plio-pleistocene fossil vertebrates of monte tuttavista

F, ,.,.. 1,.,' 1i.,,ti Ir ,,., ._i . r,r. .:r, . !,)l'Lnìc llC Pp.6111-7 6 Dec€rìrber 2001PLIO-PLEISTOCENE FOSSIL VERTEBRATES OF MONTE TUTTAVISTA(OROSEI, EASTERN SARDINIA, ITALY), AN OVERVIE\TI-AURA A]]BAZZI :, CHIARA AN(;EI-ONI.,,, N'lAIìISA ARCA,, GIANCARLO I]ARISONE',CLAUDIA BEDhI'TI', N{ASSI\1O DELITtNO', TASSOS KOTSAKIS', FIDERICA MARCOLINI",MAI{IA RITA PALONiBO., MARCO PAVIA, PAOLO PIRA.S', LORENZO ]ìOOK',DANILO T()RRIi'. CATERINELLA fUVF.lìl'. ANDREA N,I.Ir. VALLI' t BARBARA \IILKENS'R.rt11ùl lúk 6. l::.ì: rù:':tt.d ltttut]1 t6, )-.31,\r.r rplrls: l)11,,-l'l,i'ro.in.-. [.ì!rr]rn SrÌdirir. Ir,rll \tnc-,.l1:rrrir,t. lhr prrlin,irrrr rcsrlts oi the,rr.rlrsls ol i,ss rcr.rcbrrtc rcrrrirs lmlr le ii\'Lrf( iilli,rss in rLc ]urst ne(\r)rlt rr l\l('nrclirtl.rrisr.r (OIoreì, N1,,,11,1 r,! r.p,Jfre.l. Ab.,ui St ri\r..rnrong lifh(\,:rmphibi.rnr, f(ptilc.. l)ituì..ìnJ rr.rnrrrrls hrvc t,rtn recogni'eJ.-l hesc ren,,rins Jt'cumcnt rhe crolurion oi r cr rcbr rtc r,,cn,l'l.rcc,in rhc S.rnlini.rn insLrlrl drrnrin, drL,in.r r rime intcn.rì .rpp.rrenrlr:p.rnning rhe t-.rr< I'ln,cenc r,, I .ìr. l)l.i'r(ì..nf of I Ln('..nc. .\ 'u.(c.,ì,'rì,'irr lrisl loor p(ìful.ìri,ìc conrplrrc' h$ beor iclrnriiied s hich cloeunrenrrhc rt'rrcbrrrr coloni;.rriol ph.r,ts trom rhe Ilìi.rn rr.rinhnilrnd rhc t,'lìo"ìngpcrì(.ol jn'ul.rrirr: InJt

631 L. ,'lbbazzi, C. ,ltgclutc. ,l!. .!rca, C. llaris,,ttt,, (;. Bulrtti,.lt. I).llìt],,, T. Kotsakl, li .ll,noliui,.ll. R. Iùlrnnbo..\1. Parù, ll Pír,rs. L lir",/t,l). 'lirrc. C. Ttor..1. .l/./. ti1h.\ 8. \f l//r.rrjlntroductionln 1995, in the Eastern p,rlr oi S.rrcJini.r, .r s ilcllilcexpert, G. Mele, discolcrcd sonìc ioss;ìs in thc.rle.r oiMonte Tuttlvist:r, u ithin rhc stone q!I.ìr'r-ìe s oi ()rosci(Ginesu & Cordv 1997; Sond;r;rr 2000). This discolclrprolides a ncl hugc anrount oi infornrlrion on rhe i.runaland biogeogrrphic histon ol S.rrdini.r ro be.rcldcd tothe alrc,rdl s ell-clocumente d Pleistclcene faun,rs iounclin Corbeddu Crve (Oliena), rnd in Crpo.tìireri (GolfoAranci) (Dchrut 1911; Gliozzì c\ Mrl,rtcsra 1982).The exccption;rl value of these fincls n-as.r srrt,ngnrori\-.rtion !o uÍìdcr tiìke iìn e\tcnsite collccrion of rrll thcnecessarl drrtl for cstimating thc .rrc.rl c'stent of rhc clcpositsand ior collecting :r lirgc isscn'ìblJgc of lclrc[rr.rtciossils. Thc tluarrving actititl prcsent in the ercir lrrcl itsimportlncc fol Srrrdinìin lcrtebrrtc pllrrc.ontologr s.rs .rlsotaken irrto consiclcration bv rhc pl,rn, sùich incvir.rl,llinteractccl *ith the econonric re;rlitlr The SopritrtcntltttI:ix. Iz,a per i Bui Arcltologrci of thc provirrccs o[ S,rssari .rndNuoro. responsible for the protcction lnd dereloprlcrrtof ,rrchacologic,rl lnd pel,reontologic.tl herit:rse. h.rs plonìoted:1 nunìbcr of meetings t ith rhc pr.rblic îuthoriticsrnd l,ith tlrc qurnv operators iri!ìrcd iì! iìlr cffectirc collectionof thcsc fossils. A succcsslul coll:rborrtìon rvirhthe local clurrn,int firnrs h,rs bcen possible thanks ro thccarcful inlohcment oi locel opcr.rtors. The prc*ence ttiiossils hls in flct becn prcsented ls.r posirìr'e f.rctor c.rpablcof adding r.;rluc and enh.rncing the rour-isnr of rhearer, throuiÌh.r conrbiration ol rr.rtur.rl :ucl culrur.rl .rrtracuonS,Dr.rring l99il-2001, the Ministrv oî Cr.rltur:c (,1/rrrsteroper i Bui c le Atti'-it,ì Ctlturali) rponsorecl rrrr irritialreselrch project chargcd lirh thc reiistrrrtion .rnrlcl.rssificirtion of rhc palaeonrologicrl .lcposits of \lonrcTurralisra. Thc assignment inrohetl threc nrein ilrstitr,rtions:thc Istituto di Scicnze Ceologicrt ,llineralogiclx olthe Sassari Univc'r'sit1', the Utt'crsité dc lrcge (Bclriurr;U.R. "E.\1 L.LI."), .rnd the .Rotfc,.r!rr N,t u u rtrl u s c r r n (ThtNetherhnds).Site esc.tv,rtion .rnd the difiicult plocess of collectionand prcplr.rtion of thc finds ior stuclv.rnd crhibirionpurposes hlr e bccn crrricd our since 1996 bl thr: erpcrrsoi the Soprittctutc zd per Bcui Arcltutlogici (Opcr.rtingOfficc of Nuoro), rnd rhenks to theil c()nstant sLrpcrvisionof thc qu,rrrving,rcrilin ,r consit'1er,rble nurnbet oiiossililerous cilviries rnd fissurcs h.rvc ltccn discorcrccl.Thcse prtl,teonrologic.rl sires lic'ldcd .r huqe qurntit\ oifossil rcrn.rins (ln up ro datc t'rurrrlrel oi findinss c.rn btcstimaîed to bc .rbour 30.000), rr hich rre oI par.nr()untinterest bcc.rusc of thc verietv of prcsent t:rx.r, .rncl Iìrrth, crccllsnr *r.rrc oi io"iì pr(\('r'r.r!i()n.All rhe .rrc.r shere rhese p.rlconrolovicel clepositslic, has bccn cìeclrrcd oi Considcr.rblc P:rl.rcontologic.rlInrerest in coniornrir\, s'ith It'rli.rrr L:rns (D.L. n' .190oÌ 29/lA/99), rftcr being fa'-our,rbll juclg.-d ì:r thc l).rl-l,,c.rri,'nnr.rp,,rtìrc\ltnre-lirttrri'r.r.rlc.riìcor'ìtolosyConrnrission ol thc llitistaro per ì Beni e leAtti-. it,ì Ctlnrali.In -20C.1. thc Soprintenderzt pet i lleni Arcbeohryitrlppoìntecl .r neN tcìnì of spcci.rlists irom three It,rli,rnìnsritutions lL.'litcrsit,i deglí .Surdi di lirenze, Lttitertìt,idegli Sttdi di Ronn "La S.lpicttza", Uttitersixi dagli.ttrdi "Ro1it,t 7it,") ro undert.rlic l stuclv oi thesc fossils.\Ve prescnt hcrc rr ptcliminarv rcport on fossils founcl;rtNlonte Tuttrrvistrr ilonr 1996 - IOO-1.Location and geological settingThc lrc.r ol pnlncontoloiÌ;c.ìl intclest cxterrds fol,rbour J knr', ro rhe sourh\\'esr oi ()rosci (Fìg. l), on thcc.rstcrn siclc of illonte -[urralist,r,,rlong the :rrca ol Can.r]eLongu, Oroc.rntl Srnrir Rughc (lC\'l topographic rr.rps,\(.llc l:i).--U. \llccl lì lJ-. \cCtt'rlì | - (r.llt(lll .ìnO \ncclrr' 5C 1, scction l\'- Orosei).This rclrirorl is p.rrt oi.rrr inrposing rurssil, c\tcndingtolrlrcls northc:rst/south\\'cst .rrrd iornring a linc ofnrountlins, ol rvhich Monte Tutt,rvist,r is the most plonrinenr(336 rrr r.s.1,1. These snuctLu.ìl highs, iormcd bv\lesozoic Iinrcstones (Dieni 3'. ì\l.rss.rri 1966: Dieni cr.rl. 1966: C;rlvino cr rl. 1972) .re ch.ìncreriscd br surlrcc'k.rrstIornr.rrìons such is k.ìrren, c.rviries. cracks.rndrriches. Bccirusc r'l thc hieh pernr c.r[.rìlirv oI k.rlst, duet() intcr-ìsc lr,rct,.r.i'r{.rnd the kltst phenonrcn:r, a ptopcrsurf.rce rilcr \\'stcnì is r-ìot possiblc, rvhelels snrllì, r:rnclonrl ltcr sIrc;rrrs .rle instc,rc] prr\errt luìd flol' torvlrdssoutheast.This nrassivc undcrilround kiÌrst .rctivitr has cre.rtedl'ide, r'erricrllr oricnred fissulcs of diffelc'nr sh,rpes and

l)lìo I)[tistocettt l,t:til', tr;tbr,tLcs lt'nt .\l olte li tt,ti t:t,t i \,u tltn i,r )6S-ì7z.>.),\6iq-r*'!'.. .'t -È:Ìlì'. 'r'" , î FìN ,)ri-\ i'1;ì/\\ -)-6'rrI i. ll,rc,rri,,n nr,rp (rJ rlrr JissLrÌ(\in rhL h.rrslr.trorh ot \L'nrr lLrrr.rri'r.r. Ir l\ .lai lr l\'i 1)!lr'qrii; ì i VI b.rrrco 6r 1l\l-rri \ìl]6 \lì htr,rú,\l|.Ìrl. .rl \ ll .(,\,,i ò-l \ llnu.tL ìiJc: 'r' I\ /ìl.ira:rlCr \ Lrrc.llir lLr \ Nlcle;lì \ ghrr,,: li, \l l: Il,\l tìic.]ri!lr l5) \I nriralr16,\l rontl,,rer l- \l .rnrilottr lrr \ì c.rrriJr.sizes. The gcnerlì shrpe lnd nrorpholo$ of iissurcs (rìrost:ue rì.rno$,:rnd c()incidcnt "ith fracturc line.rrrrents) revc.rla relativeÌy 1'ounq devcloprlcnt ol the li:rr-st net\\'orìi. lrìtlre ar err oI Crrnalc Lonsu, sorììe f;ssures lre fillcd bv llur i.rlscdiments derir,ed lronr the crosion of rhc Prllcozoìc crlst:rllineblserrrcnt. Prescrrtll, Montc Tutt.rlist.r is borclelcdby bas,rlts, drted by K/Ar to 1.12 t0.09 :rnd 2.75 :r0. l l Nl.rrcspecrivch'(Becc;rh.rr'.r & \lacciott;r I9lì3). from thc nr.rìnvolcanic venrs of (ìoncrt 'c Jlnas iìnd Pinstr,r N{:rnnu. \

684 L. Abbazzi, C. Angelane, ll. Arca, G. lJarisone, C. Bedetti, tll. DelJìro, T. Kotsakis, F ttanolni,M. ll. Palonba, lI. ?arta, P Piras, L. Roc,k, D. Torrc, C. lu-"eri, A. ,U.f. Vnlli E B. \\'ilkensTAXACAVE X XI XI Vlquarry 3 uccelli 3 ronoonc Banco 6FISHESladidae indet.\eranut tcnb,rl,,tbnts bcrgrlt,LLabrut

Plu, l)li'atcnt li,::il .trt,lnarc: ltont .1l,ntt Tutt,t: tstt t \anlntt,t)6S5lir'iRlptili.rn rL'nùns ironr ir\\urctillinqs (ìl \l()nrf Îlftì!i\r.ì: .ì)1.a,,:rr.r 'p.,lclr rlenr.rrl in lìn{u.rl \ie\l L.ìl qu.rnr "\'l iì :b,.13.,ar.r :.1. 'p..rirhr tlcn'r.rn in hbi.rl \ics. Agl qu.ìrr!''Il l : f) '\nìphi'b,rcnir i'ìdúr..rrurrk 'cnebrrein renrrrl vi."s.Ànìl qu.ì!r\ "\'l bìn.o 6 r (irI rlolp.. rurcbr.r ìn c.rudrlricr. \'pl qu.rrrv "\'l -ì .ReptilesOrdcr Che loniiClrcloni,rns lrc rc1'rr-csr-nted bv l fr-.rgnrcrttlrl sìrcll(pelrìr'inclLrclecl in rockl,.rn jsol.rtccl lntcliol lobc ol .rpl:rstron,.rn,.l .r singìc hunrcrus. Ir is possittlc to reier'.rllthc nr.rrer-i.rl to tortoi\!'s 1f:rnrilr Tesrudinid.rc) of .rr r'r.-,rgc size (thc tot;rl lcnqrh ol thc c.rlrrgr.rcc ìs.tppro\irìriîcì\'l5 cnr). Thc d.'rcloprnenr of rhc eg'ipl.rstr.rì 1i1,. Lloes norrc.rch rh.rt oi Ic':ttrt/o grtt't,r lnd 7i rt,rrgli,rt.r lreintnrolc.irrril.rr r,'tl rt ci / /r,r'r'r.'r,rr 1.1. .\'rir'.rn.r.lni'i 1000rÉ-fcrvcr 1C00). the onÌr tortoisr thlt ìs conriclcr-ecl .rtrtochth

