Bulletin de liaison et d'information - Institut kurde de Paris

II -: II ;I lINSTITUTURDDE PARISBulletin de liaison et d'informationI N° 134-135Mai-Juin 1996I

. Ce bulletin paraît en français. allemand, anglais,kurde, espagnol et turc.Prix au numéro: France: 30 FF - Etranger: 35 FFAbonnement annuel (12 numéros) France: 300 FF - Etranger: 350 FF-"'1DirecteurPériodique mensuelde la publication : Mohamad HASSANr .Numéro de la Commission Paritaire: 659 15 A.S.ISSN 0761 1285INSTITUT KURDE, 106, rue La Fayette -75010 PARISTél. : (1) 48246464 - Fax: 47709904

Sommaire:,• POUR ECHAPPER AUX POURSUITES JUDICIAIRESMME. ÇILLER PROVOQUE LA CHUTE DU CABINET TURC• ANKARA: ARRESTATION D'UNE QUARANTAINE DEDIRIGEANTS DU PARTI PRO-KURDE HADEP• TENSION A LA FRONTIÈRE TURCO-SYRIENNE• STRASBOURG: LE PARLEMENT EUROPÉEN EXIGE ÀNOUVEAU UN RÈGLEMENT POLITIQUE ET PACIFIQUEDE LA QUESTIONKURDE EN TURQUIE• LE COMITÉ EUROPÉEN POUR LA PRÉVENTION DELA TORTURE INSPECTE LES PRISONS TURQUES• MOSCOU: LES RUSSES TENTÉS PAR LA CARTE KURDE?• ISTANBUL: LA CONFÉRENCE HABITAT Il DE L'ONU• AINSI QUE, ..• EN BREF, LA REVUE DE PRESSEPOUR ÉCHAPPER AUX POURSUITES JUDICIAIRESMIl~ÇILLER PROVOQUELA CHUTE DU CABINET TURCN voulant régler trop vite ses deux affaires de corruption danscomptesavec sa rivaleTansu l'attribution de marchés publics et unÇiller,le Premierministreturc scandale de détournements de fondsMesut Yilmaz a provoqué la secrets du gouvernement, Tansu Çillerchute prématurée de sa craignantd'être déféréedevant la Hautecoalition gouvernementale. Cour de justice a décidé, le 3 juin, deAux abois après sa mise en causedans retirerle soutiende son parti de la JusteVoie (DYP) à la coalitiongouvernementale en accusant sonpartenaire M. Yilmaz de «vilenie» et de«déloyauté». Le 8 juin, lors du vote de lamotionde censuredéposée par le Refah(parti de prospérité) islamiste, le DYP ajoint ses voix à celles de l'oppositionentraînant ainsi la chute de l'éphémèrecabinet Yilmaz et en plongeant le paysdans une nouvelle crise gouvernementale.Laveille de ce scrutin, ne sefaisant guère d'illusions, Mesut Yilmazavaitprésentésa démission.

.4. Bulletin de liaison et d'information n° 134-135. Mai - Juin 1996STRASBOURG:lE PARLEMENT EUROPÉEN EXIGE À NOUVEAUUN RÈGLEMENTPOLITIQUE ET PACIFIQUEDE lA QUESTION KURDE EN TURQUIEANS une résolution votée, lejeudi 19 juin, le Parlementeuropéen, qui rappelle à laTurquie ses engageme~ts visà vis de la Déclaration deBarcelone et de laConvention européenne des droits del'homme, dont la Turquie est un dessignataires,.exige la libération de Mme.lana, Prix Sakharov de la liberté del'esprit et de ses trois autres collèguesparlementaires. Par ailleurs, leslégislateurs européens se disent«préoccupés» par' la poursuite desopérations militaires turques dans lesrégions kurdes et le refus de la Turquiede rechercher des voies d'un règlementpacifique de la question kurde et «invitele gouvernement turc à mettre fin à sesopérations mi/flaires dans le Sud-Est dupays et à entamer des négociations avecl'ensemble des organisations kurdes envue de débloquer la situatiom>.Les eurodéputésdans cette résolution font unexamen critique global de la situationdes droits de l'homme alarmante danslaquelle se trouve aujourd'hui la Turquie.Ils se disent vivement préoccupés par lacondamnation du Dr. Seyfettin Kizilkan,président de l'ordre des médecins deDiyarbakir,par la Cour de sûreté de l'Étatà plus de trois ans de prison ainsi que lespersécutions à l'encontre de l'écrivainYachar Kemal, du sociologue IsmailBesikci, et le traitement réservé auxprisonniers politiques, qui sont en grèvede la faim contre les mesures Iiberticidesrécemmentadoptéespar le ministrede lajustice, ancien chef de la sécuritéd'Istanbul et surnommé «le super-.tortionnaire». Le PEdemande, en outre,aux autorités turques de reconnaître lesdroits de tous les Kurdes vivant dans lepays et de faciliter le rapatriement detous les Kurdes déplacéset de permettreà la Croix-Rougeinternationalede visiterles prisons et les prisonnierspolitiques.Ilpresse /e Conseildes ministreseuropéen«à inscrire la question kurde à l'ordre dujour de l'OSCE et à rechercher tous lesmoyens qui permettront d'encourager lesinitiatives visant à régler les questionsdes droits de l'homme et des Kurdes enTurquie».Depuis 1994, les résolutions desinstitutionseuropéennesse suivent et seressemblentsans impact notable sur lesdirigeants turcs. Rappelons, à titred'exemple récent, la résolution adoptéele jeudi 25 avril, à Strasbourg, où lesparlementairesdes 39 pays que comptele Conseil de l'Europe, affirmentnotammentqu'«à la suite de la décisionde la Coursuprême turque du 26 octobre. 1995, deux des six parlementaires duDER qui ont été condamnésà une peinede 15 ans de prison en 1994, ont étélibérés. Cependant, le maintien endétentiondes quatre autres demeure unegrave violation des droits de l'homme, etconstitue la négation même de ladémocratie parlementaire. Une grâceprésidentielle ou une nouvelle loid'amnistie confirmerait l'engagement dela Turquie vis-à-vis de la démocratie».L'Assembléeparlementairedu Conseildel'Europe, dont la Turquie fait partie,attend en outre «des autorités turquesqu'elles déclarent la recherche d'unesolution pacifique au problème kurdecomme l'une de leurs plus grandespriorités polffiques ». Tout en se félicitantdes quelques réformes adoptées par laTurquie, l'Assemblée parlement~ireestime«cependant,l'article 8 révisé de laloi de 1991 'contre le terrorisme continuede poser de graves questions sousl'angle des droits de l'homme. Enconséquence, l'Assemblée demande ànouveau la suppression de l'article 8ainsi que de dispositions analoguesfigurantdans d'autres textes de loi».

n° 13-1-135. Mm - JUIn 1996 Bulletin de liaison et d'information. 5 •LE COMITÉ EUROPÉENPOUR LA PRÉVENTIONINSPECTENE mission de 5 membres decet organismeDE LA TORTURELES PRISONS TURQUESdu Conseil del'Europe chargé de fairerespecter la Conventioneuropéennepar la préventionde la torture, dont la Turquieest signataire, a effectué a à partir du 6mai une visite d'inspection de 3 jours enTurquie. Cette mission dirigée par M.Claude Nicoloy a enquêté sur lesconditions de garde-à-vue dans lescommissariats turcs, sur les méthodesd'interrogatoirede la police turque ainsique sur les conditions de détentionpénitentiaire. La mission a également eudes entretiensavec le Premier ministre,avec les ministres de l'intérieur et de laJustice ainsi qu'avec le Directeur généralde la Sûreté et le commandantde la gendarmerie.en chefAu cours de son entrevue du 7 mai avecla mission, le Premier ministre turc anotamment affirmé: «malgré tous nossoins, en raison des conditions crééespar la lutte contre le terrorisme des casde torture peuvent malheureusementavoir lieu. Cependant, avec la levée del'état d'urgence dans la région les cas detorture vont diminuer». M. Yilmaz aégalement ajouté que le nouveau cabinetn'avait pas de poste de ministre chargédes droits de l'homme car «chaqueministre est désormais en charge desdraftsde l'homme».Le rapport élaboré au terme de cettevis~e reste en principe confidentiel, maisen 1992, le Comité européen, consternépar l'ampleur et le caractèrede routinede l'usage de la torture en Turquie avaitdécidé de rompre cette règle deconfidentialité et de rendre public sonrapport. Le Comité européen est unorganisme officiel formé de représentantsnommés par les États cosignataires de laConvention.Quelques jours après cette visite, le 22mai, la branche anglaise d'AmnestyIntemational a lancé une campagne pourdénoncer la pratique de la torture dans lemonde par la publication d'un rapportintitulé «Un clin d'oeil sur l'enfen). Lerapport dénonce la torture dans 40 payset se focalise sur 5 pays, dont la Turquie,présentés comme «descas d'exemple».Alors que les diplomates occidentauxdéclarentque la situation des droits del'homme est en améliorationcroissantedepuis les années 80, les organisation dedéfense des droits de l'homme turquessont d'un avis différent. Akin Birdal,président de l'Association turque desdroits de l'homme «ne voit pas delumière au bout du tunnel». Et ajoute «IIn'y a rien qui porte à croire que leschoses ont changé. En réalité, celadevient pire. Des gens qui doivent êtrepunis pour des crimes atroces, ilsdeviennent parlementaires et mêmeministres). Par ailleurs, les Centres deSoins mis en place par la Fondationturque des droits de l'hommepour veniren aide aux victimes de la torture sontdéclarés illégaux par les autorités et leursresponsables sont poursuivis par lajustice turque.Parallèlement à la torture, qui est doncune pratique routinière en Turquie, lesexécutions sommaires et les disparitionscontinuent également de sévir. Quelquesexemples signalés par la presse au coursdes demières semaines:Un jeune Kurde âgé de 19 ans, MehmetSenyigit, arrêté le 21 avril par 4 policiersen civil, alors que, rentrant de son travail,il se rendait de à son domicile situé dansun faubourg de Diyarbakir a été trouvémort le lendemain dans la morgue del'Hôpital d'État de cette ville. Selon laversion officielle, il aurait été abattu lorsd'un raid du PKK contre un poste depolice. Les témoins oculaires de sonarrestation et la famille de la victimecontestent avec véhémence cette versionofficielle. Son père affirme que son filsn'a jamais touché une arme dans sa vie,qu'il avait un travail régulier dans unemanufacture de la ville et qu'il rejetait laviolence. «Comment en l'espace d'unenuit a-t-il pu, sans entraînement niformation militaire devenir un guérillerodu PKK et attaquer en plein centre-villeun poste de police ?» demande-t-il auparquet, en soulignant que «denombreux témoins avaient vu sonarrestationpar des policiers en civil, le 21avril, au soir». Il a demandé àl'Association turque des droits de

• 6' Bulletin de liaison et d'information n° 134-135' Mai - JUIn 1996l'homme de porter cette affaire devant laCommission européenne des droits del'homme.Quelques jours plus tard, une jeune fillekurde, Hazal Sevim, âgée de 17 ans, aété exécutée par les forces de sécuritédans le village de Sirya, dans la provincede Siirt. Présentée comme une militantedu PKK alors qu'elle n'est qu'une simplebergère nomade qui venait de garder sontroupeau et rentrait dans son village, ellea été surprise par une patrouille decommandos qui a tiré 'sur elle à boutportant.De même, un homme âgé de 45 ans,Nazim Balik, marié et père de 10 enfants,a été abattù dans la soirée du 17 maivers 21h dans le quartier Xaçort de Vanpar des policiers. Son cadavre criblé deballes a été retrouvé le lendemain dansle sous-sol de son immeuble. Selon lequotidien Özgür Politika du 21 mai quicite les témoignages des voisins, N. Balikrentrait d'une visite chez l'une de sesfilles et pour se protéger des tirs d'unepatrouille de police il s'est réfugié dans lesous-sol de l'immeuble. Les policiers l'ontpoursuivi et abattu sur place. La victimen'avait pas de casier judiciaire ni activitépolitique. Pour sa défense, la police deVan a affirmé qu'il n'avait pas réponduaux sommations de la patrouille et quecelle-ci avait trouvé son comportement«suspect».Le 14 mai un lycéen, Irian Agdas, 17 ans,vendeur de l'hebdomadaire Kurtulus aété abattu à bout portant par des policiersen civil dans la banlieue Alibeyköyd'Istanbul. D'après les témoins cités parle quotidien Politika du 16 mai, vers 20h quartier sont descendusdans la rue auxdeux policiers en civil munis d'armes cris de "police assassine! " Mais lesautomatiques ont d'abord pourchassé le panzers de la police ont encerclé tout lejeune vendeur de cette publicationturque secteuret imposéle couvre-feu.légale sur environ 150 m, puis ils lui onttiré dans le dos. Alors que des passants Le 5 juillet, rentrant à son village detentaient de venir en aide à ce jeune Besevler dans la province de Dersimgisant dans son sang au milieu de ses (Tunceli), Hüseyin Saltik, 60' ans, a étéjoumaux éparpillés, les policiers les ont passépar les armes par une patrpuillededisperséssous la menacede leurs armes soldats, vers 21h30, qui ont apparempuisjeté le blessé dans leur véhicule ment tiré à vue sans se donner la peinepour le conduire à l'hôpital. I. Agdas n'a d'arrêter et d'interroger ce «suspect»pas survécu à ses blessures. Après ce surpris sur une route de campagne. Lesmeurtre perpétré devant tant de gens autorités locales n'ont donné aucuneplusieurs centaines d'habitants du explicationpour ce meurtre.MOSCOU:LES RUSSES TENTÉS PAR LA CARTE KURDE?U cours d'une table ronde raison de la forte oppression de ceorganisée, le 21 mai, par le peuple par le régime turc. /I doitComité des questions également en être de même maintenant.géopolitiques de la Douma Le Kurdistan tel qu'on en voit lesrusse, plusieurs intervenants frontières naturel/es sur les cartes doitofficiels ont plaidé en faveur devenir un État indépendant.Les Kurdesd'un soutien russe à la cause kurde. L'un ne disposent pas actuel/ement d'armesd'eux, Alexandre Nevzorov,du ministère efficaces mais ils ont en abondance dedes Affaires étrangères,a déclaré:«Nous forces humaines. Bien qu'ils mènent unedevons, dans nos relations avec la guerre de guéril/a, ils doivent égalementTurquie, être capables de bien nous recevoir des armeslourdes. Nous devonsservir de la cause kurde et empêcher, régler la dispute opposant' l'Arménie àgrâce à cette carte, toute ingérence l'Azerbaïdjan et tirer à nos côtés cesturque dans nos affaires intérieures». Le deux États. Nous pourrons alors fournirgénéral russe Yuri Efrémof a été plus aux Kurdes une aide en armes viaprécis: «Quand à l'état-major de l'URSS l'Arménie. Caf aider les Kurdes c'estnous travaillions sur les plans d'un conflit nous aider nous-mêmes. Les États-Uniséventuel avec la Turquie, membre de nous font signer le traité de START-1Lal'OTAN, nous considérions déjà les Turquie peut, dans le cadre de l'OTAN,Kurdes comme un allié possible en contrôler le Caucase avec un porte-

l' 13--+-135• M,il - JUIn 1996 Bulletlfl de liaison et d'Iflformatlon • 7 •avions naviguant en Mer Noire. Nouspouvons l'en empêcher grâce auxKurdes».Au cours de ce débat de 3 heures ontégalement pris la parole le généralAndreï Malakov, de l'état-major duministère russe de la Défense, VladimirPavlovitch, du ministère des relationséconomiquesextérieureset le professeurM. Lazarev de l'Institut d'orientalisme.Aucunde ces officielsn'a voulu répondreà la question directe d'un député: «LesTurcs, dans le cadre de plans secrets del'OTAN, sont en train de franchir leCaucase et parvenir à nos frontières. Etvoilà que nous vendons, nous aussi, deshélicoptères au gouvernement turc pourbombarder les Kurdes. Notregouvernement envisage-t-il de fournir auxKurdes des armes efficaces ?»L'organisateur du débat, le députéISTANBUL:lA CONFÉRENCE HABITAT /I DE l'ONUA conférence onusienne surles établissements humainss'est achevée vendredi 14juin, après près de deuxsemaines de discussionsayant pour thème principal«l'homme dans la ville du XXlèmesiècle». La nouveauté de cetteconférence sur l'Habitat était laparticipation aux discussions officiellesdes collectivités locales et desorganisations non-gouvemementalesdela société civile. Le sommet de chefsMitrofanov, président du Comitégéopolitiquedu Parlement. a finalementpris sur lui d'y répondrepar ce mot: «Lemarché aux armes ne reste pas vide. Sice n'est nous qui vendons, d'autres vontle faire. Si les Kurdes en veulent nouspouvons leur vendre également desarmes!».C'est la première fois depuis la fin del'URSS que dans une réunion tenue auParlement même avec la participationdes officiels l'éventualité d'un soutienrusse aux Kurdes de Turquie estpubliquement évoqué. En faisantl'impassesur les légitimesrevendicationsd'idenméet de culture des Kurdes et enaccordant un soutien inconsidéré à leurallié turc les Occidentaux finiront peutêtrepar jeter une fraction des Kurdesdans les bras de la Syrie, de l'Iran et dela Russie.d'États et de gouvernements n'a pasatteint les espoirs des organisateurs.Celui-ci a été boudé par les principauxchefs d'État développés peu enclins àfréquenter ostensiblementles dirigeantsturcs et n'a pu réunirqu'une quinzainedeparticipants de rang modeste. FidelCastro, qui a fait le déplacementd'Istanbul, a finalement été la principalevedettede ce «sommet».Le choixdu lieu de la conférencea dès ledépart suscité une polémique; il a étécontesté par plusieurs États et par laplupart des ONG. Deux choix s'offraientaux candidats au départ pour Istanbul:Boycotter une conférence axée sur lesétablissements humains alors que lepays hôte, la Turquie, mène unecampagne massive d'évacuation etdestruction de villes et villages kurdesdans sa guerre au Kurdistan, ouparticiper à la conférence et montrer sadésapprobation en dénonçant sur placela politique turque envers le peuplekurde. Ou encore, comme le firent unetrentaine d'ONG locales, tenir «uneconférence alternative» en marge de laconférenceofficielle,qui a été disperséerapidement et violemment par la policeturque.Du début à la fin la ConférenceHabitat Ils'est tenue dans une atmosphère trèstendue. Déjà, lors du discours inauguraldu Secrétaire général de l'ONU, M.Boutros Boutros-Ghali, les médias turcsont réagi violemmentet crié au scandale,parce que M. Ghali qui, par deux fois,dans son discours officiel d'ouverture a. 0désigné le pays hôte par «La Républiquefédérale de Turquie». Lapsus révélateur?ou une méconnaissancede M. Ghali dela structure étatique de la Turquie? Cequi reste évident c'est que tout au longde la conférencel'accent a été mis sur ladécentralisationet le rôle à jouer par lescollectivités locales dans la gestion d'unenvironnement permettant à «lapersonne humaine» de s'épanouir.Est~eque le Secrétairegénéral a tenu, par ce«dérapage linguistique», à communiquersa pensée intime sur la Turquie dedemain? Hypothèse d'autant plusplausible que son discours a dû être

• 8' Bulletin de liaison et d'information n° 134-135' Mai - Juin1996rédigé, lu et relu par plusieurs conseillersde M. Ghali. Les politiciens turcs ont entout cas crié au scandale et attribué à M.Ghali «l'intention de diviser la Turquie»,car c'est un «anti-musulman». Lesmédias turcs qui avaient mené. descampagnes outrancières contre Mme.Mitterrand, Nelson Mandela et EdwardKennedy pour leur défense des Kurdesse sont cette fois-ci déchaînés.contre leSecrétaire général de l'ONU.Voici quelques faits majeurs relevés parl'envoyé de l'Institut à cette Conférenceintemationale:1 • Lancement du livre «la liberté devivre en Turquie», Toute la matinée duvendredi 7 juin a été dominée par laprésentation et le lancement du livre «Laliberté de vivre en Turquie». Livre dédié àla conférence de l'ONU Habitat Il et coéditépar une centaine de parlementaires,d'avocats et d'organisations nongouvernementalesdont l'Institut kurde.L'idée d'origine était d'un collectif d'ONGnorvégiennes visant à «défier la censureturque»: en publiant des articles déjàsaisis en Turquie et y mentionnant dansson introduction un aperçu sur lapolitique systématique et massive dedestruction et d'évacuation de villageskurdes par l'armée turque dans sa guerreau Kurdistan. Dans son introduction onpeut lire: «Dans les quatre dernièresannées, la Turquie a détruit et/ou évacuéenviron 3000 villages kurdes. Trèssouvent avec la destruction de villages,les champs, les forêts et les biens sontaussi brûlés. Les villageois ne sont pasdédommagés et la plupart d'entre euxvivent aujourd'hui dans les bidonvillesautour d'Istanbul, Izmir, Adana, Mersin etDiyarbakir. En plus de l'article 8 de la loidfte anti-teffeur, les articles 311 et 312 duCode pénal turc sont les plus utiliséspour limiter la liberté d'expression enTurquie». Lors de la conférence depresse de présentation de ce livre, M.Erik Sauar,au nom de tous les éditeurs atenu à souligner que «nous croyons queles Turcs et les Kurdes seront à mieux depouvoir diriger leur pays et de choisirleurs leaders s'ifs sont informés par cequi se passe dans leur pays que s'ifs nel'étaient pas». Cette conférence depresse a donné lieu à un débat houleux;plusieurs ONG fabriquées de toutespièces par les autorités turques àl'occasion de la conférence ont essayépar tous les moyensd'empêcherla tenuede cette conférence en voulantmonopoliser le débat et en insultant lesorganisateurs.2 • Un rapport de l'union des chambresdes ingénieurs et des architectesde Turquie (uctea) sur Diyarbakir. Unatelier, organisé par UCTEA au Forumdes ONG d'Habitat Ille vendredi 7 juin, aété consacré à l'émigration forcée et audéplacement de la population kurde. Acette occasion un rapport intitulé «unerecherche sur les questions socialesissues de l'émigration inter-régionale àl'échelle de la ville de Diyarbakif» a étérendu public. Pour analyser la situationdémographique et les retombéessociales sur la population émigrée/déplacéedansla ville de Diyarbakir,le rapport se base sur les donnéesstatistiques du recensement de 1990 etde celui de 1996. Selon le rapport,la villede Diyarbakir compte aujourd'hui 822837 habitants dont 327 957 personnesdéplacées, arrivées depuis 1990. En 6ans, si les données des recensementstures sont fiables, la populationde la villea accrude 116%.Quelques chiffres analytiques:- Le taux de chômage au sein de lapopulationactiveest de 70,91%- Le taux d'analphabétisme est de 35,85%- 64,3% des habitants n'ont pas desécuritésociale- 43,63% parmi les nouveaux arrivés àDiyarbakir ont indiqué qu'ils ontémigréà cause de la situationgénéralede la région tandis que 58% ont«émigré» à la suite de «la destructionet l'évacuation de leurs villages»- 99% ont indiqué qu'ils ne pouvaientretourner dans leurs villages en raison«d'absence de sécurité pour leursbienset leursvies».Évolution de la situation sanitaire en chiffres:Maladies 1990Diarrhée chez 15000 enfants/anles enfants (de 04 ans)Typhoïde 1000persianMalaria1732persianDysenterie 1000persianHépatite180persianTuberculose 200persl anCholéra2 persian1994-9520 OOO/an5000pers/an27498persian3000persIan320persian495persian14persianTaux de croissance.33%400%2500%200% .20%149%200%

11° 13-4-135' Mal - JIIIII 1996 Bulletin de liaison et d'information' 9 •3 • Un rapport de Human RightsWate/He/sinki tient la Turquieresponsable de la destruction desvillages kurdes. Un autre rapportintitulé«La politique erronée de la Turquiedansson aide aux déplacés forcés du Sud-Est», a été rendu public le 11 juin à laConférenced'Habitat Il, par l'organisationhumanitaire américaine basée à NewYork Human Rights Watch sur ladestruction des villages kurdes parl'arméeturque. Ce rapportest plus centrésur les conséquencesdes déplacementsforcés et les aspectsjuridiques que celacomporte du point de vue du droitinternational et du droit internationalhumanitaire. Tous les soi-disant plansgouvernementauxd'aide à la populationkurde déplacée sont arrivés soit «troptard» soit ils sont «complètementinsuffisants» au regard des besoins. Enoutre, le rapportcritique la politiquede laTurquie qui consiste d'empêcher lesorganisations internationales d'aidehumanitaire, comme l'UNHCR ou leCICR,de venir en aide aux déplacés,Parailleurs, le rapport contient quelquesrecommandationsà l'armée turque danssa guerre au Kurdistan: «I. Legouvemement turc doit respecter le droitinternational dans ses opérationsmilitaires, limitant ses décisionsd'évacuation forcée de civils à desnécessités militaires explicites; b.dédommagement adéquat dans lerétablissement des déplacés dans le leurstatut quo ante; e. La mise en placed'une commission d'investigationindépendante pour enquêter surl'évacuation des villages et bourgades; d.Indemniser financièrement tous lesdéplacés; e. Poursuite judiciaire etcondamnationdes militaires et des forcesde police qui en connaissance de causeont violé les dispositions gouvernementales•.4 • Arrestation de plus de 1500manifestants à Istanbul. La policeturque a procédé à l'arrestation de plus1500 manifestants y compris desparticipants à la conférence d'Habitat Il,le samedi 8 juin. Les manifestants ontvoulu marquer leur solidarité avec lesmères des Kurdes «disparus»dans leurrassemblement hebdomadaire tous lessamedissur la placede Taksimau centred'Istanbul. Cette manifestation a étéviolemment réprimée par la police endépit de la présence de plusieursdizainesdejournalisteset d'observateursétrangers,Parmi les manifestantsarrêtésse trouvait un membre de la délégationofficielle de Norvège à la Conférenced'Habitat, Mme. Nita Kapoor, qui a étéretenuedurant plusieursheures dans uncommissariat de police. Le lendemain,dimanche 9 juin, une manifestationspontanéepour la liberté d'expressionetle droit de manifester a rassemblé prèsd'un millier de personnesdans l'enceintedu Forum des ONG. Au cours d'uneconférencede presse,Mme. Nita Kapoor,a témoignéqu'en accord avec son travail«qui consiste à s'occuper des femmesvictimes des guerres et des conflits, elleavait souhaité s'informer sur la situationde ces femmes qui se rassemblaientchaque samedi pour que l'on n'oublie pasleurs enfants» Le rassemblement étaitparfaitement pacifique» a-t-elle précisé.((j'était parmi elles, tranquillementassisedepuis seulement 1 ou 2 minutes lorsqueles forces de police ont chargé avec uneviolence inouïe».Déjà vendredi 7 juin, une cinquantaine demilitants des droits de l'homme et desyndicalistes avaient été arrêtés manumilitarià la poste d'Istanbul alors qu'ilss'apprêtaient à envoyer au président dela République turque une lettre attirantson attention sur la grève de la faimentamée par environ 10 000 détenuspolitiquesà majorité kurde.AINSI QUE "'• lA TURQUIE RECONNAÎTl'ÉVACUATION ET LA DESTRUCTIONDE 2785 VillAGES ET HAMEAUXKURDES. Cette statistique est donnéepar le «super-préfet» de Diyarbakir citépar le quotidien turc Mi/liyet du 27 mai.Selon ce haut responsable turc, d'aprèsles données dont disposent ses services,«918 villages et 1767 hameaux ont étéévacués par les forces de sécurité pourdes raisons d'ordre mi/itaire». Certains deces villages sont totalement détruitsd'autres le sont en grande partie oupartiellement. Les ONG locales citentgénéralement le chiffre de plus de 3000villages évacués et détruits.• lES ISLAMISTES GRANDSVAINQUEURS DES ÉLECTIONSMUNICIPALES PARTIEllES. Lesélections municipales partielles tenues le2 juin dans 4110calités traduisent un netprogrès des Islamistes. Dans les villes

.10. Bulletin de liaison et d'Information n° 134-135. Mai - Juin1996ayant le statut de préfectures, le Refahobtient 34,3% des suffrages contre17,9% à l'ANAP de Mesut Yilmaz etseulement 6,5% au DYP de Mme. Çiller.Avec 8,6% des voix le DSP de BulentEcevit et le CHP de Deniz Baykal (5,6%)voient également leur audiences'effondrer. Dans les sous-préfectures, leRefah obtient 36,9% contre 23,3% pourl'ANAP; le DYP obtient 13,2%, le DSP9,3% et le CHP 6,5 %.Ce n'est que dansdes toutes petites communes dépendantlourdement des subsidesgouvernementaux pour leur .survie queles deux partis de la coalitiongouvernementale font des scoreshonorables avec 28,6% des voix pour leDYP et 22,6% pour l'ANAP du Premierministre.• 1088 INTELLECTUELS TURCS ETKURDES DEVANT LA COUR DESÛRETÉ DE L'ÉTAT D'ISTANBUL. Ungroupe de 98 intellectuelstures et kurdesqui s'étaient volontairement associés,comme coéditeurs, à la publication dulivre «Liberté de pensée et d'expression»a comparu, le mercredi 22 mai, devant laCour W 3 de Sûreté de l'État d'Istanbul.Déjà, au mois d'avril, un groupe de 99 deces intellectuels,parmi lesquels figuraientles romanciers Yachar Kemal et OrhanPamuk, le syndicaliste Munir Ceylan et lechanteur Zülfü Livaneli et d'autres nomsconnus du monde littéraire et artistique,avaient comparu devant la Cour deSûreté de l'État. Leur cas a été examinéle vendredi 31 mai. Ce procès a été .reporté au 22 juillet. Un message desoutien et de solidarité du PEN-Clubsigné par, entre .autres noms littérairesconnus, les dramaturges Edward Albeeet Arthur Miller et les romanciersNormanMailer et Susan Sontag et le philosopheSir Isaiah Berlin leur a été envoyé. Onpeut lire dans ce message: «/I ne peut yavoir de liberté d'expression dans unpays ou des écrivains de l'enverguredeYachar Kemal sont poursuivis. /I n'y aurapas non plus de liberté de presse lorsquedes journalistes qui veulent faire desarticles sur certains sujets tabous, tel quel'oppression de la minorité kurde, sontmenacés de prison et même de mort.»Lors de l'audience du 22 mai, denombreux intellectuels ont mis l'accentsur la liberté de pensée et d'expressionen Turquie et affirment que leur action,volontaire,visait à élargir les frontièresdela liberté d'expression. Les juges turcsn'entendaient pas les choses de cetteoreille. Pour eux, cette action porteatteinte à l'intégrité territoriale et tombede ce fait sous le coup de l'article 312 duCode pénal turc qui sanctionne «touteincitation à la haine raciale» et letristement célèbre article 8 de la loi diteanti-terreur. Lors de cette audience,protégés par les caméras, certainsintellectuels ont tenu à s'exprimer entoute liberté devant leurs juges. Extraitsdes ces déclarations: «Je prendrai part àtoute initiative de défense de la liberté depensée. Une des qualités de l'êtrehumain est justement sa capacité depenser». Tandis qu'un syndicaliste disait«Je me considère comme un rouagedans une usine à pensées, je ne peuxme séparer de la chaîne en arrêtant depenser sous prétexte que mes idées nesont pas du goût d'un juge». Alors qu'unedame disait: «moi, j'ai du mal à expliquerà mon enfant de 8 ans comment le fait depenser peut être en soi un crime.»• ARRESTATION DU DR. KIZILKAN,PRÉSIDENT DE LA CHAMBRE DESMÉDECINS DE 5 PROVINCESKURDES.La policeturque a effectuéle 5mai à 23 h une descente au domicile àDiyarbakir du Dr. Seyfettin Kizilkan,médecin en chef de l'Hôpital de laSécurité sociale et président, depuis1994, de la Chambredes médecins desprovinces kurdes de Diyarbakir, Mardin,Siirt, Batman et Sirnak, et l'a placé engarde-à-vue sous l'accusation de«possession if/égale d'armes à feu et degrenades». Ce médecin connu etapprécié par son humanisme et sonpacifisme a été écroué le 7 mai par laCour de Sûreté de l'État de Diyarbakir.Détenu au secret «pour des raisons deconfidentialité de l'enquête préliminaire»ce médecinde 43 ans, père de 3 enfants,a été présentépar les médiasprochesdela police et de l'armée comme «unsuppôt du terrorisme». M. Kizilkan estconnu pour ses dénonciations de latorture et ses critiques des conditions desanté publique et d'hygiène déplorablesdes centaines de milliers de paysanskurdes déplacés peuplant les faubourgsde Diyarbakir.Il était l'un des principauxinterlocuteursdes observateursétrangersen visite dans la région. De ce fait sonarrestation a soulevé une vagued'indignation et de protestation au seindes ONG de Turquieainsi que parmi lesmédecins allemands car la ChambredeDiyarbakir est parrainée par sonhomologue de Berlin. Dans un

flO 13-'+-135. Mnl - JUIn 1996 Bulletin de liaison et d'information. 11 •communiqué rendu public le 7 mai, leconseil d'administration de la Chambredes médecins des 5 provinces kurdesréaffirme sa confiance totale à sonprésident et dénonce «la grossièremanipulation policière visant à faire taireun éminent représentant de la sociétécMle». Le même jour, les représentantsdes syndicats, des associations et desorganisations professionnelles deDiyarbakir ont publié un communiquécommun affirmant leur soutien au Dr.Kizilkan «respecté pour ses états deservices en tant que médecin, par sapersonnalfté humaniste et démocrate etpar ses opinions universel/es».Dénonçant le complot policier, ilsdemandent que «leurs domiciles soientperquisftionnésen présence du procureurde la République et des avocats» afind'éviter de grossiersmontages policiersvisant à arrêter les personnes jugéesindésirables. La police turque a unelongue tradition de placer, lors desperquisitions, des «documentscompromettants», des armes ou desstupéfiants dans les appartements desopposantset criminaliser.Le 17 juin le docteurpolitiques qu'elle veut arrêterSeyfettin Kizilkanaété condamné à 3 ans 9 mois de prisonpar la Cour de Sûreté de l'État deDiyarbakir pour «aide et soutien auPKK». Il a rejeté les accusationspolicières à son encontre et dénoncé laparodie d'une justice qui le condamnesans avoir apporté aucun élément depreuve. Ce médecin, qui exerce depuis23 ans dans des hôpitaux d'État, se voiten outre condamné à 3 ans d'interdictionde tout emploi public. En attendant laconfirmation de sa peine par la Courd'appel turque, le docteur Kizilkan a étéremis en liberté par les juges en servicecommandéqui par ce procès ont vouluintimider les derniers et courageuxreprésentants de la société civile kurde.• «TURQUIE; ENNEMIE DE LA PRESSE!J. Pour célébrer la joumée de la libertéde la presse, le 3 mai, le Comité pour laProtection des Journalistes (CPJ) arendu publique une liste de 10 dirigeantsdéclarés comme «ennemis de lapresse». «Chacunede ces personnes estactivement impliquée dans l'éradicationde toute presse indépendante»a déclaréM. William Orme Jr, directeur du «CPJ».Le nom de Mesut Yilmaz, actuel premierministre turc, figure sur cette listed'ennemisde la presse à côté de celuid'Abu Abdul Rahman, dirigeant duGroupe islamique armé en Algérie, et duprésident du Nigeria le général SaniAbacha. Selon les statistiques du CPJ,51 journalistes de nationalité turque setrouvaient dans les prisons turques à lafin de l'année demière «tout simplementparce qu'ils exercent leurs fonctions».Cechiffre a valu à la Turquie d'être en têted'une autre liste du CPJ, rendue publiqueen janvier dernier, comme «le pays leplus répressif envers les journalistes»qui, dans l'exercice de leur métier,écrivent des articles relatifs à la guerredu Kurdistan.• UNE STATISTIQUE AllEMANDE«l'AUDIENCESURDES ORGANISATIONSEXTRÉMISTES», M. Manfred Kanther,ministre allemand de l'Intérieur, aprésenté le 24 mai à Bonn le rapportannuel du Bureau fédéral de la protectionde la Constitution (service derenseignements). Selon ce rapport «lePKK avec 8900 membres est le groupede terreur étranger le plus dangereux enAI/emagne», Malgré son interdiction,cette organisation aurait élargi sonaudience en recrutant en un an près de2000 membres nouveaux et mis sur piedde nouvelles associations pour menerses activités. Le rapport évoque aussil'existence de «18 autres organisationsextrémistes kurdes ayant environ 650membres», Le document évalue àenviron 40 mille le nombre de Turcsd'Allemagne affiliés à des «organisationsextrémistes» dont l'audience se répartitcomme suit: extrême gauche: 3720;extrême droite: 6000; mouvementintégriste musulman: 29400. La plusimportante organisation intégriste est MilliGörüs (vision nationale) qui compte26200 membres et dispose d'un réseaude 500 associations légales. Le PKK estla seule «organisation extrémiste»interdite en Allemagne.toutes ces «organisationsLes membres deextrémistes»réunies représentent environ 2,7 % decommunauté turque et kurded'Allemagne.• lA TURQUIE VIOLE lE DROIT DERECOURS DEVANT LA COMMISSIONEUROPÉENNE DES DROITS DEl'HOMMElaDE SES CITOYENS. Dans unrapport détaillant les violations de laTurquie de ses engagementsvis à vis de la Commissioncontractéseuropéennedes droits de l'homme, l'organisation nongouvernementale américaine, Human

• 12' Bulletin de liaison et d'mformatlon n° 134-135' Mai - Juin 1996Rights Watch/Helsinki (HRW), examine Ienon-respect par la Turquie de sa proprelégislation et celle de la Conventioneuropéenne des droits de l'homme, dontla Turquie est membre signataire depuis1954. La Turquie s'est donc depuis cettedate engagée à se conformer à l'article25 de la susdite Convention qui stipule:«La Commission peut être saisie d'unerequête par toute personne physique,toute organisation non gouvernementaleou tout groupe de particuliers, qui seprétend victime d'une violation des droftsreconnus dans la présenteConvention ... Les Hautes partiescontractantes ayant souscrit une telledéclaration s'engagent à n'entraver paraucune mesure l'exercice efficace de cedroit». Depuis '1991, au moins 778citoyens de nationalité turque ont faitrecours à la Commission, très souventpour des violations liées à la guerre duKurdistan.Toutefois, les citoyens qui ont portéplainte, surtout ceux qui habitent lesrégions kurdes sous état d'urgence,après avoir épuisé les moyens derecours internes, déclarent être la ciblede persécutions, d'intimidations et demauvais traitements da la part desautorités turques, pour avoir exercé leurdroit de recours en vertu de l'article 25 dela' Convention européenne, Les requêtesportent souvent sur la détention par lesforces de sécurité, perquisition desmaisons, menaces' de morttéléphoniques anonymes et directes, des«conversations amicales» avec lesofficiers et la torture. Lors d'unerencontre entre les responsables deHRW et les membres Secrétariat de laCommission, ceux-ci ont déclaré que laplupart des violations de l'article 25 par laTurquie concernent une seule région enparticulier: les requêtes émanant du Sud-Est du pays. Quant à la version turque deces faits; dans une interview accordéepar le représentantdu gouvernementturcà la Commission au magazine Naida, du1.7 janvier 1995, il dit «Nous voulonsfaire partie' de l'Europe. Nousreconnaissons le droit de recoursindividuels devant la Commissioneuropéenne des droits de l'homme. Nousreconnaissons l'autorité de la Coureuropéenne, à Strasbourg....On se voitcomme des Européens...Pour nous, i/ n'ya pas de différence entre (l'autorité de) laCour de Strasbourget celle de la Cour deKadikoy à Istanbul. Il n'est pas possiblede dire je mange des hamburgers, jem'habille en jeans, je bois du Nescafé,. maisje n'accepte pas tous les articles dela Convention européenne des drofts del'homme».• LA MAFIA TURQUE DISPOSERAITDE 23.000 TUEURS À GAGES. La mafiaturque est un véritable Etat dans l'État enTurquie affirme le quotidien Mi/liyet du 10mai qui établit la liste de 40 domainesd'activité où elle sévit. Selon le quotidien,la Pieuvre a un budget annuel de 200trillions de livres (environ 15 milliards deFF.) et elle emploie dans l'ensemble dupays 23,000 tueurs à gages. Le journalpublie également les tarifs en vigueur en1994: blesser quelqu'un à la jambe ou leblesser avec un couteau est facturé 2000FF; le passage à tabac avec brisure d'unbras ou de doigts: 1000 FF; simplemenace verbale: 400 FF. Quant aumeurtre, il coûte environ 200.000 FF. Lamafia turque tire la majeure partie de sesressources du trafic de stupéfiants et del'obtention, par menace ou corruption, demarchés de construction ainsi que durecouvrement des chèques et créancesnon honorés des entreprises ou desparticuliers. Pour obtenir son dû,' il estcourant en Turquie de s'adresser à laMafia qui, en échange de ses services,retient 50% de la somme recouvrée. Lamafia entretient également des relationssuivies avec la classe politique à tous lesnivaux ainsi qu'avec la police, la justice etla haute hiérarchie militaire. Ces relationsne sont pas toujours occultes. Inei Baba,l'un des parrains illustres de la Mafiaturque, a accompagné à plusieursreprises M. Demirel dans ses voyages àl'étranger et à sa mort le président turc aun moment songé à publier un décretgouvernemental pour autoriser sa familleà ériger un mausolée à la mémoire de cetAI Capone local qui avait portéassistance financière et «protégé» M.Demirel après le coup d'Etat militaire de1980. (cf. aussi pp. 45-47 du Bulletin,Turkey: The Mafia Republic).

n' 13~-135 • Mal - Jilin 1996 Bulletin (je liaison et (j'Information. 13.EN BREF, LA REVUE DE PRESSEET SI DANS UN APRÈS-MIDI DE DIMANCHEUN SOLDAT S'ÉGARE DANS UNEMANIFESTATION EN FAVEUR DE LA PAIX.(Turkish Daily News, 10 mai 1996), p. 20.LEYLA ZANA, ÉCRITS DE PRISON, Éditionsdes femmes, Paris 1995. (Europa de lesnacions, printemps 1996), p.1.NE LES OUBLIONS PAS: LE SILENCE TUE.Portratt d'une femme militante : Leyla lana. Unprocès d'un autre âge au sein même del'Europe. (Le Travail, mars - avril 1996), p. 2-3.TURQUIE: METIRE FIN AUX TRAFICS DEDROGUE AVEC L'AIDE DES ÉTATS-UNIS.(The Christian Science Monitor, 1 er mai 1996),p.4-5.UN ÉCRIVAIN TURC CONDAMNÉ À UNEPEINE D'EMPRISONNEMENT. (The ChrisffanScience Monitor, 1 er mai 1996), p. 5.UNE VOIX (Mehdi lana) : PAR DELÀ DESBARREAUX. (The Middle East, mai 1996), p.&-7.LES ÉTATS-UNIS: LA SYRIE A PRIS DESMESURES «CONSIDÉRÉES» COMMEREFRÉNANT LE TERRORISME EN 1995.(Turkish Daily News, 2 mai 1996), p, 8-9.ÖCALAN MENACE DE NOUVAUX ACTESTERRORISTES. (Expressen, 5 mai 1996), p. 9.LE VOTE SUR LA CORRUPTION PEUTMETIRE FIN À LA COALITION. (Turkish DailyNews,4 mai 1996), p.10.ÖCALAN MET EN GARDE LES TOURISTESCONTRE DES ATIAQUES EN TURQUIE.(Turkish Daily News, 6 mai 1996), p. 11.ONU-IRAK: REPRISE DES POURPARLERSENTRE L'ONU ET L'IRAK. Les négociationsentre l'ONU et l'Irak pour un allégement del'embargo intemational contre Bagdad et la miseau point de la formule «pétrole contrenourriture» reprennent au siège des Nationsunies à New York avec l'espoir à rONU que toutsoit réglé avant le 15 mai. (AFP, 6 mai 1996),p,12,LES ÉTATS-UNIS SOUTIENNENT LE POINTDE VUE TURC SUR L'EUROPE ET LASYRIEiPKK. (Turkish D;ily News, 8 mai 1996),p.13.TURQUIE-KURDES: 29 MORTS LORS D'UNEOPÉRATION DE L'ARMÉE TURQUE CONTRELE PKK DANS LE NORD DE L'IRAK. Cetteopération a fat 29 morts dont 28 dans les rangsdu PKK et un dans ceux de l'armée, sek>n desbilans non officiels. (AFP, 9 ma 1996), p. 14.LA SALE GUERRE AU KURDISTANCONTINUE. Au début du mois d'avril, commechaque année, l'armée avec le soutien de60 (XX) auxiliaires d'origine kurde, annés par lesautorités, a commencé une opération militaired'envergure contre l'organisation nationalistekurde PKK. (Lutte ouvrière, 10 mai 1996), p.14.LA TURQUIE A HORREUR DU VIDE AUNORD DE L'IRAK. L'Iran renforce son influencedans le Kurdistan «autonome». Depuis laguerre du Golfe, le nord de l'Irak n'est pluscontrôlé par Bagdad, et les deux principalesorganisations kurdes s'y affrontent. LesAméricains essaient de ramener la paix, l'Iranse pose en arbttre et en financier, la Syrie jo~eles parrains. Quant à la Turquie, elle s'inquiète.(Courrier International, 9-15 mai 1996), p. 15-16.MEHMET AGAR ACCUSE SESACCUSATEURS D'ÊTRE DES LOBBIESANTI-TURCS. - Le joumal Evrensel interdtt deparution pendant 20 jours. (Turkish Daily News,11 mai 1996), p. 16.L'AGENDA DES DROITS DE L'HOMME.(Tuikish Probe, 10 ma 1996), p. 17.LE RAPPORT AMÉRICAIN SUR LATERREUR TIMIDE POUR LA SYRIE ETFRANC POUR LA GRÈCE. (Turkish Probe, 10mai 1996), p. 18-19.LES TROUPES TURQUES LANCENT UNEOPÉRATION AU NORD DE I.:IRAK. (TuikishDaily News, 10 mai 1996), p. 21.UNE SECONDE ENQUÊTE SUR LACORRUPTION ÉBRÉCHE LA COALITIONTURQUE. (International Herald Tribune, 10 mai1996), p. 22.DIVISION DU GOUVERNEMENT DECOALITION TURC. Seconde enquête sur lesenrichissements de Çiller. (Neue ZürcherZeitUf'fJ, 10 mai 1996), p. 23.MEHDI ZANA: LE CONSEIL DE L'EUROPE VATRÈS LENTEMENT. (Svenska Dagbladet, 11mai 1996), p. 24.LA REQUETE D'UN SYNDICALISTE TURCDÉCLARÉE RECEVABLE À STRASBOURG.La requête de Munir Ceylan, président dusyndicat des travailleurs du pétrole, condamnépour avoir critiqué dans un article de presse lapolitique du gouvernement vis-à-vis des Kurdes,a été déclarée recevable par la Commissioneuropéenne des droits de l'homme, a-t-onappris à Strasbourg auprès du Conseil del'Europe. (AFP, 13 mai 1996), p. 24.LES VENTES DU BRUT IRAKIEN ATIIRENTL'INTÉRÊT DES MARCHANDS DU PÉTROLE.(Turkish Daily News, 12 mai 1996), p. 25.EUROCOPTER SIGNERA UN CONTRAT DE500 MILLIONS DE DOLLARS BIENTÔT.(Turkish Daily News, 12 mai 1996), p. 26.IRAKlPÉTROLE : LES NÉGOCIATIONS AVECL'ONU SE DÉROULENT BIEN. Cespourparlers entre l'Irak et l'ONU sur rapplicationd'une résolution du Conseil de sécurité del'ONU prévoyant un allégement de l'embargoimposé à l'Irak se déroulent bien, a affirmé unquotidien officiel irakien. (AFP, 13 mai 1996),p.32.UNE NOUVELLE ENQUÊTE À ANKARA

• 14. Bullettn de liaison et d'information n° 134-135. Mai - Juin 1996AJOUTE UNE ENTORSE AUX PROBLÈMESDE ÇILLER. (Turl

na 13..J-135 • M,il - JUif) 1996 Bulletin de liaison et d'Informatlon • 15 •ACCUEILLI EN TURQUIE, MALGRÉ LESOUCI D'UN « KURDE» (Turkish Daft News,22 mai 1996), p. 63.POINT SUR LA SITUATION EN TURQUIE: -Vis~e du Comité européen pour la préventionde la torture ... - La Fondation turque desDroits de rHomrœ poursuivie pa' les Cours deSûreté de l'état... - Une nouvelle incursionturque au Kurdistan d'Irak ... (Gamk, 22 mai1996), p. 64-65.LA LIBERTÉ DE LA PRESSE, ENCORE UNEFOIS EN PROCÈS. (Turkish Daily News, 23mai 1996), p. 65.UN DRAME EN MARGE DE HABITAT Il, UNEPERSONNE TUÉE. (Turkish Daily News, 23mai 1996), p. 65.LA TURQUIE PROTESTE CONTRE LESPRO-KURDES TENUS LORS D'UNERÉUNION DU PARLEMENT RUSSE. (TurkishDaily News, 23 mai 1996), p. 66.ANKARA NIE SON MÉCONTENTEMENTCONCERNANT L'ACCORD AVEC ISRAËL.(Turkish Daily News, 23 mai 1996), p. 66.MURAT POUR LE KURDISTAN. Curiositéscén~ue annoncée de la semaine prochaine :un concert militant de Murat. CONCERT: UNENUIT POUR LE KURDISTAN. MURAT SORTDE SON SILENCE POUR LE KURDISTAN.Tous ceux qui espéraient découvrir, en avantpremière,quelques titres du prochain album deJean-Luis Murat, n'auront finalement dû se((contenter» à la Maison du Peuple deClermont-Ferrand, que d'anciennes chansons etde reprises. Les bénéfices du cooœrt - auquelparticipaient également André Agier et Jack etles Eventreurs - permettront, eux, de financerl'envoi d'un convoi humanitaire au Kurdistan.(Ubération, 22 mai; La Montagne, 28 mai; 29mai 1996), p. 66, as, 86.'PAS DE LUMIÈRE AU BOUT DU TUNNEL'.(The Independent, 23 mai 1996), p. 67.LA GUERRE DU GOLFE N'EST PAS FINIE.L'accord, conclu à New York entre l'ONU etl'Irak, sur la résolution «pétrole contrenourriture» n'entame en rien la volonté deWashington d'caccélérer la chute de l'actuelrégime irakien». LES IRAKIENS DEVRONTENCORE ATTENDRE UNE AMÉLIORATIONDE LEUR SORT. Les effets de l'accord «pétrolecontre nourriture» sur la ~uation human~airene se feront pas sentir avant deux mois. (LaCroix, 23 mai, 24 mai 1996), p. 68, 76.L'OPPOSITION IRAKIENNE CRAINT QUEL'ACCORD AVEC L'ONU NE RENFORCE LEPOUVOIR DE SADDAM HUSSEIN.Washington voudra~ empêcher Bagdad de tirerdes bénéfices «à des fins illégitimes». LeCorTité des sanctions de l'ONU contre rlrak, ou«Com~é 661», s'est réuni, à New York, pourexaminer l'accord «pétrole contre nourriture»,dont il devra superviser la mise en oeuvre. Deleur côté, les États-Unis ont affirmé qu'ils«empêcheraient» le président irakien, SaddamHussein, d'utiliser les bénéfices de la vente dupétrole «à des fins illégitimes». (Le Monde, 23mai 1996), p. 69.YILMAZ ET ÖCALAN SE LIVRENT À UNEGUERRE SANS MERCI DANS LES MÉDIA.(Turkish Probe, 24 mai 1996), p. 70.L'AGENDA DES DROITS DE L'HOMME.(Turkish Probe, 24 mai 1996), p. 70.EN TURQUIE, LE CHEMIN DE L'HISTOIRERELÈGUE AU PASSÉ LA PENSÉED'ATATÜRK. (International Herald Tribune, 20mai 1996), p. 71-72.LA TURQUIE POURRAIT ACHETER DESHÉLICOPTÈRESD'ATTAQUED'EUROCOPTER APRÈS LA RÉTICENCEDES AMÉRICAINS SUR LES COBRAS.(Turkish Dait! News, 22 mai 1996), p. 72.L'AGRESSEUR DE DEMIREL, MÉCONTENTDE L'ACCORD TURCO-ISRAÉLlEN.(lntemationéi Herald Tribune, 20 mai 1996), p.73.LE PRÉSIDENT TURC SULEYMAN DEMIRELÉCHAPPE À UN ATIENTAT. Son agresseur, unpharmacien islamste de 48 ans, père de quatreenfants, apparemment mentalement instable,semble avoir agi seul pour protester contrel'accord de coopération militaire conclu enfévrier entre la Tlrquie et Israël. (Le Monde, 21mai 1996), p. 73.LIRAK ACCEPTE LACCORD DES NATIONS-UNIES SUR LA VENTE LIMITÉE DE SONPÉTROLE. (International Herald Tribune, 21mai 1996), p. 7~75.SADDAM EN LAISSE. (International HeraldTribune, 23 mai 1996), p. 75.L'ACCORD SUR LE PÉTROLE : UNEAUBAINE POUR L'ARMÉE DE SADDAM.(International Herald Tribune, 25-26 mai 1996),p.77.LES ISLAMISTES SE PRÉPARENT ÀDÉPOSER LE LEADER TURC. (InternationalHerald Tribune, 27 mai 1996), p. 77.IRAK: DÉMANTELEMENT DE RÉSEAUX DETRAFIC D'ANTIQUITÉS. Les cinq membresdes deux réseaux ont fait des aveux à latélévision irakienne qui a montré égalerœnt desstatuettes en pierre et en bronze d'anciensdieux et rois de l'époque assyrienne, ainsi quedes vases et des sceaux qu'ils tentaient de fairepasser en Jordanie. (A.FP, 26 mai 1996), p.78.UNE SANTÉ RAVAGÉE AU SUD-EST. (TurkishDait! News, 27 mai 1996), p. 79.TANSU ÇILLER PORTE LE COUP DE GRACEÀ LA COALITION GOUVERNEMENTALE ENTURQUIE. La fin de l'alliance entre les deuxpartis conservateurs fa~ le jeu des islamistes.Onze semaines seulement aprés la poignée demain scellant l'union forcée entre le Parti de lamère patrie (ANAP) du premier ministre MesutYilmaz et celui de la Juste Voie (DYP) de MrœÇiller, la méfiance, les accusations réciproquesde corruption et les échanges d'insultes ontfinalement eu raison de la fragile coalitionformée par les deux partis conservateurs rivauxpour empêcher l'arrivée aux pouvoir desislamistes. LA COALITION D'ANKARA ESTSAPÉE PAR LA BROUILLE ENTRECONSERVATEURS. (Le Monde, 26-27 mai;Agence économique et Financière, 28 mai1996), p. 80.

