The Complete Book on Coconut & Coconut Products - NIIR Project ...

<strong>The</strong> <strong>Complete</strong> <strong>Book</strong> on Coconut & CoconutProducts (Cultivation and Processing)Author: NIIR Board of Consultants & EngineersFormat: PaperbackISBN: 8178330075Code: NI178Pages: 496Price: Rs. 1,100.00 US$ 125.00Publisher: Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.Usually ships within 5 daysCoconut is one of the oldest crops grown in India and presently covers 1.5 million hectares in this country.Found across much of the tropic and subtropical area, the coconut is known for its great versatility as seen inthe many domestic, commercial, and industrial uses of its different parts. Coconuts are part of the daily diet ofmany people. Its endosperm is initially in its nuclear phase suspended within the coconut water. Asdevelopment continues, cellular layers of endosperm deposit along the walls of the coconut, becoming theedible coconut flesh. When dried, the coconut flesh is called copra. <strong>The</strong> oil and milk derived from it arecommonly used in cooking and frying; coconut oil is also widely used in soaps and cosmetics. <strong>The</strong> clear liquidcoconut water within is a refreshing drink and can be processed to create alcohol. <strong>The</strong> husks and leaves canbe used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decorating. It also has cultural andreligious significance in many societies that use it. India stands third in the production of coconut in the world.<strong>The</strong>re are only two distinguishable varieties of coconut; the tall and the dwarf. As a result of cross pollinationin the tails, a wide range of variations occur within the same variety. Coconut based cropping/farmingsystems promote on farm diversity and strengthens ecological base of coconut farming. Coconut husk is theraw material for the coir industry. It is also used as a domestic fuel and as a fuel in copra kilns. Coconut oilcomes under edible/industrial group, is used as cooking oil, hair oil, massage oil and industrial oil. It isdominated by saturated fats and high percentage of lauric acid. India accounts for the 18% of total coconutproduction in the world and it is the third largest coconut producing country in the world. Coconut processingadds value, and a number of products like coconut oil, desiccated coconut, coir fibre, pith, mattresses,desiccated coconut (DC), coconut cream, coconut milk, spray dried coconut milk powder, coconut shellproducts, shell charcoal, shell powder, virgin coconut oil are obtained. <strong>The</strong> demand for coconut oil increases15 to 20 % during the festival season. Coconut oil for edible purposes is now being claimed to be the secondbest edible oil in the world, after Olive oil. Coconut shell charcoal is most widely used as domestic andindustrial fuel.Some of the fundamentals of the book are product diversification in coconut, future of coconut oil, scope forproduct diversification, varieties of coconut, farming systems in coconut, organic farming of coconut, spicesand herbs, establishment and maintenance of organic coconut plantations, production of organic spices,medicinal and aromatic plants along with coconut, crop improvement, green manuring in coconut garden1/14

organic recycling in coconut, soil moisture conservation in coconut garden, harvest and post harvesttechnology, integrated farming in coconut holdings for productivity improvement, machinery and processingof desiccated coconut, coconut processing sector in India, etc.Coconut plays an important role in the economic, social and cultural activities of millions of people in ourcountry. India is a major producer of coconut in the world. Coconut provides food, edible oil, industrial oil andhealth drink to humanity. All parts of coconut tree is useful in one way or other and the crop profoundlyinfluences the socio economic security of millions of farm families. <strong>The</strong> present book contains the methods ofcultivation and processing of coconut. This book is very beneficial for agriculturist, researchers, professionals,entrepreneurs, agriculture universities etc.Contents1. PRODUCT DIVERSIFICATION IN COCONUTFUTURE OF COCONUT OILSCOPE FOR PRODUCT DIVERSIFICATIONPhilippinesSri LankaIndiaOther UsesCONCLUSION2. VARIETIES OF COCONUTTALL VARIETYWest Coast TallEast Coast TallLakshadweep OrdinaryLakshadweep MicroAndaman OrdinaryAndaman GiantKappadamLagunaSan RamonMacapunoSpicataPerformance of exotic cultivars under Indian conditionsDWARF VARIETYGhowghat Green DwarfChowghat Orange DwarfMalyan DwarfGangabondamAyiramkachi<strong>The</strong>mbili (King Coconut)CooninoMangipodNiuleka3. FARMING SYSTEMS IN COCONUTROOTING PATTERNCROWN STRUCTURE AND LIGHT TRANSMISSIONWATER USE EFFICIENCYNUTRIENTSCHOICE OF INTER / MIXED CROPSCRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF INTER/2/14