686 L. Abbazzi, C. ,4rgelore, ,ll. Arca- C. Barisott, C. Bcdeni, .ll. Dcllino, T. Kotsahis, li ,llarcolini,.ll. 11. klonúo,.ll. lTrti+ P Piras, L. Rook, D.Totr, C. Ttrui.A..l/./ \i11i ù B. \\'ìlhetsTrb. I - Lisr oi bird r.ì\i lronì quarriesd Montc Turrrlis(.r.Scvcral vcrtcbrae conrin!ì fronì the ccrvical, clolcllol crÌudil districtsr :ìlons q'jth r,ertebrrl frrcrìrenrs ancl ritrsh:rve Lrccn sirlplv rcfcrred to thc ordcr (Serpentcs inclet.).Sincc N,.tra is br far thc nrost abundint snake in the asscmblagc,thc bulk ot thc undetcrnrined nratcri,rl likelvbelongs to this gcnus.Thc pal,reohcrpcroi.runa irrcludes somc clcmcntsrhrtt lre stiÌl member s ol the Sardinian hcrpetoi.runl lnd.ìrc krÌo\\,n as iossils (Kotsakis l9S0; Delfino 2002), butrlso othcrs uho do not; it is thc crse of lacena sp. (sizeccrrrrprrable to thit of L. "iridis),,4gazra(s.1.) sp., Anrphisbreni:rindet. rnd Vrperz sp. The nrecliunr sized Iizirrdshirlc bccn recovcrcd in Sirrdinia for the first tinre s'hilcrnrphisbaenians and vipers hlc bec'n .rlrcrd) quorcd inthc p.rst (cl- literirturc in Dcliino 2002). Aqanids rndrrrnphìsb'renians do not prcsentlv livc in Italr' (SocictirsHcrpctologica Itaìica 1996).BlrdsAnrong the rich vencbrarc îsscrìblage iound in thcMontc Tuttavista quarries, a largc nunrber of fossil bircl re-Íìrains hile been collecrcd, conìing iron'ì different fissurclillings oi dificrcnt îge (Tab. l). The preliminarv rn:rlvsisof thc bird fossil bones revcalcd the prcsence of ar leirst 25rî\il, sonìe of \\,hich arc endemic, We ha!e' ordered thcse re-rl,rins by fissure in older to docunìentinter-fissure popularion dilfercnccs.Ve havc identificd thefollorr ing avian tarr: Anatidae indeuAqúla sp-, Buteo c!i. B - brteo,Accipitridae ìndeL, Coturnix corzrir-r', Rallidae indct. sp. l, Rallidreindet. sp. 2, Colunba licia,1ìttbo cf. B. insularis, Athene sp.,Strigidae indet.,, /.uda cf. A. arL'ensis, trlelanocot),pha cf. Il. ca1,rrrrlra, Hirundinidac indet., Zzrdus sp., Ìluscicapa sp., Sylviidaeindtr., Pynltoorat graalus, Pyrrltocoruxsp., Corcus cl. C, corone,Corvidre indet, Stlntus sp,, Catduelis cbLoris, Enberiza sp., Passeriformcsindct.The presencc of,4qrrl/a sp.is documented bl selcral bones;thel arc sinilar in size to themodern Aqtila cbnr5allot, but a new endcntic species ofAquilaha,s rccen:ly been identificd in some locîlities bothin Serdinir and Corsic. (Louchrrt 2002), so the Oroseimatcrial needs ro bc conrpared n,ith rhis neq,foIm untila nore precìsc detenninltion is nrade.,44ai/a renrainshalc been comnlonlv rcported in the Mediterranean ishndss,ith so cral specics (Mourcr-Chauviró ct î1. 2002).Rcnrlins of Cotlnlu cotrnrn have been found in differentfissure fillings. This specics is the onh' nrcmber of rheorder Gallitbrrrcs conrnronll reportcd in the Mcditerrancanislands (Alcover ct al. 1992; Mourer-Chauviré et al.2002);this lìct is due to the nrigrrton.habir oÍ Cotto\ix cotrmixn hich cros'c,, thc Mcdit. rr.rnc.rn Scr t n ice per l elr to go tothc African s inter qurrters from the Europeltn brcedin€iareas.The otlrer nrcnrbcrs oi thc order Galliforntes arc particularlvsedcnrlrv and do not cross env inlct; so the presenceoi Gallifornrcs on islands is onlv due to humiìn introductions,such s ior Alectoris bubarz conrnronly found todayin Sardini:r afrer r Ronrrrn rge ìntroduction, but nevcl rcportedin Corsic:r. nor even iìs vrgrlnt visiror (Louchart 2002).Thc lamilv Rallidac is rcpresented bl scveral rem,rinsof rs o differcnr sizc classcs. The bigger ones, Rallidac inder. sp. l, ;rrc ro be rcfcrred to :ì medium-sizedRalfidae, such i\s R.tll,ts,tqraticus, Gallirula chloropus orCrex cre\ while thc snlaller ones, Rallidae indet. sp, 2,probablv bclong to a small species of rhe y,enus Porzana,such as P pdr"'r. or P Pusilla-

CAVI VII VII VII vl X XI X x xl tx XI XI XI VII XI t\, tv \I VIIbl. st l 3 ùcccllì mîro2 ,rn. !001 :Ì 20 zTAXAX X X XXX,vcr/r./r.r sP. lX X X X X X X XXX X X Xrr',, r.r,r,qr' cl I /iq.rnl,$XXr'"" r"ni' .1. n .t1Rhose 1\'.t t thoLlon')rt(b!.t"ur '.\11. O lutosti X \ X X:hu.tttidpot thcI(s tt sPl. ltÍ|s|(|d P hù 1tt\ X!' tt o t he r i u nt vt rt{ o t t';Srr ct S. .l.)r.à.ulìrir.p.D, L/rrÌ( {(/1,,ì,\ Slì.Pt rlnl',t,t|ù\ rll l 'ù:i,'tiDtdc lequLerc\ | t:k,iVc,sogrrl zll sn. ì alìì N ,k ,,it X X X:'aorinae gen. ct sP lndclXXXXX X X X IXX X X X x X X X XX X X XX X X- aDrlr:1c gcn. c1 sp. no\'Tab. I - Listof n.rnrm.rl Lrrr fron qul rìes of Monrc'lirLtl ist'rXXXXXXXXXX X X X x XXXXXIXrXIXXrXXXn*

688 L. Abl.tazzi, C. Angclou .ll. Arca, G. B.trisottc, C. Bedctti, .V. Dtll)no, T. h .llarcolini,^itjdÈr.r,ll. R. Paknnbo, ,ll. Patia. l2 Piras, L. &tok, D. Tonc, C. Tr;tti. A. .V.f. t..11i 1J. lt"\ /tcr,These taxa, conrmonlv reporrcd in Pleistocenc is-Jand dcposirs (Mourer-Chauviré er î1. 2002),:rre strictlyreliìted to open \\,erland and are vcrv impot'rlnr for pllteocn!ironn]entalreconstructions.One of the nrost corìlmon bird r:rxa ar Monte Tuttavistais Brlo c[. B. ixs aris. Bubo insultris is tt'r cxtinctspecies cndentic to Corsìcir rnd Sardini:r (Mourer-ChauviréEt Wccsic 1986) conrmonl\.iound in Pleistocenevertebrate deposits (Pavir I999; Louchart 2002;Mourer-Chauviré et al. 2002). Inirial resul!s susgesrs rhrrthc Orosei matcrial seerrs to be conrplrable ro rhe tvpcmaterial from Rapaci Cave (Mourcr-Chruvircr & \\tesic1986) and with thc ricìr nraterial {ronr Corsica (Louch.rlr2002), but u'c need to conrpare rhcrr directh ro be surc otthis referral. A single bone found in fissure filling nrnretl"Vll blocco strada" shorvs the nrorphological ch,rr,rcrcr.-istics of the scnus 8rro, but it is clcrrlr cliffcrcnt fronrBubo insularis: unfortunatelv the rcn'ì:Ìin is roo frngnìclrtaryto allow further considerations, and is deternrincdas Strigidae inder..Seteral bones have been derernrined as Athenc sp.tthey bclong to a largc species, sonrerrlr,rr sinril,rr ro theexriticÍ Athenc angelr.i, describcd from the Middle Pleistoccncof Corsica (Mourer-Chauviré er ;rl. 19921, andregarded as endcmic to northern Corsicr'r. Since the initialdiscovery no remljns n,erc found in rhc orher Corsic;rnlnd Sardinirn locrlitics anallscd so flr (Louchrrr2002). The fossil bones from Orosci shos sinrilar proportions$'ìîh,4tlrene atgelis, but rhcv arc slir:htll larger.in cvcry examincd bonc. Thc genvs Atltene is u,idespre.rclin thc Mediterranean islands during rhc' Plcistocenc s irha nunrber of endemic species (Palir 6i Mourer-Cheuviré2002), so further analy'ses u,ill cl:rrifl if thc Monrc Tura'tìsraAthene renrains are referablc ro ,'lt/.,e,le arrgelis, orif they document the prcscnce of r ncn'ertincr fornr oiAtbexe in rhe Plcisrocen.. ot \.rrdirri;r.The most abundanr Monte Tutftrvistir raxa are theCorvidae of the genus P1,n'bocorat ìncluding rn o species;Pynltocotzx graculus and Pytbocorat sp. Thc larter oithese rwo species is less abundant lncl probablr. referrbìcto P plrrbocorax.T hese specics conrmonlr occur and rrcoften abundant in Corsican and Srrrdinian fossil localitics( Louch.rrr 2 002 l Mourc'r-C h.ru vi r.1 cr .ri. 2OOl t. Ruccn r lr''Louchart (2002) emphasized the morplrorretric diilercncesof the Pleistocene Corsican popularions oi both P p_r'rrbocoraxand P graca/as s,ith respcct ro rhe mlinland onesand described trvo new subspccies endemic ro Corsic.r, Ppynbocorax nacrorlrynchos and P gr,tulus castiglionen si s.Further analyses will allos,us to determinc rhe svstc'nraticposirion of rhe Montc Tìrttavisra rcnrains belonqingro the genus Pyrrhocout, and thcir rclarionships to thctwo endemic subspecics recently dcscribed.Fossil birds often prove to be sensitivc pxlreoenvironnrentalindicators. Although preliminary', the analysisof the Monte Tutt;rvista bird associations, collecredin difiercnr [issure 1ìllings of differi'nr rgeJ sugqcsrs rhel.rrcscnce of spccies typicll oi roc]rv habitrts clominatedbv clifis (e.r. Aqrila sp., Ilubo cl. lì. írsrLo'is, Atheresp., P1,n'ltoco.tt gt'aatIts and P1,n'lxtcor-.r,t sp.). Moreovcr,othcr ti\r such:ìs the Anrtidre înd thc Ralliclae, susscsrthe prescnce of nrarshlends not so iar irorl Monte Tuttalisra,n hilc Crrrrrnt ix cotttmix, ALurt/"r cl.,,l. .rri.orsú andÀÍeLtuoco1,pltd c[. lÍ. c,rhtdra indicrrc also rhe presenceof inrportant opcn drv.r:'c',r, Thc conrpletc anah,sis of rllthe bird rcnrrins, scpararccl in rhc differcnt iissure fiilìngs.sill oi coursc allon us to reconsrrucr rlre entironmentirlcvolLrtion of rhe C)rosei tler, fronr the Plioccneto thc L.Ìtc Plcistoccnc.MammalsArrong hrtte sized nrlnrnrlls, alnost all of rhc orclcrsknou'rr irou the Lulope,rn I)leisroccnc ilre for.lndsith the exception oi thc l)roboscidata and Pcrissodactlle('fab. 1). Sonre tarir (c.g. ccrtids and bor ids) are frequentllrcpresenred bv p.rrri:rllr corrncctcd skcìerons oftenchlracterize'd also bv pre-diagc'neric irîcrurcs, rhussugges!ing an lccumul;rtion [rr.ialling into fissur.es lndsinkholes. This hvpothcsis is irlso supportcd b1'the occurrcnce.oi,r l,rrge nurnbcl of nes,born ancl juvcnì1e individuals.The ruicromanrrull rccord is also irnpressir.c:about 9.000 rtnr.rins inclucling cranial ir.rgnrcnrs, mendibles,rnd tccth, hrlc bccn idcnrified rnd rn.rl1,sed, Thcsnrrll n)iln)rìliìl iiruna inclLrdc.s rhirtccn t.rxa (T.rb. .l): oneerinrcconrorph (T,tlpa 4,rrlwt i ca). rrvo soriconrorphs(Nesiotrtcs sp. l,,Vesi

