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11/27/2013Holocaust TimelineThis chronicle is based on Lucy S. Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, 1933-1945 and on the BriefHistory of the Holocaust at the U. S. Holocaust Memorial Museum website.1933• Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party gains control of the German government (i.e. burning theReichstag building).• The Nazis decree a 3-day boycott of Jewish businesses.• The Nazis establish a concentration camp at Dachau, the first of many prison campswhere they will confine communists, socialists, trade unionists, homosexuals, Gypsies,Jews, Jehovah's Witnesses, and other "undesirables." (Remember ------EUGENICS!!!!AND THE ARYAN/TEUTON THEORY OF HISTORY)• Nazi laws remove Jews from German courts and civil service positions, limit the numberof Jews who can attend German universities, remove Jews from German college faculties,and expel Jews from German cultural life (i.e., film, theater, literature, music, journalism).• Jewish food preparation rituals are outlawed.• Nazi laws require involuntary sterilization of mixed race children, the physically ormentally handicapped, Gypsies, Blacks, and others deemed racially or genetically"inferior."1935Holocaust Timeline• The Nazi's "Nuremburg Laws" prohibit marriage and extramarital relations between Jews and non-Jews, revokethe citizenship and civil rights of German Jews, and forbid Jews to display the German flag.1938• Nazi laws require Jews to report their financial assets and property.• The Nazi government assumes control of all Jewish religious institutions.• Nazi laws forbid Jews to practice law or medicine, and require Jews to carry special identification cards at alltimes.• Jews are ordered to turn in their passports so they can be stamped "Jew."Kristallnacht ("The Night of Broken Glass," November 9): a government-sanctioned night of anti-Jewish riots,during which synagogues are burned, Jewish homes looted, Jewish businesses destroyed, and thousands ofJews beaten, tortured, arrested, or killed.• Nazi police arrest approximately 30,000 Jewish men for deportation to concentration camps.• Nazi laws ban Jewish newspapers and journals, expel Jewish children from German schools, and bar Jewsfrom theaters, museums, and other public gathering places.• The Nazi government closes all Jewish businesses and prohibits further Jewish business activity.• The government imposes a tax on Jews to pay for Kristallnacht property damage.1

11/27/2013Holocaust Timeline1939• The Nazi Gestapo (a secret police force) assumes control of all Jewish affairs.• The Nazis establish detailed procedures for confiscating Jewish property.• Nazi Invasion of Poland (September 1): Nazi Einsatzgruppen (mobile killingsquads) follow the advancing German army and execute thousands of Poles,whom the Nazis regard as "subhuman." Thousands more are shipped toGermany as slave laborers or relocated within Poland to provide open space forGerman settlement.• Nazi forces round up approximately 3 million Polish Jews and confine them inurban ghettos (i.e. Warsaw Ghetto).• Polish Jews are required to wear the Star of David.• In Germany, the Nazis initiate a euthanasia program to kill institutionalized andhandicapped patients who are deemed incurable.Holocaust Timeline1940• Nazi Conquest of Europe: Anti-Jewish policies are imposed in Nazi-occupiedDenmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and in other Europeancountries under Nazi domination.1941• Nazi Invasion of the Soviet Union (June 22) the advancing army exterminate Jews,Gypsies, communists, and other "undersirables"; more than one million people aremassacred.• Extermination camps with gas chambers for mass executions are constructed inPoland at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Majdanek, and Treblinka.1942• Nazi leaders, meeting in Wansee outside Berlin, adopt a policy of mass execution as"the final solution of the Jewish question."• Deportation of Jews from Nazi-occupied and Nazi-dominated countries across Europeto the extermination camps in Poland begins.1945• The Nazi's extermination camps, concentration camps, and forced labor camps remainin operation until Germany surrenders on May 7.2

11/27/2013Holocaust– After the ghettos:Jews dragged onto trains or trucks• Headed to concentration camps• Initial purpose was for labor• CONDITIONS IN CAMPS:Crude wooden barracksRat and flea infested mealsExtreme hungerWork from dawn to duskUnable to work = deadHolocaust– Final Solution: 1942• Camps switched from concentration to extermination• Preferred method – prussic gas• New camps were built throughout Germany and Poland:Up to 12,000 could be killed every dayGas chambers built to appear as a large showerAt first – bodies buried in huge pits (mass graves)To rid of evidence – crematoriums installed, or mass fires ofdead bodiesOther methods of death: shot, hanged, medical experiments3

11/27/2013Holocaust Figures– Final Solution:Heinrich Himmler – ran SS (Schutzstaffel)Joseph Goebbels – Propaganda MinisterHolocaust Figures– Final Solution:Adolf Eichmann– high ranking SSResponsible for transportingthe prisoners to the campsRudolf Hoess– ran Auschwitz4