MIXED CROPS4. ORGANIC FARMING OF COCONUT, SPICES AND HERBSORGANIC COCONUT SCENARIOSCOPE FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION OFCOCONUT IN INDIACHARACTERISTICS OF A TYPICAL ORGANICCOCONUT FARMESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OFORGANIC COCONUT PLANTATIONSConversion PeriodBuffer ZoneChoice of VarietiesRaising NurseryLand PreparationPreparations for PlantingAftercare of the Young PlantationNutrient ManagementGreen Manuring and Cover CroppingUtilization of Waste from Coconut PalmImproving Soil ConditionsPlant ProtectionBiopesticidesContamination ControlSoil and Water ConservationBee KeepingAnimal HusbandryCONVERSION OF ESTABLISHED PLANTATIONSConversion PeriodChoice of Cultivars/VarietiesComposting of On-farm Crop Residues/Farm WastesNutrition ManagementWeed ManagementPROCESSING OF ORGANIC COCONUTPRODUCTION OF ORGANIC SPICES, MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS ALONG WITHCOCONUTCERTIFICATION OF ORGANIC PRODUCTS5. PLANTING MATERIALCOLLECTION OF SEEDNUTSRAISING NURSERYNURSERY CARESEEDLING SELECTIONPOLYBAG NURSERYCARE OF POLYBAG NURSERY6. GARDEN ESTABLISHMENTSITE SELECTIONTIME OF PLANTINGPLANTING SYSTEMLAND PREPARATION AND PREPARATION OF PITS FOR PLANTINGREPLACEMENT OF UNPRODUCTIVE PALMSREPLANTINGUNDER PLANTINGAFTER CARE3/14

7. CROP IMPROVEMENTVARIETIESTALL GROUPWest Coast TallEast Coast TallLakshadweep OrdinaryLakshadweep MicroAndaman OrdinaryKappadamVPM-3ALR (CN) 1DWARF GROUPDwarf GreenDwarf OrangeMalayan DwarfGangabondanChoughat Orange DwarfTALL AND DWARF HYBRIDSVHC 1VHC 2VHC 38. CROP PROTECTIONINSECT PESTSRhinoceros Beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros L.MANAGEMENTRed Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv. (Curculionidae: Coleoptera)MANAGEMENTBlack Headed Caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Meyr. (Cryptophasidae: Lepidoptera)MANAGEMENTTermite, Odontotermes obesus Ramb. (Termitidae: Isoptera)MANAGEMENTLacewing Bug, Stephanitis typicus Dist. (Tingidae: Hemiptera)Scale Insect, Aspidiotus destructor Sign. (Diaspididae: Hemiptera)MANAGEMENTMealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (T.),P. citriculus G., Palmicultor palmarum (Eh.) (Pseudococcidae : Hemiptera)MANAGEMENTSlug Caterpillar, Latoia lepida Cram (Cochlidiidae: Lepidoptera)Slug Caterpillar, Contheyla rotunda H.,(Cochlidiidae: Lepidoptera)Slug Caterpillar, Macroplectra nararia M.(Cochlidiidae: Lepidoptera)MANAGEMENTWhite Leaf Roller, Gangara thyrsis M.(Hesperiidae: Lepidoptera)Green Leaf Roller, Suastus gremius F.(Hesperiidae: Lepidoptera)Long Green Caterpillar, Turnaca acuta W.(Notodontidae: Lepidoptera)Bag Worm, Manatha albipes M.(Psychidae: Lepidoptera)MANAGEMENTNut Borer, Cyclodes omma V.H.4/14