PliLt-Plttstotcnc Jòssil icrtcbrttLs Jnnn .llontt Tutt,t;ista l Sartlìnial 689Pending l general rcvisior'ì oI the fossil lnarerial ofSardinia s c preter ro clîssiil our specimcns onlv ar rhegenus levcl.The snrrllcr form,,N'es iotites sp.2 (Fig. .lb), has becnidcntified in quarrics "X.l uccclli".rnd "VI 3". h is a lirtlcsrr.rller thirn thc spccinrens ciescribed bl,Barc (1944)under rhe spccifjc narrlc N. srlrilis. Tl.resc fossils lre similarto Nc,slotrtes dcscribcd rs N. iirrrlir bv Gliozzi et rl.(1984), collectcd at Is Oreris in southn'estern Sardinia.The nrorphologicrl obsenations of the larger ta\on esscnt;iìllvappl| to this snrallcr form.Irig. I- lnsecriv,rc llr,rins flon fissrrc fìllingr oi i\lonre lirtt.rrisr.lì) \iil'r,r(l 'p.l, \l dc\.. \r9.'qlrrrr "\l -1 : br.\iirorarisp. J, \l c1cr.. NI5 qùiì,r\ "X.ì uc(rlli .snrrrllest specics of the gcnus. A biggcr folnr, Nc,.irotilcs(-ol sic;'ltus;s knol n frorn rhe Plcisroccne of Corsicl. lheoccurrence of rhis l.rrgcr species in Slrdinia ìs reportedbv Ilrandr' (1978) .rnd Frnfani (200C).The big soricicl of Orosei, Nesiotitcs sp. 1 (Iig. +r),is nr or pholotic;rlll sìnrilar but cven l,rrgcr tìr;rn N. rr.rrrlcLtltut.On the otl-rel hand thc meisurcnrcnts reporrcd brHcnsel (1855) ior thc n;re spccinìen o[ N. srlrrls secnrro lgrec l ith thc

L. \1,!'.t:.1i. {-. .lrqr/r,,:,., 1/ I'r,r. ('1l li l'.11,,':i,,,. l/ P.t::: ll l',.::.lt.ri t,',t:1. (.. lltrl,trt. 11. l)tllttr,, /. /i,,rr.ri.rr. t. .1l,trt,'lul,I li',,'i. D T"t,,. (.. 1::.tn. | .11.1. \.r/// t! I \l//lrrjflrig.6.1/,rr,rlr c}. 11. ,r,r/r,r lroll\1,'nrr 1 rt.li'r.r qurnr "\ I; .,\ li tr.rsrrrerrr.r'r rr.rn(ìi-L.lq \ I ì lltl in rìrlrr lùr,.,1(Aì .ìfJ o..lu'.ìl iBl .i."'i(l-l l ifrgfìrrl,1f\ Ll:lr frrn-LlibLrl.rr rrn,u' \l ì llsi inottlu..rl rCr. ìin,:u.rl l)r rrJl.rl,j,rl rllt rjer.r lrt lr.ìsùen-L.ìf $ltull Vi-l- l ls5 5rill en,-l'.LlLle.i in rlrt l','nc l,r.cti.r inri!h( l.llffrl \ ir\ | (i-l I f(!rfl(r. l/.r.r.,r \kLrll \'l -ì,11sìirr .rnrcri

I'Ito Iltistocutr ]o::tl .crtdtratts.fì,rit .ll.ittt li!tt,.trt,1 l.\,1rdi)t1n)69tI-({I-r"l L-iL ]"rr-l\rl_r ii-_ /,l:ig.7llolrnr' .rnLl l.rqonrr'+rhs i roÌrlii"urt ijìlins. Lri llonrt Turr.ù i.(.r. /,,,h,,/.,1, n. 'p.:ri ll (li\.. lì laj (lurÌ,\ "\ì Lruu.lli . r'cil.: ltrLu:ì,,'!.tlrarL,l: l,r tl ' r.. nr,1,hr,-r\t. l.li 1:r ,lrrrrr "\llnitl. ,r \l :ìrr..lrorph,,rlrc1. lr li1 qu.rrrr "\ I b,rnco6: lia;.t1,"1o,:::: t,tin,'t: J\1 rLx.. llflC qu.ìr'( \ -ìL,tcc1ìì : /Ù.r".r",r, ',,rrr,,i"r:I ll dr\.. RlìlL q'1.,,i\ "l\la i lt .\l (1.\.. Rhfi qL.rr.\\ I 1,r..,' 6 l\tl.t1t; it. I)'rrlr.: I l'j \rr.. Il llillll.lur,\ "\l .rnid. rhrI' 'i,r..Ir.\1,1ùd5 qu,ì,1\ "l\' la i i I),r.\., P,11 q!.ìÌ,\ -\ I b,, r.ot, rrll.,. \llr l,rr - I rrnr.stliana Jl,'rortitta isce Rook .'r .rl. laCl.r Iirr .r discussìon).l-ìfc ,llacatt n,tjori. thr. trlt. Tutt.rrisr,r r.rnrplc i'ch.rnctc'rized h,, nrr'l.rrs ,. irh .r pec,.rliar- nrolplroìogr : thecr,'ln ìs in l,rct sìiqhth inil.rteJ just eb,,rc thc reck giringthe torrth .r "pufii " .rspcct (Sz.rl.rl N Drlson 1979).Alrhough vclv cìosc to .Il. ntjoti, ile rrre rtilì clutiousin rhe spccilic .rttribution ot thc Ilr. Tuttar istr lcrr.rins.In f.rct. sortte tr'.rirs of rhc [.rcì.rl nrorpholr.r*r oirrer:r'.rblein rhc nrerillrrr VI-l-l 135 lFig. 6f) .rnd cs;rcci.rlI in thcsktrìl VI--.ì-l1Si (Fis. 6s,h). secnr to dilfcr c1u.rlìt.rtivehfionr the pcculi.rr-nlrrphoìogr leportecì lor thc (ìepo Fiq,rris.rruplc iO'l Iiggins ct .rl. lCC l; l{ooli lt ()'H iggin' ìnpr-css). \\t pror ision.rllv reicr r he Nl t. Tlrrt.rlisr.r r enr.rin.to ,1l.tL,tt,t cl. .11. ntajortOrdcr Rodentir!r l1f1(1leA singìe rr.rnclibì.' oi :l glili.l lirhout tccth h.rsbccn collected in qu.rn r "\ qhiro". 'fhc dirren.it,n' .rtc. lirrle l.rlgel- th.rn thosc oi 7ì r-ry',t a,,g/is ar,r7,,r r, tr pc .,pecics of th.' cnclcnric S.rlcìinirn genus 7ì'rry',ort,g/rs, coìlc'ctedflonì C.rpo Fis.ìri 1F-ngessct l9T(,1. ln S.rrrlini.r,'rnother l.rrgc fossil qlirid h.rs L'cen coll.'ctc.ì ilonr rhcN,licldìc Plìoccrrc .rgcc1 clcp,,sits Nrrr.rqìrt Su (ì.rstedcltl(Dorg.rli, NLroro), .rncl t.cle rrccl to 1117rrrplr15 5p. 1[51& Kots.rkis l9SC). Besicles strong sitlil.rlities .rith thìscnclcnric B.rlc.rric Isl.urcls qcnus (l\lcin l9lìil. trl .rttribtrrionro thc !cnus Tlrrl:cttoglts is nror-e plobaLtle (Kotsrliis 2003).Vcrr icn rrctìr collrctcd in qù.ìn-\' \"1 3" beìongro .r glìncl. Both tuolpl-r

692 L. Abbazzi, C. Atgelone, 14. Arcd, C. lJarixnc, C. Bulcttt, M. Delfíno, T. Korsakis. l:. tl/arcolínì.M. R. Palombo, M. PatLia, P Pit';a, L. Rooh, D. Tore, C. Tutcti, A. ,t.l.l. \ltlli E; !J. \Vilkcnslizard (a taxon associated in a fìw fissures o[ Monrc Turtavistawith more primitive assemblages of mamnr:rls) rre"exotìc" elements reworked from an oldcr asscmblagc.AnicolidaeTyrrhenicola henseli is an endemic fossil vole u,idcspreadin Sardinia and Corsica during Middle and LarcPleistocene and Hofocene. In recen I papers, T)tn'lre icolahas been considered ro be a subgenus ol Microtus.Voles are often used as reliable bioc hron o logicalindicators. However, verv little biochronoloeicill informarionsare available for Tyrrhenicola Àeaseli, due to tirclack of a dctailed biochronological frameu'ork for Sardinianfaunas. The systematic position and phrlor:cncricrefationships of Tyrbenicola are also controversial. Brunet-LecomreEt Chaline (1990), on the basis of thc tvpicalpirymyan rhombus shown l>y Tyrrbenicolrr, suilscst rhatT. benseli may represent an archaic branch of rhe samegroup that produced the Malta species Teryicola nclrtensrs,this is, the Mediterranean group of 7?rzicoia n,hichthe authors believe was derìved from Allophaìonys clulinei.Orher authors, on the contrary, believe thc sirnilaritieswith Tbrricola are only a parallelisn rnd proposean evolution from Allopbaìomys pliocaeticus as rvell asan immigration to Sardinia during the carll'Pleistocene(Van der Mculen 1973; Gliozzi er al. 1984). Mezzaborraet al. (1995) further suggest the evolution from thc,4/-Iopbaiomys ruffoi- A. bargondiae lineagc, and an inmigrationto Sardinia n ithin late Early Pleistocenc' to earlvMiddle Pleistocene.Since all the Tyrbentcola populations recovcrcdfrom Sardinia or Corsica are so highly dcriled, thev arcof no help for correlations wirh the Europcan nrainiirnd.The popuÌation recovered in quarry "X 3 uccelli", thoughonly preliminarly studied, will probabÌi.add a deeper insighron this subject. As a mattcr of fact, quarry "X 3uccelli" seems to be a very ancient fissure s'ith a f;,rrhenicola showing relarively archaic features and snrllsize, and these rcmains belong ccrtainìy to a nerv species,Tynbenicola n. sp. (Fig. 7a). The occurrence of a prinritivenew species of this an'icolid in Sardinia has beenafready reported bv Brandy (1978), Cordl' (997\ andSondaar (2000).The san.rples fronr orher quarries (Fig. 7b,c) presentdifferent evolutionary degrees, shos,ing a gencral trcndtowards an increase in the complexity of the anteroconid,with a progressive development of TZ and sometinres thepresence of incipient T6 and T9 (teeth nonrenclature followsVan der Meulen 1973).Mezzabotta ct al. (1995) define four rnain nrorphotypes(1 to 4, increasing with evolutionaq' degreee) usefulto distinguish Tyrrbenicola evolutionarv stages. Samplesfrom the Monte Tuttavista fissures have been attributedro rhese nìorphotyp€s. Ir has been therefore possiblc toshow differences in evolutionary degrees among the studiedsamples. These have been used for reconstructing aFi{. 3 - Historr;rnr reprcscnring rrtorthorrpes dirrriburion of M oiTltlxùLola lxr:cli rirhin qu.ìn'i.s of ì!lontc Tùttrli\r.r.biochronologic succcssion of thc diiferent fissures. Populationfronr quarn "lV" sc'ems to be the less etolled,although the srrall specinren nunrLrer. Popularions fronrqu:rr rie s "XI 3" and "XI c,rnidc" nr,rinly belong ro morphotypesI and 2 rvhile rhose frorr quarries "XI dic. 2001";rnd "VI banco 6" seenr ro be rhc most evolved, with preveiÌinrmorphotypc 4, nnd high pcrccnrage of nor:phctrvpc3 (Fig. 8).Murìd,rcOnll one oi the fissures of the Monte Tuttavistaarer, "X 3 uccelli", contrins abundant fossil remains ofRlngapodenrs ninor tt tarl1,/MiddÌe Pleistocenc endenricSardinian specics (Brandl 1978). This specics isalso present, sith a ics specinrens, ar quarries "VÌ 3","VII mustelide" and "X ghiro" (Fig. 7d). Rbagapodenusriiltor is supposed to be an intermcdiate elcment of lnan:rgenetic linerge whose contincntal anccstor is R/ragapotlemusballesioi (MN l4 - basal MN 15t Mein E< Michaux1970). Very likely R. ballesioi trived rn the Corso Sardiniuregion during the Lrte Ruscinian: its descendant R.azzarolìi (Mand,riola, Sinis Peninsula, V'estern Sardinia;Ìatc MNl5 - basal MNl6i) (Aneelone & Korsakis 20C I )srill bears recognizable fcarures of R. àal/esioi, bur shorvsevident incipient dental modifications, thar prelude toRbagapodents ninor. Rlugrnrl's ortbodorr is an advancedforrr derived lront Rhagapodenus ntìnor and the last clcmenrol rhe evolurion.rrv linelgc.Compared rc Rbaganl,s ortltodon, Rhagapodemusnrror is still rather brrchyodorrt and smalier; other diffcrcrrtialfeatures between the two species are the fusiono{ T2-Tl on M' and the lack of T3 on M' in Rbagamysortlndon (see Brandl 1978). Specinrens from quarry "X3 uccelÌi" shon'a morc adr',rnced cvolutionary degrec ifcompared to Rlagapotlenus ninor ir