• 16 • Bulletin de liaison et d'information n° 134-135 • Mai - Jum1996DEUX AUTRES REQUÊTES À LACOMMISSION EUROPÉENNE DES DROITSDE LHOMME CONTRE LA TURQUIE. (TurkishDaily News, 28 mai 1996),p. 81.HELSINKI COMMISSION-US RENOUVELLESES EFFORTS POUR RÉSOUDRE LAQUESTION KURDE. (Turkish Daily News, 27mai 1996),p. 82.L'ATTITUDE NÉGATIVE AMÉRICAINE NUITAUX RELATIONS AVEC LA TURQUIE.(Turkish Daily News, 29 mai 1996), p. 83.43 REBELLES KURDES TUÉS DANS LESUD-EST ANATOLIEN EN UNE SEMAINE.(AFP, 28 mai 1996),p. 84.DEMIREL AJOUTE UNE SEPTIÈME BOUCLEAU PROJET GAP. (Turkish Daily News, 30 mai1996),p. 87-89.COOPÉRATION ANKARA-JÉRUSALEM: LAGENESE D'UNE ALLIANCE. Entre la Turquieet Israël, la complémentarité est totale. Resteune inconnue : la montée de l'islamisme àAnkara. Le président turc Suleyman Demirel aévoqué publiquement la possibilité d'un«changement de frontière))avec l'Irak. (ValeursActuelles,29 juin 1996),p. 90-91.LE PREMIER MINISTRE TURC NIE UNDÉPART PROCHAIN. (International HeraldTribune, 29 mai 1996),p. 92.SUNGURLU EST PATIENT SUR LACCORDDE VENTE DE COBRA. (Turkish Daily News,30 mai 1996),p. 92.L'IRAK DIT QUE LES GROS CONTRATSSONT RÉSERVÉS SEULEMENT AUX«AMIS». (Turkish Daily News, 30 mai 1996), p.93.LES GROUPES KURDES IRAKIENS SONTD'ACCORD POUR LA PROLONGATION DUMANDAT DE LEUR PARLEMENT. (TurkishDaily NeWS,30 mai 1996),p. 93.LA FRANCE VOIT L'IMMINENCE DE LASIGNATURE DU CONTRAT EUROCOPTER..(Turkish Daily News, 31 mßi1996), p. 94.YACHAR KEMAL REÇOIT LE PRIX trois autres députés du DEP. (Le Point de laHELLMANIHAMMETT.(Human Rights Watch, session,juin 111996),p.101.31 mai 1996),p. 95.YACHAR KEMAL REÇOIT LE PRIXLES PRISONS SONT EN ÉTAT HELLMAN/HAMMETT POUR SOND'ÉBULLITION.(TUrkishProbe, 31 mai 1996), COURAGE FACE À LA RÉPRESSION.- Lap.96-97.police interdnla Conférence Alternative HaMat(TurkishDaily News, 1 er juin 1996),p. 102.KURDES: LE SECRÉTAIREAMÉRICAINÀ LADÉFENSE WILLIAM PERRY A EU UN LES PRINCIPALES FORMATIONS KURDESENTRETIENAVECSON HOMOLOGUETURC IRAKIENNES QUI SE DISPUTENT LEOLTAN SUNGURlU SUR L'AVENIR DE CONTROLE DU NORD DE L'IRAK SONTL'OPÉRATION ALLIÉE « PROVIDE CONVENUES DE PROROGER DE QUATRECOMFORT))DE PROTECTIONDES KURDES MOIS LE MANDANT DU «PARLEMENT»D'IRAK, A ANNONCÉ LE PENTAGONE. KURDE, ÉLU EN MAI 1992, ONT INDIQUÉ(AFP, 30 mai 1996),p. 97.DES RESPONSABLES.(AFP, 2 juin 1996),p.103.SIX PRISONNIERS S'IMMOLENT DANS LAPRISON DE DIYARBAKIR. (Turkish Daily LA TURQUIE DÉCLARE QU'IL POURRAIT YNews,31 mai 1996),p. 98.AVOIR DES ÉMISSION DE TV EN KURDE.(TurkishDaily News, 2 juin 1996),p. 104.LE FONDS D'ASSISTANCE ÉTRANGÈREAMÉRICAIN VA ACCORDER 3 MILLIONS DEDOLLARSÀ BARZANIET TALABANI.(TurkishDaily News, 31 mai 1996),p. 98-99.HADEP ET HABITATII. (TurkishDaily News, 31mai 1996),p. 99.SUNGURLU REVIENT SUR SES COMMEN-TAIRES CONCERNENT PROVIDECOMFORT. (Turkish Daily News, 31 mai1996),p. 99.LES ACTIVITÉS DE LA CONFÉRENCEALTERNATIVE D'HABITAT: UNE AUTREMANIÈRE DE VOIR LES CHOSES. (TurkishDaily News, 31 mai 1996),p. 100.IMMIGRATION-MÄNIF : PRES DE 2 000MANIFESTANTS À MARSEILLE CONTRELES LOIS PASQUA.(AFP, 1 er juin 1996), p.97.DROITS DE L'HOMME - TURQUIE :RÉSOLUTIONCOMMUNESUR LES DROITSDE L'HOMME ET LA SITUATION ENTURQUIE. Le Parlement européen demandeau nouveau gouvernement de décréter uneamnistie générale et renouvelle plusparticulièrement sa demande de libérerimmédiatementMme Leyla Zana ainsi que lesKIRKOUK PERMETTRA À L'IRAK DERETROUVER SA PLACE SUR LE MARCHÉPÉTROLIER.(Turkish Daily News, 3 juin 1996),p.105.L'ORGANISATION DES DROITS DEL'HOMME MET LE SUD-EST À LORDRE DUJOUR D'HABITAT (Turkish Daily News, 3 juin1996), p. 106.LAVENIR DU PARLEMENT KURDE RESTEINCERTAIN.(Turkish Daily News, 3 juin 1996),p.107.DANS UN ISTANBUL ÉTOUFFANT, L'ONUMÉDITE SUR L'AMÉNAGEMENT DE LAVILLE. (International Herald Tribune, 4 juin1996),p. 108.USA-SYRIE-TURQUIE : LES ÉTATS-UNISONT EXPRIMÉ LEUR «INQUIÉTUDE FACEAU TERRORISME DIRIGÉ CONTRE LATURQUIE, VENANT DE SYRIE» ETRENOUVELÉ LEUR SOUTIEN À ANKARATOUT EN APPELANT À L'AMÉLIORATIONDES RELATIONS ENTRE LES DEUX PAYS,SELON LE PORTE-PAROLE DUDÉPARTEMENTD'ÉTAT.(AFP, 5 juin 1996),p.109.

n' 13--1-135' M,JI - JlIIn 1996 Bulletin de liaison et d'information' 17'TURQUIE-BELGIQUE-KURDES : VISITE DEMESUT YllMAZ. le Premier ministre turc,Mesut Yilmaz, a assuré que la Belgique allaitprendre des mesures visant à empêcher lesactivités des nilitants du parti des travailleurs duKurdistan sur son territoire. (AFP, 4 juin 1996),p.109.LA TURQUIE; UN DES PAYS QUI PRATIQUELE PLUS LA TORTURE DANS lE MONDE.Alors que les diplomates occidentaux déclarentque la situation des droits de l'homme est enamélioration croissante depuis les années 80,les organisations de défense des droits del'hoome turques sont d'un avis différent. (Gamk,5 juin 1996), p. 110.QUARANTE ET UNIÈMES JOURS DE GREVEDE LA FAIM. Un mouvement de grève de lafaim tournante entamé par des centaines deprisonniers kurdes pour protester contre unprojet de nouveau règlement des prisons.Bahattin Guner, vice-président du Partidémocratique populaire, a déclaré, à rAFP: lesprisonniers «protestent contre les nouvellesrègles que prépare le ministre de la Justice,Mehmet Agar, qui conduiraient à unedétérioration des conditions de vie dans lesprison». (A.FA, 6 juin 1996), p. 110.LE RETOUR DE L'IRAK SUR LE MARCHÉPÉTROLIER CRÉE DE NOUVEAUXPROBLÈMES À L'OPEC. (International HeraldTribune, 6 juin 1996), p. 111.LE CHEF DE l'ONU NE PENSE QUE DU«BIEN» DE LA TURQUIE. (Turl

• 18 • Bulletin de liaison et d'informationn° 134-135 • Mai - JUll11996a déclaré que la reprise des actions militairescontre le régime ture décidée par le PKK nes'appliquait qu'au «long terme» et que lecessez-le-feu «se poursuivaitl>. (AFR, 10, 11juin 1996),p. 144, 153.L'IRAK S'OPPOSE À UN PROVIDECOMFORT NE COMPRENANT QUE LATURQUIE ET LES ÉTATS-UNIS.(Turkish DailyNews, 10juin 1996),p. 145.TALABANIDÉCLARE QUE LA TURQUIE FAITDU CHANTAGE AVEC L'OPÉRATIONPROVIDE COMFORT (Turkish Daily News, 10juin 1996),p. 145-148.DES MARGINAUX: LES ALEVIS TURCS.Émancipation et exclusion d'une. minoritéreligieuse. (Neue Zürcher Zeffung, 10 juin1996),p. 149-151.UN LONG BANC DES ACCUSÉS. Un procèsde masse contre des artistes et desintellectuels. (Neue Zürcher Zeffung, 10 juin1996),p. 152,LE DOSSIER DU MAGAZINE ECONOMISTEEST PESSIMISTE SUR L'AVENIR DE LATURQUIE. (Turkish Daily News, 11 juin 1996),p.154.LES RÉACTIONS SUR LES INCIDENTS DUDIMANCHE CONTINUENT. (Turkish DailyNews, 11juin 1996),p. 154.ANKARA PRÉPARE UN RAPPORT SOCIO-ÉCONOMIQUE SUR LE NORD DE L'IRAK,(TurkishDaily News, 11juin 1996),p. 156.NOUVEAU DÉFI D'ANKARA POUR LE PKK.Les tensions augmentent entre la Turquie et laSyrie. (Neue Zürcher Zeffung, 12 juin 1996), p.157.LE PARTI DE ÇILLER SE DIT PRÊT ÀJOINDRE LES ISLAMISTES. (InternationalHerald Tribune, 12juin 1996),p. 158.DE PEUR D'ESPIONNAGE, L'IRAK INTERDITLA PRÉSENCE DES INSPECTEURS DEL'ONU. (International Herald Tribune, 13 juin1996),p. 158.L'ARMÉE TURQUE A MULTIPLIÉ SESOPÉRATIONS CONTRE LE PKK DEPUISAVRIL. Soixante douze rebelles kurdes et sixsoldats turcs ont été tués lors d'opérationsmilitaires de l'armée dans l'Est et le Sud-Estanatoliens,a rapporté l'agenceAnatolie, qui neprécise pas la date de ces opérations.CINQUANTE REBELLES KURDES TUÉS ENANATOLIE. Ils ont été tués par l'armée turquelors d'opérations militaires dans la région deÇukurca, en temtoireturc le long de la frontièreavec l'Irak. SOIXANTE DIX- SEPT REBELLESKURDES TUÉS LORS D'OPÉRATIONS DEL'ARMÉE TURQUE. Le bilan porte à 199 lenombre total des rebelleskurdes tués depuis le. 12 juin, dont 146 dans la seule région deÇukurca, le long de la frontière turco-irakienne,où les troupes turques effectuent depuisplusieursjours une opération ponctuellecontrele PKK, a rapporté l'agenceAnatolie,citant dessourcesofficielles.(AFR, 12, 14, 15juin 1996),p. 159, 173. .TURQUIE: PROLOS, JEUNES ET KURDESJOUENT LEUR VIE AU FOOT. Pour lapremièrefois, la Turquiedispute la phasefinaledu Championnatd'Europe de football. Un sportqui susc~eun engouementexceptionnel.Opiumdu peuple ou seul exutoire - trop souventviolent - à toutes les frustrations ? (CourrierInternational, 13/19juin 1996),p. 160-161.L'IRAK INTERDIT AUX INSPECTEURS DEL'ONU LES CITES SENSIBLES.(Turkish DailyNews, 13juin 1996),p. 161-162.TURQUIE: UN NOUVEAU DÉSARROIPOLITIQUE.(International Herald Tribune, 15-16juin 1996),p. 162.LA CRISE POLITIQUE AJOUTE PLUSD'AMBIGUïTÉ POUR PROVIDE COMFORT(Turkish Probe, 14juin 1996),p. 163.QU'EST-CE-QUE LA TURQUIE DOIT AUXARABES? (Turkish Probe, 14 juin 1996), p.164.DE L'EXTÉRIEUR DES PRISONS, ILSREGARDENT VERS L'INTÉRIEUR. (TurkishProbe, 14juin 1996),p. 165-166.ALLEMAGNE-KURDES: MANIFESTATIONDEKURDES. Plusieurs dizaines de milliers deKurdes, 40 000 selon la police, ont manifestésans incidentà Hambourg pour la paix dans lesud-est de la TurqUie.(AFR, 15 juin 1996), p.166.UNE AUTRE HISTOIRE DE «DISPARITION».(TurkishProbe, 14juin 1996),p. 167.MESSAGE À ERBAKAN: L'ARMÉE N'ESTPAS CONTRE LA FORMATION D'UNGOUVERNEMENTPAR REFAH. (Turkish DailyNews, 14juin 1996),p. 168.HUMAN RIGHTS WATCHIHELSINKlTIENT LATURQUIE RESPONSABLE DESÉVACUATIONS FORCÉES. (Turkish DailyNews, 14juin 1996),p. 169.SOUS L'ARBITRAGE DE L'ISLAM. Le Refahau pouvoir à Ankara ? Erbakan est chargé ànouveaude former le gouvernement.Cettefois,il a ses chances. Erbakan pourrait mieuxs'entendre avec Tansu Çiller. En redevenantpremier ministre, celle-ci pourrait espéreréchapper à ses tracas judiciaires ou au moinsles différer.(Valeurs Actuelles, 15 juin 1996), p.170-171.SYRIE-TURQUIE : DES RENFORTSSYRIENS DANS LES ZONESFRONTALlERES. La Syrie a massé près de40 000 soldats le long de sa frontière avec laTurquieà la suite d'informationssur l'implicationd'Ankara dims une série d'explosionsen Syrieces dernièressemaines,a rapportéle quotidiensaoudienal-Hayat. (AFR, 15, 16 juin 1996),p.172,177-178.TURQUIE-KURDES: OPÉRATIONS DEL'ARMÉETURQUE.Tl rebellesKurdesont ététués par l'armée turque lors d'opérationsmilitaires menées dans la région du sud-estanatolien, a rapporté l'agence Anatolie, citantdes sources officielles. 28 REBELLESKURDESTUÉS DANS DES OPÉRATIONSDEL'ARMÉE TURQUE. TURQUIE: BAIN DESANG AU KURDISTAN. (AFR, 15 juin, 16juin; La Marseillaise,17 juin 1996),p. 173, 174,182.

Il' 134-135. Mal - JIIIIl 1996 Bulletin de liaison et d'information. 19.SYRIE- TURQUIE-ARABES : LA LIGUEARABE MET EN GARDE LA TURQUIECONTRE UNE ÉVENTUELLE OPÉRATIONMILITAIRE TURQUE EN SYRIE. Le secrétairegénéral adjoint de la Ligue arabe, le SyrienMouaffak al-AIIaf, a mis en garde contre uneincursion militaire turque en Syrie mais a affirméne pas croire au déclenchement d'un confl~armé entre les deux pays. LA LIGUE ARABEMET EN GARDE LA TURQUIE. (AFP, 16juin; Coorrier Picard, 17 juin 1996), p. 175, 182.LA GRÈCE ABANOONNE SON OPPOSITIONÀ UNE AIDE DE L'UNION EUROPÉENNE ÀLA TURQUIE. (Intemationéi Herald Tribune, 16juin 1996), p. 176.CINQUANTE SEPT REBELLES KURDESTUÉS DANS LA ZONE FRONTALIERETURCO-IRAKIENNE. (AFP., 15 juin 1996), p.176.IRAK-TURQUIE- KURDES : BAGDADCRITIQUE UNE NOUVELLE INCURSIONTURQUE DANS LE NORD DE L'IRAK. L'Irak aprotesté contre une opération militaire turquedans le Kurdistan irakien et a demandé àAnkara de mettre fin au ~us tôt à cette nouvelle(

.20. Bulletin de liaison et d'Information n° 134-135. Mai - Jum1996LE GROUPE SOCIALISTE DU PARLEMENTEUROPÉEN DEMANDE UNE AMNISTIE ENTURQUIE. (Turkish Daily News, 20 juin 1996),p.194.LA TENSION MONTE À LA FRONTIÈRETURCO-SYRIENNE. (The Guardian, 20 juin1996),p. 195.KURDISTAN TURC: LES MILICIENS ANTI-PKK SONT DEVENUS INCONTROLABLES.Créés «provisoirement» il y a bientôt dix anspour «protéger» les villageois tures et kurdesdes attaques de la guérilla autonomistedu PKK,les «gardes de village» sont aujourd'hui50 000.Armés par l'État, ils n'en font pourtant qu'à leurtête, terrorisant à leur tour les habitants.(Courrier International, 10/26juin 1996), p. 196-197.LES ÉTATS-UNIS MISENT SUR LESGÉNÉRAUX TURCS. Washington s'appuie surl'armée turque pour avancer sur deux dossiersclés: la Bosnie et la mise en place d'un «nouvelordre» au Moyen-Orient. L'ARMÉE VEILLEDISCRETEMENT SUR LA VIE POLITIQUETURQUE. Alors que le leader islamisteNecmettin Erbakan effectue un demier tour depiste pour tenter de former un gouvemement,les militaires jouent les arbitres. (La Croix, 20juin 1996),p. 198, 199.DES OFFICIERS DE L'ONU DÉTRUISENTDES DÉPÔTS D'ARMES IRAKIENS.(International Herald Tribune, 21 juin 1996), p.198.SELON AL.HAYAT, L'IRAN PROPOSE UNEALLIANCE MILITAIRE AVEC LA SYRIE.(Turkish Daily News, 21 juin 1996),p. 200.EN TURQUIE, SELON M. DEMIREL. Cedernier, interrogé sur les préoccupationsoccidentales face à la montée des forcesislamistes en Turquie, a. déclaré: «Lefondarnentalisrne c'est vouloir établir un régimethéocratique, ce qui n'a jamais eu de succès enTurquie rnême pas sous l'ernpire offornam>...(AFP., 21 juin 1996),p. 202. "SOLIDARITÉ AVEC LES PRISONNIERSPOLITIQUES DE TURQUIE ET DUKURDISTAN.(Luffe Ouvrière, 21 juin 1996), p.203.L'ONU DÉCLARE QUE TOUT VA BIENENTRE LA TURQUIE ET LA SYRIE. (TurkishDaily News, 22 juin 1996),p. 204.LES ÉTATS-UNIS ONT PRIS UN RISQUELORS DE LATIAQUE CONTRE LES DÉPÔTSD'ARMES CHIMIQUES EN IRAK EN 1991.(International Herald Tribune, 22/23 juin 1996),p.205.EN RAISON DE LA QUESTION KURDE, UNAUTRE PARTI (EP, EMEK PARTISI) PEUTÊTRE BANNI. (Turkish Daily News, 22 juin1996),p. 205.LA TURQUIE, SES VOISINS ET ISRAEL.Auxyeux des Tures,l'essordes relationsavec Israëlpourrait être plus rentable que les relationsambiguës qu'ils ont toujours entretenues avecles Arabes. La maîtrise des eaux de l'Euphrateet l'aideapportéeaux séparatisteskurdes: c'estsur ce double registre que se joue depuis desannées le conflit entre la Turquie et la Syrie,dont le demier rebondissementrappelle que ledanger persiste. (Le Monde, 23/24 juin 1996),p.207.CONGRÈS DE HADEP. (Turkish Daily News,24 juin 1996),p. 210.LES IRAKIENS SOUTENUS PAR LA C.IACHERCHENT UNE NOUVELLE FOIS ÀRENVERSER SADDAM. (International HeraldTribune, 24juin 1996),p. 211.LA POLICE ARRÊTE LES DIRIGEANTS DEHADEP POUR L'AFFAIRE DU DRAPEAU.(Turkish Daily News, 25 juin 1996),p. 212-213.L'INSPECTION SUR LE DÉSARMEMENTCONTINUE ET L'IRAK CONSENT.(International Herald Tribune, 25 juin 1996), p.212.... ET LE PKK DEVIENT UN DANGER POURLE HADEP.(Turkish Daily News, 25 juin 1996),p.213.TURQUIE: RÉSOLUTIONSUR LES DROITSDE L'HOMME ET LA SITUATION ENTURQUIE. (Journal officiel des Cornmunautéseuropéennes, juin 1996),p. 214-217.TURQUIE-KURDES: ARRESTATIONS DEHUIT MILITANTSDU PKK EN POSSESSIOND'EXPLOSIFSÀ ISTANBUL.Huit membres duParti des Travailleursdu Kurdistan, dont deuxfemmes, ont été arrêtés à Istanbul enpossessiond'un important arsenal. (AFP., 25juin 1996),p. 219.L'AXE ANKARA-JÉRUSALEM CONTREDAMAS ET TÉHÉRAN. A l'heure où lesdirigeants arabes affichent leur unité, Israëldispose d'un atout de poids : l'accordstratégiqueavec la Turquie.(Ubération, 25 juin1996),p. 220.LE CONFLIT INTER-KURDE PEUT SEGÉNÉRALISERAU NORD DE LIRAK. (TurkishDaily News, 21 juin 1996),p. 200.L'OBJECTIF EST L'EXTIRPATION DEL'ARSENAL DE SADDAM HUSSEIN.(International Herald Tribune, 21 juin 1996), p.201.TURQUIE-POLITIQUE: LE FONDAMENTA-LISME ISLAMIQUE N'A «AUCUNE CHANCE»LIBERTÉ POUR LES PRISONNIERSPOLITIQUES EN TURQUIE.A l'initiative,entreautres, du groupe de la Gauche unitaireeuropéenne, le Parlement de Strasbourg aadopté une résolutionsur les droits de l'hommeet la situation en Turquie.(L'Humanfté, 22 juin1996),p. 208.HABITAT POUR L'INHUMANITÉ.(The Nation,24 juin 1996),p. 208-209.LES DROITS DE LHOMME DOMINENT LESRELATIONS TURCO-EUROPÉENNES.(Turkish Daily News, 26juin 1996),p. 221.LES ENQUÊTES POLICIÈRES D'ANKARAFOURNISSENT AUX EUROPÉENS DESINFORMATIONS CONCERNANT LESORGANISATIONS SATELLITES DU PKK.(Turkish Daily News, 26 juin 1996),p. 222-223.DES SCÈNES INSOUTENABLE LORS DU L'IRAK POURRAIT ACHETER DES

JO 134-135. Mal- JUIn 1996 Bulletin de liaison et d'information. 21 •PRODUITS ALIMENTAIRES À LA TURQUIE.(Turkish Daily News, 26 juin 1996),p. 223.EST-CE QUE HADEP SERA SATISFAIT SINOTRE DÉMOCRATIE ÉCHOUAIT. (TurkishDaily News, 26 juin 1996),p. 224.L'ASPIRATION DE HADEP À DEVENIR UNPARTI DE MASSE SE HEURTE À DESPROBLÈMES ÉNORMES. (Turkish DailyNews, 26 juin 1996),p. 225-226.TURQUIE-KURDES-EUROPE : ANKARAS'ADRESSE AUX DÉPUTÉS EUROPÉENS.La Turquie a appelé les députés européens àréviser leur jugement sur le PKK. en rébellionarmée contre Ankara, après un attentat,revendiqué par ce mouvement séparatiste, quia fait huit morts à Diyarbakir. (AF.P., 26 juin1996),p. 227.TURQUIE-KURDES-IRAK : NOUVELLEINTERVENTION MILITAIRE MENÉE PARL'ARMÉE TURQUE DANS LE NORD DEL'IRAK. Des troupes turques ont lancé unenouvelle opération dans le nord de l'Irak contrele PKK. FIN DE L'INTERVENTION MILITAIREDANS LE NORD DE L'IRAK. L'opérationlancéepar l'armée turque contre le PKK dans le nordde l'Irak a pris fin, faisant 45 tués chez lesrebelleskurdes. (AF.P., 27 juin 1996),p. 228.TURQUIE-EGYPTE-SYRIE : l'Égypte prête àjouer un rôle entre la Turquieet la Syrie, selon leministre égyptien des Affaires étrangères, AmrMoussa. (AFP., 27 juin 1996),p. 229.SYRIENS, PRENEZ GARDE! Alors queDamas, inquiet de l'accord militaire turcoisraélien,masserait des troupes à sa frontièrenord, Ankara cherche un accord qui régleraittous les contentieux entre les deux États. Acondition qu'Assad cesse de soutenir lesautonomistes kurdes du PKK. (CourrierIntemaliooal, 27 juin/3 juillet 1996),p. 230-231.HADEP ACCUSE LES MÉDIA DEPROVOQUERLA HAINE. (Turkish Daily News,27 juin 1996),p. 231.TURQUIE-IRAN: TIRS D'HÉLlCOPTERESTURCS EN IRAN.ARMÉE TURQUE DÉMENTCE RAID. L'état-major des armées turques àAnkara a démenti les informations faisant étatd'une attaque d'hélicoptères turcs qui, selonl'agence officielle iranienne, IRNA, a fait sixmorts et seize blessés dans un village kurde dunord-ouest de l'Iran. (AF.P., 28 juin 1996), p.232-233.L'INSPECTEUR DE L'ONU SUR LEDÉSARMEMENT DE L'IRAK MET EN GARDELA TURQUIE. (Turkish Daily News, 29 juin1996),p. 237.LE PARTI ISLAMISTE FORME UNGOUVERNEMENT EN TURQUIE.(Internailonal Herald Tribune, 29-30 juin 1996),p.238.CONDAMNATION DE L'ATIAQUE CONTRELE CONSULAT GÉNÉRAL DE TURQUIE ÀURMIYE (Iran). (Turkish Daily News, 29 juin1996),p. 238.IRAK: L'ONU SE HATE LENTEMENT. Lediplomate irakien qui avait signé le 20 mai àl'ONU l'accord «pétrole contre nourriture» estrevenu en fin de semaine à New York pourprésenter formellement un plan de distributionde vivres élaboré par Bagdad, considérécomme essentiel dans la mise en oeuvre del'arrangement qui tarde à se concrétiser. (LeQuotidien de Paris, 29130 juin 1996), p. 239.WASHINGTON ET BONN EN DÉSACCORDSUR LA MANIÈRE DE TRAITER AVECL'IRAN. (International Herald Tribune, 28 juin1996),p. 234.TURQUIE-KURDES. M. Erbakan promet delever l'état d'urgence dans le sud-€st. (AF.P., 29APRÈS AVOIR ÉTÉ ARRÊTÉ, SAKIK TIENT juin 1996), p. 239.LES MÉDIA RESPONSABLE. (Turkish DailyNews, 29 juin 1996),p. 235.TURQUIE-KURDES. Au total1128 rebelles duPKK, en rébellioncontre Ankara, ont été tués enLE SÉNAT AMÉRICAIN DEMANDE UN six mois par l'armée turque lors d'opérationsNOUVEAU RAPPORT SUR LES «ATIAQUES militaires et de combats. (AF.P., 30 juin 1996),CONTRE LES VILLAGES KURDES». (Turkishp.240.Daily News, 29 juin 1996),p. 236.

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Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiRESSENlYESE U R 0 P A D E LES N A C ONSLEYLA ZANAEcrits de prisonfI~=IZANA, L.1995 Écrits de prison. Paris: DesFemmes, 123 pàgs. ISBN 2-7210-0460-3.A Turquia, un EstotoRdalment laic,on, perô, l'islamisme continua ben presenti aquests ultims anys ha reprèsforça, és dificil que una dona arribi adolt de tot del poder politic.Tanmateix,no és un fet insàlit. Allô completamentexcepcional és que una dona kurdahagi pogut ser elegida 'diputada perun Parlament que, si en alguna coso esdemostra unit, és en la seva animadversieenvers el poble kurd. LeylaZonaés una dona kurda i, a la vegada, diputodaal Parlament d'Ankara. Dos titols,perô, que han estat interpretatsper les autoritats turques ~om a gairebédelictius. De fet, LeylaZona es trobea la prese per les seves c1ares presesde poside a favor dels drets humans,en especial a fovor dels drets del seupoble. Clares i, a més, publiques, expressodesen el marc de la seva condidede parlamentària, i, per aquestmotiu, encara majorment castigades.La seva ultima condemna és de quinzeanys de prese.És amb aquest rerafons que cal lIegirel recull d'" escrits de la prese"; escritsque, com recorda l'eurodiputadaClaudia Roth en la introduccie, senrI'una dona que estima la vida perôtont com la vida, la justida. Eillibre ésun seguit de proves d'aquestes affirmacions.Sovint, Leyla Zona s'hi pregunta:per quin motiu hem de sofrirtant? Senzi!lament perquè "som"kurds i perquè en donem testimonioDonem "testimoni de la immensatragèdia del poble kurd a Turquia. Unpoble l'existènda dei quai és negada iles seves !lengua, identitat i culturabande jades. Un poble victima d'u'ngenocidi cultural sistemàtic que so-Freix,des de fo molts anys, una politicodeliberada de déspoblament de lesseves campanyes, de destruccie de lesseves dutats, dels seus boscos, de laseva manera de vida tradidonal (...).Elegida el 1991 pel poble kurd a fi derepresentor-Io i defensor eis seus interessosi les seves aspiracions, podriamantenir el silenci davant d'aquestatragèdia? Evidentment, no. El nostredeure de parlamentoris i de dutodansés de parlor, de donor testimoni, d'explorartotes les pistes a fi que s'acabiuna terrible guerra que destrueix elnostre pais i per trobar una soluciepacifica a les legitimes reivindicacionsdels quinze milions de kurds de Turquia(...). les tJutoritats turques, presoneresd'un nacionalisme exc1usisud'un altre temps, afectodes d:una veritableparanoia del separatisme kurd"volen aparentrnent cQnvertireh elegitsdei poble- kurd que som nosaltres enbucs emissaris cômodes davant la mésgreu crisi econômica, politico, social imoral de la histôria de Turquia (... ).Als trenta-tres anys, jo he conegut jacatorze anys de persecucie, una experiènciaatroç de la tortura i el dolorindescriptible de l'assassinat de moltsdels meus amics (... ) que només demanavende viure en pau i en democràcia(... ). Estimo la vida, m'hisento molt lIigada. Perô la passie d~la justicia per al meu poble martjritzat,per a la seva dignitat i la seva lIibertatés, sens dubte, més gran encara.Perquè què val una vida en l'eselavitud,la humiliade i el menyspreu deique teniu com a més intim: la vostraid~ntitat!" (p. 37-40).Un breu exemple, les paraulestranscrites" dei que constitueixen codauna de les pàgines d'aquest lIibre quemonté sempre un estil propi d'unapersona fermament compromeso i serenaa la vegada, que se' serveix d'unestil directe i profund alhora, que demostracom està plena d'uns convencimentsi d'un coratge exemplars,d'una c1arividència fora del normal,només explicable, cam reconeix la citodaeurodiputoda Claudia Roth, perquèleyla Zona ha assumit el deured'encoratjar homes i dones a continuarla lIuito "per una vida justo, en lapau i la !libertat" (p. 13).;::)WQ.oa:;::)w!:::::ioe(zo~ZI-ZW~~ ~..IWWa:alo en~~a:Io~BI....IIIa..".-.:-=-~rw.r-..•••Aureli Argemi1

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiNE LES OUBLIONSPORTRAIT D'UNE FEMME MILITANTE: LEYLA ZANAUn procès d'un autre âge au sein même de l'EuropeM~ Kendal NElAN, Présidentde l'Institut kurde de Pariset ami personnel d.e LeylalANA, a accepté de répondreà nos questions.Nous l'en remercions trèsvivement.Année de naissance: 1961Situation de famille : mariéeà MEDHI lANA (ancien Mairede Diyarbakir. Torturé etemprisonné par le régime militaire." vient d'être libéré aprèsquatre ans passés dans lesgeôles turques pour témoignagedevant une commission duParlement européen en 1992sur les violations des droits del'Homme en Turquie).Deux enfants de 15 et 18 ans:Ruken et Ronay, actuellementen exil en France et auxÉtats-Unis.Si~nes particuliers:militante .pour " une réconciliationentre Kurdes et Turcsdans le cadre de la démocratieet des frontières existantes ".Arrêtée et torturée entre 1980et 1991 par le régime militaire.Première femme kurde éluedéputée en 1991, elle est denouveau arrêtée, déchue deson mandat et purge actuellementune peine de 15 ans dedétention. Motif: avoir prononcéquelques mots enkurde lors de son sermentdevant le Parlement.Distinctionshonorifiques:- 1994 : prix norvégien RAF-TOS des droits del'Homme.septembre 1995 : priXInternational de la Paixd'Aix-Ia-Chapelle.- 9 novembre 1995 : prixSAKHAROV pour la libertéde l'esprit.Son nom ést évoqué pour leprix Nobel de la Paix.Le Travail: En 1993, 8 députés kurdes dontLeyla ZANA, dont vous êtes un ami, ont étéarrêtés et condamnés arbitrairement à delourdes peines de prison pour leur appartenanceà la communauté kurde de Turqllle.Pouvez-vous nous faire un rapide historique desdernières péripéties de ce proâs {Kendal Nezan : Ces 8 députés ont (,té .mêtésle 2 mars 1YY3 à l'issue d'lIIll' réunion l'xtr;lOrdinairedu Parlement turc convoqu(>e à la demandede l'armée. Accusés de trahison et dl' sép.lfatisme,ces députés, qui n'avaient iait qu'exprimerpaciiiquement les revendications cuhurellesde leurs électeurs et des 15 millions dl' Kurdesde Turquie, onl d'abord été tenus au secret pendant15 jours dans les locaux de 1.1 police, puisincarcérés et traduits devant une Cour de Slirl'tPde l'État. Celle-ci, au terme d'un procès sommaireet expéditif de 5 audiences, a condamll(;4 de ces députés, dont leyla Zana, .i 15 .lns dl'prison pour délit d'opinion. les 4 .wtres ontété condamnés à des peines all.lIlt de .I .i 7 ansde prison. la Cour de cassation lurque a coniirméen octobre 1Y95 le verdict COIKl'rnant leylaZana et 3 de ses collègues condamnés à 15 ans et demandé que les autres députés soient rl>misen liberté et rejugés.Le Travail: Quelles sont aujourd'hui les voies de recours possibles?Kendal Nezan : Toutes les voies de recours juridiques ont été épuisées en Turquie. le procès aété du début à la iin purement politique. les cours turques avaient pour mission dl' trouver unhabillage juridique à une décision politique prise au niveau du Chef d'état major des .lfméesturques, véritable homme iort du pays. l'armée reproche à ces courageurs députés leurs témoignagesdans les médias et à la tribune du Parlement sur la terrible guerre du Kurdistan, sur ladestruction de plus de 3000 villages kurdes par les troupes turques, sur J'assassinat de plusieursmilliers d'intellectuels kurdes par les escadrons de la mort de la police turque. l'objectii desautorités turques était de iaire taire tous les témoins du drame kurde en Turquie en sanctionn.lIltlourdement les députés kurdes théoriquement protégés par leur immunité parlementaire. Sur cepoint au moins, Ankara a échoué car l'arrestation de leyla Zana et de ses amis a iait Iwaucoupdl' bruit il 1'('tr.1I1gl'r griil'l' notamnll'nt ,'1 1';Ktion tl'nal'l~ dl' pl'rsonn.llitc>~ ('01111111' I >.\llil'lIl'Millerrand et Ségolène Koyal. l.e président Mitterrand est personnellement inll'rvenu à [llusieursreprises et a incité des cheis d'Etat et de gouvernement européens à intervenir auprès d'Ankar.l.C'est sans doute grâce à ces interventions nombreuses que leyla Zana et ses amis n'ont pas étéenvoyés à la potence. Cette solidarité se poursuit notamment par le recours introduit p.lr lesavocats de Leyla Zana devant la Cour européenne des droits de l'Homme de Strasbourg quipeut casser le verdict des tribunaux turcs et par l'action permanente d'iniormation et de mobilisationdu Comité international pour la libération des députés kurde'S emprisonnés en Turquie(CllDEKT) présidé par M'" Mitterrand.BIBLIOGRAPHIE• " LEYLA ZANA Écrits de prison"Collection" des femmes" d'Antoinette FOUQUE• " KURDES. Les chants brûlés" REZACollection FotoFolie ED BenteliLivre de photographies avec des textes de Danielle Mitterrand• " LA QUESTION KURDE" sous la directiond'Élisabeth PICARD ESPACE INTERNATIONALÉditions COMPLEXELE TRAVAIL - MARS-AVRIL 1996 - N° 11052

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiPAS :LE SILENCE TUEPropos recueillis par FlormC(' GAUTIERLe Travail: Que penser du revirement du Parlement europ~en qui, malgr~ les r~serves des associations des droits de l'Homme, a ratifie>tin1995 le Traité d'Union douanière avec la Turquie alors que pourtant la libération des députés kurdes faisait partie des conditions" eICigét.s "par ce même Parlement pour la ratification .,Kendal Nezan : Soumis à de fortes pressions émanant des gouvernements européens, des milieux d'affaires et de Washingion, Il' l',Hll'nll'llteuropéen a hélas décidé de mettre son drapeau dans sa poche el de ratifier" la mort dans l'âme" l'union dou,lOii>re avcc WU' Turquie ~I Pl'Udémocratique. Tous ceux qui espéraient voir le Parlement euro!)éen jouer le rôle de conscience morJle des peuples de l'Ulli(~1l1'uropl'I'IlIWont été vivement déçus par cette décision de Realpolitik. le Par ement a raté une helle occasion d'affirmer, teile Congrès aux Flah-UIl", ~onindépendance de jugement, son attachement aux grands principes de démocratie et des droits de l'Homme, sa vocation cie dOlllll'r Ull ,upplémentd'âme à une Europe perçue par de larges secteurs de l'opinion comme une simple zone de lihre échange. le~ turcs n'olll P,l> m.Hlquéde railler H ces Européens qui lorsqu'ils onl ,/ ch()i~ir e/llre leur parle feuille l'lieurs principes choisissent loujours le porlt' feuille ". I }.tmcette affaire, le Parlement européen à perdu beaucoup de s.acrédibilité morale auprès de l'opinion et de ce fait ces résolutioll~ sur le~droits de l'Homme ne sont guère prises au sérieux ni par les Etals ni par l'opinion et c'est vraimellt bien dommage!Le Travail: Et l'altitude du gouvernement français qui a encore récemment vendu des armes à la Turquie .,Kendal Nezan : les deux principaux fournisseurs d'armes de la Turquie sont les États-Unis (80 0/.,) et l'Allemagne; A la suile dl' réadion~ cil'l'opinion publique, des ONG, des parlementaires sur l'usage des ces armes occidentales, notamment des chars et des hélicoptl'res, (Olltr!'des populations civiles kurdes, en particulier lors de la clestruction des villages kurcles, Washington et Bonn ont été amellés il cll'cicler dl's Il'''trictions sur la livraison de certaines armes à Ankara. Ainsi il y a quelques jours le Congrès américain a interdit la vente d'hl.lin)-ptères américains à la Turquie, l'organisation humanitaire Human Rights Watch ayant, dans un rapport rél l'nt, ,lpporté la PH'UV!' dl'l'usage de ces hélicoptères dans le massacre de civils kurdes. l'Allemagne met également des conditions à l'utilisation d!'~ ,Hml'~ qu'l,Ill'vend ou qu'elle fournit sous forme de dons gracieux il l'armée turque. Cest d,IIlS ce contexte que la fralKe l'ss,lie dl' SI' pl,Ker sur Il' 1l1,lf(h('des ventes d'armes à la Turquie en affirmant qu'elle ne posera aucune condition à l'utilis.ltion de ses Mmes. Jusqu'ici, une vingt.lilll'd'hélicoptères français ont été vendus. Un nouveau contrat portant sur la vente de ]0 hélicoptères est en discu~sion et pour l'ohl!'nirle gouvernement français ne s'embarrasse guère de considérations relatives au sort des Kurdes ou à la situation des droits dl' 1'1 tonlllll'.Après avoir été pendant 15 ans le principal fournisseur cI'armes et allié occidental de la dictalure de Saddam Hussein la France 1'~ll'n IMSSI'de devenir une partenaire de choix du déplorable régime duloritaire turc. Quelle triste image pour la partie des droits dl' l'Homme!Le Travail: Le 24 décembre dernier, les élections législatives ont eu lieu en Turquie. Le Parti islamiste (parti de la prospérité) est .lrrrivé C'" têtt'devançant les deux formations de droite, le Parti de la mère patrie (ANAP) de Mesut Yilmaz et le partie de la juste voie (DYP) de Tansu Ciller.Ap,rès plusieurs semaines de discussions, c'est finalement une coalition gouvernementale formée de l'ANAP et du DYP et menée p.lr MesutY,lmaz qui est " sortie du chapeau ".Celui-ci a très récemment déclaré qu'ils'engageait à adopter " une nouvelleapproche, plus humaine Il du problèmekurde incluant notamment une levée del'interdiction de l'enseignement de lalangue kurde.Quel crédit pensez-vous que l'on puissedonner à ces déclarations ?Kendal Nezan : Pour l'instant aucunemesure concrète n'est venue étayer cesdéclarations destinées plutôt à l'opinionpublique occidentale. Après tout, cesdéclarations n'émanent que du nouveauPremier ministre qui tient le devant dela scène dans un pays où l'essentiel dupouvoir est toujours détenu par l'.lrmée.Or celle-ci a l.ln("é, dès le ') ,lVril, sanouvelle offensive du printl'Illps d,1I1~ leKurdistan ignorant ostensiblement et lesdéclarations du nouveau gouvernementet le cessez-le-feu unilatéral cléclaré le15 décembre par la guérilla du PKK (partides travailleurs du Kurdistan). Toutporte à croire que l'année 1996 vaAhm!'1 TUW,K(de/JOuI), Leyl.l ZANA, Orh,lIl /JOUAN, M,)hmul ALINAK, Nollip DICLE, .'Ù'lilll SAI MI\,Sirri SAKIK, Sed.ll YUW,TIJAS,,) l'arriere pl.l/l 5é~ol{>n(' W,OYAL.encore être une année de sang et de larmes, de guerre, de deslructions, cie déplacement des POPUI,llions civiles kurdes dans l'indifiérl'IKC'des gouvernements occidentaux. Il reste encore un long et douloureux chemin il parcourir avant de faire de 1.1 Turquie un p.ly~ démo( r,).tique, où Turcs et Kurdes pourront vivre en paix dans le respect de l'identité et de la culture de chacun.BON ANNIVERSAIREFRANCE-LIBERTÉS,la Fondation présidée par Danielle MITTERRAND vient de fêler sesdix ans.Aux quatre coins du monde mais aussi des régions de France, Danielle MITTERRAND et son équipe ont mené de difficiles 1'1 p.lriois pé>rillpuxcombats pour défendre les droits de l'Homme, pour apporter un peu d'éducation aux enfants el aux adulte~ (conslruclions cI'('( Oil'S, cnvoi> dl'livres el de crayons ... ), pour lutter contre la progression de~ épidémies et du SIDA (prinCil)alement par l'informatioll des populalions).A l'occasion de cet anniver~aire, Danielle MITTERRAND a étrit un livre inlitulé " En toutes libertés". Elle y raconte nombres ci'anecdoll's, cil'peines, de joies vécues au cours de celle helle aventure avec France-libertés. Elle parle aussi d'elle, de ses peurs de jeune fille d,IIlS 1.1Résistance à Cluny, de sa vie d'épouse avec Françoi> MITTEKRAND pendant quarantl' ans. C'pst une vie de militantisme que Ips Il'( IC'ur~découvrent au fil des 350 pages de cet ouvrage, el une belle vie.Bon anniversaire et longue vie il Fr,lOce-Libt'rtl's.3