(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)Lesser Coconut Spike Moth, Batrachedraarenosella Wlk. (Cosmopterygidae: Lepidoptera)Flower Caterpillar, Syntomis passalis Fab. (Cosmopterygidae: Lepidoptera)Ash Weevil, Myllocerus curvicornis Fab.(Curculionidae: Coleoptera)Stem and Bark Weevil, Diocalandrastigmaticollis G. (Curculionidae: Coleoptera)MANAGEMENTShot Hole Borer, Xyleborus perforans W.(Scolytidae: Coleoptera)MANAGEMENTCoreid Bug, Paradasynus rostratus Dist.(Coreidae: Heteroptera)MANAGEMENTRoot Grub, Leucopholis coneophora Burm. (Melolonthidae: Coleoptera)MANAGEMENTAnt, Dorylus orientalis W.(Formicidae: Hymenoptera)Red Ant, Oecophylla smaragdina F.(Formicidae: Hymenoptera)NON INSECT PESTSMitesMANAGEMENTPACKAGE OF RECOMMENDATIONSMANAGEMENTNematodesTHE BURROWING NEMATODE,RADOPHOLUS SIMILISMANAGEMENTTHE COCONUT NEMATODE,RHADINAPHELENCHUS COCOPHILUSRodent PestsMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTSQUIRREL, FUNAMBULUS PALMARUMMONKEYSStorage PestsMANAGEMENTDISEASESBud Rot, Phytophthora palmivora ButlerMANAGEMENTThanjavur Wilt, Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss)Karst and G. applanatumMANAGEMENTStem Bleeding. Thielaviopsis paradoxaMANAGEMENTLeaf Blight, Pestalotia palmarumMANAGEMENTPencil Point — (Tapering Wilt)MANAGEMENTTatipaka DiseaseMANAGEMENT5/14

Crown Choke DiseaseMANAGEMENTButton SheddingMANAGEMENTRoot WiltMANAGEMENTLeaf Rot, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,Exserohilum rostratum, Fusarium solaniMANAGEMENTMahali (Fruit Rot and Nut Fall),Phytophthora palmivoraMANAGEMENTPREPARATION OF 1% BORDEAUX MIXTUREBORDEAUX PASTE9. INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENTBUD ROT CAUSAL ORGANISMSYMPTOMCONTROLPREPARATION OF 1% BORDEAUX MIXTUREBORDEAUX PASTEROOT DISEASESYMPTOMSMANAGEMENTLEAF ROTCAUSAL ORGANISMSSYMPTOMCONTROLSTEM BLEEDING DISEASECAUSAL ORGANISMSYMPTOMCONTROLTHANJAVUR WILT/GANODERMA DISEASECAUSAL ORGANISMSYMPTOMMANAGEMENTMAHALI (FRUIT ROT AND NUT FALL)Causal organismSYMPTOMCONTROLLEAF BLIGHT OR GREY LEAF SPOTSYMPTOMCONTROLTATIPAKA DISEASESYMPTOMMANAGEMENTCROWN CHOKE DISEASESYMPTOMCONTROL10. GARDEN MANAGEMENTINTERCULTIVATIONFERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS FORCOCONUT - A SUMMARYDEFICIENCY OF NUTRIENTS6/14