Plìo I'1eístot:.t lossìl ttrttln.tt.s jnnt .llutte Tntt.tíst,t lsarrlìntt) 693lrìg.9 - lì.rgnrcnr ,'i 'lL,llrncl l!ft Drndìbuhf rrD!! ol (),rLrolr8l^ iil. O Lr(on,, Ilonrc Tutt.ì\ istr, Or'1 qurr rr "\'ll b1oee.\trirdrsuggest its .rttributioÍr to the gel1us ,(l ?g.?or/e,lrj. \\ lìiìcm:ìnt:ìinin!l thc ge'neric l]ilrìrc R/rd84rr-),J for thc spccicsR. orLltodot.A Iargcr nrurìd is l connon clcmcnt in othcl qurr'-rics ("lV 5 Prr.r1'rgrr.r", "IV 20", "VIl 2", "XI 1". "XI cuide ","XI dic,200l", "Vl b:rnco 6"). Thìs lorm shot,s rlso rinextrcmc hvpsodont) dcCrcc rnd tubercules xrrrnilcllìcnt,which n.r:rdc possiblc thcir clessilìcation x Rlugl.ays otinrlox(Ftg.7c,f1, iìn cndeùic insul'rr forrn li,,'ing in Srrclini:rand Corsicl frorn Middle l)leistocene to Holoccnc (Vìrnc1987). Noncthclcss,sonre important morphonretric diifcrenccscxisl bet\\'er'n spccimcns colÌected in diiicrcnt qu.rr'-ries. Such differerrccs:Ìllo$ us to recognize cìifiercnr erolutionan'dcgrecs ;tnd to gir e a chronologic.Ìl ordcr to rhcvarious fissurcs. I he nrosr clidcnt are the incrrlsc in \izcand hypsodontr', irrrd the rppearance tll rccessorl loots.Other progrcssivc trends hale been obscrlcd, nr.rinlr inthe first urollrs. During the l:rst leer R. nlaor hls becncollcctcd irìso in Corsjcr (Pereira et aì. 2003).Ordcr LagomorphaOchotonid.rcThc ochotonid h:rs been identified.rs Plolagrr-r cf.P sartlus (Fig. 7g-i). The general ieetures of thc nc,rrlvone thouslnd e\:rÌrtirtecl derrtlì eìernents erc vrrv sinriì.rrto those of ProLagus s,u'tlu, but somc specirìrens sho\\' .rmix of ch:rrlctcrs oi both P r-ardrrr-and 2fg.l.o, rhc rscrendenic Corso-S,rrdin ien iorms.At r preliminart elance ir appeared thar, in spiteto the grcat inrerspecifical lrriabilitl. oí Prolagus and, irscxtr-eme bredvteh', differenr nrorphotypes of the varìousclcnrel eÌements could bc clearly rccognizcd within thequlrrics.Iìrllorvine tl.re approach describcd in M az?,a, (1986),rve ordcred rhe Prolagus morphotvpcs in a chronologicalclinc, obtrjninq thc folloivine sequcnce of the richest fissufcfillings (irom rhe nrore prinririve): quarries "IV 5","IV 10", 'VII 1", 'XI l", "Xl canic{c", "XI dic.2001", "VIb.rnco 6". In additìon to ir Sicner:Ìl sizc increase, the mainclcnr.rì r.rriatiolrs c.rn bcobsened on P nrorphoÌogv (ljig.7h,ì.;.'l'his toorh is charactcrizcd bv plogressive modification,rncì de{ormation of the anteloconid (nomenclaturelollorrs l-irpez Marrínez & Thaler 1975), r fcarure tvpiclloi enclenric lorms, olrserlcd in other insular Pro/agasspccìes (López Martínez 1973). Thc rrìrngular shape ofthc nrct:rconid observed in rhe mos! ancicnt lorns shiftstot llcls .r rccLangul:rr shapc. In the reccntnrost morphot)pcsrìrc nretaconid is \'crl' snlal"ccl iìnd tcnds to closethc exrernrl sidc oi the nresoflexid, Moreovcr, the percentrqcol thc specìmens with an enlmcl hiarus on theentoconid increlses in thc most adr':rnccd forns. As forrhe' uppcr chcck teeth, even on P: and P' .r slight butprogrcssile detornarion in rhe inrcrnll cnanrel iolds canbc noticed. 1\'[oreoveq thc gcncra] shrpe oi thc secondprenrol,rr. lrom a predominlnr rriìpczoidal nìorphor\rpeshifts ros lrds an olal contour.\/crl interestinq is thc nrorpJrologic rrcnd observedin P's,,r lerr conserlar;\'c denr,rl elenrcnt: parrflexus andnresolle\us rend to join in the preconc lrca, making theconllccting precone-lagiconc isrhmus incrcasinglv thinncriin rhe most advanccd popultrions l nen'morphotvpewith ;r conrplete isolation of rJre lagiconc occurs(Fiu.7r:).On the basis ot metricrl ,rnd nrorphological overl;rp.rnrongdifferent rrorphot,vpcs rhere is no rcason tor,rise the Pro/ag;rs nrorphotvpcs ro spcciiic rank. Evensonre strtisticaÌ tests (Studcnt's "T" tesr rnd CV tcst;cfi'. Esteb:rn Aenllc 8t López Martíncz 1937; B:rchelet etal. 1991) tend to excludc rhe presencc of diiierent species.Further studies nrav clariit rhe conrincnrxl speciiic.rifirities of Prolagus -'arll-., solve rhc problcrn ol thetirue ol its arrival on Sardinir lnd Corsica, as rvell as itsIilxorìoÙlic status.Leporìdaeln contrasr to the grcat rrbundlnce of Prolagus inthe Monte Tuttavistr hlst fissurc 1i11ings, the genus Oryclr-,/,zgzs is prcsent onl-v wirh a fcrr,clcmcnts in qr.r;rrries "Vl-1". "X -l uccellì", "VIl blocco srrxdr", "X ghiro" rnd "XIlrntilope", r'hich contain thc most prinririve faunaÌ asscrrbl.rqcs.The specìmens,:rlthough l.rrgcr il size, shov'nlorphological affinities n'ith Oryctolagus lacosti (Fìg. 9),a rr idespread Plìo-Plcìstocene Wesrern Europern spccies(López M;rrtínez 1989; Nocchì El Sal:r 1997).

L ll'hz,:ì. ( .litgtL'ttt, l/. -1i'..r. (i Itriti"ut. r.tl. R. Ptlottl"'. il.I), 1r. P. l\t.L:. L ll,"',:;. D.lì riitt. \l l)tiiiit,,. L/i,rt t. ( /;t:ttt.,l .ll.ll,,ot:.tIi:. I: .tl.u ltltt i.\.,11ì N /i \r i1lf,.-. l: - . ..1 .':. r.. ....1.ìì',iìì.ml,..l.le.t ìn the t',,n"lì(..i.r t'lofh. lJ.ìf \.r1. i\ ltOrdel ClrnivoroHr.rcnidac'fhc \lont.'Tuttlljsr.r hr.rcn,r i' repr.'cnrc,l l,r .rrostrunr \\'ith xssocirrtcd nr.rndible still irr ocrlLrsion 1lrig.I 0). This specirrcn is onc ol rhe fir-'t linclin q in rhe \1on re'lìrtt.rvìst.r qulrr\',uc,1 (GincsLr & Crrrdr- 1997r. Thc oectÌn-encf ()l l.rt-gc c.rrniYorc., in isl.rrtd ecosr:tenrs is .rne\ccptior..'speci.rllr if such l r:rrrrn lìrriDr.rirr' ir. Lrcìr,trior.rncl .r .trictlr c.ìr'lli\ oroLr\ rlict. l sì.tnd tnrlcnric I.rrrn.rlisscnrblites .rrc t\ picrll\ intpor er-ìrìtccl .rnrì ccoìogìc.r1-lr Lrnbrìrnceil (ct. ll.ic-\rrhril E: \\'ilson 196-i: Sontl,r.rr'1977).1hc identiiic.rtion ol .r l.rrge-sizccl hr.rcnid .rr \lt.Tlrtt.rvist.r i.run.il rrsscr-nbllgcs lo1-ce\ l1s to r-cr\inrjnc rhcevolution.rrl historr: including p.rl.rcoccologr .rrcl bir'-gct,qr.rphri of the Plio Pl.'istoccnc Srrdini.rn nr.rnrrr.rl.r s se n'l D r.1gcs.-\lrìr,,Lrqh the lclt side ()i thc \pcciùreìr is srill c'rrbeclded in rhc corer'ìng rock rn.rtri\. tl'rr righr is conrplr'reìicxposc.l .rrd sllo\'s rll tìrc.rn;rtomic.rl clct.iil' rhrt rllo*rhc r.rronrrnric Jnril)urior'ì to the iicnu\ Cl,tlit,tlrntl,t'tLt(l{ooli et .rl. 2001). Ilorphoìo:r' ot Irì.ì\jlÌ.rr\ l)()ne, n.r\.rl\irli.l irontrl\. c.rlincs stor.rt rnd l.rrgc cìrccL t,,. Lh .rr-t rr pìc.rl ior il rclìrcsentìri\c ol thc f.rnrilr llr.rcnirì.rt. T,,,,thrììorphol{)!\'. .rrrcl esprci.rllr thc sr nrnrctr ic.rl ,rrchitcctrrr(" oi rhc P su{,tcsl r relctr.rl to (-l'.r-rilt.r/'rrrt/rctrrs. thc"hr.rnting-hr.rerr.r". \ iLl!'spr(,ld iu rhc Oltl \\illtl tr',,nrLrrtc'Ilioccnc ro tìl( c.lrlic\l Plcìsroccne. Thc t.rr,lnonricir!n-ibLrtion is stlen,tthcrcr.l Lr. tìr, 1,r'eIìnrìn,tlr rn.rìr.i:ol rhe p.lnrr-n oi Hunter--Schregcl b.rncls rllS[ì1 in rìre(nrlrncl stlLrctLu-e. l-ilir: moclcrn ,rnrl Iossil hr.r.nids. C/-,,r-tlt,tprtrtlttc' sho"s .r t.pic.rl conrpler zig z.rg HS13 p,rtrern..rlthoLrgh less prorlou nrecl i h.ì n in rtrLe bont-brerl'tt.i(Ircrretti I999); tìì(' Nlonrr''lìrtt.rr isr.r s.rnr1'ìc dciìnitclriit. the C/,.r-,rr.r/'oltictc-r H Sll prt tcrrr.Altìr,,rr,{h,lctiniteìi snr.rllet. thc trlr. Tutt:Lri:rl'p.eirrrcr i' 1r1r-pholoqic.tllr conrp.rl-1llE' r'ith C/r,rri)t,t/),jtl)ttL\ /,,;t.rr.'r.,, rhe hr.rrtrin* h..tcnr c,f thc Enrctpc-.rr Plio-l)lr'i:tocere (lricc.uclli& Torlc 1967.r; C.rlì.ino ltI lrilcr 1977: Krrlrcirr N \\erJclin l9SS). \\rc nt.rintain rh.rrnr.u'tteìrìicrl rerluction in.ize coLrltl lcplc5cnt thc lesulrol .rn .rcl.rIL.rtion 1,, tìrc S.ilJini.rn ì'rsul.rr: ccosvstcln.\itr'r.litl.rcTìrr-.e nrurt.licls her.' Lrccn ident jficcl rr ithirr thc' c.tr-'lirole ..rrtlrlr.rt \lt.'Ìutterist.r: Ptnttotticti:, Ì:n\,drictis,r rrJ ci. l/rritL,lr.llclLrr-c thc rlircolclr ol thc Nlt. Turr'riist,r f,run,rl.r.renrlrì.r{e. thc orlr nrrn lutrine nrrrsrclicl knorr-n in thc\.rlclinì.rn lì,'siI rce,,rcl n.rs rhf g.nus 1-1b,1'ri-lcrls delìncd,'rr rr.rLcr'ì.rl lr-onr \lontc San (liov.rnni, Lr L.rtc Ileistoccne'irc qf. g.r/ru,rrr[,i: I'iccerr']li N Torlc 1967b).l ìrc.trrr.rs ot rhìs ccnLr5 h.rs bcrn cleb.rt,:cl br sevcr.rlrLrtìrors. .rrtl olttrt it hes bccrr suggestccl l svrlonlnrv Lrcrrrccrrrhi. tcrrus.rrel irì()lhcl li.{c rnust.'ìicl rr idesprcldir r . l'l , -ll.i.L, ..r'. .' tlt. l Lr'ì'i.r n/ /'/ '//1.1r K(,fnrosil9ìl)LlcscliLrcd.r ìlgt nrrrstclìcl ironr Viìhnr .rnclBcrcrrcn.l tllirnt.rlr I ts P,tntoitittis p/rocrrirc.l :rnd ic's'r.'.us lrrct KLrnrros (19ì-ìr .cp.uetecl the sn.rllest iornrin the srnrplc is.ì scp.rr.ìt. specics. 1-lll;ollcti: pilglitlti.\ ir.t r 195+j inclrr.l,:rl rrn.ìcl thr n.rrc Enlldríctis ardcdtìte lossils Ilonr S.rirt \.rìlicr' 1,1/r-rtelr,orlc,.r Iìr'.rv,rrcì) .rnclrlre rn.ill lltrrrg,rri.ir P.urrroructis pili4ri :.i. Thc slnorrrnrrLrettr e. n I;rl'i , /r'r cir-. .rnJ klutottìtîis is n,rt sr.rpprcrrtcclon.rnrtonrìcrì oiJ.'nce llricc.ir.clìi L Tor:r-c 1967b; Rool

695ruIru.1n,ì riqrrÌ lir.,.ìl (ì rirrs. ll.rr..rl. i' a.r' Lrr \ (l .ì,J I (, .ìf,l lif, l(,i I)lshere therc is.r qoo.l rccor.l clr.uing Lìrc l'lio l'lristoicn.(Tcì1herd dt (,hrrdirt N Piret.irL l9ii: Tcilh.uLl tlc(.L.uJin& Lcr-ov l9-{5: Sotnikor.r 19S31. In Lur,rpc 1:lrrrrrr.'rrr ii, ischrr.rctcr-istic oi tìrc lrtc Viìlrir.rnchi.ir. \\'hcrì ìr (j..Lrr\ ;lIt.rìr, it is l r-'ìì clocuìììentr(l .rr rhc spcc ì. s lllirrlilrrl,'J ri.ja/r(Ficc.r-cì1i t Trrrrc 1')('/b: Rooli l9c)it. PhrÌoscn.ric r.-l;rtiolishìps .rnrong i-ll,1r/r-iclrs, ,4rrrtr,,iricii. rrrd tìrc \c,r'LìrAnrer-ic:in c.rrìr' I'ìcistoccnc qcntLs Titl4rrrilrtts still lrnr,rilur.iclrrrr (Rcpcnning 196/: ThcrrìLrr l9ll; lìooli 19951.Thc t,rrono'rrl of thcst ioln,s h.rs Lr.'cn clcb.rrrcl i,r-.r long tìrrre.i'rd.tìlì lhcrc is tto.r{tt,-'rllcrrt.irrrrtng tlrtierenr r-eserrcher..I'ilqrirr I l9i-ìt lìr'st lcgerdc.l thrrr.tst.l\il rcPtcscnL.rli\'(' of thc ìivirl q sonth ,\nr,.'rican (,r i.i,rlirr,re. .rncl rhis rics lrs lc,llo'rctl br' ììtìg i19571 tìrtrcrtcted rhc n.rnre (l.rljctin.tc, rcpì.rcinq .rnJ crp.rn.linqthe Crisoninle oi Pococl. tlgl ll, The rìJr r)l thi\ 5LrLriamilynanrc h.rs bcen iollorr ccl br stlcr.rl .lulhor,i LrLltrhcrc is no

