People of the Poudre - Cache la Poudre National Heritage Area

256 Gates, Marino Medina, 10-11. However, on p. 44 she is identified as Flathead from western Montana.257 Gates, Marino Medina, 67, 74.258 Arnold, “William Bent,” 229-235; Coel, Chief Left Hand, 25; West, The Contested Plains, 81.259 Coel, Chief Left Hand, 24; Hafen and Hafen, “Thomas Fitzpatrick,” 251.260 Francis Boas, Alfred Kroeber, George B. Grinnell, John Ewers, James Mooney, Omer Stewart, Walter McClintock, andJohn Ewers, among others were all part of these ethnographic endeavors.261 Watrous, Larimer County, 167.262 Grinnell, The Cheyenne Indians, 175.263 Hyde, Life of George Bent, 90.264 Roe, North American Buffalo, 604.265 Crum, People of the Red Earth, 79; Roe, North American Buffalo, 604.266 Jablow, Plains Indian Trade Relations, 44.267 Bamforth, Ecology and Human Organization, 42-50.268 Bamforth, Ecology and Human Organization, 45.269 Binnema, Common and Contested Ground, 34.270 Stewart, Forgotten Fires, 168.271 Stewart, Forgotten Fires, 153-154.272 Stewart, Forgotten Fires, 169.273 Butler, “Cultural and Climatic Patterns,” Table 8.274 McClintock, Old North Trail, 3, 434.275 Hyde, Life of George Bent, 31.276 Gunnerson, Archaeology of the High Plains, 134.277 Scott and Shwayder, Historic Trail Map, 4.278 Hyde, Life of George Bent, 31-32.279 Wood, “Plains Trade,” Fig.1.280 Wood, “Plains Trade,” 102.281 See for example Binnema, Common and Contested Ground, and Wood and Thiessen, Early Fur Trade.282 Speth, “Plains-Pueblo Food Exchange,” 29-34.283 Bamforth, Ecology and Human Organization, 8.284 Bamforth, Ecology and Human Organization, 57-61.285 Binnema, Common and Contested Ground, 51-52.286 Wood, “Plains Trade,” 103.287 Ewers, Horse in Blackfoot Culture, 2.288 Swagerty, “United States Until 1850,” 260.289 Simmons, The Ute Indians, 29.290 Swagerty, “United States Until 1850,” 260.291 Jacobson and Eighmy, “Theory of Horse Adoption,” Table 1.292 Binnema, Common and Contested Ground, 88.293 Haines, “Northward Spread of Horses.”294 Haines, “Northward Spread of Horses,” 435; Jacobson and Eighmy, “Theory of Horse Adoption.”295 Haines, “Northward Spread of Horses.”296 Jacobson and Eighmy, “Theory of Horse Adoption.”297 Jacobson and Eighmy, “Theory of Horse Adoption.”298 Jablow, Plains Indian Trade Relations, 40-41, 45.299 Jablow, Plains Indian Trade Relations, Map 2.300 Hurt, The Indian Frontier, 33, 209-210; Levine, “Comanchero Trade,”157; Swagerty, “United States Until 1850,” 260.301 Jablow, Plains Indian Trade Relations, 82.302 Jablow, Plains Indian Trade Relations, 83. Counting coup in this context is the practice of touching an enemy in battlewith the hand, a war lance, or other hand held weapon. The enemy is symbolically dead whether he receives a physical injuryor not. There is significant risk to the toucher since he needs to be within arm’s length of the enemy to count coup. Theenemy could easily turn the tables. Prior to the importance of horse wealth in Cheyenne society, prestige was gained throughcounting coup - more coup counts implied more courage and success in battle.303 Weist, “Plains Indian Women,” 264.304 Flores, “Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy,” 471.305 Jablow, Plains Indian Trade Relations, 20.306 Weist, “Plains Indian Women,” 264. Polygyny likely increased due to two additional factors--the loss of marriageableadult males through disease and the loss of males through warfare.307 Berthrong, The Southern Cheyennes, 26; Jablow, Plains Indian Trade Relations, 63; West, The Contested Plains, 83.Chapter Title Placeholder 99