, "Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti.1D!mI!J- ~~-.:~~'~- .i~ __..L.;.=.:_.~,,~._~.........;..Turkey- WithHelp From US-Chokes OffDrug TraffickingBy Scott PetersonSpecial to The Christian Science Monitor, ' ANKARA,. TURKE'I ,THE drugs pass through 'IW'key,in all manner of disguise, pre-:,senting an 'àlrnost impo$Sib.le.'job for narcotics ,agents: Raw l:1~roin'is hidden'in walnut shells and muSic,cassettes; cannabisis turned torèsinand ' pressed'into ,'e3sy-to-conce~brickS; cocaine is packeq into.rawhide dog bones;''Nevertheless, Thrkey seiz~d 3.4tons of heroin last yéar, morèthanany other nation and accounting formore than one-fifth of the global haul;according to Western and Turkishnarcotics officials., Turkey serves as the "bridge" for70 to 80 percent of the drugs con- .sumed in Europe, connecting usersthere to suppliers in the Golden Crescentof Iran, Mghanistan, and P.akistan- a fertile area known for itspoppy production.Now after years of tryingto stamP.out the trafficking - with the assi&,tance of the United States Drug En~forcement ,Agençy (DEA)-,Turkey's efforts are bearingfruit."Turkey is the first line ofdefense in the war on drugs,"says one Western narcoticssource who asked not to beidentified. "But Turkey'sproblem is that' it has somevery creative criminals."Long regarded as the _country that links East with ,West, Turkey sits astride major dn,1g:trafficking routes. The raw materials:necessary for heroin production~!such as mo~hine base made from"poppies and the chemical acetic arihydride- a che~cal used to makeheroin - usually enter Turkey through,difficult-to-police mo.untainous bordersin the east.The materials are mixed,' by"heroin doctoci" in primitive labora~"tories that, resemble kitchenS. These 'processing labs make the hef(~inforexport to Europe, but are so simpleand easily hidden - they can!>e ~~,mantled in minutes - that they are dir~'ficult to trace' in the vast, sparsely:populated area.US helps outAlong \'tith the DEA assistance to 'Turkey,the US State Department pro- ,vides $400,000 annually to improve,the ability of the Thrkish police force 'and customs officials to cope with theproblem. Major police stations nowhave narcotics units, and six Thrkishliaison officers are based in European ,capitals.American clients account for only5percent of the drugs that transitTurkey. One reason, Western sourcessay, is thIl:U~asternThr:k~y.-J~.~()Aso-'hitedtllat'few AmericanS are awarethat heroin worth $150,000 on the,stréets of New York can be bought, here för as little as $5,000. ', Another reason may be Thrkey's,hai-sh punishm~nts fo~ foreigners in-volvedin drug tt;afficking,such as thefate, of a foreign drugs offender thatwas. 'portrayed in the American film"Midnight'Express."Still;' the scale of the drugs flowhas surprised even the most jaded of- .. ficials. Inthe first quarter of this year,agents seized nearly one ton of 'heroin. The busts' corne in smalleramounts of 450 pounds or less arid,are due to effective police work.Drug net bas bolesDespite the successes, drugs still 'escape the law-enJorce,ment net."They think th~y are getting mostof',it," says a Western narcotics source."But even the best police force anywherecan only get 10 percent."A rough indication of the flow is to,calculate demand in Europe, and to:fi~lr~

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiBut arresting the big bosses hasproved difficult, and often prison sentencesare short. "The wild card hereis çorruption," says a Western source."Everyone on that list has a friend inthe government. The Turkish sYstemis like a revolving door."Turkish agents are adamant thatthe outlawed Kurdistan Worker'sParty (PKK), which has waged a violentinsurgency in southeast Turkeyfor more than a decade, controlsmost of the trade through extortionand funds their "terrorist" activitieswith the profits ..Western sources confirmPKK involvement inmany cases, but cannot establisha direct link in every ease.In line with Turkey's waragainst the PKK, IsmailCaliskan, the chief of Turkey' sdrugs team, says that the PKK .insurgents are deeply intodrugs trafficking."They either have recordswith the terror division beforewe arrest them, or in theirstatements they admit to movingdrugs for the PKK," he says. "DIicitdrugs and terrorism are both illegalthings and go hand in hand." .Karel W1II'g8DIS baYOlveclWestern narcotics sources confirmthat the PKK is involved, but say thatthe extent is impossible to quantify.'M the police in Europe say the PKKis involved in the drugs trade," saysone official. "But European governmentsare not going to point it out.The~ ." 'If we pOlntule finger at thëPKK, we will have these guys bombingand shooting in the streets.' "Still, Mr. Caliskan says that the politicalinfluence of Turkey's drugsmugglers does not matter, and thatthey will be arrested if the police canfind evidence against them.Hanging from his office wall are15 citations of good work from nart~oticsagencies. In a glass cabinet hekeeps samples of heroin, bricks ofhashish, morphine base, and cocainethat were seized en route from theGolden Crescent to Europe."Most important to Turkey lli' thatthis. smuggling is a crime and inhuman,"Caliskan says, "It kills people,it poisons people - it's why in Turkeywe are committed to stopping it."Turkish Writer Sentenced to PrisonISTANBUL,TURKEYWHEN novelist Yasar Kemal wasa boy, he listened to his fathersing Kurdish songs on a hilltopoverlooking their village in the southernprovince of Adana. The songs told sagasof Kurdish heroism, of wars, lost sons,and migrations in past centuries.But Kemal, Turkey's best-known authorand nominee for the Nobel Prize inLiterature, never promoted his Kurdishbackground. When asked about his ethnicity,Kemal says: "I'm a Turkish writer- oUwrdish origiri." . .ßltihe has been forced to pick sidesas 'fighting betweenTùrldsh forces andKUrdish rebels has worsened. With eachreport of rights abuses against Kurds,'Kemal felt pushed to'act.."1 had pangs of conscience," KeIlUllsaid during a recent interview. "'You area writer. You have to speak up,' I kepttelling myself.". In Turkey, speaking out sometimescarries a price. The 72-year-old writerwas convicted in March for an article denouncingracism against minorities in.;-'~kew.~~ialJyKurds. He was sen-'t;enced to' 20 months in prison for "incitinghatred and promoting racism."The sentence was suspended on the conditionhe doesn't repeat the "crime" inthe next five years."That's censorship!" Kemal cried duringthe interview. "Asking a writer not towrite for five years is torture!"Although Kemal is not the first writersentenced for writings on the Kurdishissue, his fame has made him a sYmbolof government repression of alternativeviews about its treatment of Kurds duringthe II-year guerrilla war in southeastTurkey. Nobellaureate Arthur Millerrecently sent a letter of support to Kemaland called his sentence "a painful absurdity."Born in a small Turkish village to Kurdishparents, Kemal grew up hearingKurdish at home and Turkish outside. "In .my village therè was no Turkish-Kurdishsplit," Kemal eXplained. "I never sawTurks looking do~ upon Kurds. But inthe last Il to 12 years, strong winds of,j'anti-Kurdish propaganda are blowing.",IDON'T want a separate Kurdishstate, nobody does," he added. "Allthat the Kurds want is their universalhuman rights - the right to. preservetheir 4mguage, culture, identity."Kemal has appealed the court's ruling,asking that the suspension be canceled'so he can serve his sentence immediately.He was jailed twice for shortperiods before being acquitted for making"communist propaganda" in his writingsduriitg the cold war.Kemal wrote his best-known novel,"MeI¥d, My Hawk," in 1955, a story offeudil ties in southern Turkey. The book,like most of his 35 others, has beentranslated into more than 40 languages.He has also won numerous awards, includingthe prestigious Legion d'Honneurfrom the French government.- Aasocdalecl Pn••5

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiliiIiBmIA voicefrombehind the barsChris Kutschera talks to Mehdi Zana, a Kurd who believes his 15 years in prir,on made him J. wrill'r"Ead been in prison for 18 monthsbefore I was taken to court.While Iwas waiting to be called into thecourtroom I asked to go to thelavatOlY because I wanted to see my facein the mirror. I stood staring into theglass, amazed by the change. It is me,yet it is not me. My face is emaciatedand four teeth have been broken by myguards. My skin is pockmarked byvermin. I look like a wild man. Ami thenthere are all the changes that I don't seebut which I feel. a tightness in my lungs.pain in my spine and. worse thapeverything else. the absences ofmemory."Bom in 1940 in Silvan. a small townnear Diyarbekir. the "capital" ofTurkishKurdistan. Mehdi Zana has spent morethan 15 years of his life in prison: oneyearin 1967; threefrom 1971 .. 1974;Il from 1980 .. 1991 and almost a yearand a half during 1994/1995. Quiteenough time behind bars to change anyman.Mehdi Zana has been a man of actionfor most of his life. Despite havingalmost no formal education. Zanabecame a member of the leadership ofthe Turkish Workers Party (TIP).then ofOzgurluk Yolu (Kurdistan SocialistParty). He was elected mayor ofDiyarbekir in 1977.Like many victims of politicalrepression Zana can say that Turkishprisons were where the greatest part ofhis education was conducted. Indeed.by his own account. his experiencesbehind bars made him a writer. Sincebeing freed from his last sentence in1991. he has published five books.From September 1980. the day hewas jailed for the first time. Mehdi Zanawent through hell along with thousands.of other imprisoned Turks and Kurds.It. is this journey through anextraordinary hell that Zana recaunLo;at length. Although many of the mar("40 The Middle East May 1996us could hear him ;,creaminl':."Mchdj 7..ana 1.P1Ishm,' as rmll1~ ;1'" 411ddainees were s(lrJ\l.'limt'.s pole-keel in/i' .,single celJ nleasuring less tllanl\l'o ITlt'lre"by Iwo 1llf'1 n's. where t1ll"YW(\I lid be (;Jl'ccdtn spend tile entin' nighl S41.1CC7.cel lipagainst eacll ollH.'r like li\'ing sardilll''''', Atan.lI IIId 2

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti./'l, i ,'rgent. scaldings with hot tea poureddO,' r sensitive parts of the body,"

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetius: Syria took steps that are 'classified'for restraining terrorism in1995By Ugur Akmcl/ Tllrkish Dai/y News .WASHINGTON- The U:S. State Department's"Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1995" re(lOrt said that.Syria - still on the list of state sponsors of terrorism -"hastaken ~me steps to re~train ~ internati~nal activities"of a Wide vanety of mternatlonal terronst groups.Yet neither Counterterrorism Coordinator AmbassadorPhilip Wilcox, nor spokesman Nicholas Burns would ..spell out exactly what those "steps" were. This is the15th year that the annual "Global Terrorism" report hasbeen published. . .,Commenting on U.S. counterterronsm l'ohey,Ambassador Wilcox mentioned two main principles:"We don't make deals" with the terrorists, Wilcox said."We treat them as criminals. And we work to condemnand isolate state sponsors of terrorism." There has beenno change in that list this year, which still includes NorthKorea, Libya, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Sudan, and Cuba.Classified?The section on Syria is almost a verbatim coP,y of :hesame section in the 1994 "Terrorism report. ' In lastyear's report Syria was also said to have "taken somesteps to restrain th.e internati~nal activities of these [terrorJgroups." Dunng the dally State Department pressbriefmg, Burns told the TDN that "you may be looking .for a detailof information thal we cannot give out in thiskind of forum."The TDN asked if information about these "steps".that Syria has allegedly taken was classified. "Some ofthe information, of course, that we have pertaining to terrorismis classified and we don't give classified informationout publicly," Burns said.Syria: Is it or isn't it?The State Department's report on Syria on the onehand admitted that Damascus was providing trainin~('.amps and giving privileges to "radical terrorist groups ,such as Ahmad Ji6ril' s Popular Front for the liberationof Palestine - General Command (PFLP-GC);HAMAS; the Palestine Islamic Jihad (PU); and theJapanese Red Army (IRA). Yet on the other hand, thesame report claimed that "there is no evidence thatSyrian officials have been directly involved in planningor executing terrorist attacks since 1986."Moreover, the State Department noted that"Damascus continues to negotiate seriously to achieve a~ accord with Israel," and "Syria continues to use itsmfluence to moderate Hizbollah and Palestine rejectionistgrour." Yet, at the same breath, we also learn thatSyria allowed Iran to resupply Hizbollah viaDamascus" - just as in the 1994 report.The State Department confirmed that the PKK trainedin the Syrian-controlled Bekaa Valley of Leba,lIon. Italso admitted that the PKK "leader, Abdullah Ocalan,resides at least part-time in Syria," - as was reported inthe 1994 report.Burns had this to say on Syrian support for the PKK:"Syria remains on the terrorism list for a very good reason,because of Syrian su!>port for terronst groups,including the PKK. The PKK, as you know very well,has offices in Damascus. And we regularly reffilnd theSyrian government of its obligation to stop its activitiesof support, indirect or otherwise, of the PKK."ThePKKThe State Department's newly-released 1995 reportagain lists the PKK among the top international terroristorganizations with "approximately 10,000 to 15,000full-time guerrillas, 5,000 to 6,000 of whom are inTurkey." The PKK is also said to have "60,000 to75,000 part-time guerrillas; and hundreds of thousandsof sympathizers in Turkey and Europe." These are thesame figures mentioned in the 1994 report.As in the previous report, this year s report also mentionsthat the PKK "receivesfrom Syria, Iraq, and Iran."safe haven and modest aidGreece.One section of the report that is quile different to lastyear' s is the seclion on Greece. This year the StateDepartment officially acknowledged that Greece gaverefuge to two TurkishandDHKP~.terror organizations.- the PKK"Greek authorities continued in 1995 to deny publicTurkish charges that the anti-Turkish KurdistanWorkers' Party (PKK) conducts operational terroristtraining and receives assistance in Greece." lhe StateDe'partment' s report said.. As is the case in certain European countries, howev-.er, Greece permits the PKK to operate a known front9rganization in Athens," the report continued. TheNational Front for the Liberation of Kurdistan (ERNK)has rep

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiIranIran received the brunt of State Department criticismsin 'this. year's"Patterns of Global terrorism" report."Iran remains the premier state sponsor of internationalterroriSm and is deeply involved in the planning and executionof terrorist acts both by its own agents aitd by s~rogategroups," it said. '1'his year Tehran escalated Itsassassination campaigJ! against dissidents living abroad;there were seven confmited Iranian murders of dissidentsin 1995, compared with four in 1994."Besides its above-mentioned suppor! for the PKK,"Tehran also provided some support to Turkish Islamicgroups that have been blamed for attacks against Turkishsecular and Jewish figures," the report remmded.After recalling that the death fatwa on writer SalmanRushdie was stiD valid, the report said "despite increasingIranian support for extremist groups aItd involvementin terrorist operations, President Rafsanjani continuedto project publicly a 'moderate' image of Iran toWestern European countries and Japan to facilitate theexpansion of its relations with them. This quest forrespectability probably explains why Iran red~ itsattacks j'n. Europe last year; Tehran wants to ensureaccess to W~em capilal and markets."Noting that Hizbollah is still "Iran's closest client,"the report concluded: "Because of Tehran's andHizbonah's deep antipathy toward the United States,U.S. missions aDd personnel abroad continue to be atrisk."TurkeyThe PKK, the OHKP/C, the Islamic MovementOrganization and moAIC were the organizations mentiOOedthat carried'1'urkey continuedout terror activities in Turkey in 1995.its vigorous pursuit of several violentleftist and IslamicKurdistan Workers'extremist groups, especially theParty (PKK), responsible for terrorismin Turkey," the report said. "The PKK launchedhundreds of attacks in 1995 in Turkey, including indiscriminatebombings in areas frequented by TurkIsh andforeign civilians, as part of its campaign to establish abreakaway state in southeastern Turkey ... The PKKcontinued - albeit with less success - its three-yearoldattempt to drive foreign tourists away from Turkeyby attacking tourist sites," the report said.The State Department noted that Islan'lic groups "mayhave been responsible for the attempted assassination inJune [1995] of a prominent Jewish community leader inAnkara"12 EXPJŒSSENSÖNDAG 5 MAJ 1996Err HOrAr rURIsrPARADIS. PKK-ledaren Abdullah Ocalan, lilla bilden, sa i gär i tysk TVaU hans trupper redan var pä väg mot turistmälen i sydvästra Turkiet.Han hotar mednya terrordAdAv P M NILSSON TV-stationen sa PKK-lOOaren Detta för att störa turistin- - Vi manar alltid till forsik-Abdullah Öcalan att det dustrin i landet. Oftast hän- tighet när det gäller de härlurlstmal I lurklet hotas främsta mâlet for attackerna der inget, men ibland utfor delarna av Turkiet. Vi avrâaterav terrorlstattacker. är att skada "Turkiets ekono- gerillan attacker. der ingen frân att âka, menPa lördagskvällen medde- roi". Personalen pâ Vingresors det kan vara olämpligt attlade PKK:s ledare I tysk - Vi tänker inte ta ansvar kontor i Turkiet visste i natt âka till de östra delarna avTV att hans trupper re- för om turister skadas, sa han ingenting oni de nya hoten. landet, säger Caroline Fleetdanhar gett sig I väg ocksâ. - AUt är lugnt. Vi vet inget wood pâ UD.mot turlstomräden I syd- Öcalan uttalade liknande om nâgra hot, hälsar Vingre- . Enligt nyhetsbyrân AP exvästradelen av landet. hot i mars i âr. Det är oklart sor. ploderade en bomb i centralaom lördagens utspel syftar pâ Istanbul sent i gâr kväll.Nigra tlmmar etter att det hotet kvarstâr, eller Bomb Iistanbui Bomben exploderade i ensändnlngen exploderade om PKK inlett en ny opera- Pâ utrikesdepartementet stadsdel med mycket barer,en bomb I centrala Istan- tion. hade man heller inte fâtt in- kaféer och biografer. Tre perbul.PKK hotar turistmâl i Tur- formation om PKK-ledarens soner skadades. Hittills harI intervjun moo den tyska kiet med jämna mellanrum. uttalanden. ingen tagit ansvar för dâdet ..9

'Corruption vote might lead to coalition collaps~~.~ '"'"SATURDAY, MAY 4,1996 .Turkish Dairy News~I::~'"~ ;pMistrustbetween coalition partners lingers in the wake of ANAPsupport for the anti-Çiller RP motion for aparliamentary investigation of TEDA~.Next week the pärliament will vote on another motion of this kind,this time involving alleged irregularities in the TOFA~sale. ANAPis expected to turn its back on itscoalitionpartner on that issue too, The TOFA~vote will determine the fate of the DYP-ANAPcoalition governmèntBy Kemal BalelTDN Parliament BureauANKARA- The True Path Party (DYP)-Motherland Party (ANAP) coalition governmenthas heen plagued by a confidence crisis sinceApril 24 when some ANAP de~uties voted infavor of a Welfare Party (RP) motJon calling for aparliamentary inquiry into alleged irregularitiescommitted in the awardin] of electricity contractsunder DYP leader Tansu member of the DYP, tried to attend the meeting as vote in any direction according to their own con- ~the Treasury representative. On the agenda was a sciences." ~.discussion of the bank accounts orthe period dur- Ylimaz has also decided to stage a press confer- ~:ing which Törüner himself had been the Central ence next Monday to explain to the general public ~Bank governor. When Prime Minister Yllmaz got his government's performance in the past two V)wind of Törüner's attempt, he sent written orders months. He has already announced that the li:twhich said that State Minister Rü~dü Saraçoglu of ANAP-DYP partnership was continuing in line ~the ANAP, another ex-Central Bank governor, with the coalition protocol, and that ANAP would !::l.was authorized to represent the Treasury at the not be the side which ends the coalition govern- 6meeting. Following the incidents which prevented ment, unless faced "with an act contrary to the '"the convening of the Central Bank General coalition protocol." ;:::!Assembly, Törüner had a quarrel with Prime Meanwhile, desperate not to be seen as the per- ~Minister Ylimaz, reportedly telling hi,m, "I will son who ended the coalition because of a motion DYP leader Tansu Çiller . ~not take orders from rou." introduced against her, Tansu Çiller decided not to' '"In the face of the' obstruCtionist" attitude of his pull the DYP from the coalition at least until May ing anymore. Whether it will be brought to an end ~coalition partner, Prime Minister Mesut Ylimaz 9 when another motion on alleged irregularities legally too will depend on the DYP clrcles'capac- ~decided to adopt new tactics. After the R~ motion will be d~bated and put to a ~o.te. . ity to endure the anti-Çiller motions being intro- ~on TEDA~ was adopted by the Parhament, She will make a final deCISion on May 9 If she duced one after another. . ~Ylimaz did not even phone Çiller. And he did not fails to get from her coalition partner the support Meanwhile, there are rep-0rts indicating that ~invite State Minister Yaman Törüner to a recent she expects. That motion involves alleged irregu- ANAP officials are having' secret" talks With the tö"summit meeting" where key economic decisions larities in the sale of the state-owned shares in Welfare Party with a view to reviving the coalition ~were made. Angered by that development, TPFA~ car company. Though it continues to exist talks between the two parties if the current DYP- ~.Töruner boycotted the government meeting which legally, the DYP-ANAP coalition is not function-ANAP coalition collapses. 0:~.....'" I~ ~.....~I::.....

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Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-R~vista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - AgenteFrontePre\\e-A. F.P. - AgenteFrontePrene-A.F.P. - AgenteFrontePrelle-A.F.P. - AgenteFrontePre\\e-A.F.P. - AgenteFrontePrelle-A.F.P. - AgenteFrontePrelleA.F.P.FRS0013 4 IFONU-IrakRepriseA.F.P.0435 ONU /AFP-OJ31lundi des négociations entre l'ONU et l'IrakNEW YORK (Nations unies), 6 mai (AFP) - Les négociations entre l'ONU etl'Irak pour un allègement de l'embargo international contre Bagdad et lamise au point de la formule "pétrole contre nourriture" reprennent lundi ausiège des Nations unies à New York avec l'espoir à l'ONU que tout soitréglé avant le le 15 mai.Un porte-parole de l'ONU a précisé dimanche à l'AFP que les discussionsne reprendront que lundi soir après l'arrivée dans la journée à New York dela délégation irakienne dirigée par M. Abdel Amir AI-Anbari. Des sourcesirakiennes 'avaient auparavant annoncé l'arrivée à New York de M. Anbaridimanche, ce qui aùrait permis une reprise plus rapide des pourparlers.Le principal négociateur des Nations unies Hans Corell a, de son côté,exprimé l'espoir que les deux délégatiops parviennerit à la conclusion d'unaccord avant le départ du secrétaire général de l'organisation BoutrosBoutros-Ghali pour Moscou le 15 mai.Ce sera la quatrième ronde de discussions sur ia mise en application dela résolution 986, adoptée en avril l'année dernière afin d'alléger lessouffrances de la population irakienne, qui permettrait à l'Irak d'exporterdu pétrole pendant une période de 6 mois renouvelable pour une valeur de 2milliards de dollars afin d'acheter de la nourriture et des médicaments.La dernière ronde s'était achevée le 24 avril dernier avec les Irakiensaccusant la Grande-Bretagne et les Etats-Unis de vouloir introduire denouveaux amendements à un projet d'accord pratiquement conclu, selon eux."Si les Etats-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne continent à interférer dans lesnégociations, ils assumeront l'entière responsabilité de l'échec despourparlers", car l'Irak pour sa part "a fait preuve de sérieux et desouplesse", a déclaré dimanche à Bagdad le vice-Premier ministre irakienTarik Aziz, en confirmant la reprise lundi des pourparlers.Le processus de l'échange "pétrole contre nourriture" doit se déroulersous une stricte supervision internationale et une partie de la nourritureet des médicaments doit être distribuée aux populations k~rdes du nord dupays qui échappent actuellement au contrôle du gouvernement de Bagdad.Il s'agit là d'un des points faisant encore obstacle à la conclusiond'un accord qui serait le premier allègement des sanctions internationalesimposées depuis août 1990 à L'Irak, qui ne seront levées que lorsque Bagdadaura satisfait aux exigences de l'ONU en ce qui concerne le démantèlemenrde ses armes de destruction massive.ap/mt/abtp.tmfAFP /AA1234/060212 MAI 96A.F.P. - AgenteFrontePrelle-A.F.P. - AgenteFrontePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enteFrancePrelle-A.F.P. - A~enteFrantePre\\e":'A.F.P. - AgenceFrontePrene-A.F.P. - A~enteFrancePre\\e-12

et .,2S:en::TCCI)zCDen ==I3:CI-< _co..0..0...........~US endorses Turkish views on Europe and Syria/PKKTurkish Daily NewsWASHINGTON- The U.S. StateDepartment has endorsed the views of twotop Turkish officials regarding Turkish-European and Turkish-Synan relations. AndUndersecretary of State Lynn Davis has told acongressional committee: "It would be hard tooverstate the importance of Turkey as a U.S.ally."Asked at the department's daily press briefingMonday about Prime Minister MesutYllmaz's call that morning for Syria to ceaseits support of the Kurdistan Workers' Party(PKK), spokesman Nicholas Burns reiteratedU.S. support of 'lurkey's wish that countriesbeyond Turkey give up their support of thePKK, specifically Syria. Therefore whatPrime Minister Yllmaz said this morningmakes sense to us ... as part of our own policy."Said Bums flatly: "Syria ou2ht to cease anddesist from support for the pKR."Burns also was asked about ForeignMinister Emre Gönensay's statement thatTurkey should become a full member of theWestern European Union. "We have sUl>portedalmost across the board Turkey's wIsh ...to become more closely linked to Euro~aninstitutions," the spokesman replied, citingthe EU customs union as an example.However, he had nothing specific to offer onTurkey' s possible membership of the WesternEuropean Union.Another Turkey-related question at thepress briefing involved the possibility ofmcluding Turkey in a regional strategic cooperationagreement built around the U.S.-Israelrelationship.The question arose in the context of theplanned meeting Wednesday betweenSecretary of State Warren Christopher andIsraeli Foreign Minister Ehud Barak.W.hile Bums acknowledged recent efforts"to strengthen the U.S.-Isra~l relationship ...State Department spokesman is 'not aware' of plans toinclude Turkey in regional strategic cooperation scheme1t would be hard to overstate the importance ofTurkey as a United States ally, ' official tells Congresson a bilaleral basis," he said he was "nolaware of any efforts 10 creale a multilaleraleffort ... Ihat would include Turkey or anyoneelse." However, he expressed contidence Ihat"we'll talk about those issues wilh ForeignMinister Barak and many olhers, as wei!."Testifying last week in supporl of theClinton admmistralion' s foreign aid requeslfor next fiscal year, Davis noled Ihat"America's vital securily and economic interestsare inextricably lied 10 Europe ... Thepotentially volatile siluation in Europe'ssoutheastern comer requires particular care.'The U.S. is commilled to advancing thenegotiating process on Cyprus, reducing andultimately eliminaling tensions betweenTurke~ and Greece, and strengtheningTurkey s place in the Western economic andsecurity system," Davis said before Ihe HouseApproprIations Subcommillee on ForeignOperallons."Failure here could unravel all our olherEuropean security efforts. As a result, theUnited States gives high priority not only tobilateral relations with these counlries, butalso to promotin~ ties between Ihis region andWestern Europe.'Regarding proposals for assistance toGreece and Turkey, Davis said the UnitedStates plans "to continue our support for Iwokey NATO allies in recognition of theirimportance in maintaining stability in a regionIhal i~nilicalto U.S. inlerests. Our FY (fiscalyear) )997 requesl of $32 million for Ihe subsidycosIoI' a lolal of $297 million in FMF(Foreign Mililary Financing) loans for Greeceand ,Turkey will supporl suslainmenl of U.S.-ongm eqUIpment."We are also requesling $60 million in ESF{Economic Supporl Funds)," Davis Slated, "10help Turkey address lon~-lerm slrucluralreforms necessary 10 suslaln growlh, 10 easeIhe Iransilion resulting from Turkish membershipin the EU customs union, and 10 help offselthe economic eosls associated withenforcemenl of U.N. sanelions againsllraq."(Comparalive figures for FY 1996 are$33.5 million in ESF and $320 million inFMF.)In juslifying the aid 10 Turkey, Davis pointedto Ihe difficulty of overslaling '"the importanceof Turkey as a U.S. ally. It is al thecrossroads of almost every issue of importanceto Ihe United Slates on the Eurasiancontinent, including NATO, the Balkans,Cyprus, Iraq sanctions, Russia's relationswllh the NlS (New Independenl Slales formedout of Ihe former Soviel Union), Middle Eastpeace, narcolics lrafticking, and transil roulesfor Central Asian oil and gas."But Davis also noted thatthe Clintonadministration "continues to slress to Turkishofficials the necessity of improving its humanrights record and strengthenmg ils democracy.Nicholas Burns: 'Syria ought to cease linddesisl from support for the PKK'We are working with our European Allies atewry opportumty to urge Turkey to continueIhe reforms it began last summer and falt"Conlinued Davis: "Turkey's new PrimeMinisler, Mesut Ylimaz, has indicatedTurkey's willingness to: I) engage in discussions10 begin Ihe process of a peaceful settlementwith Greece; 2) start working to solveIhc Kurdish situation by a peaceful, ratherthan mililary, means; and 3) open a bordergale wilh Armenia if Turkey sees clear signsof progress toward a peace settlementbelween Armenia and Azerbaijan in theirfive-year war over Ihe Nagorno-Karabakhenclave. We are pleased by the new govern-.ment's commilment to resolving these problemsand we will work closely with them toimplement these policies, especially the newapproach to Ihe Southeast."~ ~~~~"'" ~,~"'"~~.~,~~,~ ~.~.~~ ~~ ~ ,\::t~~~~~;::l~,~....;::l'a:~ ~.

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. Agen[eFrontePrelSe-A.F.P. - Agme FrontePresse-A.F.P. - Agen[eFron[ePrme-A.F.P. - Agme FrontePrelSe-A.F.P. - AgeMeFrontePrelSe-A.F.P. - AgenteFron[ePrelSe-A.F.P.A.F.P.FRS0206 4 I 0258 TUR /AFP-LT94Turquie-Kurdes29 morts lors d'une opération del"armée turque contre le PKK dans lenord de l'IrakANKARA, 9 mai (AFP) - Une opération de l'armée turquedes Travailleurs du K~~distan (PKK, séparatiste) dans lefrontalier a fait 29 ~o~ts dont 28 dans les rangs du PKKl'armée, selon des bilans non officiels.contre .le Partinord de l'Iraket un dans ceux deCette opération qui a pris fin jeudi matin et les troupes turques ontregagné la Turquie, a rapporté l'agence Anatolie. Elle avait été déclenchéedans la nuit de dimanche à lundi pour poursuivre en territoire irakien des.Irebelles PKK du qui avaient échappé aux troupes turques sur le sol turc.Près de 1.200 hommes ont participé à cette opération, selon Anatolie.,Elle n'avait pas été officiellement annoncée par les 'autorités militaireset civiles.Elle visait également à détruire des abris et èamps du PKK situés d~ns:les zones proches deLes soldats turcsla frontière avec la Turquie.avaierit parfois pénétré jusqu'à cinq à six kilomètresde profondeur en territoire irakien, en face de la localité turque deSemdinli, à l'extrêmeLe nord de l'Irak,sud-est de la Turquie.région montagneuse, est utilisé par le PKK comme basearrière et les unités turques pénètrent en Irak "lorsqu'elles le jugentnécessaire" à la recherche de mïi.itants armés du PKK-.Depuis début avril, l'armée a multiplié les opérations contre le PKK enterritoire turc et le long de la frontière avec l'Irak pour prévenir touteinfiltration de rebelles kurdes en Turquie.CE/hc/dfg/tmAFP /AA1234/091020 MAI 96LUTTE OUVRIERE - 10 mai 1996La sale guerreau Kurdistan continueAu début du mois'd'avril,comme chaque année, l'arméeavec le soutien de 60 000 auxiliairesd'origine kurde, armés parles autorités, a commencé uneopération militaire d'envergurecontre l'organisation nationalistekurde PKK., malgré le cessezle-feuunilatéral proclamé par,cette dernière. Plusieurs cen-,taines de combattants du PKK. et:de soldats ont déjà été tués.Comme toujours, les générauxdisent que cette fois ils vont,èn finir «avec les bandits duPKK» ! Mais ce sont justementles exactions de l'armée et desautorités gouvernementales,jointes à la misère, qui renforcentle PKK. Malgré la saleguerrè qui continue depuisl984,malgré les milliers de morts etles 10 000 prisonniers politiqueskurdes dans les prisons turques,le peuple kurde continue à sebattre pour ses droits les plusélémentaires.Actuellement le gouvernementturc dépense annuellementpresque 9 milliards de dollarspour cette guerre. C'est un énormepoids pour la Turquie: cettedépense absorbe à elle seulepresque la moitié des revenusdes exportations, qui sont del'ordre de 20 milliarqsql;: .001-lars. À tel point que maintenantdes voix commencent à se levercontre la «solution militaire»même parmi le grand patronat. 'Une partie de la bourgeoisieturque comprend évidemment,qu'il n'y a pas de solution militaireà la question kurde. Maiselle est quand même prisonnièrede ,la'volonté de ses générauxsur lesquels elle s'appuie poorfaire régner sa dictature contrela classe ouvrière et la populationpauvre, kurde en particulier.Et jusqu'à présent, elle s'avèrebien incapable d'infléchir lapolitique de ses propres générau.X.., .14

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiIRAKCOURRIER INTERNATIONAL - 9-15 MAI 1996Depuis la guerre du Golfe, le nord de l'Irak n'est plus contrôlé par Bagdad, et les deuxprincipales organisations kurdes s'y affrontent. Les Américains essaient de ramener la paix, l'Iranse pose en arbitre et en financier, la Syrie joue les parrains. Quant à la Turquie, elle s'inquiète.La Turquie a horreurdu vide au nord de l'IrakL'Iran renforce son influence dans le Kurdistan "autonome'MILLlYET'STANBUL(extraits)ors d'une récente visiteaux Etats-Unis, SüleymanDemirel [le président turc)a expliqué dans un discoursau Washington Institutepourquoi son paysdéfend l'intégrité territorialede l'Irak. "Si nous ne lefaisionspas, a-t-il dit, l'Irak serait divisé entrois. Le Sud Ichüte} passerait sousir~/luence iranienne, le centre resteraitsous le contrôle de Bagdad;quant au Nord là majorité kurde!,le désordre .r régnerait. "La grande inquiétude de la 1\lrquieest bien sûr que ce désordre, par lebiais du problème kurde, ne viennemenacer sa propre sécurité et sa stabililé[les lerritoires où vivenl les"urdes sont it cheval sur les fron-W'res de la Turquip, de l'Irak, del'Iran et de la Syrie]. C'est d'aill('ursfloul' die It' plus grand danger engendrépar la guerre du Golfe. Aujourd'hui,la situation de fait qui e"isle aunord de l'Irak ne favorise pas Sl'Ult'IIIenlles conflits intérieurs, ellecrée aussi un terrain propice auxinterventions directes ou indirectesde forces extérieures. [Bagdad necontrôle plus cette région où les deuxprincipales fonnations kurdes rivales,le Parti démocratique du Kurdistan(PDK) et l'Union patriotique du Kurdistan(UPK), s'affrontent.]. La lutte qui oppose les organisationskurdes de Massoud Barzani(PDK) et de Jalal Talabani (UPK)n'en finit pas et Washington essaiede les réconcilier afin d'établir unnouvel ordre sous sa surveillance. Ilest question que le représentant dela Maison Blanche, Rubert Deutsch,visite la région en vue de donnerune nouvelle impulsion au "processusde Dublin" [ville où les Etats-Unis ont organisé deux rpncontres,l'an dernier, entre les représentantsdes deux leaders kurdes d'Irak).Or, depuis quelque temps, c'estl'Iran qui profite du vide qui règneIdans le nord de l'Irak], en accroissantnotablemenl son influenct'auprès des groupes kurdes rivaux,que Téhéran essaie de réunir sousson parapluie en présentant celuicicomme W1e alternative à Ja tutelleaméricaine. Les informations dediverses sources non partisanes fonlétal d'une évolulion silencieusedans t'etle région. Téhéran offre sonsoutien inconditionnel à l'administrationkurde Io

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetià, renverser le régime de SaddamBussein. Mais les anciennes rivalitéset les divergences ont empêché lesgroupes présents de trouver un terraind'entente. Les islamistes ontvoulu exclure les communistes; lesnationalistes ont refusé l'idée d'unefuture fédération irakienne avec les,Kurdes. Finalement, les participantsont décidé de se réunir à.nouveau, àune date non précisée ... Pour résumerla chose clairement, selon l'expressiond'un jownaliste étranger 'quia suivi les discussions, "le seul résultatde la rencontre a été un show politiqueau bénifice de la Syrie".Selon lui, D~mas a surtout vouiuapparaître comme le protecteur del'opposition irakienne, renforcer son'p,oids dans les négociations moyen-,orientales et se mettre en meilleureposition darts son conflit avec la 'IUrquieconcern~t l'eau de l'Euphrateet la question du terrorisme. Le véri-,table but de Damas n'était pas tant lerenversement de Saddam Husseinque d'apparaître comme un acteur.essentiel de la politique irakienne.D'autre part, le fait que la Syrie seplace dans le même camp que l'Iran~sur ~~ttéquestion affecte consirléra-'blement les équilibres dims la région.En bref, l'intégrité territoriale et Ja.souveraineté de'l'Irak continUeltL:d'exister sur le papier, mais le nord'du pays est en train de basculer dansle chaos, comme l'avait prévu Demirel.Sicela se conflTIIle, on peut pen-,ser que les inquiétudes concernantl'influence iranienne dans le sud del'Irak [à population chüte) commen-'cent à peser également a.,unord. Cequi risque de créer une situation nouvelleet grave pour la Turl1uie. •SamiKohenTurkish Daily News - May 11,1996Mehmet Agaraccuses accuser ofbeing tool of anti.Turkish lobbiesTurkish Daily NewsANKARA- Justice Minister Mehmet Agar hasreacted angrily to remarks made at a subcommitteehearing in the U.S. Con~ress to the effect that hewas a the "super torturer in Turkey because of hisformer position as chief of the police.Pointmg out that "it is a known fact what kindof anti-Turkish lobbies operated in the U.S.Congress," Mar was quoted by the Anatolia newsagency on Ffiday as saying that he "stronglyrejected" the allegations against him.He said that the allegation that he was a super,torturer was purely the personal view of the personwho put this allegation forward and had no basis atall."I see that person as a spokesman of those (anti-Turkish) lobbies. Throughout my long years as acivil servant I have had a very good dIalogue withU.S. officials. That this person spoke in that mannerhas no effect on me," Agar said. Dr. IngeGenefke, a Danish expert on torture and medicaltreatment and the medical director of theInternational Rehabilitation Council for TortureVictims (IRTC), made the allegation against Agarwhile testifying before ,the U.S. HouseSubcommittee on Human Rights.Evrenselnewspaperclosed for 20 daysTurkish Daily News1ST ANS UL- The State Security Court hasdecided to close Evrensel newspaper for 20 daysbecause of an article published in December, theAnatolia news agency reported.The newspaper had been charged with "openlyinciting the local people through re~ional andracial discrimination" in the artIcle "TheConfessions of a Junior Officer" in accordancewith Article 312 of the Turkish Criminal CodeThe court sentenced Editor in Chief Ali Eml totwo years in prison and fined him TL 600,000.16

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkish Probe May 10, 1996Focus on Human RightsCHP Deputy Secretary-General AcquittedThe State Security Court (DGM) acquittedSinan Yerlikaya, deputy secretary-general of theRepublican People's Party (CHP), who wasaccused of "helping and assisting the illegal orga-. nization T1KKO," the Anatolia news agencyreported. Yerlikaya said in the trial that he hadno relations with the Turkish Workers' andPeasants' Liberation Army (T1KKO) and that hewas not guilty of the charges. He indicated thathe didn't know Selim Gül, who gave testimonyagainst Yerlikaya. "The claims of my having himtreated are untrue. As a matter of fact, this personwas acquitted and during his trial he saidthat he gave such testimony because he was torturedat the police station."DGM Chairman Turgut Okyay said thatYerlikaya was acquitted due to insufficient evidence.Kalemli Defends Turkeyon Human Rights IssuesParliament Speaker Mustafa Kalemli onTuesday received a delegation of the Turco-American Associations' Assembly, and duringtheir meeting complained about the West's "doublestandards.""Western countries have been misinformed onthe subject ofhuman rights violations in Turkey,"Kalemli said. "There is no lesson Turkey canlearn from other countries on the human rightsissue. On the contrary, there are lessons we canteach them. It is not right for them to try to judgeTurkey on the basis of lies or incorrect reports.Human rights violations take place in the UnitedStates and Germany too. And I feel very sorryabout those violations." Committee membersfrom certain countries were coming to Turkey toinvestigate human rights violations with the airof judges or prosecutors, he said, stressing thatthey received all kinds of assistance from theTurkish authorities despite that.Human Rights Watch Respondsto Turkish CriticismHuman Rights Watch (HRW) ExecùtiveDirector Kenneth Roth has re~ponded in writingto comments made by Türel Ozkarol criticizingHRW's November 1995 report, "WeaponsTransfers and Violations of the Laws of War inTurkey." Özkarol is the deputy director general ofthe Department of the Council of Europe andHuman Rights in the Ministry of Foreign Affairsin Ankara. In a letter which has just been madepublic through Inter Press Service (IPS),' Rothpointed out that his organization and the governmentof Turkey had "widely divergent positionson the key issues" but the readiness to maintaina dialogue over human rights was appreciated.Among the issues under contention were theapplicability of internationallaw, the methodologyused in arriving at the report's findings andthe substance of the findings. Roth rejected theidea that the report's referring to "the Turkish-Kurdish conflict was a way of characterizing theconflict as a civil war. He insisted that the report"characterized the violence as an internal armedconflict (as opposed to an international armedconflict) under international humanitarian law."Therefore, Common Article 3 of the 1949 GenevaConvention to which Turkey is fully bound wasapplicable; that is, armed hostilities over timeand at least one of the protagonists being a relativelyorganized group. The Washington-basedHRW' executive director also rejected an assertionby Ozkarol that it was "deliberately" invokinghumanitarian law in order to put the KurdistanWorkers' Party (PKK) on an equal basis with theTurkish state and thus bestowing a measure oflegitimacy on the organization.f.:ce...,i~~I.....f.MahmutAhnakTrial of Mahmut Ahnak BeginsThe trial began of former deputy MahmutAhnak who is charged with "demeaning" thearmed forces during a speech he delivered in$lrnak in 1993.The Ankara state prosecutor is seeking a sentenceof one year and six months for Ahnak.Ahnak was previously tried and sentenced toprison by the State Security Court under the controversialArticle Eight of the Anti-TerrorismLaw for promoting Kurdish separatism. Ahnaktold the court on Wednesday that remarks fromhis address in 1993, following a rocket attack onthe town, had been taken out of context anddenied that he had any intention of insulting themilitary. He said that his criticisms had beenaddressed to the prime minister and the relevantminister at the time."But treatment is meted out in this countryaccording to the person in question. Had theseremarks been made by some other politician fromanother party they would have gone unnoticed.But when I say them then this is considered acrime and a case is opened against me," saidAhnak, a well-known proponent of Kurdishrights.317

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti22Turkish Probe May 10, 1996US Terror Report Careful toShield Syria, Frank on GreeceIt is that time of the year when the U.S. StateDepartment's "Patterns of GlobalTerrorism"report is released, the fifteenth year such a reporthas been issued. This year's report is distinctive intwo aspects: 1) For the way it tries to shield Syriafrom a harsh judgment; and 2) the way it puts Greeceofficially on the spot for the aid and comfort it gives tosuch anti-Turkish terror groups as the KurdistanWorkers' Party (PKK) and the leftist DHKP/C.The section on Syria can go into the textbooks as amaster recipe of how to make lemonade when lifegives you nothing but lemons. Underlying all the delicatefootwork is Washington's obsession not to tarnishSyria's "credibility" as an important player in the socalled"Middle East Peace Process.". The report on the one hand admits that Damascuswas providing training cam"ps and basing privileges to"radical terrorist groups such as Ahmad Jibril'sPopularGeneralFront for the Liberation of Palestine -Command (PFLP-Ge); Ramas; the PalestineIslamic Jihad (PIJ); and the Japanese Red Army(JRA). Yet on the other hand, we were almost relievedto learn that "there is no evidence that Syrian officialshave been directly involved in planning or executingterrorist attacks since 1986."State Department of course notes that "Damascus .continues to negotiate seriously to achieve a peaceaccord with Israel," and "Syria continues to use itsinfluence to moderate Hizballah and Palestine rejectionistgroups."Yet, at the same breath, we unfortunately alsolearn that Syria "allowed Iran to resupply Hizballahvia Damascus" - just as we read in the 1994 report.Some "serious negotiator" for "peace" indeed who alsoarranges the delivery of Katyusha rockets to be firedupon its "peace partner."Commenting on the American counterterrorismpolicy, Ambassador Wilcox, State Dept. coordinatorfor counterterrorism, said: "We treat [terrorists] ascriminals. And we work to condemn and isolate statesponsors of terrorism. "Syria is still nominallyon the list of state-sponsorsof terrorism together with North Korea, Libya,Iran, Iraq, Sudan, and Cuba. Despite that, the sectionon Syria certainly did not read as if Wilcox was "condemning"much that happens in Damascus thesedays. And when Secretary Christopher visitsDamasctis 20 times, it doesn't sound like S\na is "isolated"either.•'Classified Steps'In the reports. for 1993, 1994 and 1995, we readthat Syria "has taken some steps to restrain the internationalactivities of these [terror] groups." But whatthose mysterious "steps" exactly were, neither Wilcox,:1or Nicholas Burns, State Department spokesman,would say.During a daily State Department press briefing,Burns told Probe that "you may be looking for a detailof information that we cannot give out in this kind offorum."Probe asked if the information about these "steps"that Syria has allegedly taken were classified. "Someof the information, of course, that we have pertainingto terrorism is classified and we don't give classifiedinformation out publicly," Burns said.ThePKKThe State Department's 1995 report again listsPKK amon~ the toy international terrorist organizationswith apprmamately 10,000 to 15,000 full-timeguerrillas, 5,000 to 6,000 ofwhom are in Turkey." ThePKK is also said tohave "60,000 to 75,000 part-timeguerrillas; and hundreds of thousands of sympathizersin Turkey and Europe." These are the same figuresgiven in the 1994 report.As in the previous report, this year's report also.mentions that the PKK "receives safehaven and modestaid fr.om Syria, Iraq, and Iran." The StateDepartment confirms that the PKK trained in theSyrian-controlled Bekaa Valley of Lebanon ..It alsoadmits that the PKK "leader, Abdullah Ocalan,resides at least part-time in Syria," - just as wasreported in the 1994 report. Nick Burns had this tosay on Syrian support for the PKK: "Syria remains onthe terrorism list for a very good reason, because ofSvrian support for terrorist groups, including thepkK The PKK, as you know very well, has offices inDamascus. And we regularly remind the S)nan governmentof its obligation to stop its activities of support,indirect or otherwise, of the PKK."Iran was highlighted as another country givingrefuge to the PKK. "Tehran continues to offer [thePKKJ safehaven in Iran," the report reads.PKK attacks on Turkish businesses in Germanywere also noted. "Although Germany banned the PKKand several associated Kurdish organizations in 1993,new PKK front organizations appear frequently inGermany, thus presenting a contmlling problem forthe government," the report said. Actually suchattacks were blamed for mcreasing the number ofinternational terror acts from 322 to 440 in 1995.GreeceOne section of the report that is quite differentfrom last year's is the section on Greece. This year theState Department officially acknowledges that Greecega\"e refuge to two Turkish terror organizations - thePKK and DHKP/C. "Greek authorities continued in1995 to deny public Turkish charges that the anti-Turkish KurdIstan Workers' Party (PKK) conductsoperational terrorist training and receives assistancein Greece," the State Department's report says."As is the case in certain European countries, however,Greece permits the PKK to operate a knownfront organization in Athens," the report continued.The National Front for the Liberation of Kurdistan orERNK has reportedly opened such an office inAthens. "In May [1995] it also allowed the successorgroup to Dev Sol, another anti-Turkish and anti-U.S.terrorist group, to open an office in Athens under itsnew name, the Revolutionary People's LiberationParty/Front (DRKP/C)."Greek Foreign Minister Theodoros Pangalos, duringhis recent visit to Washington, said that thereported PKK militants in Athens were nothing butlegal "Kurdish refugees," exercising their fundamentalrights of freedom-of-speech to demonstrate in publicagainst Turkish policies.When Ambassador Philip Wilcox was asked whathe thought of a NATO country, i.e. Greece, givingrefuge to the terrorist organizations that were fightingagainst another NATO ally neighbor, i.e. Turkey,18

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkish Probe !\1ay ]0, ]996 23Dimitri Vunatsos (L), parliamentary d.~putyand member of the Central Committee 01 the ruling Pan-Hellenic Socialist Party'(PASOK). with PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan in front of a map ollikely routes lor transporting Caspian oil over eastern Turkey.PASOK and the PKK, at the time of the meeting, reportedly vowed to use all means to prevent such an economic asset goingto Turkey.Wilcox again diplomatically dodged the question andsaid that "counterterrorism is high on our agenda\\ith both countries."The Greek press is reportedly rankled by thereport, coming as it does on the heels of a U.S.Helsinki Commission hearing on Capitol Hill on thediscrimination against the Turkish minority inWestern Thrace. A number of Greek observers werereportedly upset that the positive em"ironment createdin Washington by Prime Minister Costas Simitis'\isit was muddled by these negative references to theGreek record on terrorism and human rights.AmbivalenceThe report's section on Greece is a refreshin~ andoverdue departure from State Department's tradItionalinsistence not to ruffle any feathers in Athens. Butthe ambivalent U.S. approach to Syria is far fromallaying the worst fears of Turkey that when the dustis settled down after the "Peace Process," Turkey willend up with the short end of the stick and still face aPKK operating out of Syrian-controlled territory.SecretaI). ofState Warren Christopher's recent TVinterview on PBS with Jim Lehrer was enough to justifysuch Turkish fears. In the April 30 interview,Christopher admitted that Syria provides "haven forthe terrorist organizations ... a home for some of theresistance movements." But Christopher said hethinks that Svrian dictator Hafez al-Assad "feels thata peace agreement is the only basis on which they willend that kind of acti\ity of providing a safe haven forthe resistance groups." Christopher apparentlybought the Assad argument that as long as Israeloccupies Golan Heights and part of SouthernLebanon, "then the ..... re justified in providing a homefor these resistanèe movements." One has to be agreater optimist than Pollvanna to believe thatAssad's protection of PKK will end the minute Israelpulls out of the Golan heights and south Lebanon.When a journalist asked Ambassador Wilcox howcome the United States contacted Hizbollah, a terrororganization by State Department's own admission, tosecure a cease-fire between Lebanon and Israel, hesaid the United States had not directly contactedHizbollah, but did it through Syria. When Probeasked a senior State Department official if the UnitedStates was also "indirectly" in touch with the PKK,the answer was "no." And there is no apparent reasonyet to doubt that answer.But the State Department, just to continue the"Peace Process" between Syria and Israel, has createdan environment in which some terror organizationshave come to be referred to as "resistance movements"by the U.S. Secretary of State; the senior counterterrorismofficial admits to an "indirect" dialogue withthe very terror organization condemned by thedepartment's very own terror report; and the originallist of seven state-sponsors of terrorism is now effectively,pareddown to the new sub-cateß'ory of "roguestates - Libya, Iran and Iraq. At the tIme ofwriting,for example, North Korean officials are inWashington, reportedly trying to cut a deal to get offthe list.Until the PKK's name is clearly spelled out next tothat of Hizbollah and Hamas during U.S.-Svrian-Israeli talks, Turkey will have a very hard timebelieving that its vital national interests are sharedby its allies in the region. That's why when it's time torenew Operation Provide Comfort, there'll be more inTurkey who'll remember the slight slaj>-on-the-wristthat the Terror Report has deliveredcourageous rap on Greece.Syria than theU~ AkmCl19

l\,)~If on a Sunday afternoon a soldier strays.into a peace rally...Marulcu was unaware that he was probably the firstsoldier in T~rkish history to take part in a peace rallyBy Zafer F. YörükTurkish .Daily News1ST ANBUL- Two soldiers holding two differentflags. Neither of the two fla&s is unfamiliar; one isthe symbol of the People s Democracy Party(HADEP), known for it~ strong Kurdish constituencyboth in t~e southeast and in the cities. This picture ofprivate Orner MaruIeu was taken at HADEP's peacerally on 21 Apri11996.The other one is the symbol of the NationalistMovement Party (MHP), known for its ultra- ri$htistideological convictions. This picture was taken In themiddle of the troubled southeast region.MHP is also known for its determination for a"military solution", that is, the continuation of militaryoperations in order to "solve" the Kurdish problem.Which one of these soldiers is in prison now? Notdifficult to guess, perhaps because the terms "soldierand peace" constitute a logical contradiction by thenature of the terms."The Picture of Betrayal"The daily Ak~am reported on its 23 April editionthat the most interesting scene of the HADEP rallywas the participation of a soldier, which Ak~am called"a traitor in umform", .The news article claimed that the soft approach ofthe police towards the "demonstrations of illegalorganizations" is not an indication of the "reason" butof "incapacity" of the state and the fact that a soldiercan dare to take part in such a demonstration is aresult of this impotency.Cenk Koray: "A piece ofexcrement ID uniform"TV celebrity Cenk Koray, who also is a columnistin the daily Aksam, was "horrified" when he saw thesoldier's pIcture at the front page of the Aksam news-paper. Koray sees the HADEP flag in the soldier'shand as the PKK flag and somehow manages te readfrom the picture that the soldier was chanting "Biji(Long live) Apo, Biji PKK!" in Kurdish."The ficture of this idiot is a document of horrorfor all 0 us" Koray writes, and continues "this traitorto the nation ... this piece of excrement in a uniformshould be immediately arrested and punished." ,Some w9,rried, sorne "satisfied"Private Orner MamIeu, a conscript of Kurdish originfrom ihe southeast province of Mardin, was doingthe first three months of his 18- month military servicein Istanbul. Orner was out in Kadlköy for theweekend leave when he met the peace demonstratorsin a HADEP rally.He joined in the demonstration and allowed thejournalists to take his picture, not bein~ aware that hewas probably the first soldier in TurkIsh history takingpart in a peace rally... Upon the extensive coverage in Ak~am, privateOrner Maruleu was immediately arrested on 24 April1996 and put in the Kartal Military Prison.His father Ibrahim Mamleu, after intensive queriesto Ömer's superiors, found out about his son's fate on27 April.Speaking to the TON the elder Mamleu expressedconcern about his son's fate. He said the miljtaryauthorities have not pressed any charges