Plía Pleistocene Jòssí/ zertebrrttes t'ron Mante Tutt.lltsta (Sdrdiltìt1) 697Van der Geer (1999) stressed that even rhough some morphologicalparameteÌs of dentitions, as P,-Mr length, arecÌose to thosc characterising Czori, other craniaÌ characters(e.e. shorter paletal fissures) do not confirm this affinitl,:.The same authors and Bonifay (1994) suggested that rheancestor of this canid could be searched among rhe BarlyPleistocene representatives of lycaons, Xeroqlor) ar presenrwidespread in thc sub-Sahalian Africa. The problem of rhcslstematic position of Cynotherium is therefore an opentopic, and the peculiar proportìons checked in the skullùust be considered as the resuh of a n'ìerked endemic evo-Ìution. The problem of the origin of this canid will nor betaken into consideration here, but it wiÌl be the object ofan anothe|work. lt is importanr to stress thet rhe unjcuspidatetalonid is not a taxonomic character sincc ir is wellknon' how such a morphology rcprcscnt a case of "iterativeevolution" among canids (Van Vrlkenburgh 1991).Cynotheriuru is documented ìn the deposits of theMontc Tuttavjsta by abundant fossiÌ remains (Fig. 12),especially postcranial bones and isolated teerh, r'hìch areunfortunately often not in a vcry good state of prcscrvation.The conparative analysis of these remaìns suggeststhat biomctrical and morphological differences exisramong the fossil san.rples found in various fissures. Thesedifferences are likely due ro the dìfferenr ase of accumulationof cave infillings and therefore fossil asscmblagesmav document subsequenr populating phases. The MonteTuttavjsta Cynothertwn has been compared with C. sardouslrom Dragon:rra (data from Malatesta 1970) whichis thc best reference of this species allo$/in€i rhe r.r'rorpho,logicaÌ and dimensionaì intraspecific range to be reconstructed.Material fron.r fissure "Vil 2" is comparable insize and morphoÌogy n ith rhc Dragonara sample, suggesring a conspecifity b etween Cynotheriun from these sites.The remains fronr quarries "XI dic.2001" and "Xl canide"are significantÌy larger, while that from fissure "VI banco6" is intermediate in size betwccn Dragonara and "VII 2"site and "XI dic.2001" and "XI canide". The larger sizeshown by the remains from quarries "XI dic. 200i" and"Xl canide" could be indicative of an older age than thatdocumented by "VlI 2" and Dragonara sites. In this regard,the lesser deveÌoped trigonid in the M s from "XI dìc.2001" fissurc could be a further confirmarion of the moreprinitive condition of this sampÌe. These remains are forthe moment cautiously referred to CVnotheriutn sp..A second phalanx of a youne individual documentsthe occurrencc of a canid, perhaps referable rc Cyttotberium(?Cynotherfun sp.; see also Sondaar 2000) in thefissure "X I uccelli". This specimen is parricularly intercsringas it has bccn recovered from rhe same sedimentsfrom .rhjch Macaca ci. M. majori ar.à Pannonictis sp. atederived. This specimen therefore seems to represenr oneof the oldest records of a canid in Sardinia, and it is worthmcntionirìg that the occurrence of a canid signifìcantlylarger in size rhan C. sardous has a)so been recognized atCapo Figari (Van der Made 1999).Order ArtiodactylaSuìdaeIn Sardinia an endemic suid, Sas s ondaari, has 6eenreported from the bone breccia of Capo Figari (Van derMade 1988, 1 999) and, possibll from the palaesols at thebottom of the Capo Mannu Formation (Carboni & Lecca1995). This endenic taxon is characterized by small size,simplified molar srructure, especially the ralon of M., andÌack of P,, as well as by the shortening of rhe anterìor partof mandible. In Van der Made's (1999) opinion, the ancestorof the endemic suid (Sus aroernensis) reached rheisland during the Messinian Salinity Crisis.At Monte Tuttavista, suids are represented by about60 specimens and occur only in fissure "Vl 3". Amongthese, a skull beÌonging to a young individuai is characterisedby inflated parietal bones and by a neurocraniummore deveÌoped than jn the suids of about the same age,belonging to conrinental taxa, i.e. Szs scrofa. The Írstmolar shorvs a very smoorh and simpÌe enamel surface,the diastema between first milk tooth and canine is short.On this evidence we cannor ruie out the hypothesis thatthis specinen belongs to the endemic Sardinian speciesSus sondaari.A larger sized suid, represented by a hemimandibÌewith a P, and erupting third molar, also occurs her e(Fig. 1l). In addition to rhe larger size, this specimendif{ers fron Sws sondaari because of the retention ofthe P, (:rccording to specific diagnosis; Van der Made,1988). On the other side, the specimen shows simpleand srnooth enamel as well as a very short diastema,hke Src sondaari and may reflect population variabilit1'.Pcnding fur ther data, this henimandible is referredto Szs sp.Thus, we cannot exclude the hyporhesis that twodifferent suids, differrng in size, both characterized by arelatively simple canjne and cheek tooth morphology, occurredin the quarry "VI 3".CervidaeIn the Pleistocene of Sardinia, cen'id remains arerelatively common, especially in eolianites or in cave deposìts,mostly attributed to the Late Pleisrocene, Thefirst reports date back to the second half of the 19'h century(e.g. Studiati 1857; Dehaut 1911); however, it wasor.rly in 1935 thrt Tobien ascribed cervid remains from theAÌghero area to the species "Ceruus" cazioti, erected byDepéret in 1897 on the cen'id remains found ar Nonza(Corsica). In more recent times, the knowledge of themorphoÌogical and biomerric characteristics of rhis specieshas been inproved by the detailed studies carried outby Caloi and Malatesta (1974), KÌein Hofmeijer (1997)and Pereira & Bonifay (1998), respectively based on thelarge cervid samples coming from the Late Pleistocenedeposits of Dragonara and Corbeddu Caves (Sardinia),as well as those in Coscia Cave (Corsica). Other reportsfrom Sardinia and Corsica, refer for the most part to

69ò' L.,lbltazt:i. L..lngdont. .IL )rca. C. lj,tritrtq L. lJulctrí, .ll. Dili)to, T. Kors.tki:, [. .\ltrcolittt,.IL R. nttt,)1h).,tl. Paiia. P Pu.t:, t,. ll,',,k. I). lìntt, C Ii"tri,.\..ì1./. \;//r & B. \\ilAfrtIn Srltlinjir, rìcljiloccrinc rLc rbscnr tn thc Rhagapodanus ntinor Lrun.r coming ironr (ì.rpo lìglrì-1 klrstii..Lrr'.. 'rh.'.u.r':clr.r. 1,,,n ìrrp,'rìr.,i..J .rr l.\O-.iCO+'- lC'" \l.r (F,Slì crn .r Ne-iogorirl nrollr. Vrln cler l{lde1999), \\'h.'r.'.rs rhe\'.uc pr!'senr..ìr thc s.lnlc Ioc.rlirr'. rogcthcrs'irh Tt'rrbuttc, ,t sp. (;rrch.ric lìrlnr) (lìr.rndr. I97S;\r:rn der l\llclc 1999) .rnd bcconrc c1uìrc contnìorì in rhetlpicrl Nliddìel L.rre 1'lt-istocene l.run,rs ch.rr.rcterisecl b1the occufrence oi Nc-iiolrtes -ií,i/ls, /ii,rg.ur1,s ortho(lo ,Tt'rrbett i atl,t ltut scl i, Prol,tgrr s -sar-r/ls .rncl C1,n s11t"r'1 rr,,Rcccntlr; rrrcg.rlocerinc specinrens hirre Lreerr discovelccllr Su l-ossr.r cle C.rnnls C,r'c (S.rcl.rli); eitcr rheplcliminelr nrc,r'pholo*ic,rl,rnd bionrctlic.rl .rnrllses, thisct'rlid dìspì.rls pcculi.rl ic.rturcs, suggcsring jts attributiotrto l nerv species, r-ogc,nerìc.r'ith rhe cnclerric spccies Przeltc&1.cras .ntioti,o f rr hich it nr ight bc tìrc clirect irncestor(I'.rlonrbo cr rì. lOC.ll P.rìonrbo 3t i\icìis in prcss).l:Lg. 1ì - .\rr .1-,. Llu.rrrr "\'l ì . SÌ,llil, ircornplert letr errirrrrrrilit,lLin lln{'Lrl t.ìr .rntl Lrucr.rl lLrr \ !$. IJ.u \c.rlf i\.rLro'Lr | .,ìì.spor.ìdic isoì.lted renriins (Dch.rut l9 I l; Com,rschi C.rrie1955, 1956; Sisogncau l96Ct AzzLrroli 1961; (lorclr &Ozcr l97.ll C.rloi e r al. 198 I ; Nl clis e t el. in prcss) ol s,rrrrpìcsnot r ct lnlll'sed.Accordingh; the Srr dinil .rncl Corsìciì cnclcrìric ccrliclis qr.ritc r u e11-kno\\n sp!'cjes, bur irr spitc ol rhc nr.rnrstudie's c.tlricd our, spccialists still do not agrce on the r.rxononrr'.rnci phr lo*er.retic rel:rtionships of this taror. Thchr';rorhcsis ol its dcrilation tronr nreg.rìoccrìnes bclongin{to tìtr so cirlled "ier-tl..rr?lis gloup" hls been siclellrrcccptccì. ind uc agree with ìt. Iror rhis group of l.ìrgesizecl clcct cliilcrcnt ruthols use differeìrr n:urcs:rs r-'i.c)/r(-gdccros, )ll a&1cetui(/e-t or l1eg,i/r.,cct'o-r. T.rking into lccourrtthrt the n.tr':tr' .llegaceroìdes crìt'llot be usecl ior F.ur.rsi.rrrspccies (scl: Abb,rzzi in prcss tor.r discussion). \\'e pro\ ision.rlh crlplov thc gcncÌic rìlnìe Prircrlcgrr.?r'nj, l)cc.ru\crvideìr utilisecl llso in the reccnt lettcr':rturc, though rhcrcìs .r lor of cliscussion rbor-rt it lcruil liìlidir\-.Soncl.rlr (person:rl conr r'rì Ll rl ici'rtion) hes lrguccl rhrrtSl clini,tn ccrr,ids rvould hrve been phvlo gcnctìcrlìr' r.cl.rrccìto tìre gcnus,Dalla- On thc.otìrcr hind. \hn clcr \llclc(1999) bcliclcs thel ml hlle ()rig;nlÌtrcl ironr thc ì.rtcstF-.rlll Plcistoccrrc species LrcLrd,tccroj grrhr. In rn\ cir\c,de'spitc rhc dilfcrent liervs lbout the phr loqerretic r.cl.rtionshipsoi this cer\';d, it is 11o\\'con'rnìorllv believecl rh.rtonl\ oìrc linc.lge \\'as pres!'nt in Slrclini.r. perllips tcpfcscntedb\,n'lorc tlllr.l one chronosubspecies, rùile in Cor'-sic,r. in .rddition to thc nrcgilocel ir'lcs, dccr cìoseìv lc.l.rtcclro lecl deel nould rlso have occurrcd (Pereir.r 2CC l).Thc cerr'ìcl r'ùn1rit'Ìs [ron] the iissure iillings oi\lonte Tutr.rr isr.r sho" .rffinitr ro rhose rc,ierred to theenclenric specics Ituctttcgacetos cazioti,ln dct.riìs rhc relur:rinslronl lissurc "VII l".u-c fullv conlpi'tr.ìble ro rhe[-lrte Pleistoccnc 1? cazroai frorn both (]orsicl lncl Srrdinia(e.g. Drrgonu'rr, (ìlìoi & Nl.rletestrr i97.{; Corbecldu Cave,Kìein Hofnreijer 1997). nhiìc in p.rrticul,rr tìrosc fronrlissures "\I c.uri(lc irld "XI m.rr. 1001" documenr rhe(rccurrence oi.r l.rrgcr sizcd .rnd nrorc robtrst forn- ThefuÌlr comp,rr'.rlrle cclr'ìds lrom lissurc "Vll 2" .rnd ilomLrte Pleistocene loc.rlirìcs suggesrs thiÌt rhis qurrr\'Ìeprr:scntone ol tìrc voulqcsL inljllings ir thc karst nct.vorliol Montc Tuttr'rlistrr.Holr o er, it is worth underlining th.rr in spitc of thellr ge ntrnrbcr ol the recoleled ccrlid rcnr.rins, the{r-eaterp.rr t of thcnr bckrr'tgs to r erl loung ancì,,or fcnralc spccirlcns ( Fi g. t 1), rr hì le .rderlt m,rlcs lrc tlc,curr,rcntccl br- ier*to\\iì. n .ì lr,rJ .t.rrc'rl 1';1'11-1.1si,'11. l lrc 1'osribrlLrr olbiomcrric conrp,rrison is thereforc r:cstrictccl to r vcrl lorvnLllÙDeI oI sPcclÌtìcn5.Bol icl.rcIn Selclinil, bo, icls bclongìns to .ln cndcnÌ;c tixonscre recogrtisccl .incc the l:rst centrrr-r; rr'ìrcn irr l9l I Dch'ruttst:rlrlishccl thc ncrr species ,-llrtilr4te ( N cnorltaedus? ) "tncktitìì, on.rn inconrplctc sliull louncl in ,r bone-brccci,rfillìng.r li.rrsric lissure rt Capo Fig.rrì (Nolth-F.astern Sirrdinìr).During the XXrh ccnturl l-olsr th M.rjor rrd MissB:ìre collecrecl orhct bor'ìcl specimcns,rr Crrpo Figar.i, buL isdoubtiul n hcthcl sucl'r bones cilnrc flonì the sanre pockct" hich ielded thc lr