NITROGENPOTASSIUMMAGNESIUMBORONSULPHURCHLORINEGREEN MANURING IN COCONUT GARDENORGANIC RECYCLING IN COCONUTOrganic Recycling in Coconut BasedFarming SystemLeguminous Green Manure Plants forSustaining Coconut YieldsBasin Management with Legume Cover CropsGrowing of Gliricidia as green leaf manure cropin coconut garden under littoral sandy soilRecycling of organic wastes from coconut palmDirect utilization of coconut wastes as mulchVermicompostingCoir pith compostingWATER MANAGEMENTAUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEMDRAINAGEWEED CONTROLSOIL MOISTURE CONSERVATION IN COCONUT GARDENCOCONUT BASED CROPPING SYSTEMSROOTING PATTERNCANOPY STRUCTURE AND LIGHT UTILIZATIONCRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF SUBSIDIARY CROPSINTERCROPPING SYSTEMSTUBER CROPSRHIZOME SPICE CROPSCEREALSVEGETABLESPULSESOIL SEEDSFRUIT CROPSFLORICULTUREMEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTSMIXED CROPPINGCOCOAPEPPERCLOVENUTMEGCINNAMONHIGH DENSITY MULTISPECIES CROPPINGSYSTEMCOCONUT BASED MIXED FARMING SYSTEMCOCONUT BASED SERICULTURE SYSTEMECONOMIC ASPECTS OF COCONUTCULTIVATION11. HARVEST AND POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGYHARVESTINGSTORAGE AND SEASONING7/14

POST HARVEST PROCESSINGHUSKINGCOPRA PROCESSINGSUN DRYINGSOLAR DRYERINDIRECT DRYINGSmall holderâ€s copra dryerSMOKE FREE COPRA DRYER FORMEDIUM HOLDINGSLARGE HOLDERâ€S COPRA DRYERELECTRICAL COPRA DRYERBALL COPRACOPRA GRADINGCOPRA MOISTURE METERCOCONUT PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTSDESICCATED COCONUTTENDER COCONUT WATERSNOW BALL TENDER NUT (SBTN)MATURED COCONUT WATERNATA-DE-COCOCOCONUT MILK AND MILK PRODUCTSCOCONUT CREAMCOCONUT SPRAY DRIED MILK POWDERTODDYCOCONUT BYPRODUCTSBYPRODUCTS FROM HUSKCOCONUT SHELL CHARCOALACTIVATED CARBONSHELL FLOURCOIR AND COIR PRODUCTSHANDICRAFTS FROM COCONUTCOCONUT WOOD PROCESSINGMUSHROOM CULTIVATION USING COCONUT BYPRODUCTS12. INTEGRATED FARMING IN COCONUT HOLDINGS FOR PRODUCTIVITYIMPROVEMENT13. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO PROCESSING INDUSTRIES14. COCONUT HUSKCOIRCOIR GEOTEXTILECOIR PITH15. COCONUT OILPROPERTIES OF COCONUT OILEXTRACTION OF COCONUT OILCoconut Oil Based OleochemicalsCoconut oil based Oleochemicals:COCONUT OIL CAKE16. MACHINERY AND PROCESSING OF DESICCATED COCONUTABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONDESICCATED COCONUTPROCEESING OF DESICCATED COCONUTPLANT & MACHINERY FOR DESICCATEDCOCONUT8/14

DRYING OF DESICCATED COCONUTTHE PILOT PLANTRESULTS AND OBSERVATIONSSCALE-UPQUALITY OF DESICCATED COCONUTCONCLUSIONS17. QUALITY STATUS OF DESICCATED COCONUTABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSION18. COCONUT PROCESSING SECTOR IN INDIATREND IN AREA, PRODUCTION ANDPRODUCTIVITYCOCONUT INDUSTRY VS INDIAN ECONOMYPRESENT STATUS OF THE COCONUTPROCESSING SECTORTRADITIONAL COCONUT PRODUCTSAND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONSCopraSun dryingKiln dryingIndirect hot air drierSolar dryingImprovement in dryingCoconut OilDesiccated CoconutCoir and Coir ProductsEMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN THEPROCESSING SECTORWet Processing of CoconutCoconut CreamCoconut Milk Based Consumer ProductsCoconut Shell Based ProductsCoconut Shell CharcoalActivated CarbonMethods of ProcessingDestructive Distillation of ShellsCoconut Shell PowderMiscellaneous Uses of ShellsCoconut WaterCoir Pith and Miscellaneous ProductsPROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTSFUTURE STRATEGY19. VINEGAR FERMENTATION WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON POSSIBILITIES OF UTILIZATION OFMATURED COCONUT WATERPRODUCTION AND VOLUMERAW MATERIALSPRODUCTION OF VINEGARACETIFICATION METHODS<strong>The</strong> Orleans Process or Slow Process orFrench ProcessQuick Process or German Process9/14