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Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti2 Freitag, la. Mai 1996 . Nr. 108!fltut JiirdJtr ,3ritU11ßINTERNATIONALE AUSGABEAbbröckeln der türkischen KoalitionsregierungZweite Untersuchung gegen Ciller wegen BereicherungDas türkische Parlament hat eine zweite Untersuchung gegen Tansu Ciller wegen angeblicherBeteiligung an Korruptionsaffiiten in die Wege geleitet. Die hartnäckigen Vorwürfegegen die frühere Ministerpräsidentin erschüttern die konservative Koalitionsregierung aufsneue und verstärken die politische Krise der Türkei.it. Istanbul .. 9. MaiNach einer turbulenten Sitzung"hat das türkischeParlament am Donnerstag mit einer überraschendenMehrheit von 376 Ja-Stimmen eineUntersuchung wegen angeblicher Beteiligung aneinem Korruptionsskandal gegen die frühereRegierungschefmCiller in die Wege geleitet. DieTatsache, dass lediglich 141 Abgeordnete gegendie entehrende- Untersuchung gestimmt haben,dürfte für die ehemalige «eiserne Lady der Türkei»recht bitter sein. Ciller wird beschuldigt, beider Privatisierung des staatlichen AutomobilkonzerosTofas ihre Macht missbraucht und die Anteiledes Staates auf «irregulärem Weg» vermarktetzu haben. Eine ähnliche Untersuchung gegensie in einem andern Fall hatte das Parlament bereitsvor zwei Wochen gebilligt.Sündenbock im KorruptionssumpCCiller weist die Vorwürfevehement zurück. Sieversteht sich hauptsächlich als Opfer von undurchsichtigenAnkaraner Intrigen. Ihre Rivalenwünschten mit diesen Abstimmungen ihren «politischenTod» herbeizufiihren, sagte sie nach derParlamentssitzung vom.Donnerstag. Tatsache ist,dass die in den USA ausgebildete Wirtschaftsprofessorin,welche zu Beginn der neunziger Jahre inder türkischen Führungselite als vielversprechendgalt und von den türkischen Medien als «blondeand beautiful» gefeiert wurde, einen schwerenSchlag erlitten hat. Sollten die Untersuchungengar zu einem Prozess gegen Ciller fiihren, wirdihre politische Karriere unausweichlich zu einemabrupten Ende gelangen. Tatsache ist aber auch,dass Frau Ciller das erste Regierungsoberhaupt inder Geschichte der Republik Türkei ist, das sichwegen Korruptionsskandalen verantworten muss.In den letzten Wochen wurde sie von der Presseund ibren Rivalen zum Exempel filr die weit ver- .~: KQIT\lptionin Ankara hochstilisiert, zueÛ1~r'~ .VOJl.~nalem Sündenbock.Beide Abstimmungen im Parlament fanden aufAntrag der i~lamistischen Wohlfahrtspartei(Refah) statt. Dass viele Parlamentarier der konservativenMutterlandspartei (Anap) auch fUreineUntersuchung gegen Ciller eingelegt haben, hatdiese als einen «Dolchstoss in den Rücken» undals «Verrat» ihrer Partner in der Koalitionsregierungbezeichnet. Die Koalition ist in ihren Fundamentenerschüttert und bröckelt regelrecht ab.Die Regierung ist seit der ersten Abstimmungvor zwei Wochen lahmgelegt; es konnte keine einzigeKabinettssitzung mehr abgehalten werden.Während die Anap unter der Führung von MesutYilmaz das WIrtschaftspaket der Regierung vorbereitete,ohne die Koalitionspartner überhauptzu konsultieren, verfluchte IndustrieministerYalim Etez, ein enger Freund von Tansu Ciller,die Anap als ein «Produkt des 12.Septembers»,als Werk also des letzten Militärputsches. DiePresse ist sich einig, dass die Koalition von Anapund DYP nach einem kurzen, gerade 50 Tage langenLeben bereits am Ende ist.Neue ChanceCür die IslamistenDie konseivative Koalitionsregierung konnteerst nach der eindringlichen Intervention vonArmeeflihrung und Wirtschaftsspitzen überhauptentstehen. Diese begründeten damals ihr Eingreifendamit, dass die Islamisten der Refah aus derRegierung fernzuhalten seien. Yilmaz und Cillerkonnten allerdings ihre persönliche Feindschaftkaurn überwinden. Dass beide urn die Kontrolledes konservativen Lagers der Türkei kämpfen,verstärkte bloss ihre Feindschaft; diese wurdezum UeblingsstofTder Karikaturisten. Sollte FrauCiller ihre Drohung wahr machen und ihre Parteiaus der Koalition zurückziehen, könnte trotz allenbisherigen Bemühungen der Armeefilhrung eineBeteiligung der Islamisten in der Regierung unausweichlichwerden.23

Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiI .0.. ..:.' ..... ".p.,--I "Europarâdet för langsamt"• 16 Ar har Mehdi Zana tillbringati turkiska fängelser. UnderfängelseAren, dA han adop~terades som samvetsfAnge avSvenska Amnes!y International,nAdde 12 000 brev och vykortfram till honom frAn olika medlemmar.PA fredagen kunde MehdiZana, den förre borgmästaren iDiyarbakir i sydöstra Turkiet,möta fiera av de svenska brevskrivarnaoch tacka för derasmoraliska stöd. Mehdi Zana ären avhedersgästerna pASvenskaAmnestys Arsmöte i Göteborg.Den före detta borgmästarenhar ett symbolvärde för kurdernai Turkiet. Han har dömts tillsammanlagt 24 Ars fängelse för.sina uttalanden oc;h artiklar -bland annat efter att ha vittnatom förhâllandenai Turkietinför EuropaparlamentetiStrasbourg.Han är maketill Arets Sacharovprista-gare, denfängslade Mehdikuidiska par- ZanalamentarikernLeyla Zana, som nu avtjänarett Is-Arigt fängelsestraff.Mehdi Zana själv släpptes ivintras till följd av revideringenav turkiska lagar.- Men nya ätal väntar när jagAtervänder till Turkiet.I dag gäller hans omsorgerbland annat hustrun. Hans brevtillhenne frAnfängelset har kommitut i bokform, Kära Leyla(Sevgili Leyla), men är förbjudnai Turkiet.Domen mot henne är anmäldtill Europakommissionen förmänskliga rättigheter. MehdiZana anser att kommissionensutredning är alltför segdragen.- Det har antytts att kommissionenkommer aU ta ställningtill fallet först islutet avAreteller i början av nasta Ar,sägerMehdiZana.En lAngrad turkiskà ärendenutreds för närvarande av kom- .missionen. Hittills har tvA gAttvidare till Europadomstolen {örmänskIiga rättigheter i Strasbqurg.Det ena gäller en förstördby isydöstra Turkiet. Det andratortyr.BIITE HAMMARGRENA. EP. - A~enteFron(ePresse-A.F.P. - A~en(eFrontePresse-A.F.P. - A~enteFron(ePresse-A.F. P. - A~enteFrontePresse-A.F.P. - A~en(eFrontePreSle-A.F.P. - A~enteFrontePresse-FRS0767 4 I 0249 EXT /AFP-NU01Europe-Turquie-droitsLa requête d'un syndicaliste turc déclarée recevable à StrasbourgSTRASBOURG, 13 mai (AFP) - La requête d'un syndicaliste turc condamnépour avoir critiqué dans un article de presse la politique du gouvernementvis-à-vis des Kurdes a été déclarée recevable par la Commission européennedes droits de l'homme, a-t-on appris lundi à Strasbourg auprès du Conseilde l'Europe.. .M. Munir Ceylan, président du syndicat des travailleurs du pétrole, aété condamné en mai 1993 à huit mois de pr~son et à 100.000 livres turquesd'amende pour incitation à la haine au sein de la population. .Le syndicaliste, dans l'hebdomadaire Yeni Ulke (Nouveau Pays) en 1991,avait notamment estimé que les travailleurs et leurs organisationsdevraient s'unir aux Kurdes dans l'opposition aux lois anti-terroristes età la politique du gouvernement turc dans le sud-est anatolien, où fait ragele conflit entre les forces armées et les séparatistes kurdes.M. Ceylan invoque à Strasbourg les articles 9, 10 et 14'de la Conventioneuropéenne des droits de l'homme qui garantissent le droit à la liberté depensée et d'expression et répriment les discriminations fondées notammentsur l'appartenance à une minorité nationale.Si aucun règlement à l'amiable n'est conclu, la Commission européennedes droits de l'homme --chargée de filtrer et instruire ~es requêtes--transmettra le dossier à la Cour des droits de l'homme ~.~ranœhera endernier ressort et sans appel.dro/eg/jsAFP24/AA1234/13185.2.MAI 96

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkish Daily News - May 12,1996Iraqi crude oil sales attract huge trader interestReutersLONDON- A list of compl!lÙeswanting to obtain a share of thetirst significant crude oil exportsfrom fraq since sanctions wereimposed In 1990 provides a rareglimpse into the world of strangeoil alliances.In some cases, it seems finnswere hoping that, by marketingIraq's flfSt crude sales, they wouldadvance their chances of securinga share of that country's hugecrude oil reserves when the U.N.embargo is fully lifted.In others, small private concernsare vying with the world oilgiants for a suce of the potentialprofits from buying Iraqi crudeJust to sell it on again.Still under sanctions imposedafter its 1990 invasion of Kuwait,iraq on Monday signed a memorandumof understailding with theUniled Nations to sell about7()(),fK)()barrel per day of crude oilto pay for badly-needed humanitananaid.In February the U.N. said companiesno longer needed to regis-1er with them their interest in buyingIraqi crude, but the list, puttogether from 1991 to 1995,makes fascinating reading. Fiance,which has supported Iraq's effortsto sell crude again, figured prominentlywith Elf Aquitaine andTotal SA leading the pack. Totaland Elf recently reopened officesin Baghdad, both having signedprelinunary agreements to drill foroil there when sanctions are lifted.The Unitèd States, by far Iraq'sbiggest single customer before theGulf War, has not yet decidedwhether to allow its companies totrade in Iraqi exports.U.S. government sources saidon Monday that the issue had beenUnited Nations Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghall (R) watchesas Ambassador Abdul-Amlr AI-Anbari of Iraq signs the oil sale accord.Iraq marketer approachespotential buyers in EuropeRell/el'\'LONDoN-Iraq's State Oil Marketing Organization (SOMO)has already approached potential buyers of the country's crude oilin Europe immediately afler Baghdad signed an oil-for-foodagreement with the Umted Nations, European refiners said. Sentby SOMO's Executive Director General Saddam Z. Hassan inBaghdad on the same day the deal was agreed, Ihe leller saidexport facilities at Ceyhan, Turkey were ready to start exports ofKirkuk crude and possibly Basrah Li~ht, and the AI Bakr terminalin the Mideast Gulf was ready to begm shipping Basrah Light andpossibly Fao Blend. The speed at which SOMO established contactwilh its old customers after six years of isolai ion surprisedmany. But Iraq has long been known for its oil marketing savvyand good conlract with Western oil companies, trades said.discussed informally, but indicatedthat officials were still debatingwhether to keep Iraqi oil out of theUnited States to ensure that policXtoward Iraq and Iran remainedconsistent. The United Statesimposed a unilateral trade embargoon Iran last year.A s!>okesman for U.S. majorMobil Corp., which used to importIraqi oil before sanctions, said: "Ifthe tenns are fully met, and theU.S. and U.N. agree to allow iraqto sell oil, the\1'our view would bethat U.S. companies should havethe same opportunities as foreigncompanies to buy Iraqi crude."British-registered companies werethe most numerous on the U.N.list, but many were trading subsidiariesof U.S. firms and somehave vanished from officialrecords in Companies House sincethey were registered.British companies includedtrading arms of major oil firmslike British PetroleuJll Co Pic,U.S. Coastal Corp. and RoyalDutch IShell; financial institutionssuch as Salomon Brothers'Phibro; ~nd many small privatecompanies such as TaurusPetroleum Services Ltd, currentlyactive in trading Russian crude oil.Amongst the biggest corporateentities in the world are littleknownmiddlemen ho!>ing to get ashare of the Iraqi pie. Sorne of thesmaller British companies namedon the list, such as InternationalBunkeroil Brokers LId, are nolonger registered companies inBritain and one, DelaneyPetroleum (UK) Ltd, was in liqUidation,an official al Britain'sCompanies House said.Well-known international energytraders based in Switzerlandwere well represented, with namessuch as Marc Rich Co (nowGlencore), Hermitage ResourcesAG, Addax BV and TempoIradeSA all there.Whichever companies sign contractsfor the oil, much of it isexpected' to end up in theMediterranean, in countries suchas Spain and Italy.Spain's CEPSA said onTuesday it may use Iraqi oil butthe other big Spanish refiner,Repsol, said it was unlikely 10. Aspokesman for Italy's ENI said ittoo could be among potential buyers.25

, ".,~It-....lC\Eurocopter sees $500million Turkish contract soonBy Burak BekdilT,lrkish Daily NewsMARIGNANE, France- The world's second largesthelicopter manufacturer Eurocopter SA is expecling 10conclude year-long discussions with Turkish authontiesfor the co-producl1on of 30 SARICSAR utility Cougarhelicopters, the company's officials said in its mainmanufacturing unit in southern France.The said talks with Turkey's Defense Industry. Undersecretariat (SSM), the procurement agency, werei progressing well and an agreement was in sight for the, nearly $500 million protect. 'The discussions have been.. tense, I should say. However, 1 am confident that a dealwill be reached in the weeks to come," said LucBarriere, Eurocopter' s vice president for EuroJ?l:.Eurocopter, which has been negotiating With Turkeyfor a batch of 30 Cougars since June 1995, deliveredtoday the last pair of 20 Cougars as part of an earlierdeal signed on Oct. 8, 1993.The program, which was direct purchase, cost Turkey$253 millIon. A Turkish delegation, chaired by theSSM's acting undersecretary, Veysel Yayan, was inMarignane on Monday for the delivery ceremony.Eurocopter officials are confident of winning the secondcontracl despite controversy. There were reports thatthe talks between the SSM and Eurocopter were close tofailure because of heavy political pressure during thepremiership ofTansu Çiller, who allegedly gave inslruclionsto the Turkish bureaucrats for the direct purchaseof the 30.Talks reportedly returned to normal after Eurocopter, agreed on co-production after the Dec. 24 election inTurkey.Turkey and Eurocopter have not yet agreed on theshare of Turkish participation in the proposed co-productionprogram. "We are continuing talks to finalizethe details, such as delivery schedule etc. We have notFranco-German company delivers lastpair of Cougar helicopters to Turkeyyet come to a conclusion as to the share of local content,"explains Didier Renaux, deputy director for industrialprojects and off~et programs.There were reports thaI EurocopIer had already agreedon nearly 20 percent Turkish participation but the SSMwas pressing for larger local conlent."In fact whal mailers is not the quantity of the localcontent only, but also its quality. And our offer containsa high-quahty profile of Turkish participation in ternlS oftechnology transfer and other elements," said Renaux.Eurocopters's proposal for the co-production sees theAnkara-based Aerospace Industries Inc. (TAI), whichmanufactures F-16 lighter planes, as prime-sub-contractorfor the airframe from development phase to delivery.Engine parts manufacture assembly and test will becarried out by the TEl, the engine producer. OtherTurkish companies including the military electronicsproducer Aselsan and privately-owned companies Hemaand communications equipment manufacturer Netas willbe involved in main eqUIpment manufaclUre, assemblyand tests.The proposal offer offset commitments of 50 percentof the imp()rted part, mainly based on Ihe industrializationand produclion of future allack helicopter Tiger.,Direct economic bene/its for the Turkish defense industryare estimated at 5,500 men/years according toEurocopter ollicials,The helicopter manufacturer is pledging to establishthe Turkish helicopter industry through local productiOl.of additional Cougars; maintenance and upgrade ofTurkey'sCougar fleet; and participation in production ofnew Eurocopter products sUch as Tiger.Would Eurocopter withdraw from negotiations ifTurkey insists on larger local content'!No, replied Jean-Pierre Dubreuil, director of theboard's execulive cabinet. "We shall not give up. Webelieve that we have to get as close as possible toTurkish industry. I am sure there is going to be an agree:ment at some stage," he said.Defense industry experts say Turkey has become a .lucr.Jtive market for the world's helicopter manufaclUrers,who are suffering from a contraction in market.World demand for helicopters, civilian and military, is .hovering around 600 to 700 at the moment and is declin- .in~. '1'his is why we are fighting to win new contracts,"sUldDubreuil.Eurocopter, a partnership between France's state-runAerospatIale and Gemlan DASA, did not report anyprofits last year, Its consolidated turnover was around$1.76 billion, half of which came from exports.Eurocopter has so far sold 10,825 helicopters to customersm 127 countries.Turkey has 50 Eurocopter platforms in its lleet.~ ~~~~~~~~t:~~.....~~2 ~ en ~';j' I::lC ~D)~'"BZ ~>,~ ~.....en ~.........~~ ~-

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çtlpê-Rivista Stanzpa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiDEUTSCHLAND•BLANKER TERRORKurdische Demonstrantenschlagen brutal auf einenwehrlos am Boden liegendenPolizisten ein..PKKEiskalt abgedriickt?Bei Krawallen im März soll ein Kurde versuchthaben, einen BGS-Beamten zu erschießenHermann Anhuth war zur richtigenZeit am richtigen Ort. Gegen 12.30Uhr des 16. März kann der Kameramannaus Essen aufnehmen, was MillionenZuschauer am Abend schockiertam Bildschirm verfolgen: Mit Kanthölzern,Eisenstangen und Schlagringenprügeln besessene Anhänger der terroristischenKurdischen ArbeiterparteiPKK auf einen Polizisten ein.Kommissar Rolf Fege' hat keineChance, sich zu wehren. Er liegt amBoden. Seine Peiniger haben ihm dieWaffe abgenommen. Führende Polizeibeamtesind heute davon überzeugt,daß die Angreifer in "blanker Totungsabsicht"handelten.Vier Stunden nach der brutalen Attackeauf den Polizisten sind nur einhalbes Dutzend Beamte des Bundesgrenzschutzes(BGS) Augenzeugen,als es "Soldaten"von PKK-Führer AbdullahÖcalan gelingt, dreideutschen Sicherheitskräftenihre Schußwaffenabzunehmen.MIT SCHUTZSCHILDUND HELMBundesgrenzschützer unterstützenPolizisten gegen KurdengewaltEiner der fanatischen Rädelsführer -das sollen mehrere Beamte beobachtethaben - richtet eine der erbeutetenDienstpistolen "in Bauchhöhe" gegeneinen BGS-Mann und drückt ab. BernhardWollek' hat Glück: Er überlebt,weil die Waffe "vorschriftswidrig nichtdurchgeladen und entspannt" war, alsokeine Patrone im Lauf der Pistole saß.Adolf Wunder, Sprecher im KrefelderPolizeipräsidium, erklärte auf FOCUS-Anfrage, daß in dieser Sache nichtermittelt werde. Die Staatsschutzabteilungarbeitet die Ausschreitungenan der Autobahn A 3 nahe des deutschniederländischenGrenzübergangs EItenauf.Hohe Beamte des Bundesgrenzschutzpräsidiumsin Bann bestätigen"Na~von der Red.kUon geandertgegenüber FOCUS den versuchten Anschlagauf ihren Kollegen in Elten.Dennoch scheuen sie sich, konkreteAussagen zu machen.Was im Sprachjargon der Ermittlungenunpräzise als "Eskalation" bezeichnetwird, könnte für den Beamten,dem die Waffe gehört, disziplinarischeKonsequenzen haben. Abgesehen vomVerstoß gegen Dienstvorschriften für"die einsatztechnische Vorbereitung",muß der Besitzer der Waffe damit rechnen,daß sich "Kräfte seiner Einheitkünftig weigern, mit ihm zu arbeiten,weil er womöglich vorsätzlich den Einsatzder Schußwaffe ,persönlich reglementiert''',heißt es bei den Grenzschützern."Viel schwerer könnte ins Gewichtfallen ", vermutet Klaus Steffenhagen,stellvertretender Vorsitzender der Gewerkschaftder Polizei (GdP). daß derBeamte Wollek den Staatsschützem"noch keinen Hinweis auf das brutaleVorgehen der Kurden geliefert" habe.Damit könnte er sich unter Umständen,so Steffenhagen, "dem Vorwurt desVerschleierns von Straftatbeständenaussetzen ". ~"Der Kollegevom BGSliefert bislangkeinen Hinweisauf das brutaleVorgehender Kurden"GOP,VIZEKLAUSSTEFFENHAGEN24Fotos: dpa (3), B O~rm.nnlfocU5.Mag4zlnFocUS 20/199627

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Ç{lpê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiDEUTSCHLANDPERISKOPGEWALTBEREITEDEMONSTRANTENBei den Ausschreitungen zum kurdischen Neujahrsfest im Märzwurden 22 Polizisten und Bundesgrenzschützer verletztATTENTATPKK-Boß im Visier'KURDISCHERAUFWIEGLERPKK-ChefAbdullah Öcalanlenkt die Extremistenaus demsyrischen ExilGrenzschutzinterner Corpsgeist undpolizeioffizielle Lesart verhindern anscheinendbislang, daß die extr~meGewaltbereitschaft der Anhänger Ocalansstrafrechtlich angemessen verfolgtwird. So ermittelt der Klever OberstaatsanwaltReinhard Vogel gegen diemarodierenden Kurden der März-Krawalle nur wegen des Verdachts desschweren Landfriedensbruchs und derschweren Körperverletzung. Vogelräumt ein: "Es liegt nahe, die Ermittlungenauf versuchten Totschlag auszudehnen."In der Tat. Der geschundene KommissarFeger leidet noch heute an denFolgen der Kurdenattacke: "Ich hatteTodesangst und mit dem Leben schonabgeschlossen." Im Fall Feger, das ergabenFOCUS-Recherchen, geht inzwischenauch der mit den Ermittlungenbetraute Staatsschutz Krefeld von "versuchtemTotschlag" a.~s.PKK-Chef Abdullah Ocalan spielte vorWochen in einem Interview die Vorgängeherunter: "Man muß doch gerechtsein: Zwei Polizisten wurden dieNasen blutig geschlagen." Zynismuspur. Feger kann sich bis heute nur miteiner Gehhilfe fortbewegen.Acht Wochen nach den Ausschreitungenan der A 3 wird der Unmutinnerhalb der nordrhein-westfälischenPolizei über die unzureichendé Vorbereitungauf den Einsatz beim kurdischenNewroz-Fest immer lauter.Zwischen den InnenministerienBonn und Düsseldorf klafften vermutlicherhebliche Kommunikationslücken.Nur so sei es zu erklären, daßRolf Feger, seine 23jährige KolleginPetra S. und 16 weitere Kollegen derAutobahnpolizei in Ellen ,,1500 gewaltbereitenKurden ausgeliefert waren",wie ein eingesetzter Polizeibeamterformuliert.Zwei Tage nach Elten schilderte einPolizist auf der Jahreshauptversammlungdes GdP-Kreisverbands in Viersenseinen Kollegen die Pannen des Einsatzes:"Stundenlang standen Verstärkungskräfteführungslos herum. DerFunkverkehr untereinander wurdedurch kurdische Störsender massivbeeinträchtigt."Danach seien Bundesgrenzschutzund Sondereinsatzkommandos erstherangeführt, dann aber wieder abgezogenworden, um die Kurden nicht zuprovozieren. ,Die aus den Niederlanden angereistenÖcalan-Anhänger waren besservorbereitet: "Die Kurden griffen gezieltan und versuchten, in Dreiergruppenmit äußerster Brutalität einzelne Beamtezu überwältigen und möglichst derenDienstwaffe an sich zu bringen ",berichtete der Polizeibeamte.Erste Konsequenz der Erfq.hrungenvon Elten: Grenzschutz-Führungskreiseprüfen derzeit, ob die Beamtenkünftig - aus Sicherheitsgründen - ihreWaffen statt am Gürtel vor der Brusttragen sollen.•THOMAS VAN ZÜPTIiEN/MICHAELJACHDer Vorsitzende der extremistischen 'ArbeiterparteiKurdistans (PKK), AbdullahÖCalan, ist am vergangenen Dienstag inDamaskus nur knapp einem Mordanschlagentgangen. Bei der Explosion einer Bombe,die Unbekannte in Öcalans Wohnung versteckthatten, wurde niemand verletzt. Dieserfuhr FOCUS aus deutschen Sicherheitskreisen.Laut westlicher Nachrichtendienste gingder Sprengsatz in einem Apartment hoch,das der Guerilla-Boß für Treffen mit hohenPKK-Funktionären genutzt hatte. Ein Vertrauterdes PKK-Chefs erklärte gegenüberFOCUS,daß Öcalan sich zum Zeitpunkt derExplosion nicht in der Wohnung aufgehaltenhabe. Er sei rechtzeitig von seinemSicherheitsdienst über einen drohendenAnschlag informiert worden. ÖCalan seiwohlauf und fest entschlossen, seine Anhängerkünftig von Gewaltaktionen inDeutschland abzuhalten.WBombe überlebt: PKK-Chef Öcalan und KämpferÜber die Bombenleger gibt es derzeitkeine sicheren Erkenntnisse. Der türkischeGeheimdienst MIT, der Öcalan seit Jahrenim Visier hat, schreckte bislang vor spektakulärenOperationen auf syrischem Gebietzurück. In Europa gingen AnkarasAgenten indes hart gegen PKK-Kader vor.Nach bislang unbestätigten Meldungensoll die israelische Luftwaffe kürzlich beiihren Einsätzen gegen die Hisbollah imLibanon auch Ausbildungslager der PKKbombardiert haben. Westliche Nachrichtendiensteschließen nicht aus, daß diesauf Wunsch der türkischen Regierung'geschah.Fotos: dPiI, Kruse/~us.Magazin FOCUS 20/1996 '28

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti'.l'''~.'.:.ISPIEGEL-Gespräch"Der Kanzler ist mein Vorbild"Der türkische Ministerpräsident Mesut Yilmaz über Regierungskrise. Kurden und das Verhältnis zu DeutschlandSPIEGEL: Herr Ministerpräsident. Siesind der erste türkische Regierungschef.der mit dem SPIEGEL ein Gespräch aufDeutsch führt. Sie haben vor über 20 Jahrenin Köln studiert und besuchen jetztdie Bundesrepublik erstmals als Premier.Glauben Sie noch an die vielbeschworenedeutsch-türkische Freundschaft?Yllmaz: Diese Freundschaft bleibt sehrwichtig. besonders für uns Türken. Siewar ja immer eher eine türkisch-deutscheals eine deutsch-türkische Freundschaft.SPIEGEL: Eine unerwiderte Liebe?Yllmaz: Nicht ganz. Aberwir müssen unsere Beziehungenrealistisch beurteilen.Und da muß dieTürkei einsehen. daß siefür aufgetretene Mißver-.ständnisse und Irritationeneine weitaus größereVerantwortung trägt. alswir bisher eingeräumthaben.SPIEGEL: Was haben Siefalsch gemacht?Yilmaz: Wir waren zulange nicht bereit.Schwächen unserer Demokratieoffen zu diskutieren.Ob es um Menschenrechte.Meinungsfreiheitoder Gewerkschaftengeht - in manchenBereichen habenwir einfach eine Mengenachzuholen.SPIEGEL: Und über dasSündenregister der Bundesrepubliksehen Siegroßzügig hinweg? HabenAusländerhaß undrechtsradikale ÜbergriffeIhr Bild von Deutschlandnicht getrübt?Yllmaz: Hinter diesenVorfällen steckt nur einekleine Minderheit. DieBundesregierung undauch die deutsche Öffentlichkeithaben solcheTaten scharf verurteilt.die Behörden haben entsprechendeMaßnahmenergriffen. Deshalb: Stel-• Mit Redakteuren Dieter Bednarzund Romain Leick In Istanbul.len wir Türken uns lieber unserer eigenenVerantwortung. statt immer nur mitdem Finger auf die andere Seite zu zeigen.SPIEGEL: Für viele Anschläge auf türkischeEinrichtungen sind radikale Kurdenverantwortlich. Daß die Bundesrepublikzum Schauplatz innertürkischer Konfliktegeworden ist. kostet Ihr Land vielSympathie.Yllmaz: Wir müssen zwei Dinge unterscheiden:Zum einen haben wir es mit separatistischemTerrorismus zu tun. Zumanderen wird behauptet. daß türki~cheBürger kurdischer Ahstammung diskriminiertoder gar mißhandelt wenkn.SPIEGEL: Das eine ist die Folge des anderen.Die Kurden rebellieren. \\eil .,ieunterdrückt werden.Yilmaz: Terror darf auf keinen Fall gerechtfertigtoder geduldet werden. Woer auftritt. muß er mit Gewalt hckiimpftwerden. Das tut jeder Staat auf derWelt. Terror verursacht Repression. genaudarauf legen es die l'nrullL"tiftcr j;1auch an.Yilmaz (r.) beim SPIEGEL-Gespräch*: ..Die Türkei darf nicht aus Europa ausgegrenztDer Machtkampfin der Türkei hat die Regierungskoalition vonMinisterpräsident Mesut Yilmaz und seiner VorgängerjnTansu Çiller nach nur zwei Monatenan den Rand des Bruchs gebracht. Das Zweckbündniswar am 12. März vor allem auf Drängender Militärs entstanden. die so eine Regierungsbeteiligungder islamistischen Wohlfahrtsparteiverhindern wollten. Die beiden Erz-Iwerden"rivalen vereinbarten für ihre Koalitionszeit einRotationsprinzip: Bis Ende des Jahres will Yilmazdie Regierung führen. danach soll Çillerfür zwei Jahre das Amt übernehmen, um es1999 wieder an Yilmaz zurückzugeben. DochKorruptionsvorwürfe gegen Çiller stellten Endevoriger Woche das Abkommen in Frage. Yilmaz.48. studierte in Köln Wi~schafts- und Sozialwissenschaftenund war vor seinem Eintritt indie Politik als Unternehmer tätig.166 DER SPIEGEL 20/199629

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiSPIEGEL: Haben Sie dennVerständnis dafür, daß dieDeutschen es leid sind, fürFehler und Versäumnisse dertürkischen Kurdenpolitik zuhüßen? .Yilmaz: Wir hahen die Bundesregierunglange genug gewarnt.daß diese Auswüchseauch auf Deutschland übergreifenwürden. Damit habenwir recht behalten.SPIEGEL: Der Schlüssel zurBeendigung der Gewalt liegtaber doch in Ankara.Yilmaz: Natürlich darf uns dieTerrorbekämpfung nicht davonabhalten, Mißstände abzustellen.Das haben wir leiderallzu lange nicht getan.Für die türkischen Regierungender letzten Jahre reduziertesich die sogenannteKurdenfrage auf eine militärischeAufgabe.SPIEGEL: Daran hat sich doch nichts geändert.Die Militärs greifen mit ihrertraditionellen Frühjahrsoffensive erneuthart durch und verkünden auch diesmalwieder die endgültige Vernichtung derradikalen . Arbeiterpartei Kurdistans(PKK).Yilmaz: Ja, solche Operationen sind ihrePflicht. und die Streitkräfte haben zweifellosbeachtliche Erfolge erlielt . Fastdie Hälfte unserer Armee steht in Südostanatolien...SPIEGEL: weit über100000 Soldaten, ein regelrechterBürgerkrieg.Yilmaz: Zur Zeit hat die Armeedie absolute Kontrolle. DerChef dieser TerrorgruppePKK, Ahdullah Öcalan, droht •mit Selbstmordattentaten it;den Städten, aber seit zwei Monatenhahen seine Killerkommandoskeine einzige Aktionmehr gewagt.SPIEGEL: Freuen Sie sich nicht.zu früh.Yilmaz: Ich meine, die PKK istdazu nicht mehr in der Lage.Auch die ländlichen Gebietebefinden sich unter Kontrolleunserer Sicherheitskräfte.SPIEGEL: Die Wirklichkeitsieht doch so aus, daß die linksradikalePKK politisch immer stärkerwird. Sie macht sich weltweit zumSymbol für den Freiheitswillen deskurdischen Volkes.Yilmaz: Ja. unsere militärischen Fortschrittehaben uns politisch wenig genutzt,im Gegenteil. Wir müssen nunfeststellen, daß die Frage dadurch erstn::cht hochgespielt und internationalisiertworden ist.SPIEGEL: Sie selbst haben zum kurdischenNeujahrsfest Newroz eine Wt:n-Protest gegen Menschenrechtsverletzungen in Istanbul: "Eine Menge Fehler gemacht"de angekündigt. Zu wt:lchen Kompromissensind Sit: bereit?Yilmaz: .Zuerst einmal: Wir wissennicht genau. wie vide türkischt' Bürgerkurdischer Abstammung es gibt. vidleichtR Milliont'n. vielleicht auch ISMillionen. Aber fest steht. daß ungefährzwei Drittel in anderen Gt'hit'lender Türkei als Südostanawlien .lehen.und die sind völlig assimiliert. Deshalhsprechen wir nicht von einem Kurdt:n-.sondern von einem Südostproblem.Yilmaz-Rivalen Erbakan, Çiller: ..Historische Verantwortung"Das geht üher die ethnische Definitionweit hinaus.SPIEGEL: Wit: immer Si~' den Konfliktnennen - wie wollt:n Sit' ihn lilsen?Yilmaz: Wir wt:rden dit: lokalt'n Verwaltungt:nim Südosten stärkt'n und ihnenmt:hr Selbstverantworlung einräumen.Durch den Flaschenhals Ankara läßtsich nicht mehr alks presst'n. Und wirwerden auch die kulturelkn Reformen\'orantreihen. mit denen wir Ende derachtziger Jahre: angefangen hatten.I.SPIEGEL: Solche Versprechungen hahenwir von Ihren Vorgiingern auch schon gehört-. doch t's ist hei Lippenhekenntnis.st'n gehlichen.Yilmaz: Wir hahen heispielswei~e Veröffentlichungenauf Kurdisch erlaubt.Doch diest' Fn:iheiten. die wir durch Ce.setzesänderungen c.ewiihrt hahen. wur.den in der Praxis \'O~l den Sicherheitskräftennicht voll umgt'setzt. Fernsehen oderSchulunterricht in kurdischer Sprachesind nllCh immer \-erhoten. Fin in denachtziger Jahren geslarletes.riesigt's regionales Fntwiàlungsprojekt.das seit fünf Jahrenvi\lIig stilbteht. haben wirjetzt wieder in Gang gebracht.Das wird das Schicksal der Regionwenden. Im Jahre 2010könnte der Südosten durch diesesEntwicklungsprogrammmit seinel) uher 20 Staudammenzu. einem der reichstenGebiete der Türkei werden.Wenn das klappt. erledigt sichder Konflikt von seihst.SPIEGEL: Und wenn die Rdormenauch diesmal wieder' scheitern, weil Ihrer Regierungam Ende die Durchsetzungskraft~.fehlt?Yilmaz: Wenn es uns nicht gelingt,die Kurdenfrage .in .absehbarerZeit endgültig zu lösen. wirddie Türkei nach der Jahrtausendwcndckein mächtiges Land. keine regillOaleGroßmacht mehr sein.SPIEGEL: Wann wollen Sie lIue Truppenaus Südost ahziehen?Yilmaz: Schon Ende Juni werden wirden Ausnahmezustand in Südostanalolien\'.:lllil!

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti'\maßnahmen sollen dann von zivilen Behördenübernommen werden. von speziellausgebildeten Kräften. wie sie Spanienetwa gegen die separatistische TerrororganisationEta einsetzt. Das Militärsoll künftig nur noch für die Landesverteidigungsorgen.SPIEGEL: So wie Jerusalem letztlich mitPLO-Führer Jassir Arafat verhandelnmußte. wird auch Ankara schwerlich umGespräche mit PKK-Chef Öcalan herumkommen,wenn die Region wirklichbefriedet werden soll.Yllmaz: 0 nein. ich glaube nicht, daß irgendeinetürkische Regierung so etwasjemals machen kann. Die Kurden brauchenÖcalan nicht, um ihre Rechte einzufordern.Im Gegenteil: Er ist derjenige,der schnelle Fortschritte verhindert.SPIEGEL: Und wenn Öcalan dem Terrorabschwört, so wie Arafat das auch getanhat?Yllmaz: Öcalan ist verantwortlich fürden Tod von 20000 Menschen. Er istein Massenmörder. Keine Schwüre könnendas wiedergutmachen.SPIEGEL: Der Kurdenkonflikt vergiftetbisher auch die Beziehungen zur EuropäischenUnion. Werden Sie in B~nndarauf drängen, daß Kanzler Kohl Sichfür einen zügigen Beitritt der Türkei zurEU stark macht?Yllmaz: Unser EU-Beitritt ist in der Türkeiimmer ein aktuelles Thema. Aberich sehe das ganz realistisch: Wir sindzur Zeit einfach noch nicht reif für dieVollmitgliedschaft, vor allem wirtschaftlichnicht. Nur müssen wir zumindest einePerspektive haben, etwa daß wir baldnach der Jahrtausendwende vollwertig"Fast alles spieltzur Zeit denIslamisten in die Hände"in die EU integriert werden. Die Zollunion,die Anfang dieses Jahr~s inKraft trat, ist nur eine Zwischenetappe,keine Endstation. Dochleider hören wir immer wieder, daß geradeDeutschland - mehr noch alsGriechenland - Widerstand gegen unsereVollmitgliedschaft leistet.SPIEGEL: Aus Angst vor einer großenEinwanderungswelle, wenn die Freizügigkeitinnerhalb der EU auch für dieTürkei gilt ...Yllmaz: .. , ich weigere mich aber zuglauben. daß Deutschland die Türkeiaus Europa ausgrenzt. Die Bundesregierungdarf diese Frage nicht aus nationaleregoistischer Sicht beurteilen,denn sie ist auch für Europa von strategischerBedeutung.SPIEGEL: Was, glauben Sie, ist dennder wahre Grund für das Zögern derEuropäer? Ihr früherer Mentor, derverstorbene Staatspräsident Turgut.Özal, vermutete, daß das christlicheAbendland einfach keinen Moslemstaataufnehmen wolle.Yllmaz: Vor 50 Jahren existierten aufder Welt eigentlich nur zwei bedeutendeunabhängige islamische Staaten: dieTürkei und Iran. Jetzt gibt es über 50,aber wieder sind es nur zwei, Türkei und'Iran, die Wegweiser für die Entwicklungin der islamischen Welt sind.SPIEGEL: Die beiden Länder repräsentierendiametral entgegengesetzte Modelle:Teheran den fundamentalistischenGottesstaat. Ankara die laizistischeRepublik.Yllmaz: Genau. Aber ob wir diesen Wegweitergehen können. hängt entscheidendvon der Haltung der EU und damitauch Deutschlands ab. Wir sind das einzigeLand in der isla~~sc~en ~elt. dasdemokratisch und laIZIstisch 1St. Aberohne westliche Unterstützung könnenwir diese Werte in der islamischen Weltwomöglich nicht mehr lan~e v~rte~digen.Wir brauchen die Integration ID die EU,um auf unserem Weg weitergehen zukönnen. Wenn sich Europa als Christengemeinschaftversteht, dann besorgt ~sdas Geschäft der Islamisten in derTürkeI.SPIEGEL: Die Gefahr, daß die Islamistendie Macht übernehmen, scheint größerdenn je. Bei den letzten Parlamentswahlenist die Wohlfahrtspartei stärkste Kraftgeworden. Wie lange können sie nochvon der Regierung ferngehalten werden?Yllmaz: Fast alles spielt zur Zeit den Islamistenin die Hände: die wirtschaftlichenSchwierigkeiten. unsere Ausgrenzung.aus Europa, die Anstrengungen einiger.islamischer Länder, das türkische Ge.genmodell zu vernichten. Auch. dielange Untätigkeit des Westen,s in Bosnien.die Gleichgültigkeit gegenüberTschetschenien, die Parteinahme fürArmenien gegen Aserbaidschan schürenRessentiments. von denen die Isla-.misten bei uns profitieren.SPIEGEL: Aber ist das Erstarken derFundamentalisten in der Türkei nichtvor allem eine Folge der Schwäche undZerstrittenheit der bürgerlichen Parteien?Ihre Regierung steht nach nur zwei.Monaten praktisch vor dem Ende - vorallem, weil Sie mit Ihrer KoalitionspartnerinTansu Çiller so heil~os ver~r~chtsind daß sie womöglich Ihre MIß1steraus dem Kabinett zurückzieht. .VIImaz: Unsere Parteien und auch w~rbeide persönlich sind Erzrivalen. WIrhaben uns jahrelang bekämpft, das kannman nicht in zwei Monaten vergessen.SPIEGEL: Viele Abgeordnete Ihrer Pa~teihaben mit der Opposition für dieEinsetzung von zwei parlamentarischenUntersuchungsausschüssen gestimmt,die Korruptionsvorwürfe gegen FrauÇiller prüfen sollen. Das kann das Todesurteilfür die Koalition bedeuten.Yllmaz: Ich habe meiner Fraktion keinenZwang auferlegt, es handelt sich umeine Gewissensfrage. Ein Teil hat fü~die Untersuchung gestimmt, und FrauÇiller sieht das als Komplott. Ich selbsthabe im ersten Fall dagegen, im zweitendafür votiert, weil ich glaube, daß FrauÇiller da wirklich etwas auf dem Kerbholzhat. Wir haben in unserer Koalitionsvereinbarungdie Bekämpfung von----------_._-~-- ."Ich bewundereHelmut Kohl fürseine Gelassenheit"Korruption ausdrücklich festgeschrieben,da muß sich jeder der Verantwortungstellen.SPIEGEL: Und Sie glauhen dennoch. daßTansu Çiller Sie im nächsten Jahr wie,vorgesehen an der Spitze der Regierung.ablösen kann?Yllmaz: Ich werde meine Verpflichtungerfüllen und alles tun, damit es dazukommt. Ich bin zuversichtlich, daß dieKoalition hält. Frau Çiller hat doch garkeine Alternative.SPIEGEL: Vielleicht kommen die Islamistenschon bald allein an die Macht.Yllmaz: Wir sind uns der historischenVerantwortung bewußt. Aher auchDeutschland und Europa sollten ihreMitverantwortung nicht vergessen. WeimarerVerhältnisse fürchte ich dennochnicht. Wir hatten in der Vergangenheitviel schlimmere Fälle, und jedesmal hahenwir unsere Krisen mit Vernunft undAugenmaß hewältigt.SPIEGEL: Oder mit dem Militär. Und1999 sehen Sie sich dann wieder als Ministerpräsident?Yllmaz: Wenn alles wie ahgesprochenverläuft. ja, aber ich gehe zu: Es kannsehr wohl sein. daß wir vorher Neuwahlenabhalten müssen.SPIEGEL: Helmut Kohl ist nun schonfast 14 Jahre an der Macht. Vielleichtlassen Sie sich von ihm mal erklären.wie man mit Konkurrenten fertigwird.Yllmaz: Der Kanzler ist mein Vorbild.Ich schätze Helmut Kohl sehr und bewundereihn für die Gelassenheit, mitProblemen umzugehen. Er ist einMann, der sich durch Widrigkeiten nichtbeirren läßt. Manchmal vergleicht manmich in der Türkei mit ihm, weil auchich sehr geduldig bin und mich nicht darumschere, was die Presse so über michveröffentlicht. Ich werde wie Kohl meinenWeg weitergehen.SPIEGEL: Herr Ministerpräsident. WiTdanken Ihnen für dieses Gespräch.31

Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F. P. - Agente Fronte Prelle - A. F. P. - Agence Fronte Presle- A.F. P. - Agente Fronte Presse-A. F. P. - Agente Fronte Prelle - A. F. P. - Agen(e Fronte Presle - A. F. P. - Agente Fronte Presse-A.F.P.A.F.P.ECF0136 3 F 0362 IRK /AFP-JU90Eco.-Energie.-int.Irak/pétrole: les négociations avec l'ONU se déroulent bien (presse)BAGDAD, 13 mai (AFP) - Les négociations entre l'Irak et l'ONU surllapplication d'une résolution du Conseil de sécurité de IIONU prévoyant unallègement de l'embargo imposé à l'Irak se déroulent bien, a affirmé lundiun quotidien officiel irakien."Jusqu'à présent, les choses vont bien", a affirmé le journalal-Joumhouriya, qui a cependant averti que les négociations pourraient ànouveau trébucher si les Etats-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne sien mêlaient."Le Conseil de sécurité devrait prendre une position stricte pourempêcher deux de ses membres de slingérer (dans les négociations) à desfins politiques", a ajouté le journal dans une allusion à Washington etLondres."Le rôle du secrétariat général de l'ONU doit se borner à annoncer auConseil de sécurité qu'un accord a été conclu", a ajouté le journal,insistant sur la nécessité de tenir les Etats-Unis et la Grande Bretagne àl'écart.Samedi, le négociateur irakien Abdel Amir al-Anbari a déclaré que lespourparlers avec l'ONU allaient "un peu mieux", au lendemain dlurierencontre avec le secrétaire général de l'ONU Boutros Boutros-Ghali.Les discussions entre l'Irak et l'ONU ont repris le 6 mai surl'application de la résolution 986, qui autorise la reprise sous contrôlede l'ONU dlexportations de pétrole irakiennes pour 2 milliards de dollarspar semestre renouvelable afin d'acheter des produits alimentaires et desmédicaments.Washington et Londres avaient demandé en avril des amendements à unmémorandum négocié depuis février entre l'Irak et IIONU et indiqué vouloirslassurer que Bagdad respecterait strictement les conditions fixées parIIONU, notamment sur la distribution des vivres.Le principal point de blocage porte sur la distribution de la nourritureet des médicaments aux Kurdes du nord de l'Irak, qui échappe au contrôle deBagdad depuis 1991. Lllrak demande à jouer un rôle dans la distributiondans ce secteur, ce que refuse Washington, soutenu par Londres, craignantque Bagdad puisse reprendre un quelconque contrôle politique dans le nord.fch-mch/tm/barAFP /AA1234/131045 MAI 96A. F. P. - Agen(e Fronte Prelle- A. F.P. - .Agen(eFron(e Presle- A.F. P. - Agente Fronte Prelle- A.F. P. - Agente Fronte Prelle-A. F.P. - Agente Fron(e Prelle- A. F.P. - Agen(e Fronte Presse-32

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkish Daily News - WEDNESDAY, May 15, 1996,Newlnquiryln AnkaraAdds Twist toCiller's WoesComplied by Our Staff Fmm DispatchesANKARA - Prosecutors opened aninvestigation Tuesday into a man whoboasted that he had duped then-PrimeMinister Tansu Ciller into giving himmoney from a government fund.The incident surfaced Monday eveningwhen a television station ran an .interview with a man they identified asSelcuk Parsadan.Mr. Parsadan said he received$71,000 after calling Mrs. Ciller on behalfof a retired army chief and promisingto encourage 30,000 residents qfan Istanbul district to support her TruePath party.Mr. Parsadan already is being tried anembezzlement charges in two separatecases, the prosecutor's office said. Hefaces up to 27 years in prison if convictedon all charges. In addition, the policeissued an arrest warrant for him for eludinga subpoena to testify in the trials. .Mrs. Ciller's executive secretary,Akih IstanbulIu, acknowledged that Mr.Parsadan was given the money. but contendedthat he was supposed to use it toform an association to promote theideals of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, thefounder of modem Turkey. .Mrs. Ciller faces two corruption inquiriesin Parliament. They were instigatedby the Welfare Party, whichwon the December elections but wàsunable to form a government, andbacked by lawmakers in the MotherlandParty of Prime Minister Mesut Yilmaz.The investigations threaten to endMrs. CiIler's political future, and theyput the future of the rightist coalitionbetween True Path and Motherland indoubt.(AP. AFP)• Court Rules on Confidence VoteThe constitutional court ruled Tuesdaythat a confidence vote won in March byTurkey' s new government was invalid,but that the shaky coalition should remainin place, Reuters reported from Ankara."We have decided nine votes againsttwo to annul the Parliament decisionabout the vote of confidence," said thecourt's chairman, Yekta Gungor Ozden.He said the Il members of the courtvoted unanimously to reject a proposalby Welfare to invalidate the governmentitself. He made no further comment.Amnesty International:Even the children aretortured in TurkeyTurkish Daily NewsANKARA- Amnesty International,which is currentlytouring the country introducingits actIvities to the Turkish publie,held their second meeting,in Ankara on Monday evening.The meeting, similar to theone held in Istanbul lastSaturday, introduced to aTurkish audience speakers fromthe United States, China andMorocco, who spoke on humanrights abuses in their own countrIes.Carsten Jurgensen. anAmnesty researcher and experton Turkey, told the Anatolianews agency that there existedsystematic and extensive torturein Turkey, and that even childrenwere tortured."The remand period inTurkey is very long and thismakes it easier for incidents oft-orture to take place. this isbecause the long time periodallows the marks of torture disappear,"Jurgensen toldAnatolia.Referring to the incidents inManisa, where high school studentswere tortured by police.Jurgensen said that torture wassomethine that people talkedabout wIthout even beingshocked."Even the deputies openlyadmit that children were torturedin Manisa," he stressed."I kno~' that there are a numberof uprieht prosecutors whotry to re\"eaTinCIdents of torture.However. doctors are afraid togive reports on torture,"Jurgensen said.Jurgensen. who also acknowledgedthat Amnesty faced manyobstacles in their research inTurkey. said at the meeting inIstanbul that Amnesty's formerresearcher for Turkey wasdeported and that it's currentresearcherentering.was barred fromThe Amnesty dele,gation willtravel to Mersin todav. wherethe\' will hold their lasi meetineat the ChamberAuditorium.of CommerceEuropean Human RightsCommission takes upcase of Münir CeylanTurkish Daily NewsANKARA- The individual application made byMünir Ceylan, the former chief of the Petrol-l~ laborunion, has been accepted by the European Commissionon Human Rights.Ceylan was sentenced to eight months in jail and afine of TL 100,000 in 1993 for a column he wrote inYeni Ülke, a newspaper which was closed down subsequently.Ceylan applied to the commission, saying Turkey hadviolated the articles of European Declaration of HumanRights on freedom of expression.The commission announced that the case would betaken up, the Anatolia news agency reported fromStrasbourg.33

. .Court rejects KIZllkan's demand for releasestop his dismissal. During the farewell party forHatipoglu his wife was given lavish giftS.It IS claimed that Ku.ilkan' s arrest is linked tothis farewell party. During his speech at theparty, KlzIlkan is claimed to have said thatHatipbglu's performance was appreciated by thepeople and that his dismissal would be a wrongstep. KIzllkan also reportedly urged initiativesfor a {lfaceful solution to the Kurdish question. Itis c1é1.1medthat such statements were receivedcoldly by the emergency rule region deputy governorand other bureaucrats at tlie party.According to the allegations, the first link in thechain of events leading to K1ZIlkan' s arrest hasforged at KIZllkan's speech to the farewell party.KlZllkan' s defenders say that charges thatK1z1lkan had a bomb in a house only 30 metersfrom the regionaloffice of the NationalIntelligence Organization (MlT) do not soundreasonable. PeoI'le close to KIZIlkan claim thathis arrest is merely a police set up., .~ ~~\}~'-> ~I~'->~~....~~I~~~"0"'S~>>.:l....~~.~~$:i~~ItJ~~ c::s~~;p"l~~I~ '->....~a:~ ~.I.JJ~Turkish Daily News - WEDNESDAY, May 15, 1996Human RightsBy Sinan YllmazTurkish Daily Ne"llsANKARA- A state security court inDiyarbaku has rejected an appeal by Dr.Seyfettin KlZllkan, who is charged with having abomb and weapons at his house, for his releasefrom prison. Attorney Sezgin Tannkulu said thatthe office of the prosecutor had prepared anindictment against KlZllkan, the chél.1rmanof theDoctors' Association and the chief doctor of theSocial Insurance Hospital in Diyarbakir.Tannkulu said that the case would be heard atState Security Court No.4. The date of the com.mencement of the trial has not yet been set. Ithas been claimed that the police operation whichled to the arrest of K.1ZIlKanwas a simple plot.KlZllkan's wife, his attorney and his colleaguesclaim that charges of the existence of bomb andweapons at KlZllkan' s house are the result of apolice set up.Police officers earlier said that they had actedon à tip and discovered a primed bomb and twopistols in KlZllkan's house. KlZllkan's supportershave made various counterclaims. Policemenwent to KlZllkan's house on May 5, 1996 tosearch the house. Nuray KlZllkan, KlZllkan' swife, claims that policemen searched the housetwice.She says that they asked her to accompanythem on the second search during which theywent to the balcony where they found a plasticbag containing a bomb, weapons and variousorganizational documents.She also says that although some of the offi.cers had run away when the policemen makingthe search warned that the bomb was ready to gooff, others took the plastic bag calmly and left iton the table in the hall before summoning abomb disposal expert. KlZllkan says that it wasstrange mat the bomb expert policemen enteredthe hall after only one our two minutes. It isclaimed that the two pistols - one belonging toSeyfettin KlZllkan and the other to his brotherRemzi KIZIlkan - are licensed. Remzi KIZlIkanis claimed to have been out of the house and tohave told police where his weapon was and thathe had a license to carry it. Remzi KlZllkanclaims that the police have lost his license.Dr. KIZIlkan was arrested by the state securitycourt on May 7 after he was taken into custodyand sent to Diyarbaku prison.: Following hisarrest, State Minister Ali Talip Ozdemir issued astatement saying that there had been complaintsagainst KlZIlkan and that Governor D04anHatipo~lu, who was later removed from his post,wante{ to dismiss him. This statement was laterdenied. Hati~glu is also claimed to have visitedthe Doctors Association before he was sackedand to have written a thank-you letter toKIZlIkan.Hatipoglu's removal from hispost shockedDiyarbaklf. Organizations and people withdiverse political views launched a campaign to...