Plìo-l)leisLocotc t'osstl ;crtcbr,ttts jnntt .llontt littrListt lSdrtLìnia)699lrig. 1+verv lìttlc divcrging; clcnr,rl iornrul,r 0l 0C lP -1N'l upperanci ?l ?C 3P 3M ìol er teeth: l ithout l;rcrirraì iossle: s'itìr!r'rnsvcrsclr',rrched pal,rtine lirul!, stcep nr.rrill.rrirs, highnr,rndiblcsl not notebll shortenccl ner.rpodìrls [... ]-. Accordingto \hn dcr'\l.rdc (1999). in bonc brc'cci.rs fillingrhc karstìc iissurc c.rllcd Crpo lrigrri I, Ncrogotr/ sp, r',rspr(,scnt togerhcr sith .rrclrlic n'lir'ronr:ìnlnrirls, such .rs 7lJ:ìgu iertsis tnd P Jig'o'o.Borid ren.rins uerc also reportccì from depositsorrrcropping ar thr top ol the Il.rndriol.r Fornr:rrion (C.rpolVhnnu, \\'estcrn-Cc'ntr.rÌ Srrdinìa, ì.rte NiN l5 - tr.rs.rll\4N | 6?: Pecorini et .tl. 197{; Angelonc & Kr:,ts.rkis2001) rnd in the prlcosols ìnterbcdded nithin the cluneconrpicx outcropping et Crpo l\'lrrnnu (Crrboni & Lecc.r1995; \în der tr{:rtlc 1999).Morc then 1500 bolicl specinrens ìrar-c bcen collccrcdtrom (r iissules :rr ìvl

7C31.. .l1,b,uì. (.. |)!!+1,D!t:.,tI .lv,,t. (ì. B,tri:,tne, a. IJul(ri. .tl. l)df ìr', f Kttl.:/tì:. l:. .ttarulini.ll. ]i l)tl'r't1",..tl l'.lt.t. ll l\\t'. L. R,,'k. I). Tntt. (.. IitrLti, .1..l/./. \,r//r & R. \\l/ÀoriPlio-Plcistocenic 5pecies belonsing ro Crplinre. rlrerdl,linon n in the Vcsrcrn Mcclirerr.rne ,rn.In .rclclirion ro rhc.tbo\e jdcntified thrce nrorphor\/pcs,scrlntv renrlins bcjonging to i fourrh ttx()n (iìnriddle sizcci crprine: C.rprin.rc qc'Ìr. cr sp. indet.l, h.rrcbcen rccognized.unong the n)rrcriirl fronl tluarrv "X 3!rccelli".Our prelimin.rrr' .rn.rlvsis oi the bovids suggeststh.tt nrorc tìrrn l single tr\oll occ!lr\ iìt Monte Tuttiì\'i-\r.r. llorcolcr, rhc specinÌcns frorl Crpo I,igari .rcrulllvntight belong to differcnr rrr,r. Accorcìinglv, the di.rsnosisgir c'n frrr Neso.qc,r-.1/ rtclotii h.rt'c to be rcconsidered.rirer the r.cvision of all rhc S,rrclini:rrì s;rmplcs previouslvrrscribecl to Ne-.ogor'.r1 gcnu..Discussion and conclusionsoccltrrcrrce of R/l,rg tfodert us litilto) , T.,,n funoglts ci. T fìgarll.,r-r,.\'c,srg,r-,r/sp..,ìLrr'.tir ct.,l l. ndju'i, Par tort icti s sp,rncl, possibll Chasn,rportl:atcs n. sp.. This assembhgc bclongsto thc so-celìecl ".\esr,,gor-.r/ conrpìer" (Sonda:rr 2000).rncl is probrbìr'lttlibutablc ro rhe L,íìrì\,Plcistocenc, r]-tlrough .rn older.rle (late Plioccnc?) c.ìnnol bc rulcd out.This f.rtrn.rl conrplcx is the .rsserrr bl.rgc iclenriiicd ar CrpoIìig.ìri, \\-irh rhc ne\\-occurrences oi the clrnivorcs Puitlrolrtc t i s tn

Plio-Plustntt lossrl.ùtL'br,úL' frun lloute Turt,tt ista t5ar,ltuia)7AlMa0aq)OccutfencesQuarriesI,IìLtzUFajPt_IOC.j€)l,ate:I a'isl :; :il ìr:ìt !l

742 L. A|:bat::í, (i. Angelone, '11.Arct, G. llutsone, C Bet{ertí,,11. Delfíno, l. Kots,tkis, F. ilarcolini,'lorrc,,\1. R. Palonbo,,Il. Paua, P. Pi,ts, L. Ilook, D. C. ll"-ari. t\. ,lr.f: \.'nlli x B. \\'ilkausAs hr rrs conccrns pal.rcobiogcogr:phic indìcationsderi,rcd fronr this studi', r\vo:rre the miìjn poinrs îì'r:1î arcîo bc nlrcle. First, dur'ìng the entìre tìnrc sp:rn rcprcscnlcdbl the Mt. Tutt,rvista irunrs, scver:rl episodes of colonizrl orì lr',nì ttt.LinìtrrJ.rr. iiidcnt. rr .rrkin3 rh. rt rìo\e,.. ùia,-rnal chuges thlt chu;rctcrize the successir,e biochronologiclJconrplexes. Such frunaÌ events inlolvc t.rx,r,,rÌ1 ,uriving to the ishnd lrom the Europe;in bioprovince, thusconfirmins thc biogeogr:rphic .Eur-opean rllinin'.A sccond important point is the occur rence of llrge,rnd nedjum sized c.rrnivores (:rctire predetors like thcl.runting h1.:renr Cl:avnaporthetes and tl.re large n.iusteliclPanttottìctis) ìnto en cndcrlic insular iaunrrl ,rssemblrrge.'Ì'he occurrence of llrgc' carnir.or_es in island ecosvstenrsis ln exceptior-r, especirllv i} such taxa maintlin e strìctÌrcu'niyorous behaviour and dict. Island cndcmic launaÌ.rssenblages result in i:rct tvpic.rlh'impor.erìshcc1 and ccoìogicellyunb,r1:rnccd (cfr N4rcArrl.rur: E: Wilson l96llSondaar 19l/). The idcnrjficatìon oi r Ìargc sizcd h1'acnjclin the Mt.'luttavista faunal asscmbhgcs is o'ìdenccthar requircs r-rs to rcconsidcr thc biogeographic historvoi the Plio-Pleistocene Sardinia-Corsican messif..Acl:nar;lcQqntot. It n v,nh rncl duc ro:rcnLion here rh.rtthc srudr oi rhe \lonrc Turrl isrr iossil rssc,rLrlrrcs ìr.rs brcn possiblethrnks ro thc discolctl mrdr in 1995 bl i\lr. Girrrpictro trlele, s'hoidcntìiiol rhc fi*t iosìl rcnr.rins .rrrd .rlcrrrd rhc conrperent .rurhorirìcs. rnd ro Df. Luci,rfo'lrebini (Ofiice oi the Soprinrcnlcnz.r per ìBenì Archeoloeici. Srss.rril, rùo grrc r prccioL,s conLrrbutior durrngrLc iìrsr r c.rrs ot tlonrc ILrtrristr rrer sunci: I'iclcl rork in Lhe rterh.rs been ircilitrtcrl thrn[s ro tLc coll.rbor.rLirt sLrppon of thc Torr olOrcsci public.ruthorìties rnd ol thc \fonre Turt.rrisr.r qurrrrìn: lirns,rncl qL,.rnr oper'.rtols. The presenr conrribution rcprscrts.r prcìinrrfiìr\'fep.rî on the erhrrsti'c 'tudrcarried orr under the support otthc Soprinrendcnz.r per i tseni Archeolorìcì pcr lc prcxincic cìì SrssrìrnJ Nroro. Sincc 1995 sork rr \{onre Tutt.rrist.r hrs been dorlopcd Lrndcr dilrcrcnr "Soprintendertì : in chronologicrl orcìtr, Dr. f.Lo Scì,ir.c,, Dr. lr. ll,rrconi .rnd Dr. F. Nicosir. Prcprrrtion ol Lrrtcnrnrn,.rl specinenr iron, encrusting brcccir h.* t,ttn crrrìerl our siLhskìllness.urd plience b\ ){,. \'1. Arol. . C. Pimilis (Nuor)). \:ìsh'ìng oi rons rrrl rons ol scdin,cnr rs scll rs Lht hurc v,rk oi pickin:for n,icrcnrmmrls collcctìor las bccn possiblc thrnks to thc unvrlu:rblc hrlp ot lì (ì.rtrc, A. I:.rncelL,. G. \lercuriu, A. Uselì. Surht riliclbr A. Dclùssu. D,. ,\. Espr kindl\ pro'ided hcilities ior t r,l ins firhrenebr.re. l'roi. R,L\ nìond Bifrx,f iHo\.ìfd L,ìj\ef\iry) exsrensirelrinprorcd úe En,:lish hngursc ol nra,ìurcrìpt. \\t rìsh Lhrnk hin sintrch,Authors cqurlir conrributed ro Lhe generìl di\cùssion rnd io thc. ',1u,!,p (' (t(. ,.'t,.''sibrlirv oi the follol inc.rurLors: Geologr (11. .\,cr, C. li,\cfi). PjsccsiB. \ilkens). Herpetoirun.r (Nl. DeLhno, T. Kotsrkis. ll lrìr.rs), Ales(C. Iledcrri. ì\'f. hvir), fr i,ùcco,rroqhr, Soriconrrrph,r, Chiropter.r.lìodcnrir .rntl Ì-rgomor ph.r (C. Anu,:lonc, C. B.rrisonc, T Korsrkis, F.Mlcolini). Primrres rnd C.rrniron fL. Abb:rzzi. L Rook, l). To,,er,suidrc (ltl.R. PrÌon,bo). Ce,ridre (1.. Abl)i,,ì,;\1.R. P:Llombo), Boriclt (\1.R. Prlonrbo. A.\'rlli).REFERJ]NCESAbbazzi L. (il press) - An olctviclr'on Pracrrc.qacoor speciesfronr l'lcisLoccnc Italirn ìocalities. xùd rcrìrrks on thevelidicv of rhe generic nriììc Praentegrceros Portis 1920.Reul. Fis. Acc.lircci, Rom:r.Alcovcr J.4.. Ìv1oy.à-Solà S. & Pons l4or-ì J. (l93l) l-esquinreres deÌ pxssit. I-ls vcrtcbrlts fcìssils del Plio-Quarernxlide lcs Brlcrrs ì Pitìiises..,l|en. Inst. (iatalatta Hist.N,7r, i l: 1-265, Ciurat dc \lallorca.Alcovcr J.A., Flolit !., ì\4ourcr Ch:rulirú C. & \Ycesic PD.trl.(1992) Thc.lif,runes of the isolated \'ledircrnnean ishndsduring the l!1ìcldÌe:rnd L:rt.'1)ìcistoccnc. ln C:rmbpellK.E.lr. (cd.) Papcrs in Alian PaìrcontoÌogl honourìngPìcrcc Brodkorb. N.rtural Historr' Ilu scu rn ol l.osAngeles Countl', Science Serics i6: 2/l 2S-1, l-os Anscles.Anrir;rnrshvili N.G. (200C) Differcnccs in shcll morphoìogyc'i Tcsttulo gr*ca tnd Testutla henn,otni,basctÌ or natcrirlfrorr Bu lgrrì.r. ,4rrpi íb ia- Reptilia, 2 1 : 67 31, Bonn.Argclone C. & l{c,tsa}iìs Í. eCAl) Rhagapodentu azzaroliìl. sp. (Mulidre, Rodtltia) fronr thc I'lioccnc ol l\4:rnclriole(Vcsrcrn Serdinia - Italy). Bol/. Soc. Palcout. It.,,t0: 12l ll2, \loden;r.Azzrroli A. (19-16) - L:r scimmi:r it.rssilc tlcl1.r S.rrdegna. Rrr. Sci.Prcrsr., 1: 6rì 76, lrir.t'nzcAzzrroli A (1961) II n.rnisnonei cer|j i sulrri. P;Lka,t. Itd|.,5(r: l-11. Pise.Bechclct lJ.. !.srcbrn Aenlle J. & Lrlpcz ll.rrtnrez- N. (1991)Rór'ision clcs popuìrtjons d,: )Iinonls cle petite teiìÌe(Rodentir, ìllemnuli:r) clu Plìocène supérieùr d'ELrropesud occìdcntrlc. Góobns,21 3,{9 360, L1on.Brte D.!1.4. (19.11) l)leistocene shrcn's from rhc lerqerVestern Mrclitcrranclr ishnds.;1rr. J'ldg. N,rr. l1lr1., s. I l,1l: 718 769, London.Batc D.I1.A. (19+5) Thc PLclstocene mole ol S.udini.r.,4rrr.,llag. Nat. Hxt., s. 11, 12: 11E +61, London.Becc;rlulr L. & Mrcciotta Cl. 1193i) - C:Lrtr Geopetrotr.rficadcl vulcalisnro plioccnico dcìh Srrdcgna ccntro oricnralc. l:ir cnze.Berger I-. R. & Clarkc R. J. (1995). Eaglc invohcnrcÌìt;n eccunrularion oî thc Taurg chilcl itrnr lour. Hrtnan Ecol ,29:2/5-299, l.ondon.Bonifrv M. F. (1994) Les crrnivorcs dc la Grotte dc N{acinaggio(H.rute Cc:rsc). Bull. Jor. Sc. Hlsr. N',2r. Corre.