Submerged MethodOther Modern ProcessesCOCONUT WATER AS POSSIBLE SUBSTRATEFOR VINEGAR FERMENTATIONPreparation of Coconut Water MediumPFA SPECIFICATIONS FOR VINEGARStandardsPROBLEMS IN VINEGAR MANUFACTUREAGEING OF VINEGAR20. ACTIVATED CARBON FROM COCONUT SHELLS: SIGNIFICANCE AND PROSPECTSPROTECTION AGAINST TOXIC GASESAIR PURIFICATION AND RECOVERYPURIFICATION OF VARIOUS GASESFILTERS FOR WAR GASES/ NUCLEARFALL-OUTSPURIFYING WORKING ENVIRONMENTSAND ELIMINATION OF ODOURSRECOVERY OF SOLVENTS ANDOTHER VAPOURSTypical Plants where Such Solvents are RecoveredSEPARATION OF HYDROCARBON MIXTURESPURIFICATION OF FERMENTATIONCARBON DIOXIDERECOVERY OF GOLDCARBON BATTERIESMISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONSACTIVATED CARBON AS CATALYSTAND CATALYST CARRIERSIMPREGNATED CARBONSACTIVATED CARBON IN POLLUTIONCONTROLCONCLUSION21. COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION OF COCONUT PITHINTRODUCTIONCOCONUT PITHUTILISATION OF PITH : PROBLEMSUTILISATION OF PITH : PROSPECTSPith Fuel Briquettes Briquetting with BindersPITH AS AN INGREDIENT IN AGRICULTURAL/HORTICULTURAL FARMSPITH AS A HEAT INSULATING MATERIALCONCLUSION22. MODERN SEMI AUTOMATIC COPRA MANUFACTURING UNIT USINGWASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMINTRODUCTIONPRESENT USES OF COCONUT SHELL IN INDIACHARCOAL MANUFACTURE AND WASTEHEAT RECOVERY UNITCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIFIC VALUEWHU AND PYROLYSIS PROCESSMODERN SEMI-AUTOMATIC COPRADRYING UNITECONOMIC OF A MODERN COPRA10/14

DRYING UNITINFERENCE23. COCONUT KERNEL PRODUCTSVIRGIN COCONUT OILDESICCATED COCONUTCOCONUT MILKSPRAY DRIED COCONUT MILK POWDER24. FOOD PRODUCTSTHE WET MEAT OR KERNELCoconut Milk and Related ProductsCOCONUT SKIM MILK AND RELATEDPRODUCTSCOCONUT PROTEIN AND EDIBLE OILKrauss-Maffei/C.F.T.R.I. ProcessTexas A & M University Process<strong>The</strong> TPI Process<strong>The</strong> Modified Solvol ProcessDESICCATED COCONUTRemoval of the Karnels and ParingWashingSterilisingDisintegrating and DesiccatingEDIBLE COPRACOCONUT WATERFoods uses of Coconut WaterOther Miscellaneous UsesTODDY AND TODDY PRODUCTSTapping<strong>The</strong> yield of ToddySuitability of Dwarf PalmsTapping and Subsequent Yield of NutsComposition and Uses of Fresh ToddyJaggeryRefined SugarTreacleFermented ToddyArrackCoconut VinegarMISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS OF FOOD VALUE25. COMMERCIAL PRODUCTSMILLING COPRAPreparation of Coconuts before DryingCopra Drying Process and MethodsSun DryingSmoke Drying or Drying by Direct Heat in KilnsDrying by Indirect Heat<strong>The</strong> Quality of CopraOil Content of CopraStorage of CopraDeterioration of CopraGrading of CopraMoisture DeterminationCOCONUT OIL11/14