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiLE MONDE / JEUDI16 MAI 1996/3L'investituredu gouvernement turca été invalidéeLa tension s'accroît au sei.n de la coalitionISTANBULde notre correspondanteDéjà secouée par les accusationsde corruption portées contreMmeTansu Ciller,la coalition gouvernementaleen Thrquie a encaisséun nouveau coup dur mardi14mai. LaCour constitutionnelle aen effet annoncé que le vote deconfiance accordé, en mars, augouvernement par l'assemblée nationalen'est pas valide. Selon laConstitution, la coalition du Partide la Mère patrie (ANAP) et duParti de la juste voie (DYP)auraitdO obtenir la majorité des votesdes députés présents au Parlement.Ce chiffre n'avait pas été atteint,en raison de l'abstention de80 députés du Parti démocratiquede gauche (DSP), présents dans lasalle mais qui n'avaient pas voulus'exprimer.Cette décision, qui a semé laconfusion à Ankara, s'ajoute à plusieurssuccès remportés récemmentpar les islamistes du Refah.Arrivésen tête des élections de décembre1995,mais écartés du pouvoirpar le mariage forcé des deuxpartis de centre droit que sontl'ANAPet le DYp,les islamistes savourentleur vengeance. En forçantl'ouverture de deux enquêtescontre l'ancien premier ministreTansu Ciller,ils ont déclenché unecrise de confiance au sein du gouvernement,au point que le dialogueentre les deux partenairessemble être limité à un échanged'insultes et d'accusations par l'intermédiairede la presse.Deux nouvelles affaires sont venuess'ajouter aux accusationsportées contre MmeCiller: selon lapresse turque, elle aurait retiré6,5 millions de dollars d'un fondssecret à la disposition du premierministre quelques jours seulementavant de quitter le gouvernement.Elle aurait également versé71000 dollars à un personnage peurecommandable qui s'était faitpasser pour un général à la têted'une fondation kémaliste. Le partide MmeCiller prépare unecontre-attaque contre les islamistes,à propos de l'affaire SuleymanMercumek, condamné pouravoir détourné des fonds, récoltésau nom du Refah pour la Bosnie.Des spéculations sur l'origine de lafortune considérable du dirigeantislamiste Necmettin Erbakan et desa famille ont également fait la« une » des grands quotidiens.La coalition, qui semblecondamnée à moyen terme, a étéjusqu'à présent maintenue en vieartificiellement. Ses deux dirigeants- le premier ministre MesutYilmaz et Tansu Ciller- espèrentaugmenter ainsi leurs chances deréélection lors des congrès deleurs partis respectifs et limiterl'érosion des voix lors des électionsmunicipales partielles du2 juin.La décision de la Cour constitutionnellevient pourtant de remettreen cause cet inconfortablestatu quo. Elledevrait entraîner unnouveau vote de confiance au Parlement.Mais vu les relations tenduesentre les partenaires, il pourraitse révéler difficile,à moins queles deux partis ne parviennent à unnouvel accord.Nicole Pope35

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin OzetiTurkish Daily News - WEDNESDAY, May 15,1996. . . . . ...•.••.....extended with 'some modificationS' •.....US expects ProvideCôîïlforf> ...... . . .'.', '. .' '. ".::~.;',:;,{ ..t....'. >"., , By Ugur AkInCI Won't listen to Saddam '\ ; , , .", Turkish Daily News The TDN asked the seni~~ '9fficial whatbis resp'onS~ \V~ .c,< ",WASHINGTON- A senior U.S. State Department official, ,tl.> B~ghdad's stronj oppsll!pnt~l;herecent :rurlôsh ~-: :"toId'the TDN ~at he expects O~rati~n Provide Comfo~ to " sion mto norther:n.Iraq m hotpursult of Kurdîstan 'Yor!c~' 'be extellded with ,"some modIfications.". The operatlon, Party (PKK) IIl1htants, ':1'hat'sto~' h.~the officlalsatd.~' >,, which is up for extension by the Turkish Parliament in June, ..Saddam Hussein has given Up,bis ri t toobject during the ",' ,, . is expectea to be an agenda item during the talks Turkish' ,Gulf War,.by bis trealn!ent oI the dsin spr4i~ of 1991,:,......':,. Forçlgn!~m;i~i¥.}.i~~!iJ!~~;~Minister Emre Gönensay and Defense Minister..Do~;z';~!li~~fi},when ~e tne~ to exte~~~rp~, Ile .~.C9mplam..YI,~'~

Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin OzetiA.F.P. - &gelKe FralKe Presse-A.F.P. - &ge1KeFIDIKePresse-A. F.P. -. Filii Presse-A.F.P. -1getKe Frallle Presse-A.F.P. -lgetKe FIDIKePresse-A.F.P. - AgeIKe F. Presse-A.F.P.A.F.P.ECF0148 4 F 0610 TUR /AFP-II02Eco.Turquie : L'opposition islamiste paralyse le gouvernementpar Hervé COUTURIERANKARA, 16 mai (AFP) - L'opposition islamiste est parvenue à paralysertotalement la fragile coalition de droite au pouvoir en Turquie et vientpeut-être de lui porter un coup fatal, deux mois seulement après saformation.C'est sur un recours du parti islamiste de la Prospérité (Refah),premier parti d'opposition, que la' Cour constitutionnelle a annulé mardi levote de confiance obtenu en mars par le gouvernement de Mesut Yilmaz, leplongeant dans l'incertitude quant à sa survie.Les plus hautes autorités de l'Etat, le président SuleYman Demirel, leprésident de l'Assemblée Mustafa Kalemli et M. Yilmaz, ont estimé qu'il,n'était pas juridiquement nécessaire pour le gouvernement de solliciter denouveau la confiancerétroactive.du Parlement, la décision de la Cour n'étant pasTout le monde n'est pas de cet avis et la majorité des observateursestiment que d'un point de vue moral et politique, le gouvernement nepourra éviter de demander à nouveau la confiance."La morale dit: vote de confiance", titrait ainsi le quotidien YeniYuzyil jeudi, un avis que partageaient la plupart des éditorialistes.L'éventualité d'un nouveau vote de confiance pose directement laquestion de la poursuite de la coalition. Celle-ci, formée entre le partide la Mère Patrie (ANAP) de M. Yilmaz et celui de la Juste Voie (DYP) del'ancien Premier ministre Tansu Ciller, rivaux traditionnels et qui sedétestent,être tentéestd'yen proie auxmettre fin.dissensions et l'un des deux partenaires peutAucune décision ne sera probablement prise avant la publication auJournal Officiel des attendus de la Cour constitutionnelle, qui peutprendre deux semaines, voire un mois.Pendant ce temps, on ne peut attendre du gouvernement aucun travaild'importance, ce qui ne fera que perpétuer une situation déjà constatée parde nombreux observateurs.Depuis sa mise en place le 6 mars, le cabinet Yilmaz n'a pas réaliségrand chose, à l'exception de l'adoption d'un budget pour le reste del'année.Le programme des privatisations que M. Yilmaz voulait relancer n'a pasavancé d'un pouce. Une délégation du Fonds Monétaire Internationalactuellement à Ankara pour discuter d'un nouveau crédit stand-by à la,Turquie et de lades bureaucratessituation économique générale en està défaut d'interlocuteurs politiques.réduite à rencontrerLa cause principale de cet immobilisme est l'obstruction systématique duRefah, qui "domine totalement le calendrier politique" du pays depuisplusieurs semaines, comme le constate jeudi un éditorialiste du quotidienCumhuriyet.Le parti islamiste occupe en effet l'emploi du temps du parlement endéposant motion sur motion contre Mme Ciller, qu'il accuse de corruption etveut faire compa+a~tre en haute cour. Il a réussi à faire adopter deux deA.F.P. -lgeIKe FralKe Presse-A.F.P. - AgeIKe FralKe Presse-A.F.P. -lgelKe FralKe Presse-A.F.P. - Agenœ Frallle Presse-A.F.P. -lgeIKe FralKe Presse-A.F.P. - &ge1Ke FralKe Presse-37

Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - A~enteFrontePresse-A.F.P. - AgeoceFroocePrasse-A.F.P. - AgeoceFroocePresse-A.F.P. - AgenteFrontePresse-A.F.P. - ~elKe FrolKePresse-A.F.P. - A~enteFron[ePressecesmotions, semant la zizanie au sein de la coalition, et affirme avoirencore sept à huit dossiers contre Mme Ciller.Mécontent d'avoir été écarté du pouvoir malgré sa victoire auxlégislatives de décembre dernier au 'profit d'une coalition laïque, il adéposé des recours devant la Cour constitutionnelle contre la façon donts'est déroulé le vote de confiance et a gagné. Il a ainsi infligé uncamouflet au reste de la classe politique, en lui donnant une leçon deConstitutio~. . ..Le Refah a aussi obtenu l'annulation, sur les mêmes basesconstitutionnelles, du vote qui avait reconduit l'autorisation de séjour enTurquie de la force multinationale "Provide Comfort" de protection desKurdes d'Irak, à laquelle il est farouchement:.opposé ..HC/jagAFP /AA1~34/161158 MAI 96A.F.P.A.F.P.FRS0365 41 014? IRK /AFP-PG07Irak-KurdesArrestation de 700 Kurdes à Kirkouk (nord de l'Irak), selonl'oppositionNICOSIE, 17 mai (AFP) - L'oppostion kurde en Irak a affirmé que lapolice irakienne avait arrêté le 13 mai 700 civils kurdes dans la ville deKirkouk (nord de l'Irak), à la limite de la zone contrôlée par Bagdad.Dans un communiqué reçu vendredi par l'AFP à Nicosie, l'Unionpatriotique du Kurdistan (UPK de Jalal Talabani), une des principalesformations de l'opposition kurde irakienne, précise qu'''un nombre trèslimité des 700 civils arrêtés ont depuis été relâchés et que les autres,soupçonnés d'entretenir des liens avecdes interrogatoires, sous la torture".l'opposition kurde, sont soumis àSelon le communiqué, "ces arrestations font partie des mesures deharcèlement et d'intimidationkurdes de Kirkouk".nab/elf/jsdécidées par Bagdad contre les habitantsAFP /AA1234/171421 MAI ~rA.F.P. - A~en[eFrontePrelle-A.F.P. - A~en(8FrontePr&lle-A.F.P..-:. A~enteFron[ePresse-A.F.P. - A~en(8FrontePresse-A.F.P. - A~en[eFrontePmse-A.F.P. - A~en(8FrontePrelSe-38

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiAmerican scientists defendhuman rights group in TurkeyBy Ulur AkInCITurkish Daily NewsWASHINGTON-The human rightscommittee of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement ofScience (AAAS) kicked off a campaignto protest the Turkish gavernment'scase against the Turkish HumanRights Foundation (TIHV)'s centersfor treatment of torture vi_.ln an action alert, dated May 14,1996, sent to. its members, AAAS mentianed.the indictment brought by theAdana chief prosecutor' s office againstDr;Tufan Köse and lawyer MustafaKlllnç, who both work for TIHV'sAdana center.Köse and Kihnç were tharged on'May 10 under Articles 526 and 530 ofthe Turkish Penal Code with "0p,eratingan unlicensed health center' and"negligence in denouncing a crime" -Quarrel between TllIV andForeign Ministry spreadsTurkish Daily NewsANKARA- The tension between theTurkish Human Rights Foundation (TIHV)and the Foreign Ministry worsened after theministry filed suit, claiming that the rrnv'streatment centers for torture victims were illegal.The rrnv issued a harsh response to thestatement by Foreign Ministry DeputySpokesman Nurettin Nurkan which said:"Rehabilitation and treatment centers are illegalas !J,O formal application was made."Yavuz Onen, chairman of rrnv, respondedthat the foundation was not under the controlof the Foreign Ministry but of the GeneralDirectorate of Foundations.At a press conference, Foreign Ministryspokesman Nurkan stated: "As there was noformal application, the rehabilitation andtreatment centers are nat legal. In civilizedcountries these centers are under the strictcontrol and management of the governmentOfficials will do wlla! is necessary."rrnv Chairman Onen responded to theseclaims in a written statement yesterday. Heindicated that the foundation had been treatingtorture victims at four centers and badhelped more than 2500 torture victims since1990. '1bere are three social service specialists,eight doctors, three psychiatrists ai1d two.medical secretaries worXing at the four centersand about 300 volunteer specialists whoare contributing. In civilized countries, govcrimescarrying a sentence of up to. sixmanths in prison and stiff fines.The prasecutor also asked afficialsof TIHV' s Adana center to turn avertheir patients' records to the court.Indictments similar to. these "arereportedly being prepared against theFaundation' s torture treatment centersin Ankara and Istanbul," AAASclaimed.AAAS recommended that its membersto. send faxes and letters to theTurkish government requesting the fallowing:"Drop all re9.uests for theFoundation' s medical files an thegrounds that they fall under the protectionaf doctor-patient canfidentialityestablished under the GenevaConvention;" and "Drop all chargesagainst the Faundation, a legal arganizationin Turkey which is duly registeredwith the autharities."emments are not autharized to maintain strict .controls but they undertake legal functionswithin the framework: af democratic c~~~tian in social duties," said Onen. The TUNchairman added: "It is' known that such centerscarry an their activities withaut beingpressured. We want to recall ance more thàtTUN is under the administrative and financialcantral of the General Directarate ofFoundatians, nat the Fareign Ministry. Ourfaundatian has been controlled re2UIarlr since1995 by this ~anization. TUN 00esri t bavea respansibillty to. infarm the FareignMinistry af the names af people who apply toaur centers. The ministry to whom we Ilavebeen sending our publicatians far six yearsdid.not make such a request"Önen claimed that ~urettin Nurkan hasbeen vialating the law by making accusationsand threatening statements in a field in whichhe is not authOrized. 'This is an effort to put~ure on the courts while the CB is ,gamgan. We want him to. explain by which aimand duty he called the information and securityunits to a meeting whose sole subject wasthe rrnv, and what kind af measures ~u.s were decided an at the meeting: saidÖnen. "If he considers himself authorized andresP.Onsible, we call an him to. reveal whatkin

-- ~Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiThrkish Daily, News - THURSDAY, May 16,1996Pro.PKK activist tobe released from jailDissenting Judge: Xulam ~has demonstrated abilityto obtain false travel.and other documentsTurkish Daily News~ ~ ~SHINGTON-, The ~ro-PKKactivist known as Kam Xulam ISexpect~ed to be released from jail in Los Angeles.on Wednesday following the revoking ofhis detention order by the U.S. Court ofAppeals in the District of Columbia.Xulam's trial for passport fraud will proceedas usual at a Los Angeles court.Xulam, who is arrested on April 12 for~btai?ing a passport by adopting theIdentity of an 18-month old baby, hasbeen referred to as "a PKK friend" byKurdistan )Vorkers' Party (PKK) leaderAbdullah Ocalan.As an officer of the American KurdishInformation Network (AKIN), Xulamwas a familiar figure around Washington,frequently showmg up to CongressIOnaltestimonies and think-tank conferences tocondemn the Turkish government's anti-PKK policie.s. During Pres!~e~tSüleyman Demlrel's Washmgton VISitmMarch 1996, Xulam was seen leading agroup of Kurdish protesters and carrymgthe PKK flag.In the decision to revoke the pretrialdetention order, two appeal court judges(Wald, and Tatei) voted for it whileJudge Ginsburg voted against.In his dissent statement, JudgeGinsberg said, "Why my colleagues takeit upon themselves to become advocates'for the defendant - who is zealouslyrepresented by counsel of his own - is amystery to me.". .In describing the reason to releaseXulam, judges Wald and Tatel describedXulam as "an international human rightsworker resident in the District ofColumbia for over three years and a wellknownand admired member of thenational human rights community."Maximum six monthsIf convicted, Xulam is likely to face amaximum sentence of six months underfederal sentencing guidelines, and not tenyears as suggested earlier by U.S. StateDep,artment deputy spokesman. '.~.In' every category mentioned.in::~é. statue; this appellant was a primt'eändkdate for release," 'lhe judges said andmentioned that he was charged with anonviolent crime, had no prior criminalrecord, he was employed and "had a widecircle C?frespected acquai.ntances an.dclosé fnends m the commußJty who testIfiedas to his 'spiritual' and 'mtellectual'integrity." Judges Wald and Tatelthought that the government did not satisfy"ItS burden of showing a risk of.fIi ht." . .. ~iven the fact thai Xulam is committed"to advocating his Kurdish cause inthe United States," he would not flee"since the only way he can pursue that,cause is ~ublicly, Withinthe human rights,commumty, and disappearing or fleeingwould render him permanently impotent'in' that respect," the judges argued,They also repeated the assurancesSister Patricia Krommer and Mrs.. Kathryn Cameron Porter (wife of Rep.John Porter) gave at the D.C. DistrictCourt to make sure that Xulam wouldindeed appear at the court after his'release. Mrs. Porter even offered to give. Xulam a room at her home. .Immense harm"In view of the immense harm to theirreputation that Sister Krommer and Ms.Porter would suffer if the appellant were'to flee and the appellant's offer that hewould comply with any coaditions ofrelease imposed upon him, the governmentfailed to provide by a preponder- .ance of the evidence that 'no condition or, combination of cO'nditions' would 'reasonablyassure' the appellant's appearancein court," the judges argued. Notingthat "there is !l0 outstanding deportationorder again.s~' Xulàm, ,tbe judges neyer-theless noted that even If Immigrationand Naturalization Service (INS) wantedto detain Xulam it cannot keep him incustody for more than 48 hours. "The. fact that a detainer has been lodged does., not mean that appellant necessarily willbe taken into custody by the INS if,. released by this court."Ginsburg's dissentIn his dissent, Judge Ginsburg arguedthat the INS' inclinatIon to ~ursue Xulam,is "entirely irrelevant" to 'our respbnsibilityto assure that the defendant doesnot flee in contemplation of his possibledeportation. "After summarizing the way Xulam: changed his name three times since 1986,he reminded "because the defendant isapparently subject to deportation as anillegal alien - the INS has instituted aninvestigation and lodged a detaineragainst him - and has a demonstratedability to obtain false travel and otherdocuments, the government suggested'that the risk he would flee is sufficiently,high that he should be detained pending,trial." .Leap of faithGinsburg reminded that the witnesses'familiarity with Xulam was superficial."They did not know his name, othernames he has used, where he is from and .where his family is... Nor did they knowhis immigration status ... Nothingin the'witnesses' testimony suggests that thedefendant would be amenable to sU'p'ervisionby any of them," Ginsberg said andasked: "Do my colleagues know some- 'thing that the District Court does not?"Referring to the "immense harm" thatXulam's failure to appear at court wouldcause to the reputation of SisterKrommer and Mrs. Porter, Judge. Ginsburg said "this is nothingmore thana leap of faith on the part of my colleagues."By revoking the detention order"unconditionally," the judges were givingXulam more than what he wantedsince "the defendant at least proposedthat he be released into the custody ofon.e of his two acquaintances," Ginsbergsaid.f40

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiThrkish Daily News - FRYDAY, May 17, 1996HADEP: Turkishinstitutions are notbased on democratic principles'The general politicaldeadlock in the countrycan only be solved bystopping the current war'Turkish Dailv Ne....sANKARA. The pro-Kurdfsh People's DemocracyParty (HADEP) whose party assemble convened onTuesday to discuss the latest political developments inth~ country has issued a press release ,tegarding its evaluatIOns.Referring to the recent ruling of the ConstitutionalCourt, that the vote of confidence received by the centerrightgovernment was invalid, HADEP said that the currentminority government no longer had a legal basis."This government, which was formed after early generalelectionsto ensure that the country overcomes thecrisis that it is in, failed to do any good like the previousones. Apparently, the general pohtical deadlOCKin thecountry can only be solved by stopping the current war,"the release said.ln reference to the current Parliament, HADEP saidthat it was negatively affected by a constitution which isthe product of a GOUp d'etat, the National SecurityCouncil (MGK) and otller powers.HADEP also stressed that Parliament had been formedby an electoral system which would never be used in ademocratic country.ln its evaluation of the May Day incidents, HADEPsaid that it was not the riots of "shanty youngsters" who"set cars on fire," "break windows" and "tread on tulips"as p'resented by the media and the supporters of,war.The media, by drawins attention to these incidents,aimed to prevent the Ilubhc from hearing the voices ofhundreds of people crying for peace and democracy. In away they have achieved their goal.However,this will not last forever. Sooner or later thepublic will know that the masses got angry once thepolice started shooting at them and three young peoplelost their lives," the release said.HADEP went on to say thai the masses had reachedthe breaking point becauSe of the military Courts, .leaderslike mafia fathers, inflation, torture, the lack of freedomof thought, unemployment, the unjust legal system in thecountry and inequality. "However, nobody wants to lakeall these into consideration when evaluating the May Dayincidents," the release added.Referring to the war b,etween the state and theKurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), HADEP said that certainpeople were exploiting this war for their financialgains and were trying to increase the tensions."Turkey should have to admit that it cannot achieveanything through bloodshed, and it has to adopt a democraticapproach to 'safeguard its citizens from beingharmecf by this war. It is a known fact that provocationwas used to try to bring an end the unilatenil cease-rrredeclared by the PKK," HADEP contended. Noting thatthe oppression against their party was continuing, ther:~lease said that HADEP Deputy Chairman OsmanOzçelik and Bingöl Provincial Chairman Niyazi Azakha~ bee.n taken into custody by police without any reasonbelOg gIven.In reference to HADEP's performances in the last generalel~ons, the release said that the party's potential~as defimtely far more than what it achieved in the electIons.41

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkish Probe May 17. 1996Focus on Human RightsMehmetAQar\ (\ \ ., IDanish Doctor at US Congress:'Mehmet Agar is Super Torturer'Turkish Minister of Justice and formerDirector General of Police Mehmet Agar wasaccused at the US Congress of being a "supertorturer."Dr. Inge Gerietke, a Danish expert on tortureand medical director of the InternationalRehabilitation Council for Torture VictimsORCT), testifying before the U.S. HouseSubcommittee on International Operations andHuman Rights, said that in Turkey torture wascarried out by the police. As the former chief ofTurkish police, she referred .to Mehmet Agar asthe "super torturer of Turkey."The hearing was conducted to call attentionto the trial in Adana of Turkish Human Rights'Foundation (TIHV) members on May 10. "TheIRCT was behind the foundation of [the TIHV]centers [in Turkey] and has a close collaborationwith our colleagues in Turkey concerningrehabilitation of torture victims," Genefke said.Turkish Police Chargedwith Killing JournalistForty-eight policemen have been charged inconnection with the death in police custody of a\ ;leftist journalist in a case that has stirred widespreadconcern at home and abroad.But human rights monitors are not hopefulthe court case will help reduce incidents ofpolice torture against journalists and others."A criminal case was opened yesterdayagainst the police," Yavuz Abbasoglu, chiefjudge at an Istanbul criminal court dealing withthe case, told. Reuters. "A date for the rusthearing will be set and a court assigned in thecoming days."Istanbul government officials ruled thepolice - protected from court cases under anantiquated law - could be tried. They namedseveral charges faced by the suspects, whichlawyers say carry jail sentences of up to 15years ..Even Children AreTortured in TurkeyCarsten Jurgensen, an Amnesty researcherand expert on Turkey, told the Anatolia newsagency that systematic and extensive tortureexisted in Turkey, and that even' children weretortured."The remand period in Turkey is very longand this makes it easier for incidents of tortureto take place. This is because the long timeperiod allows the marks of torture disappear,"Jurgensen told Anatolia.Referring to the incidents in Manisa, wherehigh school students were tortured by police,Jurgensen said that torture was something thatpeople talked about without even beingshocked. "Even the deputies openly admit thatchildren were tortured in Manisa," he stressed."I know that there are a number of uprightprosecutors who try to reveal incidents of torture.However, doctors are afraid to give reportson torture," Jurgensen said.Police Continue to'Shoot to Kill'Anti-terrorism police officers shot dead a 17-year-old in Alibeyköy.A group of youths including 17-year oldlrfan Agda9 were distributing the leftist weeklymagazine Kurtulu~" when the officers, in anunmarked car, sought to arrest them. Thegroup resisted arrest and tried to escape whenthe officers,.in civilian clothes, opened frre.. Agda~.was hit by two bullets from behindand was taken to Eyup Hospital, where hedied.Later in the evening, police arrested threeof those distributing the magazine.Kurtulu~ denounced the police behavior as atypical "summary execution," emphasizing thatin the first place their attempt to arrest the distributorsof a legal publication was unlawful.The Human Rights Association (IHD)protested the incident calling it a violation ofthe essential "right to live." The lHD statementsaid "we demand that the murderers of IrfanAgda~ be brought to justic~ immediately."342

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti..10 Turkish Probe May 17, 1996Wars Without Rules on Secret FundThe accusations against former PrimeMinister Tansu Ciller have been pilinf: up inrecent weeks. Beginning with a legedTOF~ and TEDAS wrongdoings, the accusationsagainst the leader of the True Path Party(DYP) currently slated to assume the PrimeMinistry on Jan. 1 now involve claims that Cillerhad misappropriated funds from secret funds.There IS a power struggle among factions vyingfor power which is being played out in the corruptioncharges. But this game does not have any rules,such as not hitting below the belt by publishing verysecret documents of the Turkish Republic in thedaily papers. Such ploys humiliate the target, andopen the way to further humiliation by promptingdenials of facts which will be subsequently proven.This method is seen in all great secret fund scandals,which accumulate to precipitate a state crisisby targeting figures of opposing factions and parties.This kind of operation playsfor keeps, seeking to finish offthe victim's politicallife.The public watches a newpart of this game with surprise:that is a debate on thesecret fund spending whichtargets the former prime minister.This debate remindsobservers of a similar event inrecent history, in which thestarring role was taken by formerIstanbul Governor HayriKozak£.lo~'lu in the place ofTansu viller.The date was September of1993. The daily mass circulationnewspaper Milliyet, whichwas featuring scandaloussecret accounts of IstanbulGovernor KoZakÇlOg-Iu, said onSept. 8 that "behind this conflict,there is secret fightingbetween President SüleymanDemirel and PM Tansu Cilleras well as conflict between twoopposing cadres - those ofIstanbul Governor .HayriKozakpoglu and IstanbulPolice Chief Necdet Menzir onHayriKozakçloOluthe one side and, GeneralHead of Security Mehmet Agar~nd super-governor of the emergency rule regionUnal Erkan on the other."Milliyet described the event as a "civil war withinthe state." At the time in question, fonner supergovernor Hayri KozakÇlo~luwas Istanbul governor,after which he turned the office over to ünal Erkan.According to the claim, which was also supported byKozakçloglu himself, Kozakpog-Iu and the front ofhis powerful friend Necdet Menzir were supportedby PresidentD~mirel, and the opposite front of Mehmet Agarand Unal Erkan was supported by Prime MinisterCiller.That being so, new super-governor Erkanexposed his bitter political enemy KozakÇloglu'ssecret misdealings, leaking to the press thatKozakçlO~luhad transferred TL 2 billion to Istanbulbefore leaving from emergency rule region. Themoney was sent to governor of emergency ruleregion by the United Nations to be spent for the careof KUrdish refugees.Kozakpo~lu cl'aimed that he had already spentTL 2 bilbon for Kurdish refugees from differentfunds before the United Nations sent the money, sothat when the U.N. money arrived that money \\!asput back to the fu~ds. According to him, the claimwas suggested by Unal Erkan, who had wanted tobecome Istanbul governor in his place.But in the following days journalists discoveredother bank accounts of KOZakÇlOg-Iu's amounting toTL 7 billion, and the debate led to crisis of state. Asquestion followed question, an investigation wasmounted to determine if there had been any corruptionor not. But at that point President Demirelstepped in, explaining that the TL 7 billion in questionwas sent to KozakçlO~lu by him while he wasprime minister from a secret fund for securityspending.Had Demirel himself notintervened on the beleagueredpolitician's behalf, according tomost informed observers Cillerwould have replacedKozakçlOg-lu and police chiefMenzir with Erkan and Agar.As a result, PresidentDemirel's intervention preventedKozakÇlog-lufrom beingfinished off, and all the opposingparties of this little contretemps- KozakçlO~lu andMenzir on the one siae and,Agar and Erkan on the other- retreated to fight anotherday.History repeats itselfThere are striking similaritiesbetween this secret fundscandal of the past 'and thepresent one. First of all, bothK/)zakpo~lu and Ciller werehit unawares with publicizedallegations of unauthorizedspending from secret slushfunds, and pronounced themselvesshocked, shocked to findthemselves so charged. Thenature of the secret fundallows it to not be recorded or accounted for, accordingto the Article 77 of the General AccountancyLaw which says that "The secret fund spending forsecret intelligence defines security and benefits ofthe state and aims of governmeJ,lts. It is left to thePrime Minister's discretion to record the spendingand accounts of the fund, and hand over to the nextprime minister." .But this law also includes prohibition of spendingsecret funds for such purposes as "the PM andhis family's personal needs and for political party'sadministrative and election needs." The secret fundbudget increàsed dramatically between 1987 and1996, from TL 536 million to TL 6.1 trillion. Ciller isthe record spender, disbursing TL 234 biflion in1994 and TL 610 billion in 1995. This spending isalso the highest in dollar tenns.M.AkifBeki43

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti12Turkey: TheTurkish Probe May 17, 1996Mafia RepublicAlaattinÇaklcl,currentlywanted inconnectionwith themurder of hisformer wife,UQur Killç.The mafia, which justifies its crimes by claiIIiing>'~. to defend the weak and]loor pe~le of Turkey,\; has many branches in Turkey. The reality is,,:,:' that some of those branches have diverged'l,.,f from the streets and, like a cancer or virus,.t have entered into the organs of the state.itself, thus giving the mafia far greater.opportunities to garner wealth'1' .Ue mafia: The name appears behind the debt-collectioncrimes, the cases of impropriety and scandals thathave been gaining greater prominence in the media.and in the courts over the last few last years.Turkey, accustomed to living under the threat of coups d'etat,living with governmental failings and bureaucratic weaknesses,has begun to understand the severity of a new problem in society-the mafia.Claims about senior state representatives and their staffbeinginvolved in irregularities have been dominating the headlines.Does the mafia, whose name is repeatedly mentioned in rumors,work with the representatives of the state? Or are 'the representativesthemselves a part of the mafia? For many Turkish people themafia, and the undennining of society that it represents, is one of the.greatest problems facing the country today.What is the mafia? Who are its members? What kind of power isbehind it? How far has its reach extended? What do mafia memberseat, drink, wear? How do they earn their money? What are the differencesbetween the Turkish mafia and its counterparts in the rest of theworld?Today, Turkey accepts the reality of the existence of the mafia in all itsforms and acknowledges the trillions of lira that it sucks out of the economy.The mafia itselfhas become part of the living tissue of the country.The Street MafiaThe street mafia, made up of people calling themselves külhanbeyler(roughnecks) who started to appear in numbers in Istanbul in the 1930s, isknown today as the "gang." The street mafia, which once was thought to earnits money through courage and power, now attacks houses and work placesand even commits mass crimes in groups of up to 100 people.So how does Qne become a member of the street mafia? The major requirementis to be ruthless enough to kill a man without hesitation. The gang will notaccept a new member unless he is close to one of its members who will vouch forhim. First of all, the new member is given routine duties such as making tea,cleaning the gang's headquarters, driving the car. If he is able to adapt himselfto the gang, he will be assigned a real mission. The first thing that he will becalled upon to do is to kill someone. Since the gang would not risk the possibilityof one of its experienced men going to prison, the new young membersare used in these cases, taking the risk of imprisonment if arrested. Amember of the street mafia has to spend some time in prison, otherwise hedoesn't earn the respect of his criminal peers.The tesbihIer or worry beads of the gang members are their most characteristicaccessories. The quality of the tesbihIer, consisting of 33 beads, alsoshowthe worth of its owners. The most precious tesbihIer are those made of obsidianfrom Erzurum and embedded with gold or diamonds. His tesbih is the onlyl"44

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkish Probe May 17. 1996 13Engin Bayata, the gunman who killed Tevfik A~ansoy, who 't,orked as a mafioso for Alaattln Çakici until they had a parting ofthe ways.thing that a mafia member cannot neglect, Even indeath it plays a part, being placed on the coffin,The second thing in the life of a mafioso. one thatis as important as the tesbih. is drugs, yIembers ofthe Turkish mafia usually smoke hashish. A nel,"member has to know how to make a hashish cigarettè'called a "couple" or "trio," The hashish cigarettes thatare prepared by the new members are smoked by themore senior gang members during discussions. Thelong-established members of the criminal organizationsare especially recognized by their eyes. Theireyes are red and exhausted looking due to the hashishthat they so freely use, The older members, who hawbecome weakened by the continuous use of drugs.don't undertake "business" that necessitates greatphysical exertion.This is to say the street mafia members are generallyretired after they reach 30 years of age, Thesepeople have a very active life between 18-30, but agebefore their time and seem to be in their 50s whenthey are only 30.Their clothing is another distinguishing featureand is common to most gang members. In summerthey prefer to dress in clothes made of thin. brilliantlycolored materials, especially silken shirts decoratedwith flower pattens. Many have a taste for shoeswhich are sharply pointed with raised heels. Thissomewhat extravagant style of dress is complementedby the characteristic attitudes and behavior pattens ofmafia members, who like to play the part of the largerthan life "filnùand mobster."A preferred form of entertainment for gang membersis to send flowers to the singers at casinos and tomingle with the elite of the social and entertainmentworlds. Apart from their excessive drug use many liketo indulge in drinking whisky. And there is a greatdanger from wild gun shots once both the drugs andalcohol, so freely used, start to take their toll on temperand judgment.Mafia members prefer to marry when very youngand to ha,'e sons who l\ill follow in their criminal footsteps,Those "'ho become wealthy like to send theirchildren to pri,'ate colleges and even abroad to providethem with a good education. Despite being married, itis the accepted thing for mafio;;o to take a lover orlo,'ers. Thel' are not afraid to attend social events withtheir 101'ers. It is part of this male-dominated world~hat their "i,'es haw no right to object to this behav-IOr.What Do They Do?The mafia. which justifies its crimes by claiming todefend the weak and poor people of Turkey and not tomake money. has many branches in Turkey. The realitvis that some of those branches have moved fromthe streets and. like a cancer or \;rus, have enteredinto the organs of the state itself. thus giving themafia far greater opportunities to garner wealth.The street mafia earns moneyin the following ways:• Debt CollectionMembers of the mafia who are engaged in debt collectionintervene when there are problems in collectingmoney in the trade sector and are known for theirruthless methods. The underworld takes 50 percent ofthe amount that has to be collected as well as a paymentfrom the creditor to cover the gang's "expenses."So, for the collection of a debt, gang members get up totwo-thirds of the total sum of the money owed.The mafia members use the name of some powerfuland famous mafia leader with whom they are associatedto threaten their target in order to extractmonev. Should this threat be insufficient to motivatethe debtor to pay. the mafia resorts to violence andguns. They are in action every day and their activitiesare often featured in the newspapers, making themthe most well known branch of the mafia in the country.45

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti14, Turkey today accepts the reality of the existenceof the mafia in all its forms and acknowledges thetrillions oflira that it sucks out of the economy."The mafia itself has become part of the livingtissue of the country• Gambling ,The mafia was involved in gambling inTurkey long before the opening of the bigcasinos, which gave new life to an old profession.In the gambling world, wherehuge amounts of money circulate, mafiamembers are known by their ,wealth andtheir luxurious life styles., Members have invested their earningsin Switzerland and in the UnitedStates and are renowned for their dislikeof news of their activities appéaring in, the media. A mafia member who hearsthat his activities will be featured in thepapers or on radio or television is neverloath to use the threat of mafia intenoentionto kill the story. There is also a rumor that hugeamounts of money playa role when the threat ofmafia interventi,on is not effective enough.• Sale ofState-Owned LandThe mafia has branches 'W;thin the state agenciesin cities like Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa andAdana. It sells state-owned land to encourage thedevelopment of shanty towns and manages its businesswithout using guns. Members are known to beclose to the municipal representatives of their regionand are known for giving bribes.• Parking Lot OperationsA new mafia activity, stemming from the sale ofTurkish Probe May 17, 1996UQurKlllç,the l;laulilhterofDündar Klhçwho ISoftenconsideréd one ofTurkey's most imporIant mafia godfathers.She was allegedto have beenmurdered byAbdurrahman Keskinatthe instigationof'herformer, husbandAlaattiriÇaklcl,Dündar Klhç'sright-handman.state-owned land, which is most prevalent in the bigcities and run by migrants to the major centersinvolves parking lots. The occupation of the streetsby these people, their e~tortion of money from carowners, and their expanSlOn to nearly all the streetsof the big cities lead to ques.tions of whethe~ themunicipal officials and the pohce are also assocIated\\;th this branch of the mafia. Members of the parkinglot mafia don't hesitate to damage the cars ofthose who fail to give money. Car owners who lodgecomplaints with the authorities are ignored,strengthening the belief that the municipality and,police may be involved with organized crime .• Running ofTea Gardens and Market PlacesTea gardens and market places are dominated bythe famous names of the world of crime and are bigmoney earners. The mafia transforms e~ery emptylocation on the shores of the Bosphorus m Istanbulinto tea gardens or market plac~s without any le~allease. This branch of the mafia IS well known for ItSclose relations to officials at every level of government.These gang members are able to maintaintheir illegal way of life due to their friends in thegovernment and they determine the p~ices of theproducts in their marketplaces on theIr own. Forexample, the price of a cup of coffee in a tea garden\ùth a beautiful view can amount to TL 250,000. Thenonintervention of the municipal authorities againbrings to mind the same question. Are they partnersin crime?Abdurrahman Keskin, the gunman who killed U~ur Kilrç:hereportedly carried out the shooting at the behest of AlaattinÇaklcl, her former' husband who is on the run outside thecountry.• Inside InformationSome mafia members make their living byinforming people of state property that is to be puton sale or when bids are to be invited for a contractbefore it is officially announced. These people areusually elegantly dressed and fre9uently appear inofficial circles, caIT)ing on the busmess of theIr bosseswho do not appear in public. .They hold meetings wit~ members o~Parliament,ministers and bureaucrats m the luxUrIous hotels ofAnkara and especially like to take part in the constructionof highways and plaza buildi~gs as well .asof the parking lots and gardens belongmg to the CItymunicipalities.'046

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkish Probe May 17, 1996 15Ahmet Ozal. who has been implicatedin connectionwith the Engin Civan scandal in which Ul)urKIIrÇ,Dündar KIIrÇand Alaattin Çaklcl werereportedly involved.Engin Civan, who is believed to have escaped abroad although prohibitedfrom leavingthe country,after he completeda prison sentence. He was convictedof takinga bribe whilegeneral manager of Emlakbank.Hiscrimecameto lightwhen he was shot, supposedlyat the instigationof DündarKlhç.• Inside the Judicial SystemThere is a rumor that various branches of organizedcrime are also interfering with Turkey's judicialsystem. Their influence on some lawyers andjudges concerning serious cases of corruption orcases concerning famous families and their interestshave been receiving muchattention in the media of late.ing to its ranks many young people who are attractedto the potentials of a life of crime due to the lack ofopportunities in the work place and the inadequateeducational system that offers little hope of gainfulemployment for many. The mafia's activities appearattractive to the young and enrich those who becomeinvolved in them.In a society where the acquisitionof wealth is becoming• Obtaining Visas more of a central focus forActive in the streets where many, especially the young, theforeign embassies and con- mafia is a heaven-sent fastsulates are located, these track to the goals to which theymafiosi help obtain visas for aspire. In a country where theTurkish citizens to allow them population has the impropritoenter countries that demand eties of the rich and powerfulvisas. These members approach paraded before it daily in thepeople who want to get a visa, media, where corruption is seenask them to follow the proce- as an acceptable way of life,dures they outline, and give where crime and injustice areguarantees to them that they seen to go unpunished andwill receive the required docu- indeed rewarded, is it any wonmenta.der that the ranks of the mafiaThe charge varies according are being swollen by eagerto the country; they can ask recruits?DM 2000 for Germany and Members of organized crime$3000 for the United States. A are known for their blindperson who enters into an courage and willingness to takeagreement with the mafia payshalf of the sum in advance and.. .Dundar Klhç,.whose name cropped ~p In theany risk. They do not fear beingkilled and do not quit their jobthe rest after he or she gets the Emlakba!,kbnbery scandal and who IS!eport- until the end of their lives. Thevisa. :~t~t::~nvOIVed Inany number of mafia-type mafia is a way of life ratherThey are frequently robbed than a way of making money,by the mafia member who can easily disappear after and it is a way of life that is being adopted by moretaking the money. and more people in Turkey. We will see in the com-The mafia is expanding its activities throughout ing days how successful Prime Minister Mesutsociety in order to strengthen its hold on the econo- Yllmaz will be in keeping his promise to eliminatemy and on power and has become a reality that has the mafia.to faced. The mafia is developing daily and is draw-HakanAslaneli47

Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiSaturday; May 18,1996Turkish Dally NewsYllmaz discusses EUand Kurds in BonnTurkish Daily News .BONN- Prime Minister Mesut Yllmaz met with GermanPresident Roman Herzog and Chancellor Helmut Kohl on Fridayto express Turkish concerns about bottlenecks in Turco-EuropeanUnion ties and Ankara's concerns about the outlawed KurdistanWorkers' Party (PKK).Leaving behind a political crisis in Turkev, Yllmaz landed atCologne's airport. an aiTJ?OItspoke.smaD..$l!Ïd. His official programstarted Frida}'~. when he metChancellor Kohl, President RomanHerzog and other leaders.As YIlmaz went in for talks withKohl, two groups of demonstratorsheld .separate demonstrations, shout-. ingPKK slogans. Surrounded bytight security measures, they waitedfor one-and-a-half hours on the routewhich YIlmaz was supposed to take,but the prime minister arrivedatKohl~s office by another route.Talking to the press after his contactsin Bonn, Yllmaz said he hadheld useful talks.Indicating that they had touchedon all issues with Chancellor Kohl inan open and frank manner, Yllmazsaid that while Turkish-German rela-. .tions .appeared fragile on the surface. '. they' were based on very solid foundations..-Characterizing President Herzog'. as a statesman who has contributedg'reatly to the efforts to integrateTurks living in Germany intoGerman society, Yllmaz said he had.conveyed an invitation to visit.Turkey to Herzog from PresidentSuleyman Demirel. Referring to histalks with Chancellor Kohl, Yllmazsaid he had explained the securityconcerns of the two million Turksliving in Germany.- Yllmaz said that the majority ofTurks living in Germany legallywere there to stay and added thatthere wasa need for concrete steps tomeet the educational, economic and ..social needs of these people.yIlmaz went on to indicate that-Turkish-EU relations were the mostimportant item on the agenda of histalks with Kohl. He said he had -thanked the .Chancellor forGermany's continuing sUPl?ort for. Turkey's bid to forge closer tIes withthe E.U. "Now the unportant thing isReuters for the customs union between. TURKISH PM IN GERMANY- Turkish Prime Minister Mesut T k d th EUY,lmaz (L) and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl listen to national ur ey an e.. to be successful.anthems during a welcome ceremony. Turkey has fulfilled her obligations ..in this regard. The fact, however, thatthe customs union has not been putin force in all its facets because ofthe obstructions by Greece is unacceptable.I was pleased to observe..that Chancellor Kohl is of the same .opinion as us on this maner," Yllmazsaid. EU member Greece blocked a375 million ECU ($490 million) aidpackage to Turkey in March after thetwo countries nearly came to blowsin a dispute over deserted Aegean'islets. . .In an interview this week with aGerman newspaper, Yllmaz said hewould try to win support from areluctant Germany for Turkey's goalof joining the EU.He tofd the weekJy Die Zeit thatGerman opposition was the biggestbarrier to Turkey's plans for fun EUmembership, not objections thrownup by archrival Greece."Our goal is Turkey's full membershipID the. EU. We hear everywherethat Germany's attitude is thebiggest obstacle, not that of Greece,"Yllmaz said.Yllmaz explained at his press conferencein Bonn after his talks withHerzog and Kohl that he had made acall for peace with Greece on March24 and added that Turkey wants tonormalize its ties with Athens.Yllmaz said he had providedChancellor Kohl detailed iriformationabout his call for unconditional talkson March 24. He pointed out that thequestion of separatist terrorism bythe PKK and Turkey's Southeastproblem had become a determiningfactor in Turkish-German relationsfrom time to time. Before beginninghis first visit to Bonn as Turkey'sprime minister, Yllmaz told reportershe would convey his concern aboutthe outlawed PKK's activity inGermany."} will communicate to Germanofficials Turkey's unease about theterror organization PKK continuingits activities, despite being outlawedin that country (Germany):' he said.Around half a million Turkish Kurdslive in Germany out of a totalTurkish population of some 2.2 million.Yllmaz said at his press conferenceafter his contacts ID Bonn thathe had told Chancellor Kohl that adefinite distinction must be madebetween the PKK and Turkish citizensof Kurdish origin."The majority of citizens ofKurdish origin hving in Germanywant to live ID peace. But the PKK isusing a smalland militant element tocreate disturbances and disrupt publicorder in Germany" Yilmaz SaId.He went on to argue that the solutionto the Southeast question wasbased on retainin~ Turkey's unitary.nature and territonal integrity."Apart from anything else, this is aquestion of developing the individual'sdemocratic nghts in Turkey,"Yllmaz said. Yllmaz went on todeclare that there was a broad parityof views between the sides on theinternational and regional issues hehad taken up with Chancellor Kohl.Yilmaz flies back to Ankara today,where his minority government hasbeen rocked by a constitutional courtruling that its March vote of confidencewas illegal.48