Plìo- Plcistotene Jòssil t crtcbntes Jìtn ll on tt htt,rt ista ( Sanlíni,t ) 743663-669, 97- l I .',ì,Brandl L.-D. (1973) - DonDées norvcllcs sur l'cllolirtion clurongcur enclt'miquc fossjlc' cor\o-sarde 1ìrd&r7l'J F. M.rjor (19C5) (ì\'lrnrnrlir. Rodcnti.r). Bull. Soc. Giol. Ft, s.7.20: 811- N15. Plris.lì unet- l-t-conr tc P ó. Cìr.rlinc.l. (199C) - Rcl.rtions phr'ìogénétiques ct évolution des canp.rgnols sou!err.rines cl'Lurope(7èr'rico1a. Anicolidre, Rodcnti,l). C.R. Ac,td. Sci. l1nis,s. 2. I I 1: 7+5-l50. Prris.C,rloi L. ói NI;rlrrcsra A. (1971) II cen o plcistoccnico di Srfdegn.ì..ìlcr?./-ia. It. lhlcott. Uar.nar. n.s.. l: l6-'ì-l+6, Ronr;r.Crrloi 1.., Korsrkjs T., P.rlombo Nl.R. .\ I'crlon jo C. ( l9S l) - llgirrcinrcnto.r tertebreti dt'l Plcistoccne supc'riore cli Slr'r(ìior..rnri ìn Sinis (Sarclcgn,r occìcientelc l. Il.cnt[. :|cc. Naz.Lorcci, s. 8. 69(l9SO): IS5-197, lìon.r.C:rh ino F., Dienì I., lrcr.rsin I Picco]i G. (19/l) Noic illustr:rti\cdclh C.rrt:r Ccologica D'Itelil Sc:rh l;100.C00,1ì" 195 Orosei. l{onr.C.rrboni & l.ecc.r 1,. (1995) l.c Pliocòne de C.rpo Mannrr(Serd.rigne occidcrrt.rle): transition malin littoreì continentrldun.rirc. C.R. ,l cad. Sci. Palrl, s. l, ll0: l20l- 1l 10, Prris.Crvrllo O., Sen 5.. Rage J. C. .\ G;rud.rnt J. ( 199-j) \'crtébr'asnrcssinicns du ficiòs r Cong.lries cle Ci,rbòt Cer1n.r, Corncli,rnod'Albr (l)iLlmont, Itrlie). /llt. Pienttntt. .\r. Nat.,l.l: l-12. C.rrrll.rqnola,Comescl,iCirria I. (1955) Rcsti di crrvidi ncl Qurtcrnrrio dil)orto \rcsrrc. Rr:;. 1t. ntleott. Sttitt..6l (l)'.17-17, \lileno.Colraschi C.rrie L (1956) - Spccie nuor.:r rìel Quricfnar ìo di Al-*hero (Srrcle*n.r). Rcnd.\un. fac. Sci.. L:tti.. Cagli,trì,25 (-l-1): I 6, C:r*liari.ConreschiC.rri;r L (196S) Fossili nr.rr ini c contincnrrììdel QultcrneriodclLr S.rldcgr.r.,,1tti X Cotryt Iltt?Dt. St. \nrdi.l-{C-239, C.rglìl ì.Conr,rsclri Crrir l. ( 1970 ) - N uo\ r scgn.ll.rzit,nt di lesti rli scinrnri.rncl Qu.rrernrrio cìcl1;r Slrdegnir. PalDl 1st. Gcol. Palaoùt.GcogL [is. Unít. di C.rglrari. S ( l96l]- l9l'9) n' ll3:l-7. C,rcli:Ìr.i.Cordl J.-II. (1997) - I krrsr iossilileri di Orosci. Lr Ginesu S. NCoLdvJ. l\'1. (Eds.; Il I{ onrc 'fLrtt.r'ìste. Orosei Grltcllì,j.{-+5, F-d. l)oddjr:hc, Srsslr'ì.Cordrt J.\f .. Ozt'r."\A. (1973) - Découlcrte d'un cr'.rne dcccrridtt négrrcerjn (.Ncxt/eipocercts cazir.,ti) cllns lc Qu,rterneircde l.r S,rrdeigne seprcntrionalc..,Lrrr. Soc. Glo/.Bclgiqttc, 95 (1972): .125-449. Parrs.Dchaur F. G. (l9ll) - Anirlrur iossiles du Cap l'itari.,lLrrcttlt,']: lt) u1 !t\rù à I'histaire zaahgtq ue ct Palóalttologi(luedes îlcs dc Corse ar de Sardaìgne,l: 5l-59, l';rris.Dchrrut F.C. (1911) - Aninraur fossilcs clu Crp l'ig.rli.,1/'rreli -dur Paur seftìr tì l'hi*ote zooktgique tt PtlliolttologiEttdcs îb de Corsa ct le Sardaìgne,5: 77. P.rris.Qurtelrrarir,. l'hD 'fhcsis, Uni. elsitì di \Ioden.r e RcgqioEnrilia, 182 pp., MocÌeni.I)cpctrct C. (189/) - ttudc dc quclques qiserrrcnt noulc.rux dc\trtíblc:s plúistocLlnes dc l'ilc de Corsc. '4rrrr.Joc. lirr-,1,,,1a, 1.1'11. l l :l I l-l:s. LrunDieni l. (196S) Gli otoiiti tlel Plioccne inicriorc di Orosei(Srrdcgna). 11lerr. ,4ccad. Patar'ìna. SS.LL.A4., C/aisc Jcr'.l/,rr. Nat.. 30: 21i-295. l)adolr.Dicni I. & M,rssrrlF. (1966) - IÌ Ncogerre c il Quaternario dciDicni L, illessrrri F C'" I{ontrnrli 1.. (1966) - ll Paleogcne clcidintorni di Orosei (Srldegn.r). \lcn. Soc. 1t. .!c. r\at.,i 1(-j): I i/ 133. Mil;rno.Eiserm.rn \l (199C) C.rractèr-cs jurrtnììes cr aflinitós srsténriìtiqucsclu crrne dc Clttotlrtìun san/ols, clnidócrrcli'mique ;Tli'istocènc de S.rrd.rigne. C. R. ,-lcat/. Sci.P.ou, s. l, Ii0:-1ll-.{19. I)aris.Eisenrrr;rn \i 3; \'rn clcr Gcer B. (1999) -'fhe ()'ttothctíLrnt ltcrnCorbedclu (Seldini.r): conrpar.ìli\e biomctrr l ith cxtantrncl lossiì c;rnids. In: RcunlcrJ.Wfi L\ Dc \ÌrsJ. (cds.) Elephentsh:rle r snolkcl! P.rpers irr horrour oi Prul SondrarDain scA, 7 :147 -163. Rotterd:rn.Enscsscr Ìì. (,1976) -'fim'h:noglis ta,rl,ri. cin ncucr iossìlel Glìride(Rodcntie. \'fanrnreli:r) .rus Srrdinien. fc1. Cr:o1. He[i..69: /83-793. IJ.rscl.Lsrcban AcnlleJ. & l-ópez \{artírt-z N. (1937)- I t-s Anicolidús(Rodcnti.r, M.rrrmrlir) c1u Vilhrl icn récent cle Cas.rbl.rncrI (C.rsreìlón. Ir-spegnc). Glohos. 20: 59 l-61 ì, l-ton.Esrcs R. (19iìl) - Gvnrnophionir, Ctttclta. Hanlbucb dctPal,iohcrpctologie, r'ol. I, li5 pp., Gusrrr Fischcr Verlas,Sru t riÌert.Esres R. (1933) - Srurir tcrrcstri:r. Anphisblcrrie- Han,lbuchder fuliabcrpctologit, r'ol. 1cA,2.19 pp., (ìusr.l FischcrVcrl,rg, Stuttg;rrt.Estr D. N Kots.rkis 1'. (19S0) - Iì.crenz.r dì HyPnottlys IJÀtc(GIiridrc, Jìoclenti.r) nel Viìl,rfranchi,rno dì NLrr;rqhc SuCesredclu (\uoro. S.rrdcgna). /ìerrr1.,1rrird. iti,rz. Lincei.s. N,65: l2l-127, Romr.Fìnirnj F. (.2OiCr Roisionc cìcgli ìurcrtirori (ì\l;rmnrrlia) r.rrdoneogenicieqùr!ernrfì dell'lteli.rpeninsulruc. Ph.D.Thcsjs.Universirì di i\lodcn.r e Rcggio Emilì1,23i pp.. ìv1odenr.lrehcn H.. He lfricht A. N Storch C. ( 197-i) Die Bcsrinrìl1ùn(dcf crìropàischcu Flcd(rnìiLrse nlch clcr distiìlcnEpiphr sc des Hurrrerus. Sczrleaógryidln Biol.,51t 291--297. Ijrarrlifirrt a.Nl..Ft'tretti If.P (1999) - Toorh LnìrìÌcl stÌLrcturc in thc hr-:rcnidCl)tr rllorthctcs l rerriJ r,rlrrú iromthe I-rtc Pliocencof lr;rlr. tith iurplicrtions for fccding behrviour../. f'er.Palcont., 19:767 770, L.rrr rcncc'I;icc.rrelli (1. f. Torrc D. (196h) Urrr nr.rndìbolt di Lunbod:lrrlav, (del Cenrprna) n.'l gircinrento vill.rir'.rnchi;rnodi Olivolrr (r';rl dì ìVlrgra).,4tri Soc. 7àsc. Jci. Nar., A. 71:l9l-l9ii. Pis;r.F'ìcc:rreÌli C. & Iorrc D. (l9l,7b) - Il rrrusreli,-fu Enhltlrictis galicroirlr,s clcl I'lcistoccnc delh S,rrdcgn.r. I\laeontogr. It,rl..6l: ll9-160. Pis,r.(irli.rno H. & l;rrilel D. 11977) - Clnnuporthclc Àtrrii, ncrlspccies fronì Chin.r, ith rcrrlrrks on phvlogcnetic rciationshìpsof gener:t rvithin tht' Hlircnid:re (Nlrnrnrrlia."Carn irorrj. ,'1rr. .ì/ar. -No:rr.. l('12: l-16, Ncrv \brk.Dc.lfino M. (2002) - Erpcrofnune iralirnc dcl Ncogerc e dcl Genrili S., Motrura A. & Rook L. (1998) - lossll Prim:rtcs inIteh: rccent finds rnd thcir gcoloqicil contc)ir, (;€;r)lriix,31(5): 675'636. Lvon.(ìentrr A.\\i (1992) - The subfrnrjlies rncl tribes of Bolidic.,llantnrl Retir:t,22 (l): I 32. Lonc{on.Cinesu S. N CrrldyJ.l! . (1997) - Il ìVlontc lilttlvistiì (Oroscicilrellì): l-dizioni l)oddighe S:rsseri:1--17.GLot.z.i 1,, & Mùlitcstr A. (19112) - 'l hc Qu:ìtcfìriìrv Go:1t olCapo Fitlri (Norrheastern S:rrdinill. Geol .Ront,rtta,l9( | 980): 295-.1.t7, Rom:t.dintorni di C)rosci (S.rrclcnna) ,l/err. Soc. /t. 5c. Nat.. Gliozzi fl., trl:rlrtestr A. & Prìombo M.lì (l9S'+) - Upperl5l2):39 1.12. Mil:rno.Plcisroccne snr;rìl ÍDrnlDìrì :rssociî.ion in rhc [s Otcris

701 L. Abbazzì, C. Atgelone,.ll. Atcd, G. Barisone, C. Bedetti, ll. Delfino, T. Koxahis, F I'larcslini.,1,1. R. Palotnbo, ll. Paitia, Il Piras, L. Rooh, D. Torrc, C. Tocri, A. M.f. Valli gi B. Vti/kensarea (lglesiente, SW Sardegna). Geol. Romana,23 l2l-129, Roma.Henscl lì. (l855) - Bcitràge zur Kennrniss fossilc'r Sàuscthicre.Insektenfrcsser und Nage!hjcre der Diluvialfor marion. Z.Deutsch. Geo!. Ges., 7: '153-501, Bcrlin.Henct S. (2000) Torrucs du Qu:rtc'r'nairc de Fr,rnce: critòrcsdc détermìnarion, réparritiols chronologique et géogrrphique.,Mlrogie,58: 3-47, Marseillc.Jablonski N.G. (2002) - Late Ncogene cercopithecoids. [nHarrn'ig \I{C. (ed.'1 The Prinate Fossil Rccord. ClrnbridgeUniversitv Prcss: 255-299, Cambridgc'.Klein Hofmcijer G.K. (1997) - l-:rtc' Pleistocene dcer fossilsfronr Corbeddu Cavc: Bar Intern- Serics,663: al2 pp.,Oxford.Klein Hofmeijer C., Mlrtini F., Srngcs M., Sonda;rr PY tt UlzcgaA. (1987) - l,a fine clel Plcistoce,nc nelìa GrottaCorbecldu in S.rrdcgna. Rit. It. Sci. preist., 11(1-2): l-36, I:irenze.KormorT. r 193l ) - Pannntat> pltoLLrnLa n.!. n.!p.,,t î(\\ nlu\-teljcl fron the l-are Pìioccne of Hungary.,4 . Inst. Rcg.H ut g. Geol., 29 (3): 167-1 77, Budapest.Kormos'l (1933) - Neue und senig bekannre Ntusreliden ausdcnr ungarischen Obctpliozan. Folia Hl,lrobiol.,5: 129-158, Riga.Korsakis T (1980) - I resti di rnfibi c rettili plcistoccnici dellaGrotta diDraeonira (Capo Caccia, Sardcgnr)-Gnl krrraaa, 19: 85-90, Ronra.Kotsal