Oil MillingYIELD OF OIL FROM COPRAPHYSICAL PROPERTIESChemical PropertiesRancidityEnsuring the Quality of OilQuality Standards for Coconut OilUses of Coconut OilCONSUMPTION OF COCONUT OIL AND HEART AILMENTSCOCONUT CAKEUSE OF COCONUT CAKECOIR OR COCONUT FIBRENatural RettingMechanical and Chemical Methods of RettingExtraction of White FibreExtraction of Brown FibreYIELD OF FIBRE FROM HUSKVARIETIES OF FIBRE AND GRADESCHEMICAL COMPOSITIONSpinning of Coir YarnUtilisation of Coir Fibre and YarnRubberised CoirCOIR PITH OR COIR DUST26. COCONUT SHELL AND MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTSCOCONUT SHELL CHARCOALCovered Pit MethodModified Pit Method<strong>The</strong> Drum MethodUsesPropertiesDISTILLATION OF COCONUT SHELLSACTIVATED CARBONCOCONUT SHELL FLOUROTHER USESMISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS27. BY-PRODUCTS UTILISATIONCOMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION OFCOCONUT PITHPith as a Heat Insulating MaterialCOCONUT OILCOCONUT PRODUCT DIVERSIFICATIONCopra MakingWhite Copra ProductionBall CopraVinegar MakingBio-Confectionaries from Coconut WaterBenefits from Bio-SweetsDesiccated CoconutCanning of Coconut HaustoriumCoconut CreamCoconut Shell PowderCoconut MilkCoconut Oil Derivatives12/14

Coconut Oil as an Edible OilPRODUCTION OF COCOPEATGRANULATED CHARCOALBIODIESEL PLANT-OLEOCHEMICALRUBBERISED COIR FIBRE CUSHIONSCOIR INDUSTRYCOCONUT SHELL BASED PRODUCTSShell CharcoalCoconut Shell and Wood HandicraftsActivated Carbon from Coconut ShellsProtection against Toxic GasesPurification of Various GasesRecovery of Solvents and Other VapoursTYPICAL PLANTS WHERE SUCH SOLVENTSARE RECOVEREDSeparation of Hydrocarbon MixturesPurification of Fermentation CarbondioxideRecovery of GoldCarbon BatteriesAs Catalyst and Catalyst CarriersImpregnated CarbonsGLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS OF COCONUTINDUSTRYEXPORTSCompetition from Other Oilseed CropsLow ProfitabilityFluctuating PricesInconsistent Supplies of ProductSTRATEGIES FOR FUTURE28. MATURE COCONUTOPTIMUM STAGE FOR HARVESTINGCOCONUTSDEHUSKINGHOME PRESERVATION OF SPLIT COCONUTSMATURE COCONUT WATER PRODUCTSCOCONUT WATER BEVERAGESCOCONUT VINEGARNATA-DE-COCOOTHER PRODUCTSAbout NIIRNIIR Project Consultancy Services (NPCS) is a reliable name in the industrial world for offering integrated technical consultancy services. Its variousservices are: Pre-feasibility study, New Project Identification, Project Feasibility and Market Study, Identification of Profitable Industrial ProjectOpportunities, Preparation of Project Profiles and Pre-Investment and Pre-Feasibility Studies, Market Surveys and Studies, Preparation ofTechno-Economic Feasibility Reports, Identification and Selection of Plant and Machinery, Manufacturing Process and or Equipment required, GeneralGuidance, Technical and Commercial Counseling for setting up new industrial projects and industry.NPCS also publishes varies technology books, directory, databases, detailed project reports, market survey reports on various industries and profit13/14

making business. Besides being used by manufacturers, industrialists and entrepreneurs, our publications are also used by Indian and overseasprofessionals including project engineers, information services bureau, consultants and consultancy firms as one of the input in their research.NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES , 106-E, Kamla Nagar, New Delhi-110007, India. Email: npcs.india@gmail.com Website: NIIR.orgSat, 24 Aug 2013 04:12:11 +053014/14