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiFreedom House .survey:Turkish bureaucracy ispowerful and corruptLimited freedom: 'Wor~ers in the petroleum,security, and sanitation industries as well asteachers are prohibited from strîking'By U~ur Akme.turk:iiTa Daily NewsWASHINGTON-Freedom House, a 'nonpartisan,nonprofit organization devoted to thestrengthening of free societies,' in its annualsurvey of economic freedoms in 82 nationsaround the world, has confmned what manyTurks already know: "Corrupt practices withinthe (Turkish) bureaucracy are pervasive.", TheParlIament is currently looking into two corruptioncases brought against former primeminister Tansu Çiller. "The Turkish bureaucracyremains powerful and stale influence ispervasive," the survey also added.Turkey, with Greece, is classified as havinga "partly free" economy in Western Europe.Israel and Jordan are the "partly free"economies of the Middle East.There are no totally free economies inMiddle East. Three of Turkey's neighbors,(ran, Iraq and Syria, are classified as "notfree" economies by Freedom House. TheAzerbaijani economy also got a "not free"score in the same survey.Iraq, Syria and Azerbaijan also wereaccorded the dubious distinction of being onthe list of "the worst of the worst" for having;'total or near total absence of economic freedom."Burma, Iraq and North Korea aretermed "absolute worst of the worstthis year,"by Richard Messick, coordinator of theFreedom House survey.'A detailed analysis of Turkish economy' iscarried out in following categories. 'turing private property." Copyright piracy isstill a problem, comprising 20 percent of allrecorded music sales. The $150 fine for eachfraction and $2 fine for each impounded copyISnot enough according to Freedom House.• Freedom to earn a living.Score: 2 out of 3."Turkish éitizens 'are free to entehvhateveroccupation they' àrê' qualified fOI" âJ\d "wageSare set by market conditions." Turkish workersare free to form unions and bargain collectively.Unions are independent from the stateand political parties. But "workers in thepetroleum, security, and sanitation industriesas well as teachers are prohibited from striking."• Freedom to 0rrate a business.Score: 2 i)ut of •All sectors of the Turkish economy areope,n to private business and establishmg abuslßess IS not difficult for either domestic orforeign entities. Prices are not controlled bythe government. "Occasionally, bidders arefac~d with tenders being opened, closed,revised. and opened again over a period ofyears without a selection being made, causing'many complaints of bid-rigging."• Freedom to invest one's earnings.Score: 2 out of 3.":rur~ey is rapidly e~tablishing itself as amajor mternatlOnal fmance center in theMiddle East, although recent financial crises• Freedom to hold property.Score: ~ o~t of 3. . have somewhat tempered enthusiasm." Yet 60Ex~eptlß . the pro~mc~s where the gove!'"- percent inflation, fueled by high public-sector~~nt ISfighting Kurdish Insurgents ... Turkish , âebts, continues to be a problem.cltlzens.ar~ abre to 0'Ynproperty 3!ldthere are Turkish citizens are able to invest freelyno reslncl10ns on sellIng, transfemng or struc- abroad and hold foreign currency and secun-SAl1JRDAY, MAY 18,1996Turkish DaUy Newsties. As a malter of fact, "Turkish citizens's~vings acc~un~s are currently higher in foreigndenommatlons than in hra, the nationalcurrency,"• Freedom to trade internationally.Score: 2 out of 2.' ,"T~ere. are no export taxes or quotas ...Foreign mvestment laws are liberal andinvestors receive national treatment.Ho,,:ever,~all inco~inB foreign investmentsrequire pnor authonzation and licensing" - aprocess which is "routine and nondiscriminato.",?iurkey has f~w ca~ital controls and foreignexchange IS easily obtained. Travelabroad is unrestricted,"• Freedom from unreasonable governmentalint~rfere~ce in the economy.. TUFkeyIS m~~mg towards "full participalionID the EU. But the privatization dnvehas slo~e~ do,:,n. "Thirty-one enterpriseswere pnvatized m 1992 and only 17 in 1993.Currently, there are 41 major Slate EconomicEnte.rprises involved in everything from shoemakingand tea to mining and airlInes."'The Turkish bureaucracy remains powerfuland slate influence is pervasive. Slate sub.sidies to .agriculture and industry persist."Monopohes and cartels are not prohibited"though the new Companies Law makes sucharrangements illegal."• Freedom to participate in themarket economy. Score: lout df 2."In genef~l;' f.!I~ré;~e '~o 'legàl' barriers towo~en,or ~~ö1?tles, enterlng any occu~ation,ru~,mnga busmess, or owning property..Although Kurds who assirrulate and do not~glta!e for a separate cultural or linguisticId~ntlty gene~ally face lillie discrimination,the 1991 Anti-Terror Law has provided thegovernment with the means to jail harass orshut down businesses owned by ~yone ~hosupports the Kurdish separatist movement"the survey said.'"The legal system is functioning and contractualagreements are secure. Howeverobtai~ing and enforcing court orders in com~m.erclal mallers can take a long time. TheÇJller government has been rocked with severalcorruption scandals, and corrupt practiceswithin the bureaucracy are pervasive," theFreedom House survey concluded.49

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiBundeskanzler Kohl und Ministerpräsident Yilmaz schreiten die Ehrengarde ab. (Bild Reuter)Besuch des türkischen Regierungschefs in BonnDer Wunsch nach einer Aufnahme in die EU im MittelpunktDer türkische Ministerpräsident Yilmaz hat am Freitag der deutschen Regierung einenArbeitsbesuch abgestattet und bei seiner ersten Auslandsreise überhaupt Gespräche mit Bun-,despräsident Herzog, Bundeskanzler Kohl und Aussenminister Kinkel geführt. Im Dialog:mit den Bonner Verantwortlichen wie auch vor der Presse unterstrich er den Wunsch seines'Landes auf Vollmitgliedschaft in der Europäischen Union. Besonders gegenüber Kohl erläuterteer seine Pläne zur Lösung des Kurdenproblems im eigenen Land.ZurückhaltungKo. Bonn, 17. MaiDer türkische Regienmgschef Yilmaz hat am:Freitag der deutschen Regierung einen Besuch in,Bann abgestattet. Dabei war ihm nicht anzumer-,ken, dass sich in Ankara die Probleme innerhalbder Koalition zwischen Mutterlandspartei und der,Partei des rechten Weges häufen. Yilmaz wurdevon seinem Gastgeber, Bundeskanzler Kohl, mit~.en üblichen militärischen Ehren empfangen.\fuer zwei Stunden konferierten die Regierungs-'chefs miteinander. Vorher schon hatte YilmazBundespräsident Herzog, dIm er bei dieser Gelegenheitim Auftrag des türkischen PräsidentenDemirel ZU einem Staatsbesuchin die Türkei einlud,eine Höflichkeitsvisite abgestattet. Ein Ge-~präch mit Aussenminister Kinkel rundete denTerminkalender des Gastes ab.aut deutschèr SeiteSo sehr sich Yilmaz auch bemühte, für die Aufnahmeder Türkei als Vollmitglied in die EU zu'werben, so zurückhaltend blieben doch seine'Banner Gesprächspartner. Bundeskanzler Kohl~'setzte sich im Gespräch mit dem Gast aus Ankara'zwar ausdrücklièh für die volle Ums'etzung derZollunion der Türkei mit der Europäischen Unionein, weil sie den Wirtschaftsbeziehungen zwischenDeutschland und der Türkei einen weiterenAufschwUng verleihen könne. Kohl sprach aber.'darüber hinaus nur von seinem Interesse aneinem .weiteren Ausbau der Beziehung~n zwi-!sëheri der Türkei und der EU, «aufbauend auf derbestehenden Assoziierung und der Mittelmeer-.'politik der Europäischen Union»., Er vermiedjedenfalls jede Zusage im Blick auf die Vollmit-:gliedschaft. Yilmaz hatte demgegenüber immerwieder darauf hingewiesen, dass die Zollunion.nicht Selbstzweck sein dürfe, sondern von ihm''nur als Vorstufe zur späteren Vollmitgliedschaftbetrachtet werde. Die Türkei brauche schliesslich;eine Perspektive für alle ,die Opfer, die sie im Zu-;.sammenhang mit der Zollunion bringe'. Die Volhmitgliedschaft dürfe nicht ausgeschlossen bleiben.;, Äusserst scharfe Töne schlug Yilmaz vor derPresse gegenüber Griechenland an und berief sichdabei auch auf das Verständnis des deutschen13undeskanzlers. Er erneuerte in diesem Zusam-'fuenhang sein Verhandlungsangebot an Athen,'ünterstrich jedoch mehrfach, 'wie hoch der Schadensei, der durch die griechische Behinderung'der Zollunion entstehe. Die Türkei sei auch bereit'-sich einem Urteil des Internationalen Gerichtshofszu unterwerfen. Gleichermassen deutlich:ausserte sich Yilmaz zu den Beziehungen seinesLandes mit Syrien. Feindselige Haltungen, wie siein Syrien mit der Unterstützung der PKK zumAusdruck kämen, könne die Türkei nicht mehrlange tolerieren.Yilmaz' Gastgeber Herzog und Kohl hatten,ihrerseits die Kurdenfrage vorbehaltlos angesprochen.Kohl be~~)llte, keineswegs stelle Deutsch-50

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetiland' das Keqht der Türkeq~ Frage, den Tèrrorismllsùn rechtsstaatlichen Rähmen zu bekämpfen.Er betonte jedoch laut Angaben .des BonnerPresseamtes die Bedeutung der stnkten Beachtungder Menschenrechte in allen T~ilen der .Tür:kei. Dies sei wichtig auch fUr das BIld der Türkeiin der deutschen Öffentlichkeit.Heikle KurdenfrageYilmaz seinerseits versprach, die türkischeDemokratie weiter zu entwickeln und dabei je~licheDiskriminierung wie Privilegierung ethn.lscherGruppen auszuschliessen. Bei Herzg'Ylebei Kohl sah er, in der Kurdenfrage vordnnghchjedoch ein ökonomisches und soziales Proble~,das er jetzt mit Beschäfti~\mgs~assnahmen mSüdostanatolien angehen Will. Semen deutschenGastgebern empfahl Yilmaz wiederholt, str~ngzwischen der terroristischen PKK und der breitenMehrheit friedlicher Kurden zu unterscheiden. Erermahnte die deutschen Spitzenpolitiker, die Integrationvon Türken in Deutschland z~ erleic~te~.Zugleich beklagte er die fehlende SI~herhelt furseine Landsleute in der Bundesrepubhk. Aus dem~aï1fréramt .nahm er dar~ufltin die Versicherung!jüt,dass die BundesregIerung alles ~n werde,Ibn die in Deutschland leben~en Turke~. un~deren Einrichtungen vor Übergnffen zu schutze~,cine Änderung der Politik gegenüber der I?~utschland seit drei Jahren verbotenen terronstischenPKK sei nicht geplant. Yilmaz nanntedas deutsch-türkische Verhältnis zwar empfindlich,es stehe aber auf einer stabilen Grundlage.Der Ministerpräsident. der in Köln studierte undfliessend deutsch spricht, verabschiedete sich mit{ler türkischen Redewendung, wer einen wahrenFreund habe, brauche sich vor nichts mehr zufürchten. Seine Gespräche mit Kohl seien llusserst,plltzlich g~wesen.LE MERIDIONAL - 18 mai 1996700L'oppostion ~de en Irak a affirmé que la police irakienneavait arrêté le 13mai 7oo civils kurdes dans la'villede Kirkouk (nord de l1rak), à la limite de la zone contrôléepar Bagdad. Dans uri communiqué reçu hier par l'AFP àNicosie, l'Union patriotique du Kurdistan (UPK de JalalTalabaniJ, une des principales formations de l'oppositionkurd~ irakienne, précise qu"'un nombre très limité des 7oocivils arrêtés ont depuis été relâchés et que les autres,soupçonnés d'entretenir des liens avec l'opposition kurde,sont-soumis:à des interrogatoires, sous la torture". Selon lecommuniqué, "ces arrestations font partie des mesures deharcèlement et d'intimidation décidées par Bagdad contreles habitants j{l).rdesde Kirkouk".A.F.P. - A~enreFronrePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enreFranrePrme-A.F.P. - A~enreFrom Pre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enreFramePrel\e-A.F.P. - A~enreFronrePrme-A.F.P. - A~enreFranrePrme-FRS0496 4 l 0250 RFA /AFP-H'1'l4Allemagne-KurdesLe chef du PKK fait son autocritiqueBONN, 19 mai (AFP) - Le chef du Parti des travailleurs du Kurdistan(PKK), Abdallah Ocalan, se livre à une autocritique en règle et reconnaîtavoir commis des "erreurs" en menaçant l'Allemagne d" at tentats suicides,dans un entretien au quotidien Die Welt à paraître lundi."Plusieurs de nos attitudes et certains de mes propos étaient deserreurs", reconnaît-il. "Nous nous sommes conduits comme si l'Allemagneétait comparable à la Turquie. C'était une erreur", a-t-il renchéri,offrant un "dialogue à tous les niveaux" avec l'Allemagne.Il s'engage "à ce que ce genre de choses ne se reproduise plus enAllemagne", faisant allusion aux violents affrontements entre policiers etmanifestants du PKK qui avaient fait plusieurs blessés en mars.Ocalan dément toutefois avoir "déclaré la guerre à l'Allemagne",affirmant qu'il n'a "jamais considéré ce pays comme un ennemi". Il critiqueau passage "l'étroitesse des relations entre Ankara et Bonn".Le gouvernement allemand avait estimé "parfaitement insupportables" lesmenaces d'Ocalan et a durci en mars sa législation sur les étrangers pour~ pouvoir expulser plus rapidement les fauteurs de trouble. Le PKK, considéréComme une organisation terroriste, est interdit en Allemagne.Le Premier ministre turc, Mesut Yilmaz, a achevé samedi une visite detrois jours en Allemagne, au cours de laquelle il ,a notamment dénoncé laSyrie pour son soutien présumé au PKK.fb/sg/bfoÂFP /AA1234/192009 MAI 96A.F.P. - A~eß(!FrancePresse-A.F.P. - AgenceFrancePresse-A.F.P. - AgeMefroncePresse-A.F.P. - AgenceFruncePresse-A.F.P. - AgenceFrancePresse-A.F.P. - AgenceFrancePresse-51

".j; .,.ëi~ ~C'1:>~~~....C'1:>I~~....~~....C'1:>~ ~I~en ~::r ~C C'1:>~c;:)m~Z "0CD'"SC'1:>"en == I:::tJI ....~CI)....l:i~~~~ ~l»'- ,'~i '~Foreign ~iriister Emre GönensayHelsinki Commission to ChristopherUS Helsinki Commission, theConaressiona1 arm of OSCE (Organizationfor gecurity and Cooperation in Europe), 'sent a letter on May 17 to Secretary:Christopher urging him to protest during his meet-:ing with Gönensay "the campaign against the•Human Rights Foundations of Turkey and medicalprofessionals who treat victims of humanrights abuses." . '.The letter signed by Chairman ChristopherSmith (R • NJ); Ranking Minority CommisSIOnerSteny H. Hoyer (D - MD); and Commissioner'Benjamin L. Cardin (0 - MD), claimed that.'rather than seeking to eliminate tortÎlre and topunish those responsible, the Government ofTurkey instead attacks those who expose torture.and torturers ... In fact, the United Nations andCouncil of Europe have documented torture in rbe. Ankara police station commanded by Turkey's! newly appointed Justice Minister, Mehmet A~ar.".' OSCE letter related the cases of Dr. TufanKoseand Mustafa Cinkule, who both work with Adana:center of HRF and were prosecuted "for refusingto comply with Government demands to revéal~thenames of patients and the health care professionalstreating them."Official Turkish viewA Turkish officialtold TON that the reasonwhy such names were demanded was not to pun-,ish the victim but actually to prosecutethe torturer 'who victimized the patient in question. '."Turkish Penal Code 530 prohibits givinginformation on any patient when such notificationwilllead to legal proceeding," the official said."Patients are fully protected under the Turkishlaw." ,Similar suits filed against Ankara and tzmirHRF centers were canceled "since prosecutioninvestigation showed that no such 'torture treatmentcenters' existed," the ()fficialtold TON.. "When such centers do not exist, then there can'tbe any crime committed in such non-existentlocationseither," the official said. .. According to the Turkish penal code, not to'. report a crime is a crime in itself as well -repo,rtedlycarrying a "penalty" of only 30 (thirty)Turkish Liras. (Seventy five thousand Turkish. Liras are equal to one US Dollar.) The officialadded that the existence of the alleged torturetreatment center in Adana could also not be establishedby Turkish prosecutors. .A TON source said that the above officialviews were again conveyed by the Turkish governmentin a letter sent last week to Senator BobGraham (D) of Florida, a member of the Helsinki. Commission.KIzdkanHelsinki Commission also asked Christopher tl')raise with Gönensay the case of Dr. SeyfettinKlZIlkan,head of medical services at a state hos~ 'pital in Diyarbaku and the President of theMedical Council for five southeastern provinces,who on May 5 was arrested and reportedly heldincommunicado."Known for his humanitarian efforts and supportfor non-violence, Dr. KJZllkanhas denounced.. torture and the conditions facing tens of thousandsof Kurdish peasants in Diyarbaku who fledTurkish military operations,' Smith, Hoyer andCardin told the US Secretary of State.''Turkey's position as a strategic and economically make it ail the more important that our governmentencourage the Turkish Government toeliminate the use of torture and other practiceswhich undermine its democratic institutions;" theCongress members concluded their letter.TwentyNGOsTON learned that twenty non-governmental(NGO) human rights organizations are currentlydrafting a letter on Turkey's alleged mistreatmentof Human Rights Foundation and the doctors whotreat the victims of human rights abuses. The letteris expected to be delivered both to Gönensay~d Christopher on Monday.Among those who will sign the letter are thefollowing human rights organizations: AmnestyInternational; Human Rights Watch; Physicians~for Human Rights; American PsychologicalAssociation; American Associations for theAd~ancement of Science; New York Academy ofSciences; Amigos de Los Sobrevivientes Inc.;Lawyers Committee for Human rights; HeartlandAlliance for Human Needs and Human Rights;Program for Victims of Torture; and MargeryCo vier Center for Treatment of Survivors ofTorture.These groups can be joined by Committee ofConcerned Scientists (CCS) as well who on:March 7, 1996 and again on May 2, 1996 wrotetwo letters to President S~.leyman Demirel concernitlgthe trial of Yavuz Onen and Fevzi Argün,both executive board members of HRFT.Co-chairmen of CCS told President Demirelthat they were "disappointed that we havereceived no reply from you" to their letters..andappeals to have the criminal charges against Onenand Argün be dismissed.

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti4/ LE MONDE / SAMEDI1"' JUIN 1996INTERNATIONALLa Turquie va doubler ses échanges commerciaux avec la FranceIST~ULde notre envoyé spécialProfitant de l'entrée en vigueur de l'uniondouanière entre la 1\J.rquie et l'Union européenneà partir du 1" janvier 1996, la Frances'est lancée dans une opération de séduction àl'égard du monde économique turc, qui n'attendaitque cela. Plusieurs milliers de visiteurs professionnelsse sont rendus à Istanbul, dù 24 au28 mai, à l'exposition française Fransa 96 regroupant200 entreprises de l'Hexagone etinaugwée'péU" SulçYJIlan Demifel. présidenUle,la République, et Yves Galland, ministre françaisdélégué aux finances et au commerce' extérieur..'Au fil des nombreux séminaires organisés parle patronat turc du DEIK et par le CNPF français,l'impatience turque a dominé. QuandM. Galland a souhaité, le 24 mai, dans son discoursinaugural, que les échanges franco-turcsdoublent en dix ans, M. Demirel lui a réponduque ce résultat était souhaitable en cinq ans.Car la 1\J.rquie est pressée. Elle doit faire face,sans grands moyens financiers, à un exode deplusieurs centaines de milliers de ruraux vers lesgrandes cités chaque année. Elle souffre d'unecongestion de ses infrastructures routières et'aéroportuaires. La panne énergétique guette.Sa balance commerciale avec l'étranger est déficitairede 13 milliards de dollars (67 milliards defrancs) par an. Les responsables économiqueset politiques sont persuadés que seule l'uniondouanière avec l'Europe des quinze et la croissancequi en résultera éviteront au Parti de laprospérité (islariliste) d'améliorer le score de21,32 % des voix qui en a fait le premier partiturc aux élections législatives de décembre 1995.La 1\J.rquie joue la carte française pour deuxraisons. La première est que la France deJacques Chirac a pesé de tout son poids, en 1995,, pour vaincre les réticences grecques à l'égard del'union douanière avec la 1\J.rquie. Cet appui estplus que jamais nécessaire, Athènes bloquantl'aide financière de 800 millions d'écus sur cinqans promis à Ankara. La deuxième raison estque la France est le premier investisseur du payspar le biais de ses 180 entreprises installées en1\J.rquie.Sur les rives du Bosphore, on aimerait persuaderles capitaux français que la République seraitun «porte-avions idéal» pour atteindre lemonde arabe proche et l'Asie centrale turcophone.«Les Français ne sont pas assez rapides,critique Ugur Yüce, patron de six entreprisesd'électronique et coprésident du Conseil franco-turcdes hommes d'affaires. L'importance du~rt(JJr.PII.Qli& chez vou,s a engendré un manqued'audace, l'élévation de votre niveau de vie vous arendus conservateurs. Nous sommes parvenus àconvaincre les Américains et les Japonais de visiter,en notre compagnie, l'Ouzbékistan. et leKazakhstan où nous sommes bien implantés. Nousn'y arrivons toujours pas avec les Français ... »La France est le premierinvestisseur du payspar le biais de 180 entreprisesCe n'est pas que ceux-ci n'y croient pas. Bienau contraire. Les attentats des Kurdes du PKKou ceux de groupuscules gauchistes les effraientà peine. Les querelles de sérail interminablesentre les frères de droite ennemis du Parti de laMère patrie et de celui de la Juste voie leslaissent de marbre. Ils oublient sans peine les78,9 % d'inflation de l'an dernier quand ilsconstatent la réactivité d'une économie chutantde 5,5 % en 1994 pour rebondir de 7,3 % en 1995.Il n'est d'onc pas étonnant qu'au palmarès despays émergents, la confiance forte et constantequ'inspire la 1\J.rquie lui vale une place éminente.Cette confiance s'est traduite par uneaide publique française qui se classe audeuxième rang des aides bilatérales à la 1\J.rquie,derrière celle de l'Allemagne. Yves Galland a détailléles quelque 4 milliards de francs d'aideversés en dix ans: 1,7 milliard sont allés au secteurénergétique, 730 millions à l'environnementet 480 millions au médical.Les entrepreneurs venus de France froissentsouvent leurs alter ego, qui ont conservé del'époque ottomane une grande susceptibilité. Ilss'énervent des copiages des modèles et destechnologies de leurs partenaires locaux. Ils oublientque, dans ce pays très commerçant, ilvaut mieux contractualiser les devoirs et lesdroits des deux parties.MGI-Coutier, équipementier auto dans l'Ain,a surmonté ces obstaclés. Avec la bénédiction d'Oyitk-Renault, il a pris un tiers du capital d'unesociété créée avec l'entreprise turque DORT-ELpour produire les réservoirs des essuie-glacesdes Renault 9 fabriqués localement. Son investissements'est élevé à 3,5 millions de francs.Quant à Bernard Lacoste, le patron du groupeLacoste, il se félicite sans réserve de la bonnesanté des 17 boutiques turques qui vendent200 000 vêtements par an à la griffe du crocodile(+ 30 % prévu en 1996). Les lois sur les contrefaçonsadoptées par le Parlement d'Ankara luidonnent entière satisfaction. «Si j'avais danstous les pays du monde un partenaire de la qualitéde mon licencié turc, je n'aurais pas de cheveuxblancs I»Reste l'inconnue politique. L'instabilité gouvernementaleturque ralentit les indispensablesréformes dans les domaines de la fiscalité et desprivatisations. Elle fait le jeu des islamistes quiprofitent de la crise identitaire des plus démuniset de l'immobilisme des structures kémalistes.Mais les politiques et les entrepreneurs françaisn'y accordent pas une importance démesurée.Les plus pessimistes d'entre eux pensent quel'armée préviendra les dérapages des islamistes.Les plus optimistes jugent que, même parvenusau pouvoir, ceux-ci seront contraints de respecterune démocratie laïque tant l'élan vers l'Europeet la modernité est entretenu par uneéconomie d'une étonnante vigueur.Alain FauJas;53

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiSVENSKA DAGBLADET • Mândagen den 20 maj 1996UNDER STRECKET ~ _.Är kulturell autonomi lösningen, bét framförS'frân olika hAll tre för-. slag tilllösning av kurdfrâgan iTurkiet: att kurderna bryter sig ut,att de ingâr i en federation och attde erhâller kulturell autonomL Oet. sista förslaget för~faller vara detmest realistiska.Av KAJ FALKMANStormen i Sverige kring utvisningen avde kur-.diska famiIjema Sincari och stormen i Tysklandkring den väntade utvisningen av hundratalskurder som nyligen deltagit i väldsamma demonstrationerhar änyo aktualiserat kurdfrAgani Turkiet, men iden svenska pressbevakningenhar jag inte sett nAgonbeskrivning av frAgansinnebörd,än mindre nAgon diskussion om utsikternatill en lösning. Av denna anledning är det.angeläget att redogöra för nAgra av de lösnings-:förslag som framförts frAnolika häll. Dessa personligaanteckningar bygger pA samtal nyligenmed statsvetare och joumalister i Istanbul ochhar ingen som heIst officiell anknytning. .Det första och mest radikala förslaget är utbrytnlng.PKK (Parti Kerkari Kurdistan, Kur- ,distans arbetarparti) anger i sitt politiska pro- .gram frän 1983som mAlatt upprätta en kurdisk :stat i sydöstra Turkiet som ett led i bildandet avett enat Storkurdistan, omfattande ocksA kurdbefolkadeomrAden i grannstatema.Det kurdbefolkade omrädet i sydöstra Turkietomfattar ca 230ooq kvadratkilometer, nära ,1/4avlandets territorium. Här boruppemothälftenav Turkiets kurdiska befolkning, dvs cirka 6,miljoner av totalt cirka 12,5miljoner kurdër. OmomrAdet i sydöst skall avsöndras frän Turkiet,och bilda ett självständigt Kurdistan, flyttarkanske kurder frän andra omrAden dit, men för- .visso inte alla, i synnerhet inte de som är väl in- 'tegrerade i det turkiska samhället, tex flertalet ,av de 2,5 miljoner kurder som bor i Istanbul.Problemet med utbrytning kompliceras av attdet kurdbefolkade omrAdet i sydöst är det fattigastei landet och saknar goda försörjningsmöj-,ligheter. Migration frAn omrAdet började redanpA 195o-talet, dA kurder sökte sig till industristädemai västra Turkiet. Med den ekonomiskaboomen i början av 80-talet ökade migrationen,, som sedan pAskyndats av stridigheterna mellanPKK och säkerhetsstyrkoma under 90-talet.I de sydöstra och södra grannstatema bortotalt lika mAnga kurder som i Turkiet: i Iran 7miljoner, Irak 4,5 miljoner och Syrien 1 miljon.DA statsledningama i dessa stater är lika ovilligasom, statsledningen' i Turkiet att avstAterritoriumtill en självständig kùrdisk statsbildning,synes utvägen att samla alla kurder i en statvara oframlroInli~ under ~verskä~lig tid. Dess-pa kurdfragan?utom har de kurcliska politiska partiema i Irak,KDP (Kurdistan Democratic Party), lett avBarzani,och PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan),lett av Talabani, inte anslutit sig till PKK:s mAlatt bilda ett Storkurdistan utan deklarerat att devill bilda en federation inom ett demokratiskt,parlamentariskt Irak.Även om Turkiet stöder Operation Provide, Comfort, som etter Gulfkriget upprättade ett,skyddsomräde för kurdema i norra Irak, sAatt-de inte Ater behöver söka skydd i Turkiet (tvA,miljoner flyktingar över gränsen 1991),fruktarAnkara att skyddsomrAdet kan utgöra embryottill en självständig kurdisk stat. I omrädet har, uppstAtt ett militärt vakuum som PKK utnyttjatför att upprätta baser och därifrAn angripa.Turkiet. Den turkiska militärinterventionenmed 35000 man i norra Irak i mars-april 1995.'syftade till att förstöra dessa bas6J:,1utbyte mot'gränshandel och ekonomiskt bistmd söker nuTurkiet fAKDP och PUK att förhindra PKK:s~närvarö i omrAdet.:DET ANDRA FÖRSLAGET avser bildandet~avenfederation. PKK-Iedaren Aop Öcalan har~förklarat sig beredd att diskutera en federallös-:ning med den turkiska regeringen. FAturkar troremellertid att PKK tagit till vapen 1984och off-,rat mänga tusen anhängares livför att förmAAn-,kara att acceptera en federation i Turkiet med .längtgAende autonomi för en kurdisk provins.Hur skulle Ankara kunna acceptera en marxistiskprovins inom Turkiets territorium? Hurlänge skulle det dröja innan provinsen förklaradessom befriad zon och utropades som självständig?Skulle en kurdisk provinsledningkunna överlämna ansvaret för försvar och utrikespolitiktill centraimakten i Ankara och intefrestas till en självständig politik i förhâllande 'till kurdbefolkade omrAden i grannstatema?Spänningar skulle uppstA i omrAdet och sanno-,likt äventyra säkerheten i heIa regionen.: Ingen turkisk politiker, inte ens de mest libe-,rala och prokurdiska, har uttalat sig för en federationsbildning,även om mAnga anser att idén.bör fAdiskuteras. Till och med förra premiärministemTansu Ciller har sagt att Baskien kan.vara ett exempel värt att diskutera för Turkiet.Men sedan de konservativa inom hennes partiupprest sigmot tankenmed argumentet att ETA,fortsätter med terrorism trots aU baskema fAUbAde skolundervisnmg och TV-sändningar pA.baskiska och längtgAende politiskt självstyre,ochsedan en framstäende affärsman hotats med.Atal för att han aktualiserat den baskiska mo-:dellen, förefaller den tills vidare avförd frän den'politiska debatten. Den misslyckade federa-:. tions,,",ildningen pl Cypem har inte främjat,"54

ningarRevue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti-.federationstanken,ßb litet som misslyckandeti före deita Iugoslavien.DET TREDJE alternativet är kulturell autonoml.Om territoriell autonomi framstàr som ettorealistiskt alternativ, ter sig kulturell autonomisom en mer realistisk möjlighet. Denna innefatta,rfpunför aUt undervisning pA kurdiska i smlœ1I&ocb radio- ocb TV-sändningar pA kurdista.ne.sa rllttlgbeter skulle tillförsäkra kurdernaen "kurdisk identitet", ett begrepp som tompreSident Demirel diskuterat, men med tlUIggetatt sAd8na rättigbeter först tan övervAgas nllrtefIQrlSmen besegrats .. KWtUrellautonomi tillerkänns redan kurdernanJr det gllller sAnger ocb publikationer pAkunHSka sprâlœt ocb i bög grad ocksA nir detgllller àtt fira det kurdiska nyâret, Newroz, ävenomturkarna nu försöker assimilera Newroz somen uigammaI turkisk tradition. Kurdiska sAngareIr'mycket popu1ära i Turtiet ocb i alla muosikaf$rer i Istanbul kan man köpa kurdiska kassetter:När det gäller radio- ocb TV-sändningarpAkumiska bar tekniken redan triumferat över 'Iagarna: FrAn London sänds dagligen kurdiskaprogram via satellit till TV-mottagare i Turkiet(tom intervjuer med PKK-ledaren Öca1an) ..Liberala kritiker menar att statsledningen skul- .le vinna pA en mera fIexibel hAllning:Varför tarinte Ankarainitiativ tillradio- ocb TV-sändning-.ar pAkurdiska, sam man själv kan styra i enigbetenssyfte? Socialdemokratiska partiet (SHP)förordade vid partikongressen 1993 sâvä1 skalundervisningsom radio- ocb TV-sändningar pAkurdiska, men i koalition med Demirels ocb fruCillers Rätta vägens parti lyckades socialdemokratemainte genomföra nâgot av detta. OcksAden nuvarande konservative premillrministemYilmaz bar som oppositionsledare ventlleratdylika lösningar vid framträdande i USA, ocbpAdriven av~ nllringslivet, som villfislutpAdet kostbara kriget i öster, kammer regeringensannolikt att inom en inte aUtför avlllgsenframtid tillerkänna kurderna en Mg grad avkulturellautonomi.AIT DEFINIERA DEN "kurdiska identiteten"fOrsvâras av att mânga kurder Ar uppblandademed turkar, armenier, turkmener, grekeretc. Forskarna talar om "multiple identity" ocbmultikultureUa individer. Eftersom individer avblandat ursprung finns OverbeIa Turtiet - forskamarllknar med 49 etniska grupper - yore detnaturligt att ett multikulturellt sambälle utvecklas,där olika etniska kulturer fir blomma ochsamexistera. Det skulle främja framväxten aven"kurdisk identitet", menar forskarna.Käman ikurdproblemet lir att Turtiet inte erkänneretniska minoriteter. Varje turkisk medborgareAr turk oberoende av etniskt ursprung.Kurder kaUasdlirför bergsturkar. Turkiet erkännerendast religiösa minoriteter, vars rättigbetergaranteras i Lausannefördraget Ar1923.Eftersom kurderna' Ar muslimer, tan inte dessagarantier âberopas. Det segrande partiet idecembervalet1995, islamiska Välfärdspartiet(Refab), söker överbrygga klyftan genom att drivatesen att turkar ach kurder Ar förenade i eUislamiskt brödraskap. Refab villliksom socialdemokraternauppbäva undantagstillstAndet iöstprovinserna ocb avskaffa byvaktssystemet."Turkarna bar inte ett kurdiskt problem utanett turkiskt problem, därtör att turkarna inte villAterge kurderna de rättigbeter vi tog ifrân demför 70 Arsedan" ,bävdar ledaren för liberala NewDemocracy Movement. affärsmannen Cem kurdernas nomadiska livsstil ocb uppdelning iBoyner. Etter Osmanska mets faU 1922rösta- klaner. Redan för över tusen Arsedan levde kurdedet nybildade parlamentet i Ankara med stor diska nomadstammar i de omrâden kurdemamajoritet för "upprAttandet aven autonom ad- befoikar i dag. KIämda mellan mäktiga grannarministration fOr kurdiska landsmän i Overens- bar kurdernas ftibet ofta varit relativ, även omstämme1se med nationella seder". Lagen upp- flytandè gränser i svârtillgängliga bergsomrAblvdestvl Arsenare strax efter republikens in- den gynnat deras sjäJvständigbet. Ftibeten införandeoch ~U1tidigt förbjöds kurdiskt skrift- skränktes sedan första vlirldskrigetssegrarmaksprâkocb kurdiska skalar. Ett kurdiskt uppror ter dragit upp grlinser sam fördelade kurdernanedsIogs med fast band av Atatürk, som llit av- mellan Syrien, Irak, Turkiet ocb Iran. Om kurrätta40 upprorsledare. Rädsla att anklagas för derna dA bade varit eniga, bade ett Kurdistanatt svika AtatOrts principer tycks fortfarande kunnat bildas, trar fiera. Men Atskilda av högalâsa den poUtiska debatten. . berg ocb auktoritira feodalherrar har kurdernaaldrig kunnat bilda en enad front.MED VEM SKALL statsledningen diskutera MAnga förordar en bögre grad av lokalt sjlilvkurdproblemet?Med ingen, svar!I Ankara,' styre i Turtiet genom decentralisering. Sedaneftersom inget kurdproblem finns. Aven de som Atatürks dagar är ~tför mycket makt ko~cenmenaratt ett kurdproblem finns, bäller mesta- trerad till Ankara, vilket bromsar utvecklmgendels före att Ankara inte skaU diskutera det med av demokratin, bävdar man ocb tillAgger,att denAgonkurdisk organisation eller förbandlings- centralisering skulle användas som ett led i enpart utan inom statsapparaten, dvs i parlamen- process för att ge kurdema större autonomi.tet. Men bur skaU det kunna ske nlir kurdiskaparlamentsledamöter frAntas parlamentarisk EFTERSOM INGEN invandrare är registrerad .immunitet ocb sätts i fängelse? Det binde med som kurd utan som invandrare frân Turtiet, IrakLeyla Zana ach sex andra DEP-parlamentari- eller Iran, är det svArt att faststliUa antalet kurkeri mars 1994, sam anklagades för att ba bru- der i Västeuropa. AvTysklands tvâ Iniljoner turtitmot landets lagar genom aU uppmuntra till kiska invandrare beräknas 450000 vara kurder.separatism, dvs en krllnkning av Thrtiets terri- Mot sin vilja indras mottagarstaterna i kurdkontoriellaintegritet. Inget förbjuder prokurdiska flikten. vilket gör det angeläget för dem attpartier, menAnkarabAnvisartill att kurderfinns söka bidra till en lösning. Men varje framstöttillinom alla politiska partier ocb aU inget särskilt turkiska regeringen tillbakavisas som inblandpartihör upprlittas för att exklusivt driva en frâ- Ding i Thrtiets inre angelllgenheter ocb Thrkietga. Det kan noteras aU partiet Hadep, DEP:s vägrar att delta i intemationella möten som exprokurdiskaefterföljare, fick bara fyra pro cent klusivt diskuterar kurdfrâgan, tex Oslokonfeavnationens röster i decembervalet trots böga rensen i september 1995. Vligen gArdirför viaprocentsiffror i nAgra östprovinser. Detta visar mänskliga rättigbetsfrâgor, som turkarna tanatt den stora befolkningsandelen kurder i väst- ställas till svars för som medlemmar i EuroparaTurtiet inte vill identifiera sig kurdiskt i par- rAdet, OSSE, tullunionen med EU etc.tipolitiskt hänseende.I de förslag som framlliggs i intemationellaMânga frAgarsig varför kurdiska och prokur- fora är eld-upphör aUtid första punkten. Elddiskaparlamentsledamöter inte bättre utnyttjat uppbör, eventuellt under internationell övervaksinstlillning för att vinna gebör för kurdfrAgan. ning, sammankopplas ofta med rlitten till för-I stället för att provocera parlamentet genom att enings- och yttrandefribet i Turkiet, inklusivevligra svlira eden ach bälla anföranden pA kur~ för PKK., sAaU en politisk lösning kan frlimjas.diska kunde de ju sökt vinna kollegomas för- ESK-rapporten i november 1994 rekommendetroendegenom att inleda en mjuk dialog. För- raratt alla politiska icke-vAldspartierskall fAdelklaringentill de kurdiska ledamötemas ageran- ta i Turkiets politiska liv. Avskaffandet av bydeuppges vara, att de omedelbart ville visa vaktssvstemet och bävandet av undantagstillnationenvad de stad för, sAaU kurdfrAgan upp- stAndét ingAriförslagen, inklusive kulturell aumärksammadesocb sAaU deras väljare fick be- tonomi för kurderna. Flera av dessa förslag barkräftelse pAatt de inte svek dem. ocksA framförts av Kurdistan Socialist Party,Undantagstillstând infördes 1987 i 10 provin- som tar avstând frAn PKK:s vAldsmetoder ocbser (av landets 76) ocb fömyas var fjärde mAnad bar avstAU frAn att delta i kurdiska exilparia -av parlamentet. Det innebär att godtagna mentet med motivering aU det styrs av PKK.mlinskliga rättigbetsprinciper kan sättas At Turkar och kurder som deltar i internationelsidan,vilket turkiska mänskliga rättigbetsorga- la möten om kurdfrAgan brutar framhâlla, aUnisationer hävdar att statsmakten inte har rätt Turkiet inte kan anklaga utlandet för inbIandattgöra. "Rätten tillliv är den frlimsta av alla ning i Turkiets inre angelägenheter, för am desmänskligarättigbetsprinciper", frambAller re- sa angelägenheter bade diskuteras fritt iTurkiet,geringen, "ach denna princip respekteras inte av bade ingen anledning funnits för inblandning.terroristorganisationen PKK." Dirför mAste Forskarna menar, att tiden verm för en lösstatenanvlinda vâld fOr att skydda civilbefolk - ning, kanske inom tvA- tre Ar.Utlandets pAtryckningensliv. Byvaktssystemet innebär att rege- 0 anses viktiga, men kan samtidigt fram".ringenfOrsersärskiltutseddapersoner,oftakur- kalla nationalistiska motreaktioner. Dessa bediskaklanledare, med pengar ocb vapen för att döms dock bli temporära mot bakgrund av denförsvara byn mot PKK.-angrepp. Antalet byvak - lAngsiktiga avsikten bas fIertalet turm att nArteruppskattastill60000.MângavapenOverllim-. mare integreras med Europa.nas till PKK under tvâng eller frivilligt. Âtskilligabyvakter med familjer bar fAttsätta livet till. \Premiirminister Yilmaz bar nyligen lovat att se ~ - 7 ~ ~~ ftI ""- - ~ '" _över byvaktssystemet ocb rätta till misstag samtatt gradvis blva undantagstillstAndet.KaJ F.lkm.n Ir .mb .... d6r oeh var gene-FORSKARE ~RLEDER kurdproblemet till ralkonsul I Istanbul 1tto-tS.55

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiSVENSKA DAGBLADET • Mändagen den 20 maj 199bFörintelse hotar fördrivna kurderEU slar dövörat till medan sjukdomar härjar i flyktinglägren, skriver Elisabeth Zila-Olin.P.ä högslätteniai Kufdistan . Ivriga att berätta~atEufrat ocb Tigris rinner upp Efter fyra dagars intensiv och.,~:~tt uräldrigt landskap, blom- päträngande polisövervakning:~ just nu en vackervit iris som fann vi oss plötsligt utan eskort::p'K. kurdiska heter pirpizik. j vär minibuss och tog dä chan-WSlmman kallas nevruz pä tur- 'sen att sticka av frän huvud-~ka, och newroz heter ocksä Jvägenmot de förbjudna bergen.:~p stora kurdiska värfesten . Längs en lerig väg tog vi oss~.?,!ninfaller vid värdagjämning- fram mellan de gröna fälten där.~I!'Denna högtid har sitt ur- 'värblommoma, smä violetta ranunkleroch gula miniatyrka-~pnmg i sagan om folkets be- ,litelse frän tyrannen Dehak pä ' moIniller, just stuckit upp ur den6oo-talet fKr och sin starka röda jorden, till en by där mänpolitiskaladdning i parallellite- ,niskoma koin oss till mötes,~nmeddenojäInnastridenmell~nden turkiska regimen och berätta. Vita hus med risknip-.först ängsliga, sedan ivriga att'Jturdema i Turkiet.' por pä taket, cirkelruIida bak-.ugnar vid knuten, en liten moskéhögst upp pä torget som sak-_ndlgt bevakadeYnder Newrozveckan har jag . nade stensättntng och där manfOr PEN:s räkningrestrunti syd- h3lkade i leran och äsneskiten ..~stra Turkiet i sällskap med ett Byn rymmer ungefär 500 personeroch har hittills 1indgâttJfussintal andra nordiska obser-:~atörer för att studera den rä- förstörelsen.!(Jande politiska verkligheten i..ettland som just blivit medlem'av EU:s tullunion.Kelimmattomas tunga ull-~oft i basaremas dunkel, kvin-'~omas blickar under slöjoma,.gatuständen med honungs-;kringlor, färska mandlar och,sesambröd, färaherden och.hans hjord i bibliska tavlor - ochsamtidigt de civilklädda polismännensuttryckslösa blickar.den elektroniska sängen fr~deras walkie-talkies, det ständi- .'ga dallret av fara i luften. loteett steg utan bevakning tog vi,inte ett samtal fördes utan riskför avlyssning, inte en resa utan•~ontroll av minsta papperslapp1 bagaget.Ambassaden i Ankara avrädersvenskamedborgarefrän aUäka hit, ocb den turkiske superg-:uvemören över regionen, därbelägringstillständ räder. hind-'rar med alla medel utlän~ing~.frän att besöka de byar sont:hundratusentals människor fIyi.i[rän. Och visst är det farlig(.Aven den mest försiktige besökarekan räka ut för PKK hiz~'.bollah, byvakter. Dagen 'eiter' ..'rär '\:lVreS3': niisshandlades . en"tysk delegation svärt av islamis-'ter frän Refabpartiet. För den:turkiska regimen, som vill vida~'re in i EU, är det docK frainförallt utländska besökare som.'upplevs soOl farliga. .Via và'r tolk talade vi med.Remziye, en liyllgâttabamsmQI'och hennes IDslidsystrar.De \;'1-säktade #rf

-'..Gönensay ofTto Washington to discussanns, the Aegean and Provide Comfort~ ~~~~~....~I~ ~ ....~ ....~~I~Turkish Daily News - MONDAY, May 20, 1996Turldsh Daily N~sANKARA- Foreign Minister Emre Gönensayflew to Washington Sunday to discuss delays inU.S. arms deliveries to Turkey, the future ofOperation Provide Comfort (OPC) as well as ten.sions between Turkey and Greece.Gonensay said he would be discussing theextension of the mandate of Operation ProvideComfon, a U.S.-dominated multinational forcewhich was set up by the United Nations to pr0-tect northern Iraqi Kurds from attacks by SaddamHussein.Parties represented in the Turkish Parliamenthave voiced their op{>?sitionto the extension ofthe mandate of ProvIde Comfort under the currentconditions and demanded at least moreTurkish control over the force.Parliament is due to vote in late June for a newmandate for the force which is stationed at theIncirlik airbase near the southern provincial capitalof Adana.Gönensay told reporters the government wasworking on a new set of rules for ProvideComfort which are similar to a plan proposed byDemocratic Left Party (DSP) leader BülentEcevit who wants Turkev to have more swayover the command and' control of ProvideComfort. Ecevit's proposals also include the creationof a buffer zone in northern Iraq onTurkey's border as well as creatine a new democraticenvironment in Iraq where ~urds can onceagain enter the Iraqi ParliamentThe DSP, whose support is vital for the minoritygovernment of Mesut Yllmaz, says it isagainst the extension of Provide Comfort in itscurrent form and wants substantial changes. '1expect some positive results from mx contacts inWashington on Provide Comfon, , Gonensaysaid.The Turkish foreign minister also said hewould discuss the delay in U.S. arms shipmentsto Turkey. He said the long-awaited shipment ofATACAM missiles would start soon after theU.s. administration signed the delivery order onFriday.He said he expects the United States to clarifythe status of the shipment of three frigates whichit will supply to Turkey. ''Once that is sorted outwe will discuss the purchase of Cobra helicopterswith the U.S.," Gönensay stressed.The United States has said it will send thefrigates to Turkey soon but congressional sourcessay the Greek lobby has been active in blockingthe delivery claiming the addition of thesefrigates to the Turkish Navy would upset the balanceof power in the Aegean Sea ID Turkey'sfavor.The sale of the Cobra helicopters has alsofaced tough resistance in Congress because thereare concerns that Turkey' may use the 'copters inagainst Kurdish ciVIlians in southeasternForeign Minister Emre GönensayAnatolia on the pretext of the fight against terror-ISm.Gönensay said he would brief his Americancounterparts on Turkey's efforts to solve the disputeswith Greece. He also said he would raise!he issue of CasJ>ian oil and its delivery to theWest through Turkey. In recent weeks there havebeen suggestions that the United States has beenturning a blind eye to developments that areaimed at bYfassing Turkey for the delivery ofCaspian oi to the West by using Russianpipelines. Gönensay said Turkey and the UnitedStates have agreed to enhance their partnershiprelations and serve regional and global peace. "Iam happy to say the political will to maintainrelations at the very highest level betweenTurkey and the U.S. exists in Washington:' heconcluded.~~"0"'6 ~~I~~.~.~~ ~~~Ib ~~~~~~'"~~I~ ....~a:~ ::to'v\"'-l