Plìo Pleistocene ftssil Nartebrdtci t'1an ,Ilutte Tutt,ri.tstt (San[ini,t)Pavia M, & Mourer-Cauviré C. QAA2) - An ovcrwiew of thegenus Athenc in rhe Plc'istocelc oi rhe Mcdirerr;rnc:rrrlslands, s,irh the dcscriprion of Athene uítucrir r. sp.(Aves: Srrigìdae).In Zbou and Zhlng (eds.) - lì.oceerlingsof thc 5' 51'nrposium of the Societv ofAvian l):rleonrologvand Evoìution. Beijinq Scierrcc Press: 1l 17, Bcijing.Pecorini G., Rage J.C., Thaler L. (,1974) - Le formrrion contincnralcde Capo Mannu, sa launc de verrób: ús PliocèrrescI la question du Messinien cn Sardaignc. Rcnl. Sen. Frc.Sci. Unù Cagliari,.tS: 305-319, Bologna.Pereira Fì. (2001) - Ccnus elaphut rossii lMt rnalìa, Artiodactvh),a new cndemic sub-specics fron the Middle ltlcisroccnc inCor sica. Palaeou' etebmta, 3C: 1 89-2 1 3, ÌVtontpellier.Pereira li. & Bonifay M.F. (1998) - Etude prélinin;rilc des r csr csde Cenidés de la erotte clc la Coscia (lìogliano - Haurc-Corsc). Palecr. 10:,11-60, Les L1-zie de Tav:rc-Sirneuil.Pcreira E., Mìchaux J. & l4ontuire S. (2003) Nen data on thccxrincr rodcnrs of Corsica Rhagatnl,s and )lierotus (.lirrherycola)(Man, maìir, Muridre). Intern. Svrrrp. Insul:rrVcrtebratc Evolution, the Paleeontologicel .{pproach,Mallorca, Scptenrbcr l6-!9,2003 - Absrracr lìook p. 55.Pereira E., Ottar.iani-Speìla M.-M. & S:rlotti M. (2001) Nouvclledaration (Pléistocònc mor-en) du giscnrent de Puntrdi Calcinx (Conca, Corse du Sud) par ì,r dccoulcrrcde Talpa ryrrl:enìca Bate, 1945 et d'une fornlc primirilcde trl ícrotus (71'rrhenícola) Derseli Forsvth-Nl;rjor, 1332.Globios, 34: 69 7- 705, Lron.Piìgrin C. (1913) - Thc scncfi lro.rl.tii, Lnhy{t'tctis and Tirclariorz, with rcrnarks orÌ the laxononly of thc Mustclidec.Proc. Zool. Soc. Lr.'ndon, l9l2: .s.{5-86/, I-ondon.Pocock R.l. (1921) - On the exrernal ch.rr;rctt'rs arrd classificittionoi thc Mustelidae. Proc. Zottl. Soc. Lonlot, 192J:803-83/, London.Reig O. (1957) - Un mustelido del genero Galrcrs del Eocuetcrnrriodc h prorinci.rl de Bucrror Aires. Antcgbiniatta,1 ( I -2): 33-'f 7, Bucnos Aile's.Repenning C. (1967) - Palearctic-Nerrctic mxmmrliiìn dispcrsJin rhe L.re Cenozoic. In Hopkins D.I{. (ed.) ThcBerìng Land Bridge, Stanford Univcrsiry Prcss, 283-3 t l.Stanford.Rcumer J.\\'if. (l9lÌ0) - On thc Plcìstoccne shrcl Nesiotittshùlalgo Barc, 1944 from illejorca (Soricìdae, Insectivo-A). Proc. Koù. Netl. Akad. \Yetersch., s. B., 83: 19 63.Antstcrdanr.RcumcrJ.V{F. (1982)- Some rcruarLs on the lossil vcrtebratcs{rom Menorca, Spain. Prr.,c. Kon. Nctl. Akatl. \Yetensch,,\. lt,, ò): //-ù/. Am\tcrUÀnì,Rook L. (1995) - Paxnontctìs rertli (Carnivorî, lVlanrmalie)fronr rhe late Vilhfranchirrr of Pictrlfitta (Unrbria, ccntrallraly). Preliminarl, note. Éclog. Ceo1. .4clt., 38: 353-86.{, Basel.Rook L., Nlottura A. & Genrili S. (2001r) ,ì/acac,r renrainsfron RDB quarry (Villafranca d'Asti, Italy): nc* dara andovcnics./uar: oJ Hunnn f.ol...{0: lE--202. I,,nrl,,n.Rook L., Abbazzi L., AgusriJ. 8i Tangocci F. (2001b) - A possiblccarllPliocene small faunasith.r gerbil in Val d'Els,r(TuscanJ, Italy). 2"'EL,DEN \r'orkshop "Latc Miocene roEarll' Pliocenc EnviroÍrrrrents and Ecosvstenìs, Sabadell,l5- l7 Nolcmbcr 2001. Abstract Book:6+-65.Rook L., Ferretti M., Arca M. 8i Tuveri C. QAA4) - Chasnaportbetesmeleí fi.sp., an cndenrìc hyaenÌd (Carnivora,Mammalia) fron Montc Tuttavista fissure fillints (larePliocenc to carh l)lcistocenc; Orosci. Snldinil. Iralv).Ri' . lt. l,alunr. 5u,tt.I{ook l-..\ O'Higgirrs P (in pressl - Ccomerric nrorphonrerriciìnah sis on rhe frcc () Ì ,11,tcttc,r tnaju i, tn cnclenric spccìcsof thc l'lcirtocr'nt' ol S.rrclinir (lt.rlr-). Lr1r,r Prin,ttLlogicaSisogncru D. (1960) - Etrìi.lc d'un ccrritié pléistocòne de (Ìuse.Anr. nlft01t.,16: 19-77. P:rris.Socict.rs Herpctoiogicr lr:rlicr fJ996),A.t1,rntc provlisoriodcgli Antibi c dei llcrrili it.rli.rrti. Brrbicri F.. Dori:r G.& Sindrco R. {eds.l -,{ar. .l/rrs. Cl;:. 5t. Nar. G. l)uia,91: 95-17S. Ge no\'.r.Sond:r.rl PY (1977J Insul.rfitv llcl its cffccts on memlr.'Ll evolurion. In Hect \1.N.. Gc,odr Iìt. 6t Flcct B.ì1. (cds.)- \lrior I LLr rr. ijr \Lfr.ì r.rrr ,r.l..ri, n: b-l -)-. I'cnurl Press. Ncv lìrrk.Soncl,r:r Il\l (10C0) E.rrlr Ilurran lirploretion .rnd Exploitrrionon lsl.rnds. ft4rir:i. l0:J03-2ì0, Krgoshirra.Sondlal lìY & Vrn der Gccl A. (2001) - Plìo-Pleis tocene vertebr;ìrr f.run.ll er olurron on \lcclitt'rr.rnertn islencls, comprredto th.rt o[ the P;rle:rrtic m.rinler,d...Ìaa. Géol. IlqsHelléniqnts, i9(A): 165 18C.Sonclir.rr lìll, llocl cle Iìl-., S.rDscs [,1., Korsrkìs T. & Esu D.(19S1) - l:irsr reporr on a Prlcolithic crrlture in S.rrdirri.r.l).'1.R. lttt. Sclic-i. ll9: l9 -17. Orbrd.Sond:ur Pfl, Siìn{c\ \{.. Kots;rlis T. t Boer dc Iì L. (19S6)- Tht'I'lcisr,,cenc.lcer huntcr ol Sardini.r. CéobÀ, t9l7 15. I lrn.SotnikoliÌ 11.\1 (19S0) l-.rtc Ì)lioccnc i\'lustclid.re tr-om Sh:rnr.rr(\'1ongoli.rt. Bru11. liDt. Iz. Cltu t1. Perrrrr1..50: 138-1.15,l.eningr:rd Iir Russi.rnl.Str.rdi.rri C. (llì571 - Dcsctiption dcs lossiìcs clc l.r bri'chc osscusedc i\'lonfcillc dc llon:rri.r. In: l-:r Nllrnrora " \,'r4,agetn Sarda i gn e", 2: 65 1-70-1,'lbrino.Szrler F. S. ó. Delson E. (1979) Erolurionrlr historr oi rhcprìmatcs. Ac.rdemìc l'r'ess.5li0 pp., Ncr l'crrk.Sz1'ndl.rl Z. (l99la) A rclicn, of Neoucnc rnd Qu,rtcrnerr snllies of Ccnrr'.rl .rnd L.r'rern lìurope. Prtr I:Scolccophidir, Boicl.re. Colublin.re. F-su'd. Get,l., +7:l0l I26. Nl;rclrid.Szl.ndlll Z. (l99lb) A teviel oi Ncogcne ind Quatefnir\',in.rkcs oi Centr,rl :rncl E.rrtern l-uropc- P.rrt II: Nlricin;rc,ELrpirhe,\'ipcrithe. llsttd. ()n1., 17: 217-166, l\4aclrid.Teilh.rrd de Chrrriin P & l)ilcrru J. (19-3C) Lcs nr.rmrrifères fosriles dc Nihenrn lClrine).,,1rrr. Pnleo,lt., l'): l-ll{, I']aris.Teilh.rld dc Cherdin P S. l.clov I (191i) Lc\ \lusLélidús cleChìne. Publ. Inv. Gù'l:'io|. Paking., 12 l-56, I'cking.TheniLrs E. (197-Z) - Gnrrclziige drr Vcrbreitungsgeschichrcder S,iugeticrc. Lìnc historische Tiergeogr.rphie- Gustevl:ischer, -3-15 pp., Srurrgiìrt.l"orcn H. lq.r5 - [ :.r .lrc p., r.r,'zincrr rrrrd p, itpÌ. irroz.inr-Prol.rgrr-' folnrcn I{olsìk.rs und Srrdinicns. Iler. Nnt!!4.Cesallsch. Ireiburg ì. lJr:, i+: l5-3-i.++. Freiburg i. Br'..Toschi A. & Lrnz.r ts. (1965) Frune cl'ltrlìe. l\,l.rnmifcri vol.II. Eclizioni Calclcrini.6lT p.. lloìognr.Ven tler \lade J.( l93S) - Sri ,,.r7?,1j r1o\'. sp.. ,r l)ìiocene cln,rrfpig fronr Crpo Figeri (\orthc:rsteln S.rtclinitl. Boll. Soc.I'dleo t. It..27t J6l-.17S, ìUodcn,1.Van clcr \,1adc J. (1999) - Iìiogeogr;rphv and 'tr,rrigr,rphv ofrhe i\lio-l)leisroccns mrmmrls oi Setdinil ;lrd the dcscrjpt;on (ìt sone forsils. In Rctrner J.\\iF. & de VosJ. (eds.) -"Elephrnrr h;rle ,r Snorkcl!" DcinseA, 7:337-360, Rottcrd.rnr.

706 L. Abbazzi, C. Angelone, M. Arca, G. Baisone, C. Bedeui, M. Delfino, T. Kotsakis, F. Marcolini,M. R. Palombo, M. Paoia, P Piras, L. Rook, D. Torte, C. Tuoei, A. M.f Valli Ez B. WikensVan der Meulen AJ. (1973) - Mìddle Pleistocene smaller mammalsfrom the Monre Peglia (Orvieto, Italy) with specialreference to the phylogeíy oi MicTotîts (Arvicolidae, Rodentia\.Qaaterwria, 17: l-144, Roma.Van Valkenburgh B. (1991) - Iterative evolurion of hypercarnivoryin canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionaryinteractions among sympatric predetors, Paleobiolog,17:34Q-362. Lawrence.Vigne J.-D. (198/) - Llextinction holocène du fond de peuplementmammalien indigène des îles de Méditerranée occidente- Mém. Soc. Géol. Fx, n.s., l5O:. 167-177, Patis-Viret J. (1954) - I-e loess à bancs durcis de Saint Vallier (Drome)et sÀ faune de mammifères villafranchiens. Nouo. Arch.Mtas. Hist. Nat. Lyon, 4: 3l-59, Lyon.llolsan M. (1993) - Phylogeny and classification of early EuropeanMustelida (Mammalia: Carnivora). r4cra Teriologica,38r 345-384,'\íarsaw.Wozencrafi WC. (1989a) - The phylogeny of the recent Ca!-nivora. ln Girrleman J.L. (ed.): Carnivore behaviourecology and Evolution. Comell University Press: 495-5J4, Ithaca.Vozencraft liflC. (1989b) - Appendix : classification of RecentCarnivora. In Gittleman J.L. (ed.): Carnivore behaviourecology and Evolution. Cornell University Prcss: 569-593, Ithaca.Zammit Maempel G. & de Bruijn H. (1982) - The PIio/Pleisrocene Gliridae from the Mediterranean islands reconsidercd.Proc. Kon. Ned. Ahad. Wetenscb., s.8,85:.I l3-128, Amsterdam.ZanagaM. (1998) - Macaca majori Azzaroli 1946, primate endemicodel Pieistocene della Sardegna. Tesi di Laurea inScienze Naturali, A. A- 1997-1998,166 pp, Università diFirenze.Zdansky O. (1927) - \feitere Bemerkungen iiber fossile Carnivorenaus Chtna. Palaeont. Sinica, C, 4(4\: l-30, Pekine.