practice• Use the pad immediately after you’veapplied the paint.• Draw the pad in one direction only,using vertical strokes to avoid a paintbuild up which may sag.Spray equipmentAdvantagesIt’s generally accepted that a spray gungives the best results.Good practice• Where possible, work inside toensure a steady temperature with lowhumidity.• Always wear a full air fed mask whenspraying two pack products.SpatulaAdvantagesDifferent sizes and shapes of spatula areavailable for various fillers and tasks.Good practice• If using a two component filler,mix small amounts at a time.• Wipe the spatula clean duringand after use.

15An important part of choosing the right tool is knowing howthick your paint needs to be, thus how much area you’llbe able to cover. Paint coat film thickness is measured inmicron. (1 micron = 1/1000 mm).Application methods and toolsHow to measure film thicknessYou can use a wet film thickness (wft)gauge if coating depth is critical, butnormally it’s sufficient to calculatethe area to be covered and apply therecommended amount of paint. Thisshould ensure the correct thickness.Our specifications supply this information,listing the litres required per square metre.Factors to bear in mind• Thickness alters as paint dries,because solvents evaporate.(An exception is High /Gel ProtectProtect – it’s solvent-free, so thethickness is the same wet and dry.)• An irregular surface means a largerarea, and therefore more paint.• Some surfaces absorb more paint thanothers.• When it’s cold, paint is thicker andmore difficult to distribute evenly.How much will I get?Tool/method Wet film thickness(micron)Plastic foam roller 20 – 40Felt roller 30 – 60Mohair roller 40 – 80Brush 20 – 80Air spray 25 – 150Key Advice:Don’t try to apply more than thespecified amount of product for onecoat, as this can cause problems withcuring and solvent entrapment whichmay result in coating failure.WetFilmThickness

16Choosing the right paint systemChoosing the right paint systemIt’s important to choose the best system for yourrequirements. A little time spent now could save costlymistakes. For most applications we offer two types of coatingsystem: Single Component (Conventional) and Two Component(High Performance).ONE COMPONENTTWO COMPONENTPROTECTION Good / Conventional Good / HighUSAGECOMPATIBILITYAND OVERCOATINGDURABILITYEasy to use. Use onsubstrates wheremovement is possible suchas clinker or carvel hulls.One component primer canonly be overcoated withone component system/topcoat.Good but less durable thantwo componet systems.Some experienceneeded. Considerationto temperature andovercoating timesrequired. Use wheremovement of substrate isminimal.A two component primercan be overcoated eitherby one component ortwo component system/topcoat.Generally twice as durableas single componetsystems.

Paintingadvice andspecifications• General painting advice for all substrates• Painting glassfibre• Painting metal• Painting and varnishing wood• Painting decks, bilges and lockers• Painting keels• Painting propellers, outdrives and sterngear• Mast protection• Repainting all substrates

18General painting adviceGeneral painting adviceThis section contains general painting advice, as well as advicefor painting on specific surfaces.Before painting, ensure....• the substrate has been cleaned anddegreased• all cracks and blemishes, above andbelow the waterline, have been finefilled with Epoxy Filler or Unfiller• the surface has been abraded toprovide a suitable key, then washedwith fresh water and allowed to dry• any dust on the surface has beenremoved with a tack rag.General tips when painting• Thoroughly prepare the surface – thisis key to a successful finish.• To avoid dust rising, dampen theground before painting.• Always stir paint thoroughly with a flatblade to an even consistency.• Stir paint periodically while applying.• Pour enough paint for the job intoa suitable container. With single packproducts, resealing the lid maintainsthe paint for next time.• It’s often easier if two people carry outbrush and roller painting, with the firstperson applying the paint with a rollerand the second person laying-off witha brush.• Remove any masking tape before thepaint completely cures. This will helpavoid exaggerated edges.General good practice when painting• Open cans with care.• Immediately clean up spills.• Don’t eat or drink in the vicinityof stored or applied paint.• Wear appropriate personal protectionequipment.• Ensure adequate ventilation for theproduct used. If necessary use arespirator.• Always read the label thoroughly. Ifyou’re not sure what’s needed, contactyour local Hempel office.• Any surface to be painted must alwaysbe thoroughly cleaned and primed.Key Advice:Check previous coating system forcompatibility to intended new coatingsystem.

19General painting adviceFill along boottopFairing any defectsFillingTo fill, build up a surface to the requiredprofile or spot fill (minor defects), applychosen filler onto a roughened, clean,primed surface.When spot filling, use a filling knifeor spatula.For large profile filling, use a wide fillingknife or trowel.If there are small cracks in gelcoat,you may need to widen the crackto create enough space to applythe filler.Ensure you use the correct amount offiller. If you use too much, you’ll needmore sanding to produce a fair surface.When filling deep holes or large areas,apply a number of layers of filler toeliminate the chance of overfilling orsagging on vertical surfaces.FairingOnce the filled area has cured, sand thefilled and surrounding area to the requiredfair profile.Spot FairingFor best results, sand by hand usingabrasive paper on a cork block to therequired fair profile.Fairing large areasLarge areas can be faired using a rangeof tools. Initial fairing can be carried outusing a sander with rough grade discs,followed by a random orbital or orbitalsander with lighter grade discs for a fairersurface. Skill is needed when using thesetools.It’s often more successful to use amanual fairing board. Although it’s slower,it can easily produce a smooth, fairsurface.

20General painting adviceApply antifouling over primerWet scrape to remove old antifoulingAntifoulingMost antifoulings are compatible andcan easily be overcoated, however:• The surface must be in goodcondition, free from contaminates.• Hard antifoulings leave an exhaustedlayer of resin at the end of theseason. Wet abrade surface beforeapplying new anti-fouling.• You can overcoat Teflon antifouling,if it’s in good condition and hasbeen washed. Do not abrade beforeapplying new antifouling.• A traditional/soft antifouling shouldbe sealed with Underwater Primerbefore applying an erodible or hardantifouling on top of it.• Keep the antifouling product indoorsbefore painting as it’s easier toapply if it has been stored at “room”temperature.• Always give antifoulings a good stirwith a bladed instrument beforeapplying, as they contain heavypigments which can settle.• Apply an extra coat along thewaterline and the leading edges,where water flows strongest.• It’s not advisable to thin antifoulings.However, in particularly coldconditions, thinning it by up to 10%will help with application.• Never dry sand old antifouling,as the dust is toxic.Key Advice:If you’re changing your antifouling,check the instructions for applyingthe new product onto your existingproduct. If in doubt, apply a tiecoatof an antifouling primer.

21Repainting all substratesMaintaining coatings helps the protection, appearance andvalue of your boat. Both two component and single componentfinishes need repainting. How often varies from boat to boat,depending on the existing paint system, usage, general wearand tear, mooring conditions and UV degradation.Repainting all substratesAbove the waterlineIf the existing coating is intact• Wash with Pre-Clean and freshwaterto remove surface contamination.• Allow to dry fully.• Abrade with 180–280 grade paper.• Freshwater rinse and allow to dry.• Apply undercoat where necessary,followed by 1–2 coats of topcoat, usingthe relevant painting specifications.Where the coatings are damagedYou may need to fill and prime first.• Degrease the surface thoroughly withPre-Clean or Degreaser (dependingon substrate).• Abrade with 100–240 grade paper.• Freshwater wash and allow to dry.• Spot prime and fill where needed,using appropriate materials.• Fair areas that have been filled.• Apply primer, undercoat and topcoatusing relevant painting specificationPlease remember 2 component productsshould not be applied to any single packsystem.Fill using bladeSpot fill using spatulaSpot prime

22Repainting all substratesBelow the waterlineWe recommend new antifouling once ayear for good protection.If the existing coating is intactOvercoat using the same antifouling:• Wash the surface with Pre-Clean andfreshwater, remove any loose paint andallow to dry.• Apply two coats of antifouling.• See page 45 for more information.Where the coatings are damagedYou may need to fill and prime first.• Wet abrade (100–240 grade paper).• Wash with Pre-Clean and freshwater,then allow to dry.• Spot prime and fill where needed,using appropriate materials.• Fair filled areas, apply more coatsof primer to encapsulate the filler.• Allow to dry fully before applying primerand antifouling from relevant paintingspecification.Clean abraded surfaceApply Underwater Primer onto preparedsurfaceApply antifouling over primer or tiecoat

23Painting substratesGlassfibreGlassfibre, or GRP (glass reinforced plastic), is a polyester resinstrengthened by glass fibres, making a high strength, low weightmaterial which requires little maintenance.Painting substrates – GlassfibrePainting glassfibreThe outer shell of the glassfibre has alayer of gelcoat. New gelcoat containslarge residues of wax and mould-releaseagents that must be removed beforepainting. Use Pre-Clean or Degreaserto remove mould release agents used inthe construction of the vessel. Abrade thesurface (150-180 grade paper). Removedust.Repainting glassfibreOver time gelcoat becomes old andweathered. This will cause the cosmeticappearance to deteriorate, and eventuallyit will need painting to protect the surface.Generally the deck and coach roof willdeteriorate sooner than the topsides.The extent of the degradation depends onmany factors:• colour and pigment of the gelcoat,• if the gelcoat has been maintained,• condition of where the vessel is kepte.g. strong UV light,• mechanical damage,• weathering, etc.Key Advice:Old gelcoat will probabily still bearresidues of wax and mould-releaseagents and it will be necessary tocarry out a degreasing procedure.

24GlassfibreGlassfibreGlassfibre – single pack system/conventionalProduct No ofcoatsAbove the waterlineCoating steps:1. PrimerUndercoat*2Recoating interval Covers(m ² Thickness per coat10oC 20oC /ltr) wft dft8h – 60d12h – 30d4h – 30d6h – 15d8.511.01201006050Thinner2. Brilliant Gloss 1 48h – 6d 24h – 3d 11 90 50 No 13. Brilliant Gloss 1 20h – 6d 10h – 3d – – – No 1* Always abrade before using Primer Undercoat on Glassfibre.No 1Below the waterlineCoating steps:1. UnderwaterPrimer1 – 22. Antifoulingonto Underwater 2 – 3Primer6h –indefinite9h –indefinite3h –indefinite5h –indefinite8 125 50 No 113 75 40 No 3Glassfibre – two component system/high performanceOn Glassfibre always apply 2K products as a first coat.ProductNo of Recoating interval Coverscoats(m ² Thickness per coat10oC 20oC /ltr) wft dftAbove the waterlineCoating steps:1. Light Primer/8h – 60d 4h – 30d 8.5 120 60Yacht Polyprimer 2 12h – 30d 6h – 15d 11.0 100 505%2. Supreme Gloss/Ocean Gloss 1onto Light Primer3. Supreme Gloss/Ocean Gloss1Below the waterlineCoating steps:1. Light Primerthinned 5%2. UnderwaterPrimer onto LightPrimer3. Antifoulingonto Underwater 2 – 3Primer8h – 60d8h – 6d24h – 60d12h – 14d4h – 30d4h – 3d12h – 30d6h – 7d11151115901009010050305030ThinnerNo 5No 2, 6No 2, 6No 6,7,8No 2, 6No 6,7,8up to 4 8h – 60d 4h – 30d 8 120 60 No 51 2h – 4h* 1h – 2h* 10 100 40 No 19h –indefinite5h –indefinite13 70 40 No 3* for best results overcoat Light Primer with Underwater Primer when the surface is almost drybut still has a slight tacky feel.