.....Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti. . . :.....~ ... . ." .'Ole Kurden des NordIraks warten auf Olexpo~eHoffnungen auf einen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung _- -Die Gespräche zwis~hen der ~no und dem Irak über begren~te irakische ~lexporfé:-)f,er-_den von den Kurq~n 1m Nordrrak aufmerksam verfolgt. KurdIsche Politiker glauben;, Q~r.Export irakischen Ols durch eine von ihnen zum Teil kontr.0llierte Pipelin:e stärke ihre--~llunggegenüber Bagdad. Die kurdischen Bürger hofTen. Olexporte würden ihrer seit füj:JfJahren iS0lierten Region einen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung bescheren .. it. Dohuk, Anfang MaiDer Generaldirektordes Zollamts am türkisch-irakischenGrenzübergang,AbdullahAhmed Abdurrahim,läuft stolz durch dievor kurzem renovierten,mit Spannteppichenbelegten Büroräume.Zeitraubende Zollformalitätenwürdenden Besuchern des'Nordiraks künftig erspart,sagt er und zeigtauf drei noch nicht ausgepackteComputer. Künftig werde alles erêlÇ~:tronischerledigt, die handgeschriebenen Fonnu~lare gehörten der Vergangenheit an. Die Renova-.tionsarbeiten seie.J? notwendig gewesen; wenn.nämlich einmal Ol durch die Pipeline fliesse,werde der Grenzverkehr um ein Vielfaches zuneh:men, meint der Generaldirektor.Illegaler GrenzverkehrAbdullah Ahmed Abdurrahim ist einer dermächtigsten Männer der Region. Die von seinem.Amt erhoben€;n ,zölle bilden die wichtigste Ein'~nahmequelle der von den Kurden kontrollierten.Regionen des Nordiraks und stammen hauptsäch::;lich von türkischen Lastwagenfahrern. Rund 1000türkische Lastwagen passieren täglich die türkisch-irakischeGrenze. Von der Türkei bringensie Nahrungsmittel mit, die sie im Irak gegen billigenTreibstoff tauschen. Dieser Grenzverkehr istauf Grund der Uno-Sanktionen gegen den Irakillegal. Er wird aber von allen Seiten geduldet, daer in den letzten Jahren die Versorgung der Kurdenmit Nahrungsmitteln sichergestellt und dietürkischen Südostprovinzen vor dem wirtschaftlichenNiedergang bewahrt hat.Die Frage, ob ~agdad die Auflagen der Unofür beschränkte Olexporte billigen werde, beschäftigtzurzeit die Kurden im Nordirak. DieUno-Resolution 986 vom April 1995 erlaubt Bagdad..innerhalb von sechs Monateti Ö~ im Wertvon zwei Milliarden Dollar zu verkaufen. VomEdös mü~ Reparationszahlungen an Kuwaitgeleistet und Importe für die, darQenge Bevölkerungfinanziert werden. Rund 300 Millionen 001-'lar, müssen Uno-Hilfsorganisationen für Einsätze'in den kurdischen Regionen zur Verfügung gestelltwerden ..•Die Nahrungsmittelversorgung im.Nordirak ist allerdings nicht mehr problematisch.:Die Landwirtschaft hat siCh sichtlich erholt. Zadi'Pire, ein Funktionär der Patriotischen Union Kurdistans,erklärt, bereits 50 Prozent der bebaubarenFläche würden kultiviert und Fleisch könne man:im Nordirak billiger erstehen als in der Türkei:oder in Iran. Den für die kurdischen .Regionenvorgesehenen Anteil an den irakischen Öleinnahmenmöchte die kurdische Administrationfür dieLinderung der Medikamentenknappheit und fürdie Verbe~serung der _~nfrastruk1l:'reinsetzen..RUSSLAND•.•.•.•.•.•GrosnyGEORGIEN •Tbilissi.TÜRKEI Erzurum Eriwa~:).:::Die Gespräche zwischen der irakischen Delegationund der Uno sind bisher ergebnislos ver ..laufen. An der Frage, wie und von wem die Hilfeim kurdischen Nordirak verteilt werden soll'scheiden sich die Geister. Bagdad besteht darauf.dass die kurdischen Gebiete zum irakischen Territoriumgehören und dass deshalb die irakischeRegierung die Verteilung der Hilfe' im ganzen.Land kontrollieren muss. Um die Kurden freund- 'licher zu stimmen, hat Bagdad das vor fünf jahrengegen den aufmüpfigen NOrden verhängte;Embargo teilweise aufgehoben. So' wird die Stadt.Dohuk wieder regelmässig mit Elektrizität ausdem Süden versorgt. Es werden jetzt auch wiederSchulbücher in den Norden gesandt. 'Pipeline am LänderdreieckDie Bemühungen Bagdads sind vorerst ohneWiderhall geblieben. Die kurdische Verwaltungbesteht darauf, dass Bagdad erst dann Öl expor- .tieren darf, wenn es sich genau an den Wortlautder Resolution 986 hält. Diese Resolution sei deshalbwichtig, weil sie die Kurden als separate Einheitbehandle, erläutert Zadi Pire. Die Kurden be- .fürchteten, das irakische Regime könnte die Nahrungsmittelvergiften, wenn es die alleinige Kontrolleüber die Verteilung der Hilfe erhalte.Gemäss Resolution 986 muss ein grosser Teildes exportierten irakischen Öls durch die irakisch-.türkische Pipeline fliessen. Es handelt sich urneine doppelte, 986 Kilometer lange Pipeline, die\von Amerikanern und Italienern in den siebziger.und achtziger Jahren gebaut wurde und eineKapazität von 1,2 MillAonen Fass pro Tag hat. Sie,verbindet die reiChen Olfelder des irakischen Kir.kuk mit der türkischen Mittelmeerküste. Noch in.denachtziger Jahren hatte das irakische Regime'geglaubt, die Pipeline gebe ihm ein Mittel zur Eroberungder europäischen Märkte in die Hand.Nun macht sie es zur Geisel. Ein rund zehn Kilo-.meter langer Teil der Pipeline verläuft nämlichdurch das von den Kurden kontrollierte Gebiet:Sie könnten den Hahn jederzeit zudrehen.Die Pipeline erreicht das kurdische Gebiet bei.der Ortschaft Bagditmeri. Der Fluss Habur bildethier eine natürliche Grenze zwischen der Türkei,Syrien und dem Irak (beziehungsweise dem kur-.•.•..40 .... ", .J...,:RMËNI~~.-\~.Ä~EIt'EI Baku•.•~:fSC.~~N •Ceyhan. : Midiyat(l{Q;~~;;~;' \: ; ,. . . ZYPERN .,' , ,: -.. • ,•..; I) •.., .. 0S'-'l'./ .> Mos~1\. IRANMITTELMEER~ .' ". SYRIEN~' \_o km" 4

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetidischen Nordirak). Hinfer den Hügeln stehen sichdie Soldaten dieser Nachbarn gegenüber. Vorzwei Monaten konnte der irakische Energieminister;Amir Mohammed Rascheed, erstmals seitlangem wieder den kurdischen Abschnitt der'Pipeline besichtigen. Rascheed reiste weiter zu.einem otliziellen Besuch nach Ankara. Dass er(lurchs Kurdengebiet reisen durfte, fiihrt die kurdischeFührung auf eine Anfrage Ankaras zurück.Das Interesse AnkarasAnkara bemüht sich idton s~ längerem dar-",m, die Pipeline wieder in Betneb zu nehmen.Pie Tüçjei hat seit .e~ iillfkrieg ElIr1ahmenaqsiällein der Höhe von rund 20 Milliarden Dollarbinnehmen müssen. Darüber hinaus suchen die.inomentan populärsten türkischen Politiker, der,pationalistische Ecevit und der Islamist Erbakan,tlUS ideologischen Gründen und aus Furcht vor~en Kurden die Annäherung an Bagdad.Der irakische Energieminister brachte bei seiflj:rDurchreise ein Technikerteam mit, das Repa-.raturarbeiten bei der Pumpstation «Nergesia»ausfiihrte. Diese Station war während des Golf-,ktiegs von den Amerikanern bombardiert worden.lftwas weiter nördlich hatte die KurdischeArbeiterpartei einen Teil der Pipeline gesprengt.Oie ReparaturaJbeiten ,se~n. mit.t1~~e~~Q.eeRdatsagt der Chef des irakischen Teams. Nun hoffe er,bald die Pipeline in Betrieb nehmen zu können.In Erwartung eines Aurschwun~Der Markt von Dohuk wirkt erstaunlich lebentiigund hat im Vergleich zu den letzten Jahren ein,teiches Angebot an Waren. Fri6ches Gemüse liegtfarbig abgestimmt auf grossen Gestellen. Es gibtCin grosses Angebot an'Haushaltgeräten, die ent-.,eder aus der Türkei oder aus Iran stammen. Zunden sind auch chinesische Fernsehantennen,~ , rnsehgeräte aus Korea und Nähmaschinen ausfier ehemaligen Sowjetunion.Wegen der Uno-Sanktionen würden seineWaren auf illegalem Weg aus der Türkei, Iranoder Syrien importiert, sagt ein Händler. Seitdem~e Gespräche in New York über die beschränkiènÖlexporte begonnen hätten, sei die Nachfragédeutlich zurückgegangen. Händler und Konsu-~enten warteten auf eine Entscheidung, dennJede Nachricht aus New York verursache grosseWährungsschwankungen beim irakischen Dinar'¥egenüber dem Dollar. Die Händler von Dohuk'hQtTen, dass Bagdad die Resolution 986 akzep.~e.it und dass die Ölexporte ihr isoliertes Gebietendlich aus der wirtschaftlichen Sackgasse heraus:führen.A.F.P. - IgellCe FrallCePresse-A.F.P. - AgellCeFrollCePresse-A.F.P. - l,lICe Fraie Presse-A.F.P. - Agence France Presse-A.F.P. - Agence France Presse A.F.P. 1ge1Ke Fraie PresseA.F~P.A.F.P.FRS0825 4 IF 0228 ONU /AFP-IL23ONU-Irak-pétroleL'accord ONU-Irak: un demi dollar par jour pour chaque Irakien ...NEW YORK (Nations Unies), 20 mai (AFP) - L'accord entre l'Irak et ONUsur la formule "pétrole contre nourriture" ne :r:eprésente, au mieux, pourchaque Irakiencinquante) parque la modique somme d'un demi dollar (deux francsjour, a indiqué lundi un responsable de l'ONU.Selon l'accord, l'Irak est autorisé à exporter, chaque trimestre, dupétrole pour un milliard de dollars afin d'acheter de la nourriture et desmédicaments à sa population exsangue après cinq ans et demi d'embargo.Mais, sur cette somme, 300 millions sont destinés à une commission decompensation des Nations Uniesdu Koweit par l'Irak en, 1990.chargée des dédommagements après l',invasionEnviron 130 à 150 millions de dollars des 700 millions restants sontdestinés auxutilisé pourKurdesréglerdu nord de l'Irak. Le reste (environles salaires de divers fonctionnaires550demillions)l'ONUest~appartenantl'Irak desà la commissionrésolutions desspéciale chargéeNations Unies surde vérifier le respectson désarmement.parAinsi, selon les calculs de l'ONU, les trois millions de Kurdes au nordde l'Irak, vont recevoir l'équivalent d'un demi dollar par jour et parpersonne tandisl'Irak recevrontque32chacuncents.de quelque 17 millions qui habitent le reste deap/dkb/aje~FP /AA1234/201954 MAI 9659

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkish Daily News - Wednesday, May 22,1996Aktan tells ShattuckTIHV treatment centers don'texistCongressmen claim turkey is'obliged' to provide such centersBy Ugur Akme.Turkish Daily NewsWASHINGTON- While Foreign MinisterEmre Gönensay was busy discussing a widespectrum of bilateral and multilateral issueswith his U.S. counterparts, AmbassadorGündüz Aktan, deputy undersecretary at theTurkish Foreign Mimstry, had an hour-andthreequarter-Iongmeeting with John Shattuck,U.S. assistant secretary of state for human.rights, democracy and labor - verifying earlierspeculation that the United States wouldbring up the human rights issues duringGönensay's visit. While Shattuck did not askanything from the Turkish delegation, he listenedWith interest' to Aktan's presentation, aTDN source said.Concerning the recent negative publicity thetreatment centers of the Turkish Human RightsFoundation (TIHV) received in the U.S.Congress, Aktan said there was a lot of "misinfonnation"going around in Washington on theissue. The centers simply did not exist, he said."There is a lot of disinformation in theUnited States concerning the Turkish HumanRights Foundation. They claim that Turkey hasshut down the foundation's rehabilitation centers[for torture victims] or that Turkey appliespressure on such centers. We explained toShattuck that the TIHV does not have any suchrehabilitation centers," Aktan said. ."The cases that went to the court have beenturned down by the judges because there are nosuch centers physically. The thing they call a'center' is the local branch of the foundationitself. That's what they call a 'center.' Theauditors of the Ministry of Health cannot find aclinic when they visit these 'centers.' There areno personnel in such 'rehabilitation centers.' .Allthey have is a list of doctors that they referpeople to," Aktan continued."They again insist that we are interposingourselves in between doctors and their patients.There is no such thing. But if there IS reallytorture in Turkey, and the TIHV is working toeliminate that, then when somebody applies tothe foundation saying that he has been tortured,then naturally the foundation has to get intouch with the [state] prosecutor, saying: 'Herewe have somebody who says he has been tortured.'They are obligated to report torture tothe prosecutor, like anywhere else in the world.Again, as elsewhere in the world, an entity thatoperates as a clinic has to get pennission and alicense from the Ministry of Health. It has tooperateunder the supervision of the Ministryof Health. We are not even sure if the personwho claims to be a 'doçtor' in these 'centers'knows what he is doing or not. You don'tknow that either," he said."There is something else: All such centersaround the world treat victims of human rightsviolations from other countries, not their owncitizens. The reason is, it is against the law todo so," Aktan added.He also said he had discussed with Shattuckthe inconsistencies they had observed in theState Department's reports concerning theKurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). For example,reports said there were "anned clashes" withthe PKK. If Turkey is in a "war" with thePKK, as the State Department claimed, thenTurkey could Ilot be asked to release thosearrested within a month, since no.human rightslaw would apply to a war situation. TheTurkish &overnment does not accept that thereis a "war' with the PKK."Again, if he uses the human rights law as aframework, then one has to critIcize PKK'sactions as much as one criticizes Turkey'sbehavior," Aktan said. "It has to give details ofhow the PKK operates. The PKK fights wit"civilians. That's totally illegal. On the onehand the U.S. State Department sars that thePKK emfloys '~art-time guerrillas [Patternsof G10ba Terronsm, 1995, p. 52], then it doesnot say anything to condemn the practice. It isagainst the law to conduct a 'war' with 'parttimeguerrillas. '""Then one must choose which legal frameworkone should employ in writing thesereports. If you employ both legal systems, as isdone now by'the U.S. State Department, then itis tantamount to supporting the PKK. It lookslike choosing those aspects of both juris~rudencesystems that support the PKK," he saId."In these reports it is also alleged that theSuper Cobra helicopters are used against civilians.I told Mr. Shattuck that that has neverbeen the case," he conçluded.Congress to GönensayFour members of the U.S. Congress, on theother hand, circulated a letter among their colleagueson May 17. The letter, addressed toGönensay, protests the treatment of TIHVrehabilitation centers - whichgovernment says don't even exist.the TurkishAfter noting that according to the Turkishgovernment such centers are not legal, the fourcongressmen said: "Under both the Europeanand the United Nations conventions againsttorture, states are obliged to ~rovide treatmentservices for victims of torture. " ,,~Reps. Frank Wolf (Republican, Virginia);Christopher Smith (Republican, New Jersey);John Edward Porter (Republican, Illinois); andSteny Hoyer (Democrat, Maryland) called ontheir colleagues to co-sponsor the letter toGönensay and oppose the practice of torture inTurkey."Because Turker is an American ally and alarge recipient 0 foreign assistance, theseactIons should not be allowed to occur withoutstrong condemnation by the United States," thefour congressmen said.19 NGOs to GönensayAnother letter on the topic of torture inTurkey, dated May 20, 1996, was sent toGönensay and was signed by 19 human rightsNGOs ranging from Amnesty International toAmigos de los Sobrevivientes, Inc. Mentioningthe continuing case of two workers related tothe Adana branch of the TIHV, who arecharged with "operating an unlicensed healthcenter" and "negligence in denouncing acrime," the NGOs told Gönensay: "We areshocked by such charges against members of a.well-established, deeply-respected humanrights organization, who carry out humanitarianand ethical work in accordance with internationallyrecognized standards of internationallaw and medical ethics." .The NGOs urged Gönensay to have allcharges against the TlHV dropped. "We askyou, in the spirit of the highest principles ofmedical ethics and fundamentallaw, to ensurethat all requests for the foundation's medicalfiles and confidential patient information berescinded immediately.'A copy of the letter was also sent to PrimeMinister Mesut Ylimaz.60

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiIraqi-UN crude oildeal may lead to newopenings for TurkeyIt is no secret that the United Nations'sanctions imposed on Iraq after the GulfWar have had a disastrous affect onTurkey which has emerged as one of thenet losers in this ordeal. So the deal betweenIraq and the U.N. which allows the Baghdadadministration to sell some of its oil and spendthis on purchases of food and medicine is quitewelcome in Turkey. U.N. Security CouncilResolution 980 says most of the Iraqi crudewill be shipped through the Iraqi-Turkishpipeline, which means transit fees for Turkeyto the tune of around $120 million for sixmonths. Besides this Turkey will be able toextract 3.8 million barrels of oil which it. haspaid for and which are currently in thepipeline.But that is not all. It is clear that theIraqis will also purchase their food and medicinesfrom Turkey, which will bring furtherrevenues to the tune of about $500 million. Wehave heard that the Syrians are also trying tocourt Saddam Hussein and thus sell some oftheir own foodstuffs to Iraq, bypassingTurkey ...There are alsorumors that theIraqi-Syrian pipelinewhich has remained editorialdormant for ages willbe operational againand the Iraqis willship their oil throughthis route instead ofthrough Turkey. Oftourse all this iswishful thinking.Syria is playing adouble game. It isspreading rumorsthat Saddam andHafez al-Assad aremaking amends. By llnurThis seems to be amessage from ÇevikDam!lscus toTurkish Daily NewsWednesday, May 22, 1996Washington that "ifyou push us too far, we will go and befriendIraq which is your arch enemy ..."The U.N. resolution specifies clearly where.and how the Iraqi crude will be shipped. Thebulk will be exported through Turkey and therest through Iraq's ports in the Gulf.Turkey has played silent diplomacy in arather successful manner over the past year. Ithas tried to coax the Iraqis into accepting theU.N. resolution for the partial sale of oil whileit has also been telling the Americans to bemore understanding toward Baghdad.However, now Turkey has to show its realdiplomatic ..talentlt.lt is's fact that Turkey'srelàtions with the Iraqi Kurdish leaders' are'far from satisfactory. Turkey has to use itsdiplomatic skills to win back the trust of theIraqi leaders like Jalal Talabani and MassoudBarzani. If the current government crisis preventsus from doing this then the presidentshould intervene. Because there is always alimit to what the Turkish Foreign Ministrycan do in the absence of real political power inAnkara ...lf we fail to do this the oil deal may backfire.If Iraq has been suffering from sanctionsthe Iraqi Kurds have been suffering evenmore. The deal allows the Kurds benefitstotalling about $200-300 million in the form offood and medicine. Thus the Kurds may nowfeel much more secure in their safe haven. Thefact that the U.N. agencies will be delivering,~~this aid weakens Baghdad's grip on northernIraq. Thus if Turkey deserts the Iraqi Kurdsthey may well start acting more independentlyand once again the dream of a Kurdish independentstate may push them to make mistakes...Besides all this, Turkey's separatist PKK, group, which has bases in northern Iraq, mayask for a cut of the aid from the Iraqi Kurds ...All this depends on how Turkey can projectits policies on northern Iraq ...61

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiSyrien hotar Turkiet"Israel har infiltrerat den turkiska statsapparaten"AvNATHANSHACHARJERUSALEM.De statskontrolleradesyriska nyhetsmediernafortsatte pâ tisdagen sinahäftiga attacker mot detstrategiska samarbetetmellan Turkiet och Israel.Den syriska radian inleddepA mândagen ett formligtbombardemang av hotelserach beskyllningar mot Turkiel.Den yttre orsaken varden turkiske flottchefens besökvid den israeliska flottanshuvudbas i Haifa. PAtisdagenfick den turkiska regeringensl(äppan full ocksA av partiorganetBa'ath ach regeringsorganetThawra, som blandannat hävdade att Israelsspionorganisation Massad"infiltrerat den turkiskastatsapparaten" .Innehâllet i Israels avtalmed Turkiet är inte närmarekänt, men i takt med att alltfler detaljer sipprar ut ökarSyriens ara för att bli föremAlför en diplomatisk kniptângsmanöver.Damaskus, ach staradelar av arabvärlden, reagerademed chock i april, dAen fôrsvarstalesman i Ankarameddelade att Turkiet givitdet israeliska flygvapnetlandnings- ach träningsrättigheter.Israelach Turkiethar regionens bägge starkasteflygvapen, ach det är fôrstAeligtatt ett närgAnget samarbetemellan dessa Syriensbägge grannländer väckerstart obehag i Damaskus, därflygvapnets moderniseringsprogramgenom Sovjetunionenskollaps hamnat flera ârefter schemat.FörsvarspaktHar Israelach Turkiet endastkommit överens am en serietjänster ach gentjänster - underrättelsesamarbete,moderniseringav turkiska stridsflygplani Israel, med mera -eller är det en regelrätt försvarspaktsom hAIler pAatt taform? Är det pAdet viset stArdet klart att de strategiskastyrkeförhâllandena i omrAdetstuvats om ordentligt.Ett IAngtgAende turkisk-israelisktmilitärsamarbetemaste oroa inte bara Syrien,Egypten ach Irak, utan blirocksa en kontroversieIlstridsfrAga inom Turkiet, därden islamiska rörelsen segladeupp som största parti viddet senaste parlamentsvalen.Sâ sent som i söndags grepsen pistolman bara nâgra meterinpA president SüleymanDemirel. Under fÖrhören uppgaymannen att han avsett attmörda DemireJ för samar betetmed Israels skull.Samtal med IrakLigger det nAgot i de senasteveckornas envisa rykten omett sammanträffande mellande mAngâriga fienderna SaddamHussein av Irak ach HafezAssad av Syrien sA tordedetta ha att göra med dennautveckling. I utsikt aven allttätare strategisk samverkan::mellan Israelach Turkiet hat.Assad inte längre l'Admed ettspänt ach misstänksamt förhâllandetill grannen i öster, i .synnerhet som ocksâ Syriensgranne i söder, Jordanien, pasenare al' inlett olika formerav samarbete med Israel.Saddam Hussein är ju självirriterad ach kränkt över defriheter Turkiet tar sig i dptdemilitariserade irakiskaK-'Kurdistan, sam invaderats avturkiska styrkor flera gâng~rpâ sènare âr.Relationerna mellan Turkietach Syrienhar varit ansträngdai flera al'. De turkiskadammbyggena vid fladen'Eufrats övre lopp har rättSyrien att oroa sig för sinvattenförsörjning. Samtidigtanser Turkiet att Syrien be'.kostar ach tränar den kurdis~ka PKK-rörelsens kämpar,nâgot sam Damaskus förne.kat. 062Syria warnsTurkey on tieswith IsraelDamascus says it reserves right.to take necessary measures "tocounter Turkish-Israeli alliance". ReutersDAl\ilASCUS- Syria on Tuesday blasted.Turkey for boosting its military ties withIsrael and said such a step would provokethe Turkish Muslim people and dragAnkara into conflicts. Syrian informationofficials also accused Turkish PrimeMinister Mesut Yllmaz of adopting hostilepolicies against neighbourin~ Syria andsaid Damascus retained the nght to confrontany military alliance that threatenedits security. "The Turkish-Is'raeli militarydeal is in fact an uncordial action by theTurkish government towards Arabs,"Mohammed Khair al-Wadi, director-generalof the government dailY.Tishr~en, said.Turkish Daily News - Wednesday, May 22,1996The deal "puts Turkey in confrontationwith the whole Arab nation and createsmore problems for it with Arab states",Wadi added in a front-page commentary:"The government of YIlmaz has escalatedits hostile language against Syria and Arabsand increased the uncordial statementswhich escalate tension and push ties tomore deterioration.". Wadi' s remarks carne a day after thehead of Turkey's navy began a visit to. Israel to further boost military ties afterboth states signed a military cooperationdeal in February. Turkish PresidentSüleyman Demirel escaped an assassinationattempt on Saturday by a lone gunmanwho said he was protesting the military agree-.ment, whose artIcles were kept secret. Thewould-be assassin was overpowered byDemirel's bodyguards. First word of Turkey's'February milItary deal with Israel, whichleakedtouchedto Turkish newspapers last month,off sharp criticism from Muslim states,charging Ankara with a betrayal of solidarity.against the Jewish state."The Turkish authorities have brought theZionist.monster, whose teeth and nails arestained with the blood of the innocent ~ople in. Lebanon and Palestine into the Turkish society,"Wadi said."Such a step constitutes a clear provocationof the feelingsTurkey ...It dragsof theTurkeyIslamic people ofinto confficts that ithas nothing to do with," he added.The Anatolian News Agency said NavyAdmiral Güven Erkaya arrived in Israel onMonday to visit a naval base at Haifa and amunition production centre as guest of hisIsraeli counlerpart, Major-General Alex Tal.. The media said Turkey and Israel wouldhold joint naval exercises but there was no officialcontirmation of the report. Another officialdaily, ai-Baath, said Damascus would notallow its territory to be used to attack Turkeybut at the same time would not remain idletowards any alliance that endangers its security,"Syria, which repeatedly affirmed its rejectionof the launching of any aggressive actionagainst Turkey from its lands, reiterates commitmentto its legitimate right to confront anymilitary alliance that threatens its security," It.said. But the same officials said Damascus waskeen to have good ties with Turkey and urgedAnkara to reconsider its policies and to opendialogue with Syria to solve all problems..'. Re.lations are. tense over ~ater-sharing and.Turkish accusatIOns that Syna backs separatistKurds in southeast Turkey .Syria'denies it supports the KurdistanWorkers Party (PKK), fighting for Kurdishhomeland in southeast Turkey and says Ankara~ants to use the issue to deprive Damascus ofits share of the River Euphrates waters.Wadi said Syria would not give u~ its rightto a fair share of the Euphrates, which flowsfrom Turkey to Syria and Iraq.---------------------.-- .----.--. ----------------------

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkish Reactions Turkish Daily News - Wednesday, May 22, 1996Oil accord is welcomed in Ankaradespite 'Kurdish state' concern-.Technicians happy over prospect ofearning revenues while politicians worrythat accord may be prelude to setting upan independent Kurdish entity in N. IraqTIIT1cishDaily NewsANKARA- Reactions in Ankara to the news of the oil accordbetween Iraq and the U.N. ranged from pleasure at the prospect ofbaving the dormant Kirkuk-Yumurtahk pipeline running again toconcern that the provisions of the accord relating to northern Iraqrepresented a prelude to the establishment of a Kurdish state in theregIon.Among the first to react to the news were Mustafa Murathan, thegeneral director of the Turkish Oil Pipeline Company (BOTA~),and Utur Dogan, the undersecretary at the Ministry for Energy andNaturàl Resources, both of whom were contacted by the Anatolianews agency immediately after the news broke. Murathan said thatthis develo'pment would definitely affect Turkey positively, addingthat the pipeline running between Kirkuk in northern Iraq andYumurtahk on Turkey' s Mediterranean coast would be reopenedafter five years, and this would mean the earning of valuable revenue.Poin~ng out that there was no problem as far as the Turkish endof the Kirkuk-Yumurtahk pipeliIie was concerned, Murathan saidthat as far as the Iraqi end was concerned there was some minordamage at a pumping station near the border.He added however that this would not affect the transportation ofoil through this pipeline.Ugur Dogan, the undersecretary at the Ministry for Energy andNatural Resources, characterized this development as "very posi.tive" and "very pleasina."He pointed out that 8espite hopes waning from time to time, thiswas actually the result that had tleen expected in the end. "We hadan impression that this agreement would be signed in September orOctober. But this is a true newsflash. It is a very positive agI:eementand we are very pleased," Dogan said. Asked by the Turkish DailyNews to comment on the Iraqi-U.N. accord, the former head ofBOTA~, Hayrettin Uzun, maintained that the accord would put thesubject of a "Kurdish state" in northern Iraq back on the agenda.Uzun, who is currently a deputy from Kocaeli for the MotherlandParty (ANAP), cautioned against the establishment of such"statelets" in northern Iraq."Turkey must be aware that the establishment of a Kurdishstatelet, regardless of what they call it, is in the making," Uzunargued.He also conjectured that the accord-between Iraq and the U.N.would increase the cooperation of the northern Iraqi Patriotic Unionof Kurdistan (PUK), led by lalal Talabani, anii the KurdistanWorkers' Party (PKK), which is waging a separatist war in theSoutheast of Turkey and which has bases ln northern Iraq. "Despiteall this, though, I find the U.N. decision to be a positive development.But it also means that Turkey has to be ready for new developments."Touching on the positive side of this development, Uzun addedthat the Turkish side of the Kirkuk -Yumurtalik pi~line had beenmade operational in 1994, and continned Murathan s comments bysaying that Turkey was ready to transport the oil that would comeas a result of the Iraqi-U.N. accord.Pointin¥. out that the bi~gest advantage of this accord for Turkeywould be 'psychological,' Uzun said:"Even the partial operation of the pipeline will bring positiveadvantages With it. For one thing, these positive effects will be feltby people in the region. Turkey sI?Cnt$2.5 billion on this pipeline.Willi the pipeline operational a~am, this investment will not havegone to waste. Because if the oil in pipelines is not transported itbecomes heavy and dama~es the pipeline through corrosion. Theflow of oil prevents this. ' Uzun said that the pipeline had thecapacity to carry 70 million tons of oil per annum, and that sincethe U.N. embargo was impl?sed on Iraq five years ago Turkey hadsuffered losses to the tune of $200 million a year in transit fees.He emphasized that the cooperation of the northern Iraqi Kurdswould be necessary for the transportation of this oil, adding thatthis assistance would be most felt in providing for the secunty ofthe p'ipeline and the distribution of aid to be secured from the saleof oil. .Uzun pointed out that the bulk of the aid would be purchased inTurkey, which would mean extra revenues being earned throughthis channel also. .Contacted by the Turkish Daily News, the deputy chairman ofthe main opposition Welfare Party, Abdullah Gül, said that theembaiao imposed against Iraq had to be lifted in full. He addednevenheless that the permission given to Iraq for limited oil saleswas a step in this direction.Gül s!lld ~at the !Doney earned. from the oil sho~ld be used bythe iraqi regime as It saw fit, addmg that the U.N. lnsistence thatthis be used for humanitarian reasons meant that there could beulterior motives in the overall arrangement.He said than many nongovernmental organizations came with theostensible aim of engaging in humanitarian activities but were laterfound to be operating ln line with the interests of the country fromwhich they onginated.Repeating the concern voiced by Hayrettin Uzun, Gül pointed tothe existence of a danger concerning the establishment of a Kurdishstate under the guise of humanitarian aid.He said the Turkish government should take the initiative withrespect to developments in northern Iraq. Recalling that Turkey hadshouldered the 6urden of aid to hundreds of thousands of Iraqirefugees after the Gulf War, Gül said that this qualified Turkey tocoordinate U.N. aid to northern Iraq.Asked by the Turkish Daily News to comment on the Iraq-U.N.oil accord, Republican People's Party (CHP) depuo/ Ali Oinçersai~ ~at the reopening of the KirkulC-Yumurta.hf pipeline was apos!Uve development.He said the Iraqi Kurds, Iraq itself and Turkey would all comeout of this with advantages.Taking a different line to Uzun and Gül, Dinçer said humanitarianaid would help northern Iraq's re-integration with Iraq proper,and thus the preservation of Iraq s territorial integrity.63

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti• VISITE DU COMITÉEUROPÉEN PO,URlAPR~VENTIONDE lA TORTUREUne mission de 5 membres deèèt organisme du Conseil de l'Europechar:géde faire respecter la Convention• lA FONDATION TURQUE DESDROITS DE l'HOMMEPOURSUIVIE PAR lES COURSDE SÛRETÉ DE l'ÉTATDepuis sa création en 1990, leseuropéenne par la prévention de la responsables de la Fondation turquetor(ure, dont la Turquie est signataire,., des Droits de l'Homme (IHF) ont, à 'efJectue depuis le 6 mai une visite maintes reprises, comparu de"ant lesd'j/Ïspection de 3 jours en Turquie. , Cours de Sûreté de l'État pour leurs 'Cette mission dirigée par M. Claude, activités «gênantes» et «la mauvaiseNicoloy va enquêter sur les condl- image» qu'ils donnent de la Turquie.tjçx1S de garde-à-vue dans les com- Be jeudi 9 mai, 9 responsables demjssariats turcs, sur les méthodes (1.HF)doivent comparaître devant la'd'interrogatoire de la police turque Cour de Sûreté de l'État d'Ankara'ainsi, que sur les conditions de déten- pour un article paru dans une destion pénitentiaire. La mission aura publications de «IHF» et jugé par les'ég'alement des entretiens avec le autorités comme «insultant les lois dePremier ministre, avec les ministres, la République turque et les décisionsde l'intérieur et de la Justice ainsi , de la Grande Assemblée». En vertuqu'avec le Directeur général de la de l'article 159/3 du Code pénal turc,Sûreté et le commandant en chef de chacun de ces responsables est pasla'gendarmerie.sible de plus de 6 mois de prison. PatAu cours de son entrevue du 7'roai avec la mission, le Premierministre turc a notamment affirmé:

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetiet créances non honorés des entreprisesou des particuliers. Pour obtenirson dû, il est courant en Turquiede s'adresser à la Mafia qui, en.échange de ses services, retient 50%de la somme recouvrée. La mafiaentretient également des relationssuivies avec la classe politique à tousles nivaux ainsi qu'avec la police, lajustice et la haute hiérarchie militaire.Les relations ne sont pas toujoursoccultes. Inci Baba, l'un d~s parrainsillustres de la Mafia turque, a accompagnéà plusieurs reprises M.Demirel dans ses voyages à l'étrangeret à sa mort le président turc a unmoment songé à publier un décretgouvernemental pour autoriser safamille à ériger un mausolée à lamémoire de cet AI Capone local quiavait porté aide financière et «protégé»M. Demirel après le coup d'Étatmilitaire de 1980.Turkish Daily News - Thursday, May 23,1996Freedom of thought on trial againBy Erdinç ErgençTurk.ish Daily NewsISTANBUL- A second group ofintellectuals who published the book"Freedom of Thought and Expression"were tried Wednesday at the 3rd StateSecurity Court of Istanbul.1,088 intellectuals who had put theirnames as publishers of the book arechar~ed with Article 312 of theTurkish Penal Code and the infamousArticle 8 of Anti Terror Law are thedefendants. The articles are punishing"spreading hatred among peoplethrough publication on the basis ofracial, religious and linguistic differences,"but the lawyers stated that only186 of the signees were to be tried.During the yesterday's trial only 10of the 86 publishers were heard. Mostof the intellectuals said that they willinglybecame the publisher of the bookand are ready to face any penalty toexpand the borders of freedom ofthought and expression. The prosecutorobjected that the basis of thedefense was freedom of expression,saying that the defendants werecharged with threatening the integrityof the state.But the lawyers remarked that theirclients are aware of the charges andthat they would carryon with thedefense. Anegül Devecioglu saidwhile giving eVIdence that everybodywas aware of what the crime meantand emphasized that there were noneed for other people to make forbiddingrules.Muhsin KlZIlkaya stated that hewould continue to take part in everyattempt to defend freedom of thought,while Ali Yllmaz emphasized that themain quality of mankind were the abilityto think. Necmenin Çobano~lu thechairman of Sine-Sen Trade Uniondescribed himself as a cog in the factoryof thought and he cannot separatehimself from this chain by stoppingthinking only because a prosecutordoes not like his ideas.Muzaffer HiçYllmaz, a lecturer,stated that he always taught his studentsto think without takin~ care forracial, language and belief differences.Nazmiye Güçlüoglu told the judge thatshe had problems in explaining her 8year old child, how thinking could be acrime.The trial has been postponed by thecourt to 22 July. The case of the frrstgroup of 99 intellectuals was heard lastmonth, which attracted media attentionand witnessed to humorous scenes.Mahir Gün~Jray read passages fromFranz Kafka at the courtroom. In thefrrst group of 99 people Y~ar Kemal,Orhan Pamuk, Mümr Ceylan, ZülfüLivaneli and many other famous artistsand intellectuals are included. Thesecond hearing of this first trial will beheld in 31 May.Disaster at Habitat plateau kills oneTurkishDaily NewsISTANBUL- The collapse of IwObuildings yesterday in Taksim, at thecenter of Istanbul and part of Habitatplateau, has left one person dead.At 11.00 a.m. in Hocazade street,one of those streets being prepared andcleaned for Habitat, a building collapsed,leaving an adjoining buildingseriously damaged.It was reported that one building, No15, a historical structure collapsed dueto inept renovation work and thedemolishment of the neighboringbuilding. The collapse of this buildingalso damaged the fronling buildingthat was inhabited by squatters.Of the six people were pulled fromthe debris, one was dead, two injuredand three miraculously received noinjuries. The people, in their 20s, livingin the old building were savedfrom the collapsed building afterhours.The 25-year old young man whowas dead under the collapsed buildingwas reportedly named Mustafa.The injured ones were MuharremPehlivan. born in Trabzon in 1969 andYa~ai' AsIan, born in Adiyaman in1973. The injured were taken toTaksim Hospital. The three people,~)rat Karabulut. Ismail Akçam, HaclOkke~ who were saved without anyinjuries, said they could not believe'what had happened and started to cryonce they were taken out to the daylight.Istanbul once again revealed its twofaces: The tarted-up facade for Habitatcovering over tIie neglected anddemolishing buildings.65

-- ------------Revue de Presse-~ress Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkish Daily News - Thursday, May 23, 1996Turkey protests pro. Kurdish remarksin Russian parliament's meetingTurkish Daily NewsANKARA- Turkey protested statements by someRussian government officIals that appeared to be supportingthe outlawed Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) during ameeting in the Russian Parliament. Turkey, pointing outthat the PKK propaganda in Russia has increased, askedRussia whether its policy regarding the PKK had chanaed,the semi~official Anatolia news agency reported. heprotest was made by a representative ôf the TurkishEmbassy in Moscow, followmg a meeting organized by theDuma's Geopolitical Affairs Committee. PartIcipants in thismeeting were members of the Russian government, some ofwhom made statements thilt supported the PKK. AlexanderNevzorov, a director for the Federal Security Service, saidthat the PKK was not a terrorist organization and thatRussia should make use of the Kurdish'problem in Turkey.Ankara denies itis unhappy withIsraeli accordTurkish Daily newsANKARA~ Turkey on Wednesday denied reported'remarks by Prime Minister Mesut YIlrnaz that a recentlyconcluded military accord with Israel could be reviewedand said there were no problems concerning thisaccord.The Foreign Ministry made this announcement in a statementfollowing reports in Wednesday's press that saidYIlrnaz had told his parliamentary group the day before thatthe accord had "brought more harm than good." .The accord has been strongly criticized by traditionallyanti-Israeli Islarnist groups in Turkey and by a host of Arabcountries.The militaryestablishment, which negotiated the accord, .however, is reported to be firmly behind the arrangementwith Israel.. High ranking military officials are said to be assessing •the success of the accord by the disturbance it has createdin countries such as Syria which Ankara says use underhandmethods against Turkey such as supporting separatistKurdish terrorism.The Foreign Ministry statements said that the prime ministerhad not uttered the words :~ttributed to him in thepress. , ,;'>. '.i .Contacted by the Anatolia ne\\'s agency, Israel's ambassadorto Ankara. lvi Elpeleg, also said that the accord wasworking well and indicated that they had not received anysi~s from Ankara to date to suggest that it was unhappyWIththis arrangement..Indicating that Turkey "is a mature enough country toknow where its interest lie," Elpeleg also said that Ankarawas sovereign enough to conduct its own business withoutinterference from the outside.Libération - 22 mai 1996~Murat'pôur'le''KurdistanCuriosité scénique annon-.cée de la semaine prochaine:un concert militantde Murat. Entre deuxséances d'enregistrement".de son prochain album,attendu pour l'automne etdont on ne divulguera pasle probable titre espagnol,le créateur du Manteau djpluie du Singe chantera k28, à la Maison du Peuplede Clermont-Ferrand;au profit de l'associationfranco-kurde et du'.Secours Populaire. Les'fonds réunis (85 francs la'place) devraient financer;.un convoi humanitaire ~:•destination du Kurdistan:'On ose espérer de l'iné-,dit (Mieux, Presque rien,:.Vania du Mont d'Or ...?)mêlé aux réminiscences de.la dernière tournée, et onpeut ~e rappeler que le"chanteur bougnat, sur l'un,de ses duos en Ba de.Mademoiselle Personne,.. avec Elodie Bouchez, par-.:laitdéiàdes Kurd~:_,-66

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTHE INDEPENDENT. THURSDAY 23 MAY 1996'No lightat endoftttnnel'Istanbul - Western diplomatsbelieve the number of people beingtortured and "disappearing"in Thrkey has been decreasingand that affairs have improvedsince the early 1980s.But Akin Birdal, head of theHuman Rights Association, refusedto see light at the end of thetunnel. "There is no sign thingsaregetting better. Infact, they aregetting worse. People in chargeof atrocities are being rewardedby seats in parliament and evenministries," said Mr Birdal, whois also a left -wing politician.Earlier this year the governmentinitiated action againstbranches of the Human RightsFoundation after they offeredcounselli~ to torture victims.Amnesty campaigns in thepast depressed Turkey's trade andtourism. Letter -writing seems tohave more impact on those doingthe torturing, however, anddiplomats defend the principle oftraining police forces. "They alreadyknow how to torture,"said one. "The point is to teachthem forensic methods that willallow them to dispense with theneed for a confession in the firstplace."Hugh Pope'They tortured me,invited me to tea'A Thrkish torture victim, Ali EkberKaya, did not know he wasabout to feature in the latestcampaign by Amnesty International,writes Hugh Pope.From eastern Thrkey, he saidit was lilœly to be a mixed blessing."Once the police said to me:'If we knew you had this manyforeign friends, we'd have simplygot rid of you.' So I'm naturallya bit worried .•. But onething is for sure. If it hadn'tbeen for Amnesty International••• I would not be living now."Mr Kaya lives in Thnceli,which means "Bronze Hand",a name bestowed on the townof Dersim by the Thrkish authoritiesafter a Kurdish uprisingwas crushed there in1938. The town is still plaguedwith ethnic-religious strife andkillings."I'm both Kurdish and anAlevi, so I'm for the chop onboth counts," Mr Kaya said.Alevis are heterodox Shia Muslims,often in conDict with theSunni majority. He was first arrestedin 1994 and tortured onsuspicion of belonging to theseparatist Kurdistan Workers'Party before being acquitted. Hewas rearrested in March 1995and tortured for a confessionthat he was in the Marxist-Leninist Communist Party:Amnesty said he was hoseddown, had two ribs broken,was not allowed to sleep andwas hung from the ceiling to begiven electric shocks throughhis fingers and genitals. "Thepolice think they are protectingtheir country, that they areprotecting Islam. When themuezzin starts, they even stopfor prayers," said Mr Kay&,whocould stilliaugh at the absurdityof some of his experiences.The group of 17 suspects wasbrought to court, where all buttwo were acquitted. A womanprosecutor had pity on them,shocked at their state but thepolice rearrested him and imprisonedhim for two moremonths, although he was notharmed any more.But release fromjail did notfree him from bis torturers, whovisited him at work in the municipality,once even askinghim to call for tea. Mr Kaya,who has since brought a caseagainst the police, said he believedtheir goal was to close thelocal branch of the HumanRights Association in the town."They have succeeded. Theyhave confiscated everything,"Mr Kaya said. "They evenasked me what I though of thefact that they had tortured me.I said: 'What would you thinkif I had done that to you?' Thatkept them quiet for awhile."-.67

t ."~I LA CROIX - 23 mai 1996 il ~~.Irak'Laguerre du Golfe n'est pas finie'"~~~.....:L'accord, conclu lundi à New York entre l'ONU et l'Irak, Sur la résolution « pétrole contre nourriture» n'entame en rien la volonté deWashington d'« accélérer la chute de l'actuel régime irakien», La guerre du Golfe n'est, pas finie. Cinq ans et dixmois après l'invasion, du Koweït par l'Irak, lesEtats-Unis, puissance tutélaireau Moyen-Orient, nesont toujours pas parVenus àleurs fIns :installer un régime« ami l) à Bagdad. L'accord intervenu,lundi à New York,sur la résolution 986 dite «pé-:trole contre nourriture l) (rws:éditions du 21 mai) s'inscrit'dès lors toujours dans un:co'ntexte de confrontation~entreWashington et SaddamHussein.Pour Washington, la résolution986 poursuit un objectifstrictemen~ humanitaire que'lechef de l'Etat irakien ne doiten aucun cas être en mesured'exploiter politiquement.L'objectif a, ultimè des résolu- , W':) .. ~~~,},,, ;..........' .'- ::~',.; . ~'... ',::"'i~~';"

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiLE MONDE - 23 mai 1996L'opposition irakienne craint que l'accordavec l'ONU ne renforce le pouvoir de Saddam HusseinWashington voudrait empêcher Bagdad de tirer des bénéfices « à des fins illégitimes»Le Comité des sanctions de l'ONU contre J'Irak,.ou Il Comité 661Il, s'est réuni, mardi 21 mai àNew York, pour examiner l'accord Il pétrolecontre nourriture », dont il devra superviser lamise en œuvre. De leur côté, les Etats-Unis ontaffirmé qu'ils If empêcheraient» le présidentirakien, Saddam Hussein, d'utiliser les bénéficesde la vente du pétrole If à des finsillégitimes JI.DIRE QUE LES OPPOSANTSirakiens de tous bords se réjouissentde l'acceptation, par lerégime de Bagdad, de la résolution986 du Conseil de sécurité del'ONU serait enfoncer une porteouverte, n'étaient les craintes queles intéréssés nourrissent quantaux bénéfices que pourrait en tirerSaddam Hussein.Malgré une étrange sélection,qui, en vertu de la résolution,veut que le statut spécifique, accordéaux trois provinces du Kurdistanéchappant au contrôle deBagdad, ne soit pas appliqué auxpopulations chiites du sud del'Irak - qui subissent de la part durégime un ostracisme quasi similaireà celui dont sont victimes lesKurdes -, ce qui compte aux yeuxdes opposants, c'est que soient allégéesles souffrances de la population.Dans des communiquésséparés, le Congrès national irakien,qui groupe plusieurs formationsde l'opposition, l'Union patriotiquedu Kurdistan (UPK) de]alal Talabani et l'Assemblée supérieurede la révolution islamiqueen Irak, se sont félicités dela signature, lundi 20 mai, d'unmémorandum d'accord entrel'Irak et l'ONU.Farouchement attachés à l'unitéterritoriale et à la souverainetédu pays, les opposants balaientl'argument de souveraineté invoqué,pendant des mois, par legouvernement, dans un premiertemps pour refuser purement etsimplement la résolution 986,puis pour en contester les dispositionsrelatives à la distribution del'aide au Kurdistan. Leur argumenttient en ceci: la souverainetéde l'Irak a été bafouée par la résolution687, qui, en imposant unembargo pluriel au pays, l'a pratiquementplacé sous tutelle. SaddamHussein peut donc difficilement,selon eux, invoquer lasouveraineté, lorsque, dans leseul but de se maintenir au pouvoir,il l'a déjà bafouée en acceptantla résolution 687.INTERROGATIONSLe traitement spécifique appliquéau Kurdistan, indique, poursa part, le représentant à Paris del'UPK, Mohamad Ismail, tient aufait que cette partie de l'Irak estsoumise à un double embargo:les sanctions de l'ONU, mais aussiles privations imposées par Bagdadau gré des humeurs des autorités.De ce fait, les besoins destrois provinces du Kurdistan quibénéficient d'un parapluie aérienmultinational ne sont pas exactementles mêmes que ceux du restedu pays. Il faut aussi, ajoute M. Ismail,empêcher Saddarn Husseinde continuer d'user des besoinsde la population kurde commed'un moyen de pression sur sesdirigeants pour les amener à résipiscence.Qu'on ne s'y trompe pas, expliqueun économiste. Les venteslimitées de pétrole apporterontun léger mieux à la population,mais elles ne rétabliront pas lecycle économique normal, pas davantageau Kurdistan que dans lereste du pays. Alors, s'il faut parlerde privilège à propos des troisprovinces du nord de l'Irak, c'estd'une faveur limitée à la seule distributiondes produits qu'il s'agit.Tous font une lecture nuancéedes conséquences politiques possiblesde l'accord conclu entre lesNations unies et l'Irak. Ilscraignent que ce desserrement, silimité soit-il, de l'étau internationalne soit mis à profit par le régimepour renforcer son emprise.Ils redoutent aussi que la levéeprovisoire et partielle de l'embargopétrolier soit le prélude à uneréhabilitation du régime aux yeuxde nombreux pays, qu'elle encourageles sociétés étrangères, dontles représentants se bousculentdéjà à Bagdad dans la perspectivede l'après-embargo, à relancer lestransactions avec le pouvoir.A leurs yeux, il faut donc toutfaire pour que Saddam Husseinsoit maintenu au ban des nations,qu'il soit tenu comptable des multiplesviolations des droits del'homme dont il s'est rendu coupable.Le président irakien a sansdoute été acculé, plus d'un anaprès l'adoption de la résolution986, à l'accepter sous la pressioninternationale et intérieure,et parce qu'il a, lui-même, suscitédes espoirs tels au sein de la populationqu'il lui aurait été difficilede faire marche arrière. Pourautant, soulignent-ils, il faudrasurveiller de près l'application decette résolution.Les opposants s'interrogentaussi sur l'avenir: comment réa-'gira la population à la constantevalse-hésitation du pouvoir, quicommence toujours par refuseren bloc les contraintes et résolutionsde l'ONU pour finir par lesaccepter?, se demandent-ils. Assistera-t~onà un sursaut populaireet l'allégement des souffrancesde la populationcréera-t-il une nouvelle dynamique? Ou M. Hussein saura-t-il,au contraire, récupérer à son profitce léger mieux ?MounaNaïm69