11/27/2013HolocaustVictimsJewsSoviet POWsEthnic PolesKilled5.9 million2–3 million1.8–2 millionRoma 220,000–500,000Disabled 200,000–250,000Freemasons 80,000–200,000Homosexuals 5,000–15,000Jehovah'sWitnesses2,500–5,000Estimated Jewish LossesNumber KilledPre-Holocaust Low HighPopulation Estimate EstimatePercentAustria 191,000 50,000 65,500 26%Belgium 60,000 25,000 29,000 42%Bohemia/Moravia 92,000 77,000 78,300 84%Denmark 8,000 60 116 1%Estonia 4,600 1,500 2,000 33%France 260,000 75,000 77,000 29%Germany 566,000 135,000 142,000 24%Greece 73,000 59,000 67,000 81%Hungary 725,000 502,000 569,000 69%Italy 48,000 6,500 9,000 14%Latvia 95,000 70,000 72,000 74%Lithuania 155,000 130,000 143,000 84%Luxembourg 3,500 1,000 2,000 29%Netherlands 112,000 100,000 105,000 89%Norway 1,700 800 800 47%Poland 3,250,000 2,700,000 3,000,000 83%Romania 441,000 121,000 287,000 27%Slovakia 89,000 60,000 71,000 67%USSR 2,825,000 700,000 1,110,000 25%Yugoslavia 68,000 56,000 65,000 82%TOTALS 9,067,800 4,869,860 5,894,716 54%5

11/27/2013Concentration and Death CampsCamp Function Location Creation Liberated Est. # DeadDachau Concentration Dachau, Germany 3/22/33 4/29/45 by USA 32,000Sachsenhausen Concentration Berlin, Germany 7/1/36 4/27/45 by USSRBuchenwald Concentration Buchenwald, Germany 7/16/37 Self-Liberated 4/11/45Flossenbürg Concentration Flossenbürg, Germany (near 5/3/38 4/23/45 by USANuremberg)Mauthausen Concentration Mauthausen, Austria 8/8/38 5/5/45 by USA 120,000Ravensbrück Concentration near Berlin, Germany 5/15/39 4/30/45 by USSRStutthof Concentration near Danzig, Poland 9/2/39 5/9/45 by USSR 65,000Westerbork Transit Westerbork, Netherlands 10/1/39 4/12/45Auschwitz* Extermination Poland (near Krakow) 5/26/40 1/27/45 by USSR 1,100,000Gross-Rosen Concentration Wroclaw, Poland 8/1/40 5/8/45 by USSR 40,000Drancy Detention Drancy, France (suburb of Paris) 5/1/41 8/17/44 by Allied ForcesNatzweiler/Strut Concentration Natzweiler, France 5/21/41 9/44 Liquidated by Nazis into 12,000hofDachauJanowska Extermination L'viv, Ukraine 9/1/41 Liquidated by Nazis 11/1/43Theresienstadt Concentration Terezin, Czech Republic (near 11/24/41 5/8/45 by USSR 33,000Prague)Chelmno Extermination Chelmno, Poland 12/7/41 Liquidated by Nazis 7/1/44 320,000Sobibor Extermination Sobibor, Poland 3/1/42 Liquidated by Nazis 10/1943 250,000Belzec Extermination Belzec, Poland 3/17/42 Liquidated by Nazis 12/1/42 600,000Koldichevo Concentration Baranovichi, Belarus 7/1/42 Liquidated by Nazis 12/1/42 22,000Treblinka Extermination Treblinka, Poland (near Warsaw) 7/23/42 Liquidated by Nazis 4/43Majdanek Extermination Lublin, Poland 2/16/43 7/22/44 by USSR 360,000Kaiserwald/Riga Concentration Meza-Park, Latvia 3/25/43 10//13/44 by USSRBergen-Belsen Concentration Hanover, Germany 4/1/43 4/15/45 by British 35,000Dora/Mittelbau Concentration Nordhausen, Germany 8/27/43 4/9/45 by USAVaivara Concentration Estonia 9/1/43 6/28/44Sered Concentration Sered, Slovakia (near Bratislava) 1941/42 4/1/45 by USSRPlaszow Concentration Krakow, Poland Oct. 1942 1/15/45 by USSR 8,000Holocaust6

11/27/2013Holocaust"Selection" (Auschwitz), May/June 1944.To be sent to the right meant slave labor; to the left, the gas chambers.HolocaustChildren in Auschwitz, victims of medical experiments.7

11/27/2013HolocaustMembers of theSonderkommando burncorpses in the fire pits atAuschwitz.HolocaustGerman policementormenting a Jew inPoland8

11/27/2013HolocaustApril 12,1945: LagerNordhausen,where 20,000inmates arebelieved tohave died.HolocaustA child dyingin the streetsof thecrowdedWarsawGhetto,where hungerand diseasekilled 43,000in 1941alone.9

11/27/2013HolocaustA member of Nazi Army is aboutto shoot a man sitting by a massgrave in the Ukraine, in 1942.Present in the background aremembers of the German Army,and the Hitler Youth.Holocaust10

11/27/2013HolocaustSS arresting the Jewish population,Budapest October 1944HolocaustA grave inside Bergen-Belsen, liberated bythe British on April 15, 1945.11