25FerrocementFerrocementFerrocement is a specialised form of reinforced concrete inwhich a matrix of steel rods and fine mesh is covered in a highquality mortar to produce a material of tensile strength andflexibility.It is a relatively inexpensive boatbuilding material with the advantage ofbeing fire resistant, durable and easyto repair. However, it is heavier andhighly skilled plasterers and painters areneeded to produce a finish comparablewith other boat building materials. Itis recommended to use a two packpainting system on ferrocement.Particular tips for paintingferrocementEnsure new ferrocement is fully cured.Stone down the ferrocement with a handheldmedium grit carborundum stonelubricated with fresh water or wet abradewith 120 grade wet or dry abrasive paper.ProductAbove the waterlineCoating steps:1. Light Primerthinned 20%2. Light Primerthinned 5%3. Supreme Gloss/Ocean Glossonto Light Primer4. Supreme Gloss/Ocean GlossBelow the waterlineCoating steps:1. Light Primerthinned 20%2. Light Primerthinned 5%3. Underwater Primer*onto Light Primer4. Antifoulingonto Underwater PrimerNo ofcoatsAlternatively, wet or dry abrasive blastthe hull to get a slightly roughened andfirm surface, free of scum layer andcontamination.Any loose wires or tie-ends exposed duringthis process should be punched below thesubstrate and filled.Acid wash the surface using 5% w/w(approx) nitric acid or phoshoric acidsolution. Leave for 2 - 4 minutes thenrinse off with fresh water.Check the pH reading of the surface ofthe substrate is between 6.5 and 8.0 andwhen scraped with a sharp knife, a cleanscratch is left.Allow the surface to dry naturally.Recoating interval Covers(m ² /ltr)Thickness percoat10oC 20oC wft dftThinner1 8h – 60d 4h – 30d 8.5 140 60 No 52 – 4 8h – 60d 4h – 30d 8.5 120 60 No 5128h – 60d8h – 6d24h – 60d12h – 14d4h – 30d4h – 3d12h – 30d6h – 7d11151115901009010050305030No 2 brush,No 6 sprayNo 6,7,8No 2 brush,No 6 sprayNo 6,7,81 8h – 60d 4h – 30d 8.5 140 60 No 55 8h – 60d 4h – 30d 8.5 120 60 No 51 2h – 4h 1h – 2h 10 100 40 No 12 – 39h –indefinite5h –indefinite13 75 40 No 3*For best results overcoat Light Primer with Underwater Primer when the surface is almost dry but stillhas a slight tacky feel.

26MetalMetalSteel and aluminium are widely used in boat construction due totheir strength, ease of fabrication and water tightness.In the marine environment, they needpainting to ensure resistance to corrosionand for a cosmetic finish.With the correct surface preparationand paint system, steel and aluminiumhulls will give long periods of service withminimal maintenance.Particular tips for painting metalIt’s essential that the paint systemcompletely isolates the metal surfacefrom air and water.Metal plates are often pre-primed with aprotective shop primer. This isn’t intendedto be part of the coating system, andideally should be removed before startingthe coating.Before working on metal, it must befree of corrosion. Remove salt andcontamination by high pressure(min 2500 psi) freshwater washing.Grit blast steel to Sa2.5 (Swedish VisualStandard, ie near white metal), or abrade.Grit blast aluminium with non-metalabrasives, or abrade with 60-120 gradepaper to bright metal.Prime bare metal with Light Primer,thinned 20%, straight after surfacepreparation to avoid contaminationand surface deterioration before coating,and to obtain maximum adhesion to thesurface.Check surface temperature beforecoating, as metal surfaces can varygreatly from the ambient temperature.

27MetalSteel – single pack/conventionalProductNo of Recoating interval Covers Thickness per coat Thinnercoats 10oC 20oC (m ² /ltr) wft dftAbove the waterlineCoating steps:1. Primer Undercoat 3 – 4 8h – 6d 4h – 3d 12 100 40 No 12. Brilliant Glossonto Primer Undercoat– 8h – 6d 4h – 3d – – –3. Brilliant Gloss 2 20h – 6d 10h – 3d 11 90 50 No 1Below the waterlineCoating steps:1. Underwater Primer 3 – 46h –indefinite3h –indefinite10 100 40 No 12. Antifoulingonto Light Primer2 – 39h –indefiniteSteel – two component/high performance5h –indefinite13 75 40 No 3ProductAbove the waterlineCoating steps:1. Light Primer/Yacht Polyprimer 25%2. Supreme Gloss/Ocean Gloss 1onto Light Primer3. Supreme Gloss/1Ocean GlossBelow the waterlineCoating steps:1. Light Primerthinned 20%2 Light Primerthinned 5%3. UnderwaterPrimer onto Light Primer*4. Antifoulingonto Underwater PrimerNo ofcoats8h – 60d12h – 30d8h – 60d8h – 6d24h – 60d12h – 14dRecoating interval Covers(m ² Thickness per coat/ltr)Thinner10oC 20oC wft dft1 8h – 60d 4h – 30d 8.5 140 60 No 55 8h – 60d 4h – 30d 8.5 120 60 No 51 2h – 4h 1h – 2h 10 100 40 No 12 – 39h –indefinite4h – 30d6h – 15d4h – 30d4h – 3d12h – 30d6h – 7d5h –indefinite8.511.0111511151201009010090100605050305030No 5No 2,6No 2,6No 6,7,8No 2,6No 6,7,813 75 40 No 3*For best results overcoat Light Primer with Underwater Primer when the surface is almost dry but stillhas a slight tacky feel.

28MetalAluminium – two component/high performanceProductAbove the waterlineCoating steps:1. Light Primerthinned 20%2. Light Primerthinned 5%3. Supreme Gloss/Ocean Glossonto Light Primer4. Supreme Gloss/Ocean GlossBelow the waterlineCoating steps:1. Light Primerthinned 20%2. Light Primerthinned 5%3. UnderwaterPrimer onto LightPrimer**4. Antifouling ontoUnderwater PrimerNo ofcoatsRecoating interval Covers(m ² /ltr)Thickness percoat10oC 20oC wft dftThinner1 8h – 60d 4h – 30d 8.5 140 60 No 52 – 4 8h – 60d 4h – 30d 8.5 120 60 No 5118h – 60d8h – 6d24h – 60d12h – 14d4h – 30d4h – 3d12h – 30d6h – 7d11151115901009010050305030No 2 brush, 6 sprayNo 6,7,8 sprayNo 2 brush, 6 sprayNo 6,7,8 spray1 8h – 60d 4h – 30d 8.5 140 60 No 54 – 5 8h – 60d 4h – 30d 8.5 120 60* No 51 2h – 4h 1h – 2h 10 100 40 No 12 – 39h –indefinite5h –indefinite13 75 40 No 3*Minimum total dft requirement 300 micron.**For best results overcoat Light Primer with Underwater primer when the surface is almost dry butstill has a slight tacky feel.

29Varnishing woodWood is a naturally occurring organic material that can sufferfrom several problems in the marine environment.Varnishing woodBeing biodegradable, wood is food forvarious organisms, from rot-inducing fungito boring worms and crustacea that turn itto crumbling honeycomb.It can also absorb water, causingmovement that adversely affects a coatingsystem’s adhesion.By correctly preparing the surface andusing an appropriate coating system,you can overcome these problems – andenhance wood’s natural beauty.Before paintingCheck the wood’s moisture content with amoisture meter. Only paint if the moisturecontent is below 13%.Particular tips when paintingand varnishing woodConsider the construction of thesubstrate, remembering that it’s notadvisable to put a two component systemonto carvel or clinker built wooden hulls,as they require the greater flexibility of asingle pack system.Sand wood with the grain using 80–120grade abrasive paper to provide a key forthe paint system.Clean wood by wiping Thinner No 1along the grain with a cloth, then allowingit to dry. Oily woods such as teak andiroko should be degreased by wipingDegreaser along the grain, which willremove some of the natural oil contenton the surface and ensure a greater bondwith the first coat.Note: Both paint and varnish finishes areavailable in single component and twocomponent systems for wood protectivecoatings.

30Varnishing woodRemove old varnish with hot air gunWoods commonly used in boatsOakYellowish brown, dense hardwood.Can be slightly oily in nature.Contact with ferrous metals will causestaining and corrosion.Uses: Ribs and frames, interior joinery andpanelling.MahoganyReddish brown hardwood with goodworking properties and durability.Uses: Planking, interior joinery andpanelling.TeakDark golden brown hardwood, which– being naturally oily – has excellentdurability.Uses: Planking hull and deck, interior andexterior joinery and panelling.Key Advice:Take care when sanding as dust is anirritant.Sand surfaceCedarPinkish brown hardwood ofmedium density.Uses: Hull planking.LarchPale reddish brown softwood that bendswell and will take impact.Uses: Hull planking.Ply/Marine PlyLayers of wood glued togethercreating an exceptionally strongand inflexible composition.Uses: mainly for hull planking for dinghiesand smaller boats.SpruceLight brown soft wood with poor selfpreserving. Low density.Uses: hull planking.Pitch PineLight brown soft wood with fair selfpreserving. Medium density.Uses: Hull planking

31Varnishing woodWood – single pack system/conventionalProductAbove the waterlineNo ofcoatsRecoating intervalThickness perCovers(m ² coat/ltr)10°C 20°C wft dftThinner2 – 4 16 – none 8 – none 3 – 6 – – No 1Wood Impregwet – wet wet – wet depends on woodFirst coat in wood systems should be always WOOD IMPREG (on untreated wood only).Coating steps:1. Grey Metallic Primer 1 24h – 14d 12h – 7d 10 100 45 No 12. Primer Undercoat* 2 – 4 8h – 6d 4h – 3d 12 100 40 No 13. Brilliant Glossonto Primer Undercoat1 8h – 6d 4h – 3d 11 90 50No 1,No 34. Brilliant Gloss 2 20h – 6d 10h – 3d 11 90 50No 1,No 3*MultiCoat may be used as an alternative to Primer Undercoat;and also as an alternative topcoat to Brilliant Gloss if you want a semi-gloss finish.1. MultiCoatthinned up to 20%1 16h – 10d 8h – 5d 12 100 40 No 12. MultiCoatthinned up to 10%1 16h – 10d 8h – 5d 12 90 40 No 13. MultiCoat 2 – 3 16h – 10d 8h – 5d 12 80 40 No 1Below the waterlineCoating steps:1. Underwater Primer1thinned up to 20%2. Underwater Primer 2 – 43. Antifouling2 – 3onto Primer Undercoat6h –indefinite6h –indefinite9h –indefinite3h –indefinite3h –indefinite5h –indefinite10 100 32 No 110 100 40 No 113 75 40 No 3

32Varnishing woodWood – two component system/high performanceProductNo ofcoatsAbove the waterlineCoating steps:1. Light Primer/Yacht Polyprimer 1thinned up to 20%2. Light Primer/Yacht Polyprimer 2thinned 5%3. Supreme Gloss/Ocean Gloss onto Light 1Primer / Yacht Polyprimer4. Supreme Gloss/Ocean Gloss2Below the waterlineCoating steps:1. Light Primer1thinned up to 20%2. Light Primer4thinned 5%3. Underwater 1Primer onto Light Primer*4. Antifouling2 – 3onto Primer UndercoatRecoating interval Covers(m ² /ltr)Thickness percoat10°C 20°C wft dft8h – 60d12h – 30d8h – 60d12h – 30d8h – 60d8h – 6d24h – 60d12h – 14d6h –indefinite6h –indefinite4h – 30d6h – 15d4h – 30d6h – 15d4h – 30d4h – 3d12h – 30d6h – 7d3h –indefinite3h –indefinite8,5118.5111115111512010012010090100901006050605050305030ThinnerNo 5No 2,6No 2,6No 6,7,8No 2,6No 6,7,8No 2,6No 6,7,88.5 140 60 No 58.5 120 60 No 52h – 4h 1h – 2h 10 100 40 No 19h –indefinite5h –indefinite13 75 40 No 3*For best results overcoat Light primer with Underwater Primer when Light Primer is almost dry butstill tacky.