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTURKISH PROBE MAY 24.1996••Yllmaz and OcalanWage Media WarsOn the eve of PrimeMinister Mesut Yllmaz'svisit to Germany, twointerviews' appeared inDie Welt - one with Yilmaz himselfand the other one withAbdullah Öcalan, the leader of theoutlawed Kurdistan Workers'Party (PK.K).Ocalan said in his interview thatthe PKK did not want a separatestate, but wanted to live withinTurkey in a federative and democratièsystem.. ."We want to have a Germanstylefederal state system," he said,adding, on a softer note, that heregretted the PKK attacks againstGermany, which banned the organization.ip.1993.Npt surprisingly, the Kurd!shquestion wa.s one of the majoritems on the agenda. betweenMesut Yllmaz and GermanChancellor Helmut Kohl. Evenbefore starting his visit,announced that he wouldYllmazconveyhis concern about the activities ofthe PKK. ,"I will communicate to Germanofficials Turkey's unease about theterror organization PKK continuingits activities, despite being outlawedin that country (Germany),"Yllmaz said. TI1,1eto his word, hewarned Germany to think twicebefore granting asylum to Kurdsfrom Turkey, most of whom hesaid were working undercover for.the PK.K.As he carfied outllis taIks withGerman officials, protests weremade by Kurdish anô some humanrights groups over Ankara's treatmentof ethilic Kurds."I told (German) Chancellor(Helmut) Kohl that he must differentiateclearly between the separatistPKK and (Turkish) citizensof Kurdish origin seeking asylum,"Yllmaz told a newsafter meeting Kohl.conference"The overwhelming majority of.citizens of Kurdish origin living.here want peace. But the PKK isusing a small, but militant group todisrupt public order in Germany,"he said.On the other important item,Turkey's ties with the EuropeanUnion, Yllmaz urged Kohl to helpthe country' s efforts to join theEuropean Union. That definitely. sounded softer than earlier state-. ments, attributed to the prime min- .ister, that Germany was obstructingTurkey's membership of theUnion _,Foc~onHumanR~hß------~Turkish rights group saysministry pressures courtTurkey's Human Rights Foundation~ccused the Foreign Ministry of trying tomfluence the outcome of court investigationsinto its torture rehabilitation centers bydenouncing them as illegal.. Foreign Ministry spokesman NurettinNurkan said the centers were illegal becausethe foundation had not applied officially toestablish them. He said the matter was being~assed to the public prosecutor for investigatIon."Nurkan ... is putting himself in the place ofthe judge and making judgements on us in aneffort to exert influence and pressure on thecourts when an investigation is .I;lnderway," thefoundation' s chairman, Yavuz Onen. said in a .statement.Turkish police break uphuman rights protestTurkish police arrested dozens of people,incIudin~ a senior French trade uniomst, takin~part m a candlelit vigil in Istanbul forffilssing people, human rights activists said.The Anatolia news agency said 20 people hadbeen arrested at the protest on Friday. but aFrench human rights group put the number atabout40.The left-wing Movement Against Racismand for Friendship Between Peoples (MRAP)said in Paris that police "brutally attacked" aceremony organized by mothers and spousesof people who had disappeared.It said those arrested included FrenchmanVincent Raynal, a senior official of theCommunist-linked CGT union, and an unidentifiedBritish woman teacher. Raynal and otherswere injured by police, it added.Freedom of thoughton trial againA second group of intellectuals who publishedthe book "Freedom of Thought andExpression" were tried Wednesday at theThird State Security Court of Istanbul.A total of 1,088 intellectuals who hadgiven their names as publishers of the bookaie being charged under Article 312 of theTurkish Penal Code and the infamous Article8 of the Anti-Terror Law. These articles punish"spreading hatred among the peoplethrough publication on the basis of racial, religiusandlinguistic differences," but lawyerssaId only 186 of the signatories would be tried.During yesterday's trial only 10 of the 86publishers were heard. Most of the intellectualssaid that they had willingly become publishersof the book and were ready to face anypenalty to expand the borders of freedom ofthought and expression.70

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiIn Turkey, the Tug of History Is Looseningthe Glue of A taturkBy Celestine BohlenNe....York Times ServiceANKARA - Few countries honor their godsthe way Turkey reveres Mustafa Kemal Ataturk ..whose military skills and authoritarian hand reassembledparts of the crumbling Ottoman Empireand fashioned them into a modem Turkish state.Fifty-eight years after his death, Mr. Ataturk'scool blue eyes stare down from the walls of every.public building in Turkey, and statues of him,dominate thousands of central squares.Here in Ankara, the capital, his mausoleum,which is visited by thousands of Turks each year,displays a sublime arrogance that even Lenin, thefounder of the Soviet state, never achieved. It isstill a crime in Turkey to allude to Mr. Ataturk'spersonal weaknesses, like his heavy drinking. Hisphilosophy of statehood, Kemalism, is requiredreading for all students.For all the public reverence, Turkey long agoslipped out of the mold that Mr. Ataturk created. Tobe sure Turkey, NATO's strategic anchor in theeastern Mediterranean, is still the West's loyalpartner. And as a Muslim country in a region full of.Islamic dictators, it is still committed to secularismànd democracy.But Mr. Ataturk's plans for creating a newTurkish man - a Westernized creature with a newidentity, new clothes, a new alphabet and a languagepurged of alien elements - did not succeed.any more than the Homo sovieticus of Lenin'simagination did.o Paradoxically, as the tug ofWesternization getsstronger, older and deeper currents have risen tome surface, revealing a nation with not one identity,but many.The breakup of the Soviet Union, the Gulf Warand the war in the Balkans have only added newpieces to the mosaic, as ethnic groups in Turkeykom Kurds to Abkhazians reach across borders torenew old bonds, and Turkish Muslims find them-5elves drawn to the side of their warring brethren in~osnia and Chechnya. It had been Mr. Ataturk's'hope that a new Turkishness would replace Islam:and the bonds of the old Ottoman Empire as the:glue binding the 14 million people who lived inTurkey in 1923, when the republic was founded., Now, with a population that has grown to more.than 60 million, Turkey is more heterogeneousthan ever.But Islam is also more in evidence than evermoremosques, more religious schools, more womenwearing scarves on their heads. In the lastelections, a record number of people voted for theanti-secular Welfare Party, which is promoting acloser alliance with Turkey's Muslim neighbors.In the back streets of Istanbul, men like Zekariya-,p,.esident Suleyman Demirel being led away by bodyguardsafter the attempt against his life in Izmit, Turkey.71

Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetischools for imams, Islamic religious is in many ways discovering itseif, peerleaders,have seen the number of their ing back into its history, at its modemYilmaz, 27, a currency trader whose graduatés increaSe founeenfold, com- society and at its culture with newgrandparents came south from the Rus- pared with a tripling of graduates from eyes. .sian-ruled Caucasusa century ago to secular state schools. "The bridge between past and presentfmd a haven for their Muslim faith, have Perhaps thémost prevalent explan- was broken with Mr. Ataturk, and Turbegunto wonder whether Mr. Ataturk's ation for the Welfare Party's success has key had to do everything from scratch,"efforts to turn Turkey westward were to do with the failure of Turkey's tra- saidLatifErdogan; spokesman and bioworththe sacrifices. ditional parties to dealwith the social grapher of Fatullah Hoja, a spiritual"Mr. Ataturk did a lot of ridiculous and moral problems of a society that is leader who preaches a message of tolthings," Mr. Yilmaz said, noting the law bursting at the seams. erance and humanism, with none of thethat forced men to stop wearing the Population growth continues to con- . harsh anti-Western language of the Weltraditionalfez, and another that dropped found planners: by one estimate, 60 ~r- fare Party. "Now we feel the need tothe Arabic alphabet for the Latin one. . cent of the population is under 20. Cities focus on the gaps in Turkish society. ' ,"Secularism in Turkey, for instance, big and smaIl are exploding in size, Other changes have chipped away at. is something that is hard to underStand. I breeding a new underemployed, under- the controls that once bound the nation to, feel myself to be a Muslimand today is housed urban class that has become the Mr. Ataturk's dream. Half a dozen. Friday, when I should go to pray, but IWelfare Party's biggest source of sup- privately owned satellite. television~can't; I have to work. There should be port. channels, which burst on the scene inmore freedom of religion. "In 1950, 30 percent of Turks lived in 1992, now beam competing versions ofSome explain the rise of the Welfare cities; by 2000, it will be 70 percent. the news to citizens who in the past had. Party, which won 21.6 percent of the Istanbul's population, estimated at 10 onlyone.vote in the last election, to the pent-up million, is growing 4.5 percent a year. Commercialization has replaced proindignationat the restrictions placed on "The Kemalists have failed to pro- paganda on the airwaves. In a spoof ofreligion by Mr. Ataturk's brand of sec- duce a secularist moral code," said Mur- the military coups that have periodicallyularism. at Belge, a Turkish historian. "Nothing interrupted Turkey's democracy, oneOthers see it as the conSequencè of .has been done in 70 years to replace the satiric show recently showed a Turkishconciliatory policies, enacted after the old Muslim code. And through Islam; general going on the air to announce a. 1980 military coup, that allowed reli- many people are reaching for a larger military takeover, only to have the angiousinstruction back into the public- community." nouncement interrupted so frequentlyschool curriculum, 8nd gave the green As the old Kemalist taboos and re- for commercials that in the end he walkslight to r~ligious scbools fpr imams, 1'I!e stri~tions continue.lQ, f,"l ~way, Turkey off ~tage ~ disgust.Turkish Daily News - Wednesday, May 22, 1996Turkey may buy attack helicopters from....Eurocopter after US reluctance on Cobras~!(ib .,tion, under strong pressure from anti-Turkishlobby ~roups, made the decision in order tomaxinuze its chances at the 1996 polls.''During talks on a co-production ~rogram (ofutility Cougar helicopters), the Turkish officialssaid they were interested in Tigers. We thenarranged a presentation for them," said ArnauldHibon, Eurocopter's communications director."When a customer èomes to your shop, youdo not refuse." he added.The Tiger program is being developed jointlyby Eurocopter' s French and German partners,Tigerstate-rI1I!Aerospatiale andDASA. The partnerSeach have a 50-percent stake in the program.Overall, France' s Aerospatiale bas a 70-perœntstake iD Eurocopter, to the German partner's 30. percent .Would there be any political obstacles to an(official) licence to supply Tigers to Turkey, theIDN asked. "For such a deal we shall need towin approval from. a goveriunental commission.Although thereare no guarantees, I wouldbelieve there should not be any licence problemswith Tigers," said Eurocopter's Dubreuil.72

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiDemirel Attacker AngryAt Turkish -Israeli DealCompIl.d by Ow Stoff From D,spa/,.""ANKARA - A would-be assassill'who shot at President Suleyman Demirethas admitted that he acted to protest adefense agreement between Turkey andIsrael, the police said Sunday.Ibrahim Gumrukcuoglu, a 48-yearoldpharmacist and father of four, madehis confession late Saturday, said theregional police chief, Memduh Oguz.The militaryagreement, signed inFebruary, allows for Turkish and Israeliair force pilots to train in each Qther'sairspace, for cooperation between defenseindustries and for an exchange ofinformation and personnel.It was condemned by Islamic militantsin Turkey and the pro-IslamicWelfare Party. It was also criticized byIran, Iraq and Syria.Mr. Demirel, 71, escaped unhurt inthe incident in the western city of Izmit,50 kilometers (30 miles) east ofIstanbul,where he inaugurated a shopping mall.The president had just finished aspeech when Mr. Gurnrukcuoglu fired asrngle shot with a handgun, injUring ajournalist. A police officer was alsohurt..Mr. ~umrukcuoglu, who local journalIStssatdwas well known in Izmit as anIslamic fundamentalist, was detained byanti-terrorist police.Mr. Oguz said Sunday that Mr. Gumrukcuogluhad previously undergonetreatment for psychiatric problems andhad a criminal record.Press reports here said Mr. Gumrukc~o.gluspent. ~ years in prison forkilhng a cousm 10 1971. He was freed in1974 in a general amnesty and arrestedagain in 1978 for injuring two students.. Mr. Gumrukcuoglu .was twice questionedover the possessIOn of illegal firearmsbefore obtaining a license in 1993.Mr. Oguz said it was not necessary topresent a full medical report in order to be'granted a gun license in Turkey.~. Oguz said Mr. Gumrukcuoglu'saction Saturday was not premeditatedand that he was attracted by the crowdINTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE, MONDAY,MAY 20,1996gathé'rilig ro see Mr. Demirel.Mr. Gumrukcuo~lu's wàs northe fustattack on Mr. Demtrel, whose nose wasbroken by an assailan! in ~l!Xa.in May1975 when he was prune mrnlsterMr. De~l, surrounded ,by~~yguards,~ Just spoken at the ,opening'of~e shopptng mall and had left the 'p0-dium wh~n .an undercover guard spotteda man pornting a gun at the president thesemiofficial Anatolia news agency' reported.Guards overwhelmed the assailant,and one shot was fired in the scufflethe agency said.'.Televi~ion footage showed Mr. Demirelberng rushed from the chaoticscene ~ a MiIliyet newspaper reporter,Ihsan Ytlmaz, layon the ground with agunshot wound above the knee.¥!. Demirel has been on the Turkishpohtlcal scene for more than 30 years. He~bounded .after being ousted from pol-ItiCSfollow1Ogmilitary takeovers in .1970'and 1980, and served a record sevenlterms as prime minister before becomingTlD'key's ninth nresident in 1993., Mr. Demirel is the second Turkishleader. to survive an assassination at-!empt 1ß the past decade. The late pres-Ide~t Turgut Ozal was shot in the handdurmg.an ass~~ination attempt when hewas pnme m10lster in 1988.(AFP, WP)-.Le président turc Suleyman Demireléchappe à un attentatISTANBULde notre correspondanteDéjà paralysée par le conflit àusein de la coalition gouvernementale,la 1\rrquie a évité de justesseun désastre supplémentaire, samedi18mai, lorsque le président SuleymanDemirel a échappé à unetentative d'assassinat dans la provinced'Izmit, à une centaine de kilomètresd'Istanbul.Son assaillant, un pharmacien islamistede 48 ans, père de quatreenfants, apparemment mentalementinstable, semble avoir agiseul pour protester contre l'accordde coopération militaire conclu enfévrier entre la 1\rrquie et Israël.Ibràhim Gumrukcuoglu, attiré parla foule, avait écouté le discours duprésident, qui célébrait la prospéritéde la province avec un programmechargé d'inaugurations etde visites d'usines, avant de sortirson arme pour la pointer contre lechef de l'État. Une balle, tirée alorsque l'homme était plaql,lé au solpar ~, çamionneur et un garde ducorps, a traversé la main du chef dela sécurité présidentielle avant dese loger dans la jambe d'un journaliste.Les dossiers de police révèlentque Gumrukcuoglu était en possessiond'un pennis de port d'armelégal, malgr~ un lourd passé. Lemeurtre de son cousin lui avait valuune condamnation, ily a vingt-cinqans. Au cours des turbulentes an-'nées 70, lorsque la gauche et l'extrême-droites'entre-tuaient, ilavait à deux reprises blessé des étudiantsde gauche. Plus récemment,il avait été interpellé pour avoirproduit son arme dans des lieuxpublics.Le rôle du président SuleymanDemirel, vétéran de la scène politique,âgé de 71ans, est particulièrementimportant en cette périoded'instabilité politique. Bien que lespouvoirs qui lui sont conférés parla Constitution soient limités, saposition quelque peu en retrait des'disputes quotidiennes -' même sises détracteurs l'accusent parfoisde prendre parti - en fait un arbitrecrucial. Si la fragile coalition aupouvoir prenait tin, il devrait désigrierun nouveau premier ministre.Pour l'instant, le gouvernementreste en place, bien que la Courconstitutionnelle ait invalidé, le,14 mai, le vote de confiance de l'Assembléenationale. L'actuel premierministre Mesut Yilmaz,soulignantque la décision n'est pasrétroactive, nie la nécessité d'un,nouveau vote, mais les islamistesdu Parti de la prospérité (RP),principalparti d'opposition et premiergroupe parlementaire, affirmentque le gouvernement actuel n'estpas légal et menacent de boycotterle Parlement s'il ne se soumet pas ànouveau au vote de \'Assemblée.SECRET D'nATLessemaines à venir seront donctendues, d'autant plus que les relationsentre les deux partenaires dela coalition s'enveniment de jouren jour. Le retrait, par Tansu Ciller,de 6,5 millions de dollars d'unfonds secret à la disposition dupremier ministre, généralement'utilisé pour des opérations spéciales,estau cœur de la dispute quil'oppose depujs plusieurs jours auI LE MONDE i MARDI 21 MAI 1996premier ministre. Mesut Yilmazexige qu'elle révèle où l'argent aété versé. De son côté, la dirigeantedu DYP,dans une situation de plusen plus précaire, s'est retranchéederrière le secret d'État.Déjà confrontée à deux enquêtesparlementaires sur des irrégularitésqu'elle aurait commises, Tansu Cillerne baisse pas les bras. Son partia contre-attaqué en déposant unemotion, approuvée par l'Assemblée,pour l'ouverture d'une enquêtesur les liens entre le RP etSuleyman Mercumek, un ancienmembre du parti, condanrné pouravoir détourné des fonds récoltéspour la Bosnie.Le gouvernement est au pointmort, mais ni Mme Ciller ni MesutYilmaz ne souhaitent mettre unterme à la coalition dans l'immé-'diat Le 2 juin auront lieu des électionsmunicipales partielles quipermettront d'évaluer l'impact dela dispute au sommet sur l'électorat,avant les congrès du DVPet del'ANAp, au cours desquels TansuCiller et Mesut Yilmaz espèrentêtre réélus à la tête de leurs partisrespectifs.Nicole Pope73

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti. .' .Iraq.Accepts.UN Accord:Allowing, ,Limited Oil SalesBy Barbara CrossetteNew York Times Service, UNITED NATIONS, New York -, Iraq and the United Nations signed anagreement Monday that allows Bagh-:dad to sell oil for the first time since its1990 invasion of Kuwait. The sales willbe used to pay for the urgent needs of acivilian population suffering from sixyears of tight international sanctions.Oil is not expected to begin flowingfor a number of weeks, perhaps months,,because some operational details remaintL, be made final. But diplomatsand UN officials believe that the Iraqismean business this time.A similar plan collapsed four yearsago. Since the!), hundreds of thousandsof Iraqis have become malnourished orill, with many dying from lack of medication,UN agencies estimate.Oil prices plunged initially but recoveredquickly.Brent North Sea crude oil fell to$17.20 a barrel in London, 33 centsbelow the opening price of $17.53 abarrel and 35 cents below the closingprice on Friday of $17.55. But pricesquickly stabilized in New York, withlight sweet crude for delivery in Junerising $1.81, to $22.48."This resolution is based on one ofthe most important objectives of theUnited Nations, which is to alleviate theproblem of poverty - and the poorestof the poor were suffering in Iraq,"Secretary-General Boutros BoutrosGhali said after announcing the agreementto the Security Council, whichadopted the plan in Resolution 986 inAprilI995.The White House called the deal betweenan "important victory" for UNefforts to persuade Iraq to meet thehumanitarian needs of its people.The White House spokesman, MichaelMcCurry, said Iraq' s agreement tofollow the termsof .the post-Gulf WarSecurity Council resolution was "longoverdue."Madeleine K. Albright, the U.S. rep~resentative to the United Nations, hasaccused PresideritSaddam Hussein repeatedlyof using what money he hadavailable to build pal.i.:"s Jnd indulge inother luxuries, while holding out for alifting of sanctions, which the tightlywritten accord does not do."The whole point here is that SaddamHussein has, been using his people,as pawns in order to try to get a changeDetails of the Oil-for-Food DealAgence France.PresseFollowing are the main provisionsof the oil-forlood agreement r~achedbetween the United Nations and Iraqas set by Resolution 986, adopted bythe Security Council in April1995:- Iraq is allowed to export up to $2billion dollars' worth of oil for aninitial six-month period to buy foodand medicine, which must be equitablydistributed among the Iraqi people.-International control of the oilsales is ensured by the' opening of anescrow account. Of the $1 billiondoIlars per quarter from the oil sales,$300 million must go to the United, Nations compensation commissionset up to handle claims for "damage,depletion of natural resources or injuryto foreign governments, nationalsor corporations" arising from Iraq'sinvasion of Kuwait in 1990.- The United Nations sanctionscommittee must approve details ofeach purchase ofIraqi oil. including theprice, the export route and other financialissues.Iraq's Oil Sector and the Route for ExportsReutersFollowing are a few details of Iraq's oil sector, provided by the IraqiOil Ministry and other industrysources:Oil Reserves: Iraq's proven reservesofficially stand at more than112 billion barrels, sorne Il percentof the world's total reserves.Oil Fields: Iraqi oil official!> sayin the sanctions regime." This resolutionwill "remove that blackmail,"she said. "The sanctions will stay inplace until he abides by all the resolutions.',If the agreement goes into effect reasonablyquickly and oil prices go down,the agreement could provide somethingof a windfall for the Clinton administration,which is under politicaI pressureto keep gasoline prices low.Under the plan, accepted by Mr. Saddamafter several months of off-and-onnegotiations, Iraq may sell up to $2billion in oil over a six~month period,renewable if Baghdad meets all the conditionsof the agreement, which will bemonitored by the United Nations. Compliancewith the accord will be checkedby the Security Council every 90 days.Its Iraqi sanctions committee will beinvolved in all phases of the operation." The agreement wQuld add about700,000 barrels a day of Iraqi oil toworld supplies at current prices. Beforethe 1990 embargo, Iraq supplied about 3miIlion barrels daily, or about 4 percentof world supplies: .the country's fields could produce 2.5million barrels a day if UN sanctionswere lifted. Iraq now produces around550,000 barrels a day ..Export Routes: Under the plan, exportswill be moved from the Turkishport of Ceyhan on the Mediterraneanthrough a pipeline from Iraq' s northernfields. Iraqi oil wiIl also reach themarket from its own ports in the Gulf.,The agreement does not change thebroad sanctions still in place againstIraq. To have those lifted, and be free toseIl oil in unrestricted quantities forpurposes of its own choosing, Iraq willhave to prove that its weapons of massdestruction have been destroyed. It willalso have to return stolen Kuwaiti propertyand account for 600 Kuwaitis stillmissing after the invasion and the 1991war in the Gulf.The accord, in the form of a memorandumof understanding signed by Iraq'snegotiator, Abdul Amir Anbari, and theUnited Nations' légal coun1iel, Undersecretary-GeneralHans CorreIl of Sweden,leaves a few procedures still 10 be finalized,including how food, medicinesand other goods will be distributed.Over the last two weeks, prodded byobjections from the United States andBritain, negotiators turned down an Ir- 'aqi request for greater authority overhow those supplies are delivered to rebeIliousKurds in the north of Iraq.Iraq also löst a bid to choose the bank74

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiJoIm .. 1 \d ..rlllldhi \~t'll1t. tr.tt.lI •.-l'n'roll.'Iraqis selling watches and jewelry Monday in Amman, Jordan, where they had gone to escape the poverty of home.to be used for an escrow account to behandled by the United Nations. The bankwill now be chosen by officials here, whowill als,")check to ~ee.that Iraq cannOtdiven P :oney or obtain credit for otherpurpose s beyond humanitarian relief."'Tht; Unit~d States intends to hold Iraq.sfeet to the fIT(' to assure that thisagreem.ent is not violated," an Americandiplomat said. He added that in the fmalrounds of negotiations Iraq had tried toreduc~ the scope of monitoring by UNobservers who will deteimirie if food andother goods are reaching the right people.Emilio J. Cardenas, Argentina's envoyand a Security Council member whoworked with the United States to draftthe initial version of Resolution 986,said in an interview that Mr. Saddamaccepted the plan only after realizingthat he would not be able to win a liftingof sanctions in the near future.Although some countries, notablyRussia and France, had argued for somerelaxation more than a year ago, revelationslast summer of the extent towhich the Iraqis had been lying abouttheir weapons programs lost them virtuallyall support here.But there was always a sense thatsomething had to be done to relieve thesuffering of the Iraqis, Mr. Cardenas said."The general feeling by last year wasthat this was pretty much overdue." hesaid. "The reports we were operatingwith indicated that there wao; a lot ofsuffering in Baghdad and a number ofother Iraqi cities. There was a prevailingmood all last year and this year thatsomething had to be done."..Saddam on a Leash INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE,A second Gulf war, after the firstthat pried Iraq out of Kuwait, has beenfought at the United Nations. It is theeffort to compel Iraq by broad economicsanctions to yield specialweapons, return looted Kuwaiti propertyand account for Kuwaitis missingin action. Saddam Hussein, by meetingthese terms, could have eased Iraq'spunishing isolation. Instead he stonewalledand attempted an end run - byexhibiting his people 's great and growingdistress, he sought removal of all 'sanctions. The United Nations respondedby offering him a loopholepermitting closely monitored exportsof oil and imports of food and medicine.This is the offer he now grasps.It is first a boon to the Iraqi people,who, unlike the elite, have had to pay inmalnutrition, sickness and death for apolicy they had no part in approving. Itis also a humili.ation to Saddam Hussein.He could have had this deal yearsago and now stands revealed as a leaderwho inflicted great and needlesssuffering upon his people. There isfurther humiliation in accepting termsthat, as he complains, violate Iraqi sovereignty.The terms let foreigners intrudedeeply in disposition of oil revenues,distribution of relief and directaccess to the northern Kurdish region.In effect, a degree of international intrusivenessthat centered on Iraq 's militarysector is now extended to its civiliansector.Granted, Saddam Hussein is an idealvillain; a year ago, when he had got upsome momentum to break the sanctions,he lost it all in new revelations ofcheating on his disarmament obligations.Still, the United States canfairly take satisfaction in organizingand keeping togetfter a broad intèrnationalcoalition to check a certifieddespoiler of the law.The sanctions posture that theUnited Nations is now in, moreover, isone it has a good chance of sustaining.Saddam Hussein gets to sell a quarteras much oil as Iraq used to, but hecannot exploit his people' s hardship inthe old way, and he can use the newrevenues only for purposes internationallyapproved. The United Nations- a bulldog in hunting for Iraq's nuclear,chemical and biological arms -must show the same tenacity in monitoringthe new accord.Senator Bob Dole's first reactionwas that the accord throws a •'lifeline"to Saddam Hussein. A second lookmay convince him that it ti~htens aleash and is consistent with a bipartisanpolicy of encouraging a predator's departurefrom power.- THE WASHINGTON POST.75

Revue de Presse-Pres"SReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti- ---. LA CROIX - 24 mai 1996---------- -- --- ---- -Proche-orient'Les Irakiens devront encore attendreune amélioration de leur sortLes effets de l'accord« pétrole contre nourriture»ne se feront pas sentir avant deux moisLajoie des habitants deBagdad aura été de. courte durée. Dès mercredi,le prix des produitsalimentaires et le taux:de change du dinar irakien sesont mis à remonter. Aprèsl'accord conclu lundi avecl'ONU sur la formule « pétrolecontre nourriture",une grande partie de la population,à bout de patienceaprès six ans d'embargo,avait ctu à une améliorationimmédiate de ses conditionsde Vie.Les Irakiens risquent dedéchanter assez vite : nonseulement l'accord signé parl'Irak ne couvre qu'une par- ~tie des besoins mais ses effets.ne se feront pas sentir avantun ou deux mois.Dans un rapport publiéJ'hiver dernier, laFAO, l'Organisationdes NationsUnies pour l'alimentation etl'agriculture, soulignaitqu'« à Bagdad, une société.urbaine très avancée, la £ré-.quence des enfants d'unpoids insuffIsant (29 %) s'estaccrue jusqu'à un niveaucomparable à celui du Ghana(27 %). De son côté, le ministreirakien de la santéévalue à près de 110 000 paran le nombre des décès imputablesà l'embargo.Toutes les antennes del'ONU présentes en Irak, del'Unicef à la FAa en passantpar le PAM (Programme alim~ntairemondial), s'accorde~tpour souligner l'ampleurdes besoins dans unesérie de secteurs clés: nutrition,~té, eau potable, édu-,cation. A la fin de 1994, enraison notamment de récoltesmédiocres, le gouver-La population irakienne s'attendait à une baisse rapide des prix aorès l'accord signé avec l'ONUmais elle a dû rapidement déchanter.D'après les estimations del'ONU, les Irakiens ne recevronten définitive quel'équivalent. de 32 cents(1,60 F environ) par tête etparjoùr en aliments, médicanementirakien avait réduitles quantités des rations alimentairesdistribuées à lapopulation à des prix subventionnéspoUr les produitsde première nécessité comprenantla farine, le riz,l'huile, le sucre et le thé.L'aide de l'ONU.reste modesteÀ terme, l'impact de l'accord« pétrole contre nourriture»devrait se réfléterdans une amélioration dutaux de change du dinar localet, par conséquent, sur lepouvoir d'achat de la population.Le dinar avait atteintun record de dépréciation enjanvier dernier, s'échangeantà3000 IQD (dinar ira- .kien) pour le billet vert, maisl'annonce par Bagdad de l'ouverturedes négociationsavec l'ONU, en janvier, avaitramené le dollar au-dessoussur la situation humanitairede la barre des 1 000 IQD depuisfévrier. Le salairemoyen qui tourne autour de3 500 IQD, a sextuplé en valeur,passant de 1dollar (5 F)début janvier, à 6 dollars(30 F) actuellement.L'accord autorise des exportationspétrolières irakiennespour 1 milliard dedollars (environ 5 milliardsde francs) par trimestre,mais 300 millions de dollars(1,5 milliard de francs) doiventen être déduits pour alimenterle fonds de compensationcréé pour les victimesde l'invasion du Koweït, etune autre partie pour couvrirles frais des opérationsde l'ONU en Irak.ments et autres produits depremière necessité s'ils viventdans les régions contrôléespar Bagdad, et 50 cents(2,50 F) dans les régionskurdes du nord, souscontrôle des formations hos- .tiles à Saddam Hussein.Avant l'invasion du Koweït,les revenus pétroliersde l'Irak, qui exportait plusde 3 millions de barils de brutpar jour, étaient estimés à13 milliards de dollars(65 milliard de francs) paran. Par rapport à cettemanne, le milliard de dollarsdébloqué chaque trimestrepar l'ONU .ne représentequ'un modeste acompte, unballon d'oxygène. pour une,société déSarticulée par cinq':années d'embargo, une'guerre du Golfe et huit an-.nées de guerre contre l'Iran ..F.A.76

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiINTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE, SATURDAY-SUNDAY, MAY 25-26, 1996In Oil Dealt! a Windfall forSaddam's Army-,By Robin WrightLos Angeles Times ServiceWASHINGTON - President Saddam Husseinof Iraq had planned to resist the Unit.ed Natil;msdeal to resume Iraqi oil sales to feed hIS suffenngpopulation and had even drawn up plans to m~ehuge cuts in his military to free resources, semorAmerican officials say.Mr. Saddam reluctantly relented only when itappeared he would soon have to begin c~ing outcutbacks in the military machine that ISthe mostpowerful in the Gulf region - and is the prop thathas,~ept him in power. .> dThe military was for the first hme. real~yfeeling the pinch," a senior Pentagon OffiCIaiSaidthis past week .•• Saddam had to disband a divisionof Republican Guards last year and now he was~ooking at cutbacks of up to 50 percent of the Iraqiimilitary across the board."But by agreeing to the oil-for-food dealMonday, Mr. Saddam not only can. maintai~ hisinilitary at current levels, but also WIlleffectively,be-able to free mQney now being used to pay forfood and medicine. And the funds will be in hardIoreign currency, not fluctuating Iraqi din~s.Now that the long-delayed agreement IS complete,the broad implications of the oil sales - the,first of Iraqi oil since the 1991 Gulf War - are thesubject of intense analysis in Washington andthroughout the region.Some close U.S. allies are likely to face prob-.lems because of the deal. In particular. Jordan,which only last year turned on Baghdad aftersupporting Mr. Saddam during the war, now facesmaj~r economic and political challenges.The oil-for-food deal allows Iraq to sell $2bilii'on worth of oil in the next six months. Iraq is tospend $1.4 billion of that sum on humanitarian aidand the other $600 million on war reparations,assistance for the Kurdish minority. some UnitedNations costs and its own oil export expenses.After the deal was signed. U.S. officials claimedthat Iraq effectively was becoming a UN trusteeship,because its economy will come under UNcontrol, much as Iraq's military has been heavilysupervised by UN monitors since the war.Yet Clinton administration officials and MiddleEast experts now concede that the dealliberates awindfall of funds for Mr. Saddam.James A. Placke, director of Cambridge EnergyResearch Associates in Washington and a formerU.S. diplomat in Iraq, said, "To the extent that thenew oil revenues are able to provide basic necessitiesfor Iraqis, other resources will effectivelybe freed up, which Saddam Hussein will be able touse in ways of his own choosing - and which theUnited States and the United Nations may not beable to monitor."King Hussein of Jordan has been appealing tothe Clinton administration for months not to let thedeal go through, U.S. officials said. The kingdomcould lose the 60,000 barrels per day of Iraqi oilatreduced rates - that it has been able to buy fortransportation and industrial uses. Since Jordanrecently has become headquarters of the Iraqiopposition, Iraq has little incentive to continueselling oil to the kingdom."Jordan will be the most exposed," an administrationofficial said. "Iraq has several options.It could cut off the oil spi~ot completely, cutit back or make it more expensIve."Saudi Arabia might be willing to make up the oilto Jordan but probably not at reduced prices, U.S.officials said.Islamists Prepare BidTo Oust Turkish LeaderComplied h) Ow Staff h(H" Oj!JptJl/ hessharing plan to give Mrs.ANKARA -- Prime MinisterMesut Yilmaz insisted post next year.Ciller the prime minister'sSunday that he would not Mrs. Ciller's party appearedsupportive of the Is-resign despite his coalitionpartner's decision to abandon lamists' initiative.the government.The process of the no-confidencevote would take oneFormer Prime MinisterTallsu Ciller's True Path Party to three weeks. The votes ofwithdrew from the centerrightcoalition late Friday after Welfare Party would be suf-True Path and the IslamicMr. Yilmaz's Motherland ficient to topple Mr. Yilmaz.Party stepped up corruption Some political analysts suggestedthat Mr. Yilmaz's res;charges against Mrs. Ciller.The development increasedthe Islamist Welfare to his expectation that Mn;-:istance to resigning was linke'lParty' s chances to get to Ciller would face an uprisin~power. It planned to seek a in her own party and would b:eno-confidence vote in Parliamentthat could topple the "We will continue to beforced to step down.government. formed in the government" until aMarch to block the Islamists, "new goveITlffient formulawho led the December electionsbut were not strong news agency quöted Mr. Yil-becomes clear," Anatolianenough to rule alone. maz as saying.But Mr. Yilmaz said the "I am not goifJ~to resign, .coalition protocol signed betweenTrue Path and Moto-ministers resign, or let themhe told the agency. "Let-all the;erland was no longer valid. table a Censure motion."The pact included a power-(AP. Reuters)77

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.EP. - A~enteFrontePresse-A.F.P. - A~enœFronœPrem-A.F.P. - A~enœFrontePresle-A.F.P. - A~enœFronœPrme-A.F.P. - A~enteFronœPrelle-A.F.P. - A~enœFronœPrme-A.F.P.A.F.P.ECF0038 3F 0395 IRK /AFP-VM09Eco.Irak: démantèlement de réseaux de trafic d'antiquitésBAGDAD, 26 mai (AFP) - Les autorités irakiennes ont annoncé avoirdémantelé deux réseaux de trafic d'antiquités, qui faisaient passer àl'étranger des pièces archéologiques vieilles parfois de 4000 ans.Les cinq membres des deux réseaux ont fait des aveux samedi soir à latélévision irakienne qui a montré également des statuettes en pierre et enbronze d'anciens dieux et rois de l'époque assyrienne, ainsi que des vaseset des sceaux qu'ils tentaient de faire passer en Jordanie.Les membres du premier réseau, formé d'un chauffeur de taxi de 53 ans,d'un vendeur d'antiquités de 36 ans et d'une femme sans emploi mariée à unJordanien, ont indiqué que d'autres personnes leurs apportaient les piècesarchéologiques de sites sur l'ensemble du territoire irakien.Les deux .autres trafiquants, un ouvrier de 29 ans et le directeur d'unbureau commercial à Amman, Jabar Sayad, ont affirmé que leurs complicesfaisaient sortir les pièces archéologiques notamment à travers le nord del'Irak, sous contrôle des formations kurdes et frontalier de la Turquie etl'Iran. .Sayad a précisé avoir été arrêté au poste-frontière avec la Jordanielorsque les douaniers ont découvert en sa possession "un morceau de cuirportant des inscriptions en hébreu" qu'un Jordanien lui avait demandé defaire passer, sans préciser s'il s'agissait de fragments de textesreligieux juifs.C'est la première fois que la télévision montre des personnes accuséesde contrebande de pièces archéologiques. Depuis la fin de la guerre duGolfe en 1991, les autorités irakiennes déploient des efforts pour mettreun terme au trafic d'antiquités et ont demandé le concours desorganisations internationales pour récupérer les pièces volées.Elles ont en outre demandé aux Irakiens de remettre au gouvernementtoute pièce archéologique qui se trouverait en leur possession, en échanged'une récompense.Le gouvernement irakien avait accusé après la guerre du Golfe dessoldats américains qui avaient pénétré en territoire irakien, d'avoir volédes pièces archéologiques du site d'Ur (375 km au sud de Bagdad), quiabrite des ruines datant de l'époque ~umérienne (2500 av J.C) et demandél'aide de l'UNESCO (Organisation des Nations unies pour la science et laculture) pour obtenir leur restitution.fch/at/sb/Kar/mlmAFP /AA1234/261354 MAI 96..AlP. - A~en(eFronœPmse-A.F.P. - A~en(eFron,ePresse-A.EP. - A~en'eFron,ePrme-A.F.P. - A~en(eFron(ePresse-A.F.P. - A~enteFrontePrme-A.F.P. - A~enœFrontePresle-78

Damning health report from the Southeast~

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiLE MONDE - 26-27 mai 1996Tansu Ciller porte le coup de grâceà la coalition gouvernementaleen TurquieLa fin de l'alliance entre les deux partis conservateurs fait le jeu des islamistes,Onze semaines seulement après la poignée demain scellant l'union forcée entre le Parti de lamère patrie (ANAP) du premier ministre MesutVilmaz et celui de la Juste Voie (DVP) de MmeCiller,la méfiance, les accusations réciproques decorruption et les échanges d'insultes ont finalementeu raison de la fragile coalition formée parles deux partis conservateurs rivaux pour empêcherl'arrivée aux pouvoir des islamistes.ISTANBULde notre correspondanteA l'issue d'une longue réunionde l'exécutif de son Dyp, TansuCiller a porté le coup de grâce à lacoali~on, du moins dans sa formeactuelle. «L'exécutif du parti a décidéde retirer son soutien au gouvernement,qui est de' toute manièrelin gouvernement minoritaire, incapablede légiférer et d'offrir au pays, et à la population les services qu'ilsattendent », a déclaré Mm.Ciller,samedi 25 mai, ajoutant que sonparti se mettrait au travail immédiatementpour obtenir la formationd'un gouvernement majoritaire.'Le premier ministre Yilmazn'ayant pas démissionné, la coalitionest cependant officiellementen place. Mm.Ciller a confirméque ses collègues poursuivraientleurs tâches gouvernementalesjusqu'à ce que le divorce soit pro-AGENCE ECONOMIQUE ET FINANCIÈRE - 28 mai 1996la coalition d'Ankaraest sapée par la brouilleentre conservateursLe Parlement turc pourrait avoir à seprononcer dès le 3 juin sur une motionde censure déposée par le partiRefah (islamiste) et vraisemblablementappuyée par celui de la JusteVoie (DYP), pourtant associé augouvernement dirigé par Mesut Yilmaz(Mère Patrie ou Anap). Le'DYPde Tansu Cillernoncé; Une réunion du cabinet,composé de ministres des deuxpartis, devrait avoir lieu dimancheà Diyarbakir, la capitale de la régionà majorité kurde., La coalition entre l'ANAP et leDYP avait été formée le 6 marssous la pression de la «Thrquieinstitutionnelle », un terme discretqui désigne l'armée, les institutionsétatiques et le secteur privé,qui tous voulaient éviter l'arrivéeau pouvoir des islamistes du Partide la prospérité (RF, Refah), vainqueursdes élections de décembre199,1. Les deux partenaires, qui sedéclaraient «condamnés à réus-

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti-,Turk~hDaily News -Tuesday--.-Ma-y-28-, 1-99-6----------Two more cases againstTurkey referred to ECHRBy Orya Sultan HalisdemirTurkish Daily NewsLONDON- The EuropeanCommission of Human Rights hasaccepted two more cases against Turkeyas "admissible" and referred them to theEuropean Court of Human Rights{ECHR), the Turkish Daily News haslearned.Sources who asked not to be namedsaid that two cases were referred to thecourt by,the commission on April17, buthad not been revealed to the public. TheEuropean Court of Human Rights isexpected to schedule hearings on the twocases. "It might be within a month ortwo," the same sources indicated, Thecommission' s reports on the two cases,obtained by the Turkish Daily News,revealed the following facts:The first case, "Azlz Ment~ and othersys. Turkey," involves allegations onthe part of four women that Turkish soldiersburned their homes on June 25,1993. The report said that according tothe ap~licants, Turkish security forceshad amved the day after an attack on thevillage of Sagoze in Bingoi province bythe outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party(PKK) on June 23. "Again according tothe applicants, the security forees burnedtheir homes the followmg day on thebasis that the villagers had helped thePKK separatists.""Theburning of the applicants' homesis consistent with a practice of burninghouses as part of the policy by the securityforces to combat the PKK, especially,,:h~~~th~ authorities view villages asgIVIngsupport to the PKK," the commission'sreport underlined under the "factsas presented by the applicants" sectionMeanwhile the TurKish government's"presentation of facts" read as follows:"Since 1993 the PKK has sought to usethe applicanl&'village ~ a place of shelterand a supply base': The villagersunder the, incursions of the terroristsw~ forced to leave the village. The terronstsused the houses from tIme to timeand when the security forces took actionagainst them, the terrorists fled, settingthe houses on fire,"The government also defended itselfon the grounds that there had been nooperation by the security forces in thatarea on June 25, 1993. "In fact, the applicantshad been absent from the villagefor .6-7 y~ars by that point. They areclose relatJvesof the six narned individualswho are suspected of being membersof the mountain branch of thePKK," theTurkish government testified in thereport.'The commission has declared admissiblethe ayplicants' complaints that onJune 25, 993, state security forcesburned their homes, destroymg theirproperty and forcing them to evacuatetheIr village and causing, in the case ofSuriye Uvat who was pregnant at thetime, the premature deliverx of twins,.who died shortly afterwards, the reportdeclare,din the section headed "opinionof the commission," The commissionfound Turkey in violation of Article 8 ofthe European Convention of HumanRights, which assures the right to respectfor family life.The report also cites Turkey as beingin violation of AtVcle 3, which protectsfrom torture and inhuman or degradingtreatment. According to the report,Turkey is also in breach of law in regardto Articles 6.1 and 13, which call foreffective domestic remedies. "Turkey'sdecision not to pursue the cases of thesewomen in the domestic le~al system isfundamentally flawed,' the report~g!led.The second apelication that wasaccepted as "admissIble" by the commissionis Sukran Aydin's complaint thatshe was raped while in custody."In the early hours of June 29, 1993,the applicant, her father Seydo Aydinand lier sister-in-law Ferahdiba Aydinwere taken from their village Tasit, inDerik district, by the village guards andgen~arme officers. They were taken toDenk gendarme head~uarters. Duringher detention, the applIcant was blindfolded.She was taken to a 'torture room'where she was beaten, strip~d nakedplaced in a tyre and hosed Withpressur~lzed water. In another separate room shewas stripped and raped by a mem~r ofthe security forces. She and the othermembers of her family were releasedafter three days on or about July 2,1993," the report said, quoting the applicants'alleged complaints.The report quoted the Turkish government's reply to the complaint: "Theysub~itted that the custody record for theDenk gendarme headquarters indicatedthat the applicant and other members ofher family were not held in detention asalleged, ~d that intelligence reports andother eVldçnce revealed that the appli-~ant ha? been engaged in intimate relatIonsWIthtwo members of the PKK.". According to the report, the commissIonhas found Turkey in violation ofArticle 3, considering Aydin's treatmentwhile in custody to be so severe as toamount to torture. It further stated thatthe right to a fair hearing by the judicialsystem (as defined in Article 6.1) was 'also violated. .The reports on both cases also saidthat the statements taken both by theTurkish Human Rights Association, forth~ p'urpose of applications to the com-!"Isslon, and by the public prosecutors,I~ the context of domestic investigations,did not appear to record strictly the inde-~ndent recollections of the applicants orwltnes.sesconcerned, but often appearedto recIte stereotyped and preconceivedassumpti0!1s to s~it the purpose of thedocument ID queshon.The decision of the court regarding thetwo previous applications againstTurkey, which the court heard at the endof April, is still not clear and is expectedto be revealed in the coming weeks. thesame sources indicated.'81

I •~f}.~~'"~I~'"~~ ....~~I~~l':l~"Q"S ~~~.1.:::'~~ ~~ ~~ ;:s"'1-~f}.~~"";:s~I~ '->~.0:~ ~.~MONDAY.~Y27.1996Turkish. DailyNewsUS Helsinki Commission renews effort for Kurdish. .resolution.~.Measure aims to stop 'Kurdish conflict'By UAur Alane.Turkish Daily NewsWASHINGTON- The U.S. Helsinki Commission,•the OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperationin Europe) representative on Capitol Hill, has circulat-~ed a "Dear Colleague" letter dated May 22, 1996 in.Congress to garner new support for H. Con.:Resolution 136 which "advocates .apeaceful end to theconflict between the Government of Turkey and. Kurdish militants."The letter signed by Steriy H..Hoyer (D-MD) andChristopher H. Smith (R-NJ), the chairman of the. OSCE commission, said "for more than a decade,Turkey's citizens, especially those residing in theSoutheast, have suffered the horrors of terrorism andthe excesses of a government committed to eradicatingterrorism at any cost."After giving a long lisl of human rights violationsby Turkish troops, and noting that "the PKK guerrillasfueled the cycle of violence by killing civilians, mininglocals roads and $etting off bombs," the.OSCEcommissioners said: "This ongoing conflict underminesthe very foundalions of bOlh the Turkish stateand our bilateral relations and its persistence challengesthe desires of both governments to establish asecure, long-term relationship. We believe that resolutionof the conflict will strengthen Turkish democracy,help eliminate the scourge of terrorism, resuscitatea shaky economy and promote regional slability." .The Helsinki Commission has circulated atleasl onesimilar "Dear èolleague" letter sirice Jan. 25, 1996when the Resolution 136 was first introduced in theU.S. House of Representatives. Since then only 25House members (out of a total of 435) It,ve signed upas co-sponsors of the measure which, among otherthings, asks the Turkish government to declare acease-fire, allow Kur4ish-language schools, radio andTV, and repeal the state of emergency in the.Soulheast.Among the cosponsors are Toricelli; Frazer; Porter;Berman; Slaughter (representing Rochester, NY, a.Turkish-Americanstronghold); Torres; Wolf; Roybal-Allard; Hoke; Pel~ Funderburk; Lipinski; Bryant;Cardin; Calvert; Romero-Barcelo; and Lowey. In theU.S. COngress, 218 votes are needed to bring a resolutionto the House floor for debate and voting..., ,

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti-,Negative Americanattitude hurtingties with TurkeyChilly winds are blowing from Washingtonthese days despite the advent of spring ...It is no secret that the Clinton administrationis going out of its way to court theGreek-American votes. The red carpet treatmentaccorded to the Greek president recentlyat the White House and the statements madeduring and after his visit were just some ofmany indicators of how the Americans willuse their preferences when they have to dealwith Turkey and Greece ... We do not want tocompare Demirel's low-key working visit tothe White House and the way Clinton wentout of his way to welcome the Greek president... We are aware the nature of the two visitswere different and it will take several moreyears before the Ameri-cans will host aTurkish president officially at the WhiteHouse ...But all these are rather superficial.Actions speak louder than words and unfortunatelyAmerican actions against Turkey andits vital interests are really very noticeablethese days ... The .American administrationmay try towin as many Greek editorialvotes as they canbut this should notbe at the cost ofhurting Turkish-American relationsand the vital interestsof Turkey. i '. .' . ','Turkey wants to'build up its navyand thus it has purchasedthreefrigates from theUnited States.Despite repeatedpromises byPresident Clinton,the delivery of thevessels has been, I(, J Il,~~By tlnurÇevikTurk~hDairy NewsWednesday. May 29. 1996held up because of objections voiced by somepro-Greek congressmen. 'fhey claim thefrigates may spoil the balance of power in theAegean. The same antagonistic attitude isalso displayed in the sale of American helicoptergunships to Turkey. Here, too, congressmenfeel Turkey will use these 'coptersagainst people of Kurdish origin instead ofseparatist terrorists ... So Turkey is deniedAmerican arms these days ...As if this was not enough, the Americanshave also altered their policy on Cyprus dramaticallyand ßay that Greek Cyprus canbecome a full member of the European Unioneven if the Cyprus issue remains unsolved.Before they were saying the Greeks shouldsort out their differences with the Turks onCyprus before they can become a member ofthe EU ... This is a blow to the Turks and willonly increase Greek Cypriot intransigence ...What the Americans seem to forget is thefact that they could not force Turkey to submitto their demands even during the periodin the 1970s when Congress imposed an armsembargo on Turkey and stopped all aid to us.That only increased anti-American sentimentin Turkey.Today the actions of the United Statesonly serve to strengthen the hands of the anti-American and anti-Western camp in Turkey.These people will now say "this is what youget from being a loyal friend of the U.S."Turkish-American relations should not besacrificed for a few votes. Yet it seems there ismore to this than mere votes. The UnitedStates is also aiming to put pressure onTurkey to convince it to extend the mandateof Operation Provide Comfort ... This kind ofblackmail will never work on Turkey. On thecontrary, this will push the Turks to becomemore inward looking and will strengthen theposition of those who preach anti-U.S. sentiments...83

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - AgenœFronœPres\e-A.F.P. - AgenœFronœPresse-A.F.P. - AgemeFronœPre\