33Varnishing woodWood – varnishProductNo of Recoating interval Covers Thickness per Thinnercoats(m ² /ltr) coat10°C 20°C wft dftFirst coat in wood system should be always Wood Impreg (on untreated wood only).Wood Impreg2 – 4 16 – none 8 – none 3 – 6 – – No 1wet – wet wet – wet depends on woodFavourite Varnish Varnishing steps:1. Favourite Varnishthinned up to 30%1 12h – 4d 6h – 2d 16 80 30 No 12. Favourite Varnishthinned up to 10%1 12h – 4d 6h – 2d 16 65 30 No 13. Favourite Varnishthinned 5% except last coat4 12h – 4d 6h – 2d 16 60 30 No 1Classic Varnish Varnishing steps:1. Classic Varnishthinned up to 30%1 16h – 4d 8h – 2d 18 70 30 No 12. Classic Varnishthinned up to 10%1 16h – 4d 8h – 2d 18 60 30 No 13. Classic Varnishthinned 5% except last coat4 16h – 4d 8h – 2d 18 55 30 No 1Dura-Gloss Varnish Varnishing steps:1. Dura-Gloss Varnishthinned up to 30%1 8h – 4d 4h – 2d 17 75 25 No 12. Dura-Gloss Varnishthinned up to 10%1 8h – 4d 4h – 2d 17 70 25 No 13. Dura-Gloss Varnishthinned 5% except last coat4 8h – 4d 4h – 2d 17 60 25 No 1Dura-Satin Varnish Varnishing steps:1. Dura-Gloss Varnishto build up coats (see above)4 – 5 8h – 4d 4h – 2d 17 60 25 No 12. Dura-Satin Varnishfinish coat only1 8h – 4d 4h – 2d 17 60 25 No 1Diamond Varnish Varnishing steps:1. Diamond Varnishthinned up to 30%1 32h – 10d 16h – 5d 12 110 40 No 22. Diamond Varnishthinned up to 10%1 32h – 10d 16h – 5d 12 95 40 No 23. Diamond Varnishthinned 5% except last coat4 32h – 10d 16h – 5d 12 85 40 No 2

34Decks, bilges and lockersDecks, bilges and lockersThe most suitable and used product for coating deck areas onall boats is a high wear-resistant paint with a non-gloss finish.This gives durability, and minimises reflection from the deck.Particular tips when paintingbilges and lockersA lot of time and effort is spent on theexternal appearance and protection of aboat, but internal areas such as bilgesand lockers shouldn’t be neglected.Ensure adequate ventilation while paintingthe bilge area.A brush is generally easier and quicker,particularly on the uneven surfaces foundin these areas.For general cleaning of bilges use Pre-Clean. If the bilges are excessively dirty,clean first with Degreaser.Particular tips when painting decksTo prepare a patterned deck, useeither a scouring pad or a copper wirebrush.When adding Anti-Slip Pearls to thepaint, mix small amounts in at a time toget the right consistency. A 160gm tubof Anti-Slip Pearls is enough for at least1.5 litres of paint, depending on howmuch anti-slip you want (50 gm for a750 ml tin of paint). Glassfibre decks withanti-slip moulding may not need Anti-SlipPearls.For more even coverage use a roller ratherthan a brush to apply Non Slip DeckCoating.For a higher gloss finish, Anti-Slip Pearlscan be added to Brilliant Gloss andSupreme Gloss.Decks, bilges and lockers - onto suitably primed substrateProductNo of Recoating intervalThickness perCoverscoats(m ² coat/ltr)10°C 20°C wft dftThinnerBilge & Locker Paintfor bilges and lockers2 – 3 16h – 10d 8h – 5d 12 100 40 No 1Non Slip Deck Coating 1 6h – 8h 2h – 4h 9.2 100 50 No 3for decks1 6h – 10d 3h – 5d 9.2 100 50 No 3If max. overcoating time is exceeded abrade between coats.ProductNo of Recoating intervalThickness perCoverscoats(m ² coat/ltr)10°C 20°C wft dftThinner1. Primer Undercoat 1 8h – 6d 4h – 3d 12 75 45 No 12. Non Slip Deck Coatingon Primer Undercoat1 4h – 8h 2h – 4h 9.2 100 50 No 33. Non Slip Deck Coating 1 6h – 10h 3h – 5h 9.2 100 50 No 3If max. overcoating time is exceeded abrade between coats.

35KeelsKeelsKeels are made from steel, cast iron, lead or occasionally acombination of a cast iron fin with a lead ballast.Preparation for Lead KeelHigh pressure fresh water hose andallow to dry. Abrade with 40 – 60 gradeabrasive paper. Remove dust with a softbrush and follow chosen specificationbelow.Preparation for Cast Ironand Steel KeelShot blast or abrade to bright metal.Remove dust and grit by brushing,vacuuming or using dry compressed air.Follow chosen specification below.Iron steel and lead keels – single pack/conventionalCoating steps:ProductNo ofcoats1. Underwater Primer 52. Antifoulingonto Underwater Primer2 – 3Recoating interval Covers(m ² Thickness per coat/ltr)Thinner10°C 20°C wft dft6h –indefinite3h –indefinite10 100 40 No 19h –indefinite5h –indefinite13 75 40 No 3Iron steel and lead keels – two component system/high performanceCoating steps:Product1. Light Primer(thin 1st coat to 20%)onto Light Primer2. Underwater Primer *onto Light Primer3. Antifoulingonto Underwater PrimerNo ofcoatsRecoating interval Covers(m ² Thickness per coat/ltr)Thinner10°C 20°C wft dft4 8h – 60d 4h – 30d 8.5 120 60 No 51 2h – 4h 1h – 2h 10 100 40 No 12 – 39h –indefinite5h –indefinite13 75 40 No 3* For best results overcoat with Underwater primer when Light Primer is almost dry but still tacky.

36Propellers, outdrives and sterngearPropellers, outdrives and sterngearAny bronze and aluminium underwater needs protecting.They’re prone to the same fouling and corrosion as all underwaterareas, and – as they directly affect your boat’s efficient and safepropulsion – it’s important you correctly maintain them.Due to the excessive movement and waterturbulence in these areas, the enduranceof any coating is tested, particularly on thepropeller.PreparationThoroughly clean with Pre-Clean andfreshwater. Abrade with 80–120 gradepaper. Wash with freshwater and allow todry, before applying relevant specification(see below).RepaintingDue to the excessive wear and tear in thisarea, repainting usually involvesa complete strip back followed by fullpainting specification.Key Advice:Take care never to overcoat the anodes,as this adversely affects performance.PropellersProductNo ofcoatsRecoating interval Covers(m ² Thickness per coat Thinner10°C 20°C /ltr) wft dftBy brushCoating steps:Underwater Primer 1 6h – indefinite 3h – indefinite 10 100 40 No 1AluXtra 2see Products > Antifoulingand bottom coats13 75 40 No 3By sprayCoating steps:Prop-Primer 2 2h 1h 7 75 15 NAMille Drive 2 – 4 20 mins 10 mins 7 75 15 NALight Primer spray 2*wet – wet4h – 60d2h – 30d3/300 mlcan175 50 NAMille Drive/Prop AF2 – 4 20 mins 10 mins 7 75 15 NA* recoat with spray** recoat with AF

37Propellers, outdrives and sterngearOutdrivesProductNo of Recoating interval Covers Thickness per coat Thinnercoats 10°C 20°C (m ² /ltr) wft dftBy brushCoating steps:1. Light Primer 1 – 2 8h – 60d 4h – 30d 8.5 120 60 No 52. Underwater Primer*onto Light Primer1 2h – 4h 1h – 2h 10 100 40 No 13. AluXtraonto Underwater Primer2 – 39h –indefinite5h –indefinite13 75 40 No 3*For best results overcoat Light Primer with Underwater Primer when the surface is almost dry but stillhas a slight tacky feel.By sprayCoating steps:Prop-Primer 2 2h 1h 7 75 15 NAMille Drive /Prop AF 2 – 4 20 mins 10mins 7 75 15 NALight Primer spray 2*wet-wet4h – 60d2h – 30d3/300 mlcan175 50 NAMille Drive/Prop AF2 – 4 20 mins 10 mins 7 75 15 NA* recoat with spray

38Mast protectionMast ProtectionCleaning and protecting unpainted aluminium masts, sparsand rigging.Any aluminium and anodised surfaces willbenefit from being cleaned and protected.Alu-ProtectA silicone free oil which cleans and leavesa long lasting protective layer.Clean the mast thoroughly with Pre-Cleanand then apply Alu-Protect with a rag.Alu-Protect penetrates into wire ropesand under fittings, ensuring long termprotection.Apply regularly to ensure masts andfittings are protected throughout theseason.

Osmosis• What is osmosis and how is it caused?• Protection• Treatment• Using Gel Protect

40What is osmosisWhat is osmosis and how is it caused?When two liquids with different concentrations are separatedby a semi-permeable membrane, one liquid will penetrate themembrane causing the volume to increase pressure to develop.What does this mean to us?In our case the semi-permeablemembrane is the gelcoat of the glassfibreboat and the liquid is water. In time waterwill be absorbed into the GRP. Whilst mostof this moisture will pass directly throughthe hull into the bilges with little damage,a certain amount will eventually start tobreak down some of the materials used inthe laminate itself which will lead to abuild up of “osmotic” fluids. Osmotic fluidcontains acetic acid and glycol and has ahigher molecular weight to water whichcan make it unable to pass back throughthe gelcoat or laminate. As more moistureis absorbed through the GRP, a hydrauliceffect occurs which eventually leads toblisters being formed in the gelcoat. Mostunprotected glassfibre boats at somestage during their life will develop osmoticsymptoms to some degree. The timescaleand extent of this depends upon variousfactors including temperature and type ofwater, periods afloat versus ashore and,most importantly, the quality of the originallaminate.Recognising the problemThe first visual signs of osmosiswill be the formation of blisters inthe gelcoat.When pierced the liquid contents of anosmotic blister will have a sour smellsimilar to vinegar. Osmosis can bedetected before any visual symptomsappear by checking the moisture contentof the hull with a moisture meter,although this will only give an indicationand it is recommended that professionaladvice is sought to determine the degreeof the problem and what future action totake. HEMPEL have Approved OsmosisTreatment Centres who are qualified toassist you; contact HEMPEL for an up-todatelist.Paint blisters and lifts

41Osmosis protectionOsmosis ProtectionWhen to use an osmosis protection.New boatsThe best initial defence against osmosis isthe correct methods and materials usedduring build. The higher the standard ofthe GRP laminate at construction, thegreater the defence against osmosis.The addition of Gel Protect will give theultimate protection to a new hull.Used boatsBefore applying a protective epoxy coatingto older boats the condition of boththe laminate and gelcoat need to beassessed. If in doubt, seek professionaladvice. If the hull condition is suitable,Osmosis Protection can be carried outusing Gel Protect, if the condition is notgood enough Treatment is recommended.Preparation and specification for osmosis protection.New boatsUsed boatsNew gelcoat should be cleaned thoroughlywith Degreaser or Pre-Clean to removemould release agents used in theconstruction of the hull. For moreinformation refer to Surface preparation:cleaning and degreasing, on page 11.After degreasing, the surface shouldbe abraded with 60-100 grade abrasivepaper, or lightly slurry blasted, andwashed off with fresh water. When dry thehull should have an even matt finish.Remove all old paint or antifouling bymanual dry scraping or having the hullgrit or slurry blasted (this is a quickand efficient way of removing the oldpaint layers and also provides a wellkeyed surface which will require littleextra preparation). Whichever method isused the hull should have an even mattfinish with no trace of previous coatings.Freshwater wash the hull and allow to dry.Any minor cracksand blemishes should be primed and filledwith Epoxy Filler.Key advice:Correct surface preparation is vital for along-lasting protective finish. Time spentat this stage is well invested.

42Osmosis protectionProtectionCoating steps:ProductNo ofcoatsRecoating IntervalThickness per coatCovers10ºC 20ºC wft dftThinner1. Light Primer 1 18h – 11d 8h – 5d 8.5 120 60 No 52. Epoxy filler(if needed)– 16h – 48h 8h – 24h – – –3. Gel Protect 2 18h – 11d 8h – 5d 5 200 200Tiecoat option 1Coating steps:1. Light Primerthinned 5% ontoGel Protect2. Antifoulingonto Light PrimerTiecoat option 2Coating steps:1. UnderwaterPrimeronto Gel Protect2. Antifoulingonto Underwater Primerdo not thindo not thin1 18h – 11d 8h – 5d 8.5 120 60 No 52 2h – 8h 1h – 4h 13 75 40 No 31 18h – 27h 8h – 12h 10 100 40 No 12 – 39h –indefinite5h –indefinite13 75 40 No 3Moisture readingGelcoat Peeling

43Osmosis treatmentWhen to use an osmosis treatment.If the laminate and/or gelcoat is poorand there are indications of osmosis, afull Osmosis Treatment may be required.Full treatment involves the removal ofthe gelcoat which, under the correctconditions, will allow the hull to dry out tothe recommended levels, before coatingthe bare laminate with Gel Protect,replacing the gelcoat to give the hull amoisture resistant coating.Osmosis treatmentPreparation and specification for osmosis treatment.PreparationThe gelcoat will need completely removingto allow the hull to dry out.Hand Power ToolsGrinders provide an inexpensive meansof removing the gelcoat and preparingthe surface. The disadvantage is the timeto complete the task and the amount ofdust produced. Protective clothing mustbe worn by the operator, especially dustmask and eye protectionSlurry or Abrasive BlastingEither of these methods successfullyremove the gelcoat and prepare thehull for the application of Gel Protect.Any hull defects will become apparentduring blasting, ie voids in the laminate.A professional with the correct equipmentis needed to carry out either of thesemethods.Gelcoat PeelingA gelcoat peeler, planes away the gelcoatat a preset depth resulting in an even andsmooth finish. This is generally acceptedas being the most effective method forremoving gelcoat. Once peeled, thesurface will require abrading with 40 gritgrinding disks, or light slurry blasting toprovide a key for the Gel Protect. Thismethod requires a professional operator.Once the gelcoat has been removed, thehull should be steam cleaned,or at least pressure washed to removesalts and other contaminates which arepresent in the laminate due to osmosis.The salts and other contaminates willcontinue to come to the surface so it isnecessary to repeatedly wash the hull,once a day is recommended.

44Osmosis treatmentOn average a hull can take between4 weeks and 3 months before it is dryenough to recoat. Expert advice at thisstage is essential to ensure that the hull isadequately prepared for the application ofGel Protect.Any minor cracks and blemishesto the hull should be filled after the firstcoat of Gel Protect with Epoxy Filler.TreatmentCoating steps:Product1. Epoxy filler(if needed)No of Recoating interval CoversCoats(m ² Thickness per coat/ltr)Thinner10ºC 20ºC wft dft– 16 – 48h 8h – 24h – – do not thin2. Gel Protect 3 18h – 11d 8h – 5d 5 200 200 do not thinTiecoat option 1Coating steps:1. Light Primer thinned5%1 18h – 11d 8h – 5d 8.5 120 60No 5onto Gel Protect2. Antifoulingonto Light Primer2 2h – 8h 1h – 4h 13 75 40No 3Tiecoat option 2Coating steps:1. Underwater Primeronto Gel Protect1 18h – 27h 8h – 12h 10 100 40No 12. Antifouling 2 – 39h –indefinite5h –indefinite13 75 40 No 3For best results overcoat Light Primer with Underwater Primer when the surface is almost drybut has a slight tacky feel.Key advice:Correct surface preparation is vital for along-lasting protective finish. Time spentat this stage is well invested.

45Using Gel ProtectUsing Gel ProtectHow to apply Gel Protect for bothProtection and TreatmentFrom the moment the Gel Protect baseand activator are mixed together theproduct will start its chemical hardeningreaction. Only mix as much as can beapplied during the pot life (45 mins @20ºC). Higher temperatures will decreasethe drying time and pot life.Apply Gel Protect with a felt roller (lay-offthe surface with a brush if an improvedsurface finish is needed). Gel Protectshould be applied at a minimum of 200micron thickness per coat, this can eitherbe measured using a wet film thicknessgauge or by working out the surface area ofthe boat and calculating the correct amountof Gel Protect needed per coat (1 litre ofGel Protect will cover 5m 2 at 200 micron).Gel Protect has a minimum applicationtemperature of 10 o C, if possible keepthe job at a steady temperature with lowhumidity, best achieved under cover. NOTE:Gel Protect must not be thinned.Stir baseStir curing agentPour curing agent into baseStir both products wellPour into trays

46Using Gel ProtectApply Gel Protect with rollerCuringGel Protect should be touch dry within 10to 12 hours at 20 degrees.If the temperature drops below 10 o C GelProtect is likely to stop curing. The curingwill start again once the temperatureincreases, however an inadequate curingtemperature may cause amine sweating tooccur. This is a condition where a thin filmof amine carbonate forms on the surfaceof the epoxy and this amine sweat must bedegreased or washed off with fresh waterbefore overcoating.Planning overcoating times is essential toavoid rubbing down between coats. Seepainting specifications for more detail.Full cure of Gel Protect will takeapproximately 7 days at 20 o C. Subsequentcoats of primer and antifouling can beapplied. (See specification table onprevious page). It is recommended that theboat is not launched during this period as itcould affect the curing of the coating.Lay off Gel Protect in opposite direction withbrushGood practice• If Gel Protect application cannot becarried out indoors, it is advisable toerect a cover around the hull to provideprotection from the elements.• If Gel Protect is being appliedat 10 o C, keep the product indoors atnormal room temperature before use.• Move the tape line up with each coatto avoid a hard ridge atthe waterline.• Gel Protect is produced in 2 coloursto allow application of alternative layersof cream and grey to ensure totalcoverage of each coat.• Stir both the base and activator ofGel Protect thoroughly before mixingtogether. Once mixed together,again stir well to achieve an evenconsistency.• Do not thin Gel Protect.• Thorough surface preparation and thecareful following of all instructions isthe key to a successful finish.

Our products• Primers and undercoats• Fillers• Antifoulings and bottom coats• Topcoats• Varnishes• Teak treatment• Thinners• Boatcare

48Repainting Primers and all undercoats substratesPrimers and undercoatsSelecting the right primer will protect the boat’s substrate,avoid early failure of a subsequent painting system andenhance the final finish. (See ‘Choosing the right paintsystem’ on page 16.)Primer UndercoatA single component primer for all substrates (including steel) above thewaterline, and an undercoat for Brilliant Gloss/Multicoat/Non slip DeckCoating . A quick-drying, high-opacity primer and undercoat, that givesexcellent durability and surface stability ready for overcoating with singlecomponent topcoats.750ml2.5ltrMinimum application temperature: 5°C/40°FTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 6 hrs 8 hrs – 6 days Thinner No 1 12m²/ltr20°C 3 hrs 4 hrs – 3 daysGrey Metallic PrimerFor use on all substrates above the waterline especially wood andsteel, under a conventional paint system.750mlMinimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F2.5ltrTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 4 hrs 24h - 14d Thinner No 1 10m²/ltr20°C 2 hrs 12h - 7dUnderwater PrimerUse as part of a single component system below the waterline, includingkeels; and as a tiecoat before antifouling. Can be applied directly onto thehull or a primed surface, and between an existing antifouling and a newantifouling. Fast-drying with excellent waterproofing.750ml2.5ltrTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10ºC 4 hrs 6 hrs – indefinite Thinner No 1 8m²/ltr20ºC 2 hrs 3 hrs – indefinite Thinner No 3 (spray)

49Antifouling PrimerA single component primer and tiecoat for use below the waterline.Formulated for use with white and light coloured antifoulings. Fast dryingwith excellent waterproofing properties.Can be applied directly onto a prepared or primed hull before antifouling.Also for use as a tiecoat between an existing and new antifouling.2.5ltrPrimers and undercoatsMinimum application temperature: 5°C/40°FTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thnner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 3 hrs 6 hrs – indefinite Thinner No 1 8m²/ltr20°C 1 hr 3 hrs – indefinite Thinner No 3 (spray)Prop PrimerAerosol. An anti-corrosive primer for a large variety of substrates.Particularly recommended as a primer for outdrives and propellers.Prop Primer has very good adherence to most substrates. Fast drying,easy to apply with a matt finish. Overcoat with Mille Drive or appropriateantifouling.Temp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Tool clean Covers10°C 40 mins 2 hrs – none none 3.5m²/ltr20°C 20 mins 1 hr – none500mlLight PrimerA two component high performance epoxy primer and undercoat for use bothabove and below the waterline. Use on glassfibre, wood, steel and aluminium.Superb corrosion, impact and water resistance. Use before Ocean Gloss/Supreme Gloss/PolyGloss/Brilliant Gloss topcoat for a long-lasting solution.Can also be used for osmosis protection when application is required at lowtemperatures.Minimum application Pot life at 20 dgrs: Mix ratiotemperature: 5°C/40°F Mixed product 2 hrs 2:1Pot life at 10dgrs:Mixed product 4hrsTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 8 hrs 8 hrs – 60 days Thinner No 5 8.5m²/ltr20°C 4 hrs 4 hrs – 30 days375ml750ml2.5ltr

50Primers and undercoatsLight Primer SprayLight Primer Spray is a two component epoxy primer spray for the protection ofall substrates, including aluminium, above and below the waterline. Particularlyrecommended for maintenance, spot repair, touch-up and as a primer forsmall uncoated surface areas. Can also be used as a primer before antifoulingapplication on propellers.Temp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Tool clean Covers10°C 2 hrs 2 hrs – none none 3m²/ltr20°C 1 h 1 hr – none300mlProduct activation:Shake can. Remove red button from lid. Turn can upside down. Push red button into valve at bottomof can. Hold can in a vertical position and shake can vigorously until agitator ball is heard; continueshaking for a further 2 minutes.Recoat interval table:Surface temperature 10ºC / 50º F 20ºC / 68ºFHEMPEL’S LIGHTPRIMER SPRAY455EXANTIFOULINGPOLYURETHANE,2K Ex. OCEANGLOSS 55500ALKYD ENAMELSEx. BRILLIANTGLOSS 53200Wet-wetMinimumMaximumMinimumMaximumMinimumMaximumMinimumMaximumFlash off 40-50 mins4 hours60 days4 hours8 hours8 hours6 days48 hours14 daysFlash off 15-20 mins2 hours30 days2 hours4 hours4 hours3 days48 hours14 daysBEFORE APPLICATION OF 1K TOPCOAT, ALWAYS ABRADEFully cured 14 days 7 daysYacht PolyprimerYacht Poly Primer is a two component polyurethane primer. Yacht Poly Primer isexcellent for obtaining the perfect finish with Hempel´s Ocean Gloss/SupremeGloss. Specially designed as protective primer and sealer coat for fibreglasspolyestersurfaces and other materials. Easy to sand. For use above the waterline.Minimum application Pot life at 10°C: 12 h Mix ratiotemperature: 5°C/40°F Pot life at 20°C: 6 h 8,5/1,5750ml2.5ltrTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 3 – 4 hrs 12 hrs – 30 days Thinner No 2 (brush) 10,2m²/ltr20°C 1 – 2 hrs 6 hrs – 15 days Thinner No 6 (spray)

51Gel ProtectA solvent free two component high build epoxy. For use above and below thewaterline. An excellent osmosis protection or treatment which can be applied at,and will dry to, a very high film thickness. Can be a substitute for Light Primerwhere solvent emissions are a consideration. Do not thin.Minimum application Pot life at 10°C. -1h 30 min. Mix ratiotemperature: 5°C/40°F Pot life 20°C: 45 min 3:2750ml2.5ltrPrimers and undercoatsTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 22–27 hrs 18 hrs – 11 days Thinner No 5 5m²/ltr20°C 10–12 hrs 8 hrs – 5 daysLAY-OFFSUBSTRATEPRIMERSUnderwaterPrimerBELOW WATERLINEAntifoulingLight PrimerPrimerLight PrimerSprayGel ProtectGlassfibreSteelAluminiumWoodComponents: 1 1 2 2 2Subsequentcoats:Antifouling White Antifouling Antifouling AntifoulingUnderwater PrimerLight PrimerSUBSTRATE* Antifouling can be applied onto Light Primer providing the final coat of Light Primer is tacky.If the Light Primer dries, then a coat of Underwater Primer will need to be applied as a tiecoat.PRIMERSPrimerUndercoatGrey MetalicPrimerYachtPolyprimerLightPrimer**Light PrimerSprayGlassfibre **SteelAluminiumWoodComponents: 1 1 2 2 2Subsequentcoats:Brilliant GlossMulticoatNon SlipDeck CoatingPrimer UndercoatBrilliant GlossMulticoatNon SlipDeck CoatingSupreme GlossOcean Gloss *Supreme GlossBrilliant GlossSupreme Gloss,Brilliant GlossOcean Gloss* These products could be overcoated with 1K products as Brilliant Gloss or Multicoat.When overcoating with 1K products such as Brilliant Gloss the primer must be completely dry andthen must be abraded prior to application.** Always abradeABOVE WATERLINE

52FillersFillersFilling and fairing will streamline the surface of your boat,improving hull performance through the water, and giving clean,smooth lines on the topsides. If the substrate is damaged,you’ll need structural filling and fairing.UnifillerA single component conventional filler. Use for spot filling minorblemishes and screwheads above the waterline. When filling largerareas, you may need to apply several layers as Unifiller shrinks oncuring.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F375gTemp Touch dry Dry to sand Tool clean Film thickness Tools10°C 4.5 hrs 7 hrs Thinner No 3 0.5mm per coat20°C 2 hrs 3 hrsEpoxy FillerA two component, solvent free, epoxy filler. Use for a variety of fillingand fairing jobs both above and below the waterline. Can be applied inthick coats up to approximately 5mm without runs or sags. Fair beforeovercoating with relevant primer.Minimum application Pot life at 20°C Mix ratiotemperature: 5°C/40°F Mixed product: 1hr 1:1Temp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Tool clean Film thickness Tools10°C 16 hrs 16 – 48 hrs Thinner No 5 5mm per coat20°C 8 hrs 8 – 24 hrs cleaner130 ml1ltrProfiller 35370ProFiller 35370 is a two-component lightweight epoxy filler, with highadhesion and water resistance, and when fully cured easy to sand.Can be applied in coats up to 10-12mm for a uniform smooth filmbuild. Especially suitable for pro filling large areas and detailed fairingwhere structural strength is important. It can be used on most primedsubstrates, above and below the waterline.5ltrMinimum application Pot life at 10°C: 1,30 h Mix ratiotemperature: 5°C/40°F Pot life 20°C: 45 min 1:1Temp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Tool clean Film thickness Tools10°C 12 hrs 16 – none Degreaser 99610 1.0 m²/litre - 1 mm20°C 6 hrs 8 – none or Thinner 08450

53Antifoulings and bottom coatsFouling not only makes a boat look unsightly, it can also foulpropellers and outdrives, block engine water inlets and outlets,slow down the boat speed, increase fuel costs and ultimatelydamage the hull substrate/surface.Antifoulings and bottom coatsPainting a boat’s underwater area:• protects its substrate/surface• avoids undue hull roughness.(Roughness increases resistancethrough the water, causing lowerspeeds and consuming more fuel.)Fouling varies widely depending ontemperature, salinity and water quality.Differences in levels and types can bedramatic, even on boats moored in whatseems to be the same environment, asfouling conditions are affected by sunlight/shade, temperature and flow of water,pollution levels and water inflows.Fouling grows faster in sunlight, so is firstseen on the waterline and rudder. Watersurface dirt and pollution can adverselyaffect the antifouling.How antifouling worksAntifouling paints release bioactiveingredients. The bioactive materials usedtoday are mainly cuprous oxide andbooster organic biocides. They’re watersolubleand, when released, lethal tofouling organisms.Different types of antifouling paint releasebiocides/toxicants in different ways. Thereare three main types:• Self Polishing/Erodible• Hard• Traditional/Soft.These are explained on the next page.Choosing the right productYou should consider:• boat type• sailing pattern & speed• geographic location and characteristicsof the mooring• any existing coating• environmental and legislativeissues in the area where youapply the product and sail.Key advice:Put extra layers on the rudder andwaterline where more aggressive waterflow takes place.

54Antifoulings and bottom coatsIn self polishing/erodible antifoulings, a resin of active ingredients (biocides) repels/discourages fouling. Once in water, the resin breaks down in a controlled way, continuallyexposing fresh biocide layers. This gives constant performance throughout the season, andreduces build-up of old antifouling.Substrate Substrate SubstrateStart of lifetime Half of lifetime End of lifetimeIn hard antifoulings, the coat’s high levels of insoluble resin make it hard and stoperosion. The resin’s packed with active ingredients, and the particles are so close that asone dissolves the next is exposed. Hardness and durability makes these antifoulings idealfor fast power boats, mud-berthed vessels and racing yachts (burnishing the antifouling withwet abrasive paper before launch gives a smooth finish).Substrate Substrate SubstrateStart of lifetime Half of lifetime End of lifetimeIn traditional/soft antifoulings, a simple resin (gum rosin or rosin derivatives) dispersesactive ingredients with the binder. Water soluble, it progressively dissolves/erodes, givinglow cost protection.Substrate Substrate SubstrateStart of lifetime Half of lifetime End of lifetimeAntifouling toxicantsDissolved resin

55Antifoulings and bottom coatsApplying antifoulingApplying Hard Racing BoottopHow much do I need?As hull designs vary, this table is only aguide.The figure shows the total amount youneed for two coats.LOAFin keel6m 7.5m 8.5m 10m 11.5m 13m 14.5m 16m 18m 20m20ft 25ft 28ft 33ft 38ft 43ft 48ft 53ft 60ft 66ft23m76ft2ltr 3ltr 4.5ltr 5.5ltr 7ltr 8.5ltr 10ltr 12ltr 14ltr 16ltr 19ltr750ml 3 1 3 1 3 2 0 3 2 2 22.5ltr 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 7Full keel2.5ltr 4ltr 5.5ltr 7.5ltr 9ltr 11ltr 13ltr 15.5ltr 19ltr 23ltr 28ltr750ml 0 2 1 0 2 2 1 1 2 1 12.5l 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 9 11Motorcruiser3ltr 5ltr 6.5ltr 8.5ltr 10.5ltr 13ltr 15ltr 17.5ltr 22ltr 27.5ltr 34tr750ml 1 0 2 2 1 1 0 0 3 0 22.5l 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 13Important:Amount of paint may vary depending on type/model of vessel.Calculations are approximate.

56Antifoulings and bottom coatsGlide Speed / Glide Speed WhiteHard and exceptionally strong antifouling containing TecCel, for a smoothersurface with reduced friction.Glide Speed gives increased speed and excellent protection throughout theseason and is specially designed for power boats and racing yachts.With the correct preparation it can be applied on to all Hempel and other leadingmanufacturer´s antifouling. Suitable for all substrates except alluminium. Max.launch time 3 months. HSE:8349. HSE: 8432( white)Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F2.5ltrTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 8 hrs 9 hrs – none Thinner No 3 13m²/ltr20°C 4 hrs 5 hrs – noneHard Racing / Hard Racing WhiteHard, high strength antifouling which gives a smooth racing finish, offering allround competitive performance. Formulated especially for power boats, racingyachts and vessels which are mud berthed. It may also be used on vessels thatare dry sailed. Suitable for all substrates except aluminium. Maximum launch time3 months. HSE: 7385, HSE (white) 6969750ml2.5ltrMinimum application temperature: 5°C/40°FTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 8 hrs 9 hrs – none Thinner No 3 13.5m²/ltr20°C 4 hrs 5 hrs – noneOcean PerformerStrong erodible, 2 component, solvent based antifouling system for ultimateperformance. Ocean Performer is designed to reduce antifouling build up andgive balanced and controlled film release throughout the season. After addingOcean Active the mixed product has a two day pot life at 10°C, making it moreconvenient to use than other alternative 2 component antifouling. It is suitable forall substrates except aluminium. Maximum launch time 2 months. HSE: 6968.2.5ltrMinimum application temperature: 5°C/40°FTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 8 hrs 9 hrs – none Thinner No 3 13m²/ltr20°C 4 hrs 5 hrs – none

57Tiger Xtra / Tiger Xtra WhiteSelf polishing, erodible antifouling. Suitable to both power and sail boats and just1 coat can last the season. Applying a second coat for year round protection givesexcellent and consistent long term performance, under all conditions. It is suitablefor use on all substrates except aluminium. Maximum launch time 3 months. HSE:7514, HSE: (white) 7505.2.5ltrAntifoulings and bottom coatsMinimum application temperature: 5°C/40°FTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 8 hrs 9 hrs – none Thinner No 3 13.5m²/ltr20°C 4 hrs 5 hrs – noneCruising PerformerSelf polishing, erodible antifouling with very latest eroding technology whichreduces the build up of paint, maximizing cruising capability in all areas, whilstensuring fouling is kept to a minimum. An excellent coverage rate and colourstability ensures Cruising Performer offers you the very best in value. Suitablefor use on all substrates except aluminium. Maximum launch time 3 months.HSE: 7504Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F750mlTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 8 hrs 9 hrs – none Thinner No 3 12.5m²/ltr20°C 4 hrs 5 hrs – none2.5ltrBroadsMedium strength copper based antifouling specifically designed to reduce paintbuild up and give a good performance on fresh, salt and brackish waters. It issuitable for all substrates except aluminium. The maximum launch time is onemonth. HSE: 7345.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F750ml2.5ltrTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 8 hrs 9 hrs – none Thinner No 3 12.8m²/ltr20°C 4 hrs 5 hrs – none

58Antifoulings and bottom coatsHard Racing BoottopStrong scrubabble antifouling for boottops which gives bright colours on thewaterline. It is suitable for all substrates, including aluminium once suitablyprimed. Maximum launch time 3 months. HSE: 8636375mlMinimum application temperature: 5°C/40°FTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers10°C 8 hrs 9 hrs – none Thinner No 3 13.8m²/ltr20°C 4 hrs 5 hrs – noneToolsMille Drive SprayAerosol spray coat for the protection of propellers and outdrives.500mlMinimum application temperature: 5°C/40°FTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max)10°C 8 hrs 9 hrs – none20°C 4 hrs 5 hrs – noneAluXtraSelfpolishing Antifouling for propellers and stern gear,medium strength, suitable for most substrates includingaluminium.(Surfaces must be suitably primed)375mlTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers10°C 8 hrs 9 hrs – none Thinner No 3 13.8m²/ltr20°C 4 hrs 4 hrs – noneTools

59What antifouling should I use?Antifoulings and bottom coatsType of BoatType ofAntifoulingBenefitsProductsCruising motorandSailing boats(max 25 knots)Self polishing /erodibleControlled release of activesubstances throughout theseasonWorks gradually throughoutthe seasonEasy maintenance withminimum preparation timeLaunch and re-launch withoutre-paintingOcean PerformerTiger XtraCruising PerformerAluminium boatsand propellorsspecial products for aluminiummade boatsAluXtra(after priming)Mille Drive SprayFast going motor& sailing boats,(*suitable for boatson drying berths/moorings and drystack boat storage)Hardsolid & durable through wholeseasonmore resistant to polishing andscrathingneeds to be abraded after theseasonGlide Speed WhiteHard RacingHard RacingBoottopRacing motor boats& regatta sailingboatsHardfor competition & regatas:increases speed, reduces fuelconsumption extends motorlife,ensures lower coatingthicknessHard RacingGlide Speed(with TecCel)* For further information on type and benefits of antifoulings, refer to page 53.Use antifouling products safely. Always read the label and product information before use.

60TopcoatsTopcoatsPaint will enhance the appearance of any surface and offerprotection against the elements. (Please see ‘Choosing theright paint system’ on page 16).Brilliant GlossBrilliant Gloss is a high gloss alkyd topcoat with excellent colour retention.Flexible and resistant to salt water and pollutants. Easy application ensuresan exceptional finish. For exterior and interior use above the waterline.375ml750mlMinimum application temperature: 5°C/40°FTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 8 hrs 20 hrs – 6 days Thinner No 1 11 m²/ltr20°C 4 hrs 10 hrs – 3 days Thinner No 3 (spray)2.5ltr* Pure white onlySupreme GlossHigh gloss two component enamel, especially suited for application bybrush and roller. Excellent colour and gloss retention. Resistant to salt waterand spillage of mineral oil. Easy application ensures exceptional finish.Isocyanate free.NEW!Minimum application Pot life at 20°C Mix ratiotemperature: 5°C/40°F Mixed product: 6 hrs 3:1Temp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 16 hrs 24 hrs – 60 days Thinner No 2 (brush & roller) 11m²/ltr20°C 8 hrs 12 hrs – 30 days Thinner No 6 (spray)750ml2.5ltrOcean GlossSuperyacht finish for smaller leisure boats.Ocean Gloss is a fast drying, high gloss two component polyurethane topcoatwith excellent gloss and colour retention. Highly durable and protects againstdegradation and abrasion. For use above the waterline. Especially suited forspray application.For professional use only.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F750ml2.5ltrTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers10°C 10-12 hrs 12 h - 14 d Thinner No 6 15-17m²/ ltr20°C 3-4 hrs 6 h - 7 d Thinner No 7Thinner No 8*The amount of thinner depends on the application conditions: temperature, ventilation and substrate.THINNER 851 (40-50%) at 5-20°CTHINNER 852 (40-50%) at 20 - 30°CUse: Mixture of: THINNER 853 (max 40%) and THINNER 851 or THINNER 852 >30°CTools

61TopcoatsMultiCoatA single component semi-gloss topcoat and primer. Ideal for all areas above thewaterline requiring a semi-gloss durable topcoat. Can be applied directly to mostsurfaces. Provides excellent durability with good resistance to water and oil.Can also be used as a complete coating system on new or bare wood: 1st coatthinned 20%, 2nd coat thinned 5–10%, further coats undiluted. Add Anti-Slipgranules for a non-slip finish.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F750ml2.5ltrTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 3 - 4 hrs 16 hrs – 10 days Thinner No 1 12m²/ltr20°C 6 - 8 hrs 8 hrs – 5 days Thinner No 3 (spray)Non Slip Deck CoatingDurable coating for deck areas - Contains fine granules for a non-slip finish.Easy to apply straight onto substrate. (Use suitable primer on previouslyuncoated surface)Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F750mlTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 4 hrs 6 hrs – 10 days Thinner No 3 9.5 m²/ltr20°C 2 hrs 3 hrs – 5 daysBilge & Locker PaintA single component high opacity satin topcoat providing excellent durability, withgood water and oil resistance for bilges and lockers. Not suitable for permanentimmersion.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F750ml2.5ltrTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 6 hrs 16 hrs – 10 days Thinner No 1 12 m²/ltr20°C 3 hrs 8 hrs – 5 days Thinner No 3 (spray)Anti-Slip PearlsFor areas such as decks, where you need an anti-slip finish, MultiCoat,Brilliant and PolyGloss – with the addition of Anti-Slip Pearls – will givean anti-slip surface that allows colour matching and co-ordinating with otherglossed areas.Anti-Slip Pearls can be added to any top coat to give an anti-slip finish whererequired.160 gRecommended mix ratio50g/750ml

GLOSS.QUALITY.COLOUR.You just choose!• ONE COMPONENT• EASY TO APPLY• NO MIXING• LARGE GLOSSYCOLOUR RANGE• NEW• TWO COMPONENT• EXCELLENT PROTECTION& DURABILITY• RESISTANT TOSCRATCHES• HIGH GLOSSUp to18 coloursUp to12 coloursBrilliant Gloss is ahigh gloss silicone alkyd topcoat withexcellent colour retention. Flexible andresistant to salt water and pollutants.Easy application ensures an exceptionalfinish.For exterior and interior use above thewaterline.SUPREME GLOSS is a high gloss, two componentenamel, especially suited to application by brush and roller,making it the best choice for boat owners. It has exceptionalcolour and gloss retention over a prolonged period of time. Italso has an excellent resistance to saltwater, oil and dieselspills. Straightforward application ensures an outstandingfinish and provides a robust coating for optimal protection.www.hempel.co.uk

63VarnishesVarnishesVarnish will protect wood against the elements. And – wherethe wood is of good quality – enhance the natural beauty of thesurface.Wood ImpregWood Impreg is a clear alkyd oil for use on wooden boats and hardwood.Excellent penetration properties allows the oil to saturate the wood beforeapplication of HEMPEL’s varnishes and paints. For internal and external useabove the waterline.750ml2.5ltrMinimum application temperature: 5°C/40°FTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean10°C 12 hrs Thinner No 120°C 6 hrsToolsFavourite VarnishA single component alkyd based, full bodied, high gloss varnish.For useabove the waterline, both inside and outside. Especially easy to use, giving atough, durable, long-lasting finish, with depth of gloss. Ideal for areas wherestructural flexibility of the wood is needed.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F375ml750ml2.5ltrTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 12 hrs 12 hrs – 4 days Thinner No 1 16m²/l20°C 6 hrs 6 hrs – 2 daysClassic VarnishA single component traditional varnish produced from the highest qualitymaterials, including tung oil. Use inside and outside above the waterline.Excellent flow at application, a flexible finish and long term UV filters ensurean uncompromising finish that will last for a long time.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F375ml750ml2.5ltrTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 20 hrs 20 hrs – 4 days Thinner No 1 18m²/l20°C 10 hrs 10 hrs – 2 days

64VarnishesDura-Gloss Varnish/Dura-Satin VarnishA single component, urethane modified alkyd with excellentresistance to alcohol and cleaning materials. For inside andoutside areas above the waterline requiring a beautiful durablevarnish. Quick-drying to an extremely hard and durable high gloss/satin surface, highly resistant to wear and abrasion within hours ofapplication.375ml750mlMinimum application temperature: 5°C/40°FTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 4–6 hrs 8 hrs – 4 days Thinner No 1 17m²/l20°C 2–3 hrs 4 hrs – 2 daysDiamond VarnishA two component polyurethane varnish. Use inside and outside abovethe waterline. Use where a hard, extremely durable and long lastingfinish is required. Highly resistant to abrasion and chemicals, for theultimate finish in durability and beauty. For professional use only.750mlMinimum application Pot life at 20 o C Mix ratiotemperature: 5°C/40°F Mixed product: 6hrs 2:1Temp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Thinner/Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 12 hrs 32 hrs – 10 days Thinner No 2 (brush) 12m²/l20°C 6 hrs 16 hrs – 5 days Thinner No 6 (spray)SeaTech Gloss Varnish/SeaTech Satin VarnishA single component waterborne, acrylic varnish, offering a durable finishwith high resistance to water and UV damage. For use above the waterline.Use on new and previously varnished wood, inside and out. Particularlygood for use on interior areas as there is no solvent odour duringapplication. Overcoating times and waterborne properties enable 2 to 3coats to be applied in one day. Low VOC.750mlMinimum application temperature: 5°C/40°FTemp Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) Tool clean Covers Tools10°C 2–4 hrs 4 hrs – 12 days Water 12m²/l20°C 1–2 hrs 2 hrs – 6 days

65Teak treatmentVarnishesOvertime teak’s natural golden brown colour will graduallychange to a silver-grey shade, then dull down to a dark grey/greenish colour. Using Teak treatment products will refreshthe look of the wood by cleaning, restoring the colour andprotecting and maintaining the teak.Teak CleanerA powder for cleaning all teak areas. Especially good for large areas suchas decks, and for wood that’s turned dark grey. Removes dirt and marksgiving a clean surface ready for you to apply Teak Colour Restorer orTeak Oil to.Wet the surface with fresh water and apply a uniform layer of TeakCleaner. Leave on for 10 to 20 minutes, using a stiff brush to scrubwhile the paste is still moist. Thoroughly hose down with clean freshwater before the paste hardens.750mlTeak OilUnpigmented teak oil with good penetration to protect wood and make iteasier to clean. Helps wood resist both water and dirt, and underlines itsoriginal structure. Use to overcoat Teak Colour Restorer on areas of highusage. Not suitable for use on painted or varnished surfaces.Apply one saturation coat onto cleaned new wood, previously oiled orpreserved wood. Let the Teak Oil soak into the wood, then remove surplusoil with a clean cloth.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F750mlTeak Colour RestorerPigmented teak oil with good penetration, giving teak surfaces a goldenbrown colour and a uniform finish. It can be used on teak decks and otherwood surfaces exposed to hard wear and tear ONLY when overcoated withTeak Oil.Apply one or more coats, depending on absorption of wood, onto cleanednew wood, previously oiled or preserved wood. Wipe off surplus with aclean cloth.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F750ml

66Boatcare ThinnersThinnersIt’s important you only use the Thinners recommended for eachapplication. Not doing so, or substituting other proprietaryproducts, will result in an unsatisfactory finish.Thinning paint can improve its flowcharacteristics, increase spreadingrate and the ability to be absorbed– all making it easier to work with.However, exceeding the maximumrecommended ratio of Thinnerscan adversely effect the product.When paint is thinned, the dry filmthickness will be thinner when thesolvents have evaporated and it maybe necessary to apply another coatto obtain the required film thickness.NOTE: With two pack products, only thin themixed product.Key Advice:The solvents/thinners used in somepaints can dissolve plastics. Make sureyour painting tools can stand the kindof solvent being used, and be carefulwith any plastic containers you use.Don’t pour thinners into drainagesystems – use facilities available forthis.Thinner 811 (No 1)Thinner 871 (No 2)Thinner 808 (No 3)Thinner 845 (No 5)Thinner 851 (No 6)Thinner 852 (No 7)Thinner 853 (No 8)Degreaser 996

67BoatcareBoatcareA boat will need maintaining during the season to ensure itkeeps its good appearance and sailing capabilities and thecoating system is maintained. How much maintenance and careis needed will depend on the environment in which the boat issailed.CLEANPre-CleanHigh strength cleaner and degreaser for pre-cleaning gelcoat and paintedsurfaces to remove fuel, oil, grease, wax and silicone. Use prior to painting andfor deep cleaning. It can also be used for cleaning bilges.Dilute 1 part Pre-Clean to 20 parts water for general cleaning, 1:10 for moredemanding cleaning. Use to clean brushes covered in part cured paint. Donot use on bare or untreated wood which may absorb the water. Minimumapplication temperature: 5°C/40°F.1 ltrBarnacle RemoverEffectively removes barnacles using a combination of chemical andmechanical treatments. For use on outdrives, propellers, bottom of boats andsimilar areas. Contains acid - use Personal Protection Equipment.Scrape off any loose marine growth. Shake product well. Apply directly andevenly onto barnacle shells. Leave for 3 – 5 minutes. Apply more product(especially on vertical areas) at approximately 1 minute intervals to ensurethat all shells are covered by the product and therefore being dissolved.Remove dissolved barnacles by using high pressure washing and/or gentlyscraping. If necessary, repeat the treatment. Rinse with fresh water.500 mlBoat ShampooConcentrated solvent-free cleaner for the efficient daily cleaning of gelcoat,painted and varnished surfaces, as well as boat covers, tarpaulins and vinylsurfaces.Dilute 1 part Boat Shampoo with 10 parts fresh water. Apply with a soft brushor cloth. For high pressure cleaning dilute with water 1:5. Leave the agent totake effect for a few minutes, rinse with fresh water.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F.1 ltr

68BoatcareClean & ShineConcentrated wash and wax that effectively cleans, shines and leaves aprotective coating in one application. For use on all surfaces.Dilute 1 part Clean & Shine with 10 parts fresh or sea water for heavy cleaning.Up to 50 parts for general cleaning. Apply with a sponge, soft brush or cloth,rinse with fresh water.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F1 ltrGelcoat Cleaning GelHigh strength, non-abrasive cleaning gel for removing rust& exhaust stains, waterline deposits, fender and other marks over small/localareas. Use only on gelcoat and painted surfaces. Does not run when appliedto vertical surfaces. Chemical process avoids the need to rub or scrub thesurface.Apply by brush, leave for 15 to 30 minutes, wash off with freshwater,brushing if necessary.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F500 mlGelcoat Cleaning PowderStrong, fine abrasive cleaning powder for removing tough deposits, stains andyellowing. Use only on gelcoat surfaces. Removes hull discolouration from soildeposits in fresh or brackish water. Particularly suitable for cleaning large areassuch as non-slip decks where dirt accumulates.Mix Gelcoat Cleaning Powder with enough freshwater to make a paste. Applyevenly onto gelcoat which has been wetted with fresh water. Leave for 10-20minutes. Use a soft brush to clean while paste is still moist.Thoroughly hosedown with fresh water before the paste hardens.750 grGelcoat Cleaning SprayQuick and easy-to-use foaming cleaner spray, for removing marks and stainsover large areas. Use only on gelcoat and painted surfaces. Particularly goodfor cleaning deposits from the waterline. Chemical process avoids the need torub or scrub the surface.Spray foam onto surface and leave for 10 to 15 minutes, wash off withfreshwater. Use Cleaning Gel for tough stubborn stains. Minimumapplication temperature: 5°C/40°Fcomes witha trigger500 ml

69BoatcareRIB CleanerPowerful, concentrated, solvent free cleaner and degreaser for RIB tubes andhulls, as well as other rubber and vinyl surfaces. Especially suited to remove dirtand UV light degradation. Can be used with high pressure cleaning equipment.Do not use on alkaline sensitive substrates such as aluminium.Dilute 1 part RIB Cleaner with 10 parts fresh water for general cleaning,reducing dilution for more demanding cleaning. After 5 minutes, wash/scrub thesurface with freshwater until all residues have been removed.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F.500 mlTextile CleanConcentrated cleaner and degreaser for boat covers, sprayhoods, tarpaulinsand other cotton and nylon materials.Dilute 1 part Textile Clean with 20 parts water, 1:10 for tougher stains. Applywith a brush or sponge, leave for 5 minutes and rinse with clean water. If awhite residue is left on the surface, wash off with warm water.500 mlMinimum application temperature: 5°C/40°FRENEWRubbing LiquidFine abrasive rubbing compound to remove oxidisation and light scratchmarks from most surfaces, including aluminium. Restores and renews thegloss and colour to gelcoat and painted surfaces.Apply with a soft cloth, rub by hand or with a polishing machine, wipe away anyresidue with a clean cloth.Minimum application temperature:: 5°C/40°F.500 mlCustom Marine PolishLiquid polish which cleans, polishes and protects gelcoat painted andvarnished surfaces. Contains siliicone which cures on the surface to create aprotective barrier and clear gloss.500 ml

70BoatcarePROTECTAlu-ProtectSilicone free oil for cleaning and protecting aluminium masts and booms, steeland stainless steel rigging and fittings. Penetrates into wire ropes and underfittings, ensuring long term protection.Before sealing the surface with Alu-Protect, clean with Pre-Clean, rinse withfresh water and allow to dry. If there is heavy oxidation on the surface, useRubbing Liquid, then wipe surface clean and apply Alu-Protect with a softcloth, leaving a fine protective film. Do not apply in strong sunlight and on hotsurfaces.500 mlVinyl ShineEasy-to-use liquid gel, to condition and leave a transparent, UV protective layeron vinyl and other rubber surfaces, keeping the material soft and flexible with asmooth, water resistant effect to the surface.Apply with a soft cloth, working it into the surface, leaving a fine transparentUV protective film.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F.500 mlWaxLiquid wax for use on gelcoat, painted and varnished surfaces, leaving anextremely glossy UV protective finish.Apply with a soft cloth, polish by hand or with a polishing machine, allow to dryfor 5–10 minutes, polish then wipe away any residue with a clean cloth leavinga high gloss finish.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F.500 mlWax TecCelPremium high performance liquid wax with TecCel technology, for a long lasting,deep gloss, tough protective finish on gelcoat, painted and varnished surfaces.Apply with a soft cloth, polish by hand or with a polishing machine, allow to dryfor 5–10 minutes, polish away any residue with a clean cloth leaving a highgloss mirror like finish.Minimum application temperature: 5°C/40°F.500 ml

Reference• Calculating areas to be painted• Overcoating information• Health and safety• Troubleshooting• Technical terms• Hempel stockists

72Calculating areas to be overcoatedCalculating areas to be paintedAbbreviationsLOA = Length OverallLWL = Length WaterlineB = BeamD = DraftF = FreeboardConversions1 foot = 0.305 metres1 metre = 3.28 feet1 sq foot = 0.093 sq metres1 sq metre = 10.763 sq feet1 UK gallon = 4.546 litres1 litre = 0.22 UK gallons1 US gallon = 3.785 litres1 litre = 0.264 US gallonsLitres requiredTotal surface areaRecommended coverage rate of relevantpaint

Overcoating informationCovers Thickness Touch dry Re-coat (min/max) ThinnerFavourite Varnish 16 m 2 /l 30 dft 6hrs (20°C) 6hrs – 2 days (20°C) No 1 (brush)60 wft No 1 (spray)73Overcoating informationClassic Varnish 18 m 2 /l 30 dft 10hrs (20°C) 8hrs – 2 days (20°C) No 1 (brush)55 wft No 1 (spray)Dura-Gloss or 17 m 2 /l 25 dft 2 – 3hrs (20°C) 4hrs – 2 days (20°C) No 1 (brush)Dura-Satin Varnish 60 wft No 1 (spray)Diamond Varnish 12 m 2 /l 40 dft 6hrs (20°C) 16hrs – 5 days (20°C) No 2 (brush)85 wft No 6 (spray)SeaTech Gloss or 12 m 2 /l 30 dft 1 – 2hrs (20°C) 2hrs – 6 days (20°C) WaterSatin Varnish100 wftPrimer Undercoat 12 m 2 /l 40 dft 3hrs (20°C) 4hrs – 3 days (20°C) No 1 (brush)100 wft No 1 (spray)Underwater Primer 10 m 2 /l 40 dft 2hrs (20°C) 3hrs – indefinite (20°C) No 1 (brush)100 wft No 1 (spray)Antifouling Primer 8.4 m²/l 50 dft 1hr (20°C) 3hrs – none (20°C) No 1 (brush)125 dft No 1 (spray)Gel Protect 5 m 2 /l 350 dft 10 – 12hrs (20°C) 8hrs – 5 days (20°C) Do not thin350 wftLight Primer 8.5 m 2 /l 60 dft 4hrs (20°C) 4hrs – 30 days (20°C) No 5 (brush)120 wft No 5 (spray)Non SlipDeck Coating 9.5 m 2 /l 50 dft 1 – 2hrs (20°C) 3hrs – 5 days (20°C) No 1 (brush)100 wft No 1 (spray)No 3 (brush& spray)MultiCoat 12 m 2 /l 40 dft 3 – 4hrs (20°C) 8hrs – 5 days (20°C) No 1 (brush)100 wft No 1 (spray)No 1 (spray)Brilliant Gloss 11 m 2 /l 80 wft 4hrs (20°C) 10hrs – 3 days (20°C) No 1 (brush)No 3 (spray)Supreme Gloss 11 m 2 /l 50 dft 8hrs (20°C) 12hrs – 30 days (20°C) No 2 (brush)90 wft No 6 (spray)Ocean Gloss 15 – 17 m²/l 30 dft 3 – 4hrs (20²C) 6hrs – 7 days (20°C) No 6 (spray)100 wft No 7 (spray)No 8 (spray)Antifoulings (pg 36) 40 dft 4hrs (20°C) 5hrs – indefinite (20°C) No 3 (brush)75 wft No 3 (spray)

74Health and safetyHealth and SafetyBy law, all paint products must display details of Healthand Safety precautions. Here are the warning symbols mostcommonly found on our products, with a brief description.HEMPEL has chosen a rapid implementation of the new global hazard labelling system,GHS, starting in 2010.What is GHS?GHS is a standardised worldwide approach to hazard communication.GHS is fully supported by the United Nations as well as by regulatory agencies aroundthe globe.The primary goal of GHS is better protection of human health and the environmentby providing those using and handling chemicals with better and more consistentinformation about chemical hazards. HEMPEL supports this goal in full.What does the change mean for you?GHS does not involve any extra requirements or duties with regard to using chemicals.However, as a user of chemical products, you should always make sure chemicals arehandled with the necessary care, by:• observing the label and safety precautions, and confirming that you are doing what isneeded to use the product safely.• ensuring you and your employees have received adequate instructions, by reading andunderstanding the safety advice on the label and in the safety data sheet.The main changes in GHSThe orange symbols are replaced by new red “diamonds”. The present “indication ofdanger” will be replaced by signal words and finally risk- and safety phrases will bereplaced by hazard- and precautionary sentences.Changes will be visible:1. On the warning Label2. In the safety data sheet.

75New symbolsOld symbolsHealth and safetyCorrosiveMay destroy living tissue oncontact.Dangerous to theenvironmentMay present an immediateor delayed danger to oneor more components of theenvironment.HarmfulMay cause damage tohealth.IrritantMay cause inflammationto skin or other mucousmembranes.Highly flammableMay catch fire in contactwith air, only needs briefcontact with ignition source,has very low flash point orevolves highly flammablegases in contact with water.Extremely flammableHas an extremely low flashpoint and boiling point, andgases that catch fire incontact with air.Chronic health hazardRespiratory sensitizers(can cause e.g. asthma)

76Health and safetyGeneral good practice• Refer to safety/product data sheets for product information and content.• Always read the label thoroughly and contact us if you’re not sure how to use theproducts.• Wear the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).• Provide adequate ventilation for the product used. If necessary, use a respirator.Don’t breathe vapour/spray.• Open cans with care.• Immediately clean up spills.• Do not eat or drink in the vicinity of stored or applied paint.• Do not swallow. If swallowed, immediately seek medical advice and show thecontainer/label.• Some products may cause irritation, always seek medical advice ifyou’re concerned.• Where possible, removed antifouling paint should be collected and disposed of safely.• Contact your local authority for informationon waste disposal.

77TroubleshootingThe most common causes of failures: poor surface preparationand cleaning; too smooth surface; moist surface; wood with highmoisture content; insufficient priming; missed coating intervals.TroubleshootingFaultApplication marksBlistering – smallswollen areas,surface may feel likesandpaper to touchBlushing – white milkyappearance on filmChalking – poor gloss,powdery surfaceCracking/Crazing– appearance ofshattered glassCausesWrong application tools.Temperature too hot, causing paintto cure too quickly and not allowingthe product to flow naturally.Temperature too cold, making theproduct too thick and difficult todistribute evenly.Surface contamination beforepaint application.Solvent entrapment due to paintbeing applied too thickly orovercoated too soon.Moisture entrapment during coating.Paint applied when humiditywas too high.High humidity can cause thethinners to evaporate too fast.Water condenses on the relativelycold surface and the subsequentmoisture creates blushing.Prolonged exposure toUltra Violet rays.Poorly mixed paint.Extreme temperature changesduring paint.Incompatible overcoating.Paint applied too thickly orovercoated too soon.What to doAbrade back to flat even surfaceand refinish, considering applicationtools and conditions.Check for any other areas that mayhave a similar problem, abradeback all blisters, fill where necessaryand recoatAbrade back until blushing iscleared, and recoat considering therelative humidity and temperature.For a permanent cure, abrade backand recoat ensuring the paint isproperly mixed.Abrading back and repainting maycure this. However it’s more likelythe complete coating needs tobe removed and an appropriatecoating applied, in accordance withrecommended specification.

78TroubleshootingFault Causes What to doFish Eyes – smallholes in the paint filmLoss of glossLifting or Peeling –paint lifting or peelingfrom surfaceOrange Peel –surface mottled likeorange skinRuns – runningof wet paint intouneven rivuletsSags – partialslippage of paint inthick areas like widerunsWrinkling – surfaceresembles the skin ofa pruneAppears during painting due tosilicone or oil contamination onthe surface.High humidity, cold conditionsand dew fall will cause the paintto cure with a low gloss level.Ultra Violet degradation over aperiod of time.Poorly prepared surface.Incompatible overcoating.Moisture on the surface.High moisture level in wood.Overcoating times exceeded.Primarily occurs when sprayingdue to poor flow caused bypoor atomisation, insufficientthinning, paint applied toothickly or overcoated too soon.Can also occur with some rollerapplications.Paint has been over thinned.Too much paint applied.Paint applied too thickly.Paint applied too thickly causingsolvent entrapment.Paint applied in direct sunlightcausing the surface to dry tooquickly resulting in solvententrapment (uncured paint) underthe surface.Abrade back until contaminatedarea can be degreased, allow todry and recoat.Abrade back and repaint.Remove loose paint, abrade,degrease and recoat inaccordance with recommendedspecification.Abrade back to an even flatsurface and recoat.If using a roller, it may benecessary to lay off using a brushor pad after roller application.Abrade back to an even flatsurface and recoat.Abrade back to an even flatsurface and recoat.If the paint hasn’t hardened,remove with a scraper, cleansurface with Degreaser orThinners and recoat. On a curedsurface, abrade to a flat evensurface and recoat.

Technical termsAlkydSynthetic binder soluble in white spirit.Ambient temperatureRoom temperature, or temperatureof surroundings.Amine SweatA layer of amine carbonate that canform on the surface of an epoxy afterapplication, usually caused by highhumidity. Must be removed prior to overcoating.AntifoulingPaint formulated to discourage marineorganisms from settling on the hullsurface.BiocideActive ingredient added to a coatingto repel/discourage unwanted organismsresponsible for microbiologicaldegradation.BurnishThe act of rubbing a paint film to producea smooth polished finish.CompatibilityAbility of two or more materials tobe mixed together without causingundesirable effects.CorrosionProcess of deterioration by chemical,electrochemical or microbiologicalreactions resulting from exposure to theenvironment.CureThe conversion of paint from a liquid toa solid.DensityRatio of weight to volume.DryingThe process by which a film passes fromliquid to a solid state.EpoxySynthetic resin containing epoxy groups.FairingTo produce a smooth outline,improve appearance and reduce drag.FlowProperty of a coating material that enableslevelling.GelcoatOutermost pigmented polyester layer onfibreglass structures.GlossOptical property of a surface,characterised by its ability to reflect lightspecularly.KeyQuality of the surface or previous coatingwhich assists adhesion of a subsequentcoat, ie a rough or abraded surfaceprovides a mechanical grip for the appliedfilm.79Technical terms

80Technical termsLevellingAbility of a coating material toflow-out after application, minimising anysurface irregularities caused bythe application process.MicronMetric unit used to designate filmthickness. 1/1000 millimetre.OpacityAbility of a coating to obliterate the colouror the difference in colour of a substrate.PolyesterSynthetic resin used for the manufactureand maintenance of fibreglass structures.PolyurethaneA durable synthetic resin used in single or2 pack topcoats.Pot LifeThe useful life of a 2 pack productimmediately after it has been mixed.PrimerPaint applied to a non painted or preparedsubstrate to give protection, and/or inreadiness for subsequent coatings.Sag/SaggingThe downward flow of paint as a result ofbeing applied too thickly.SolventA liquid used to dissolve or disperse paintand other oils.Solvent entrapmentSolvent trapped in an apparently driedpaint film making it soft and vulnerable.SubstrateSurface to be coated.Thinner (Solvent, Diluant, Reducer)A liquid used to adjust the viscosity anddrying time of a paint.TiecoatA coating with good adhesion and lowreaction used to improve inter-coatadhesion.TopcoatThe final paint applied in a coatingspecification.Ultra Violet (UV)Light energy that can break chemicalbonds leading to wear and fading of paintfilms.UndercoatPaint applied prior to a topcoat to give aconsistent colour and surface profile.UrethaneSynthetic binder in an alkyd structureproviding a durable topcoat.ViscosityA product’s thickness or ability toresist flow.Water-borneA paint that uses water as a solventor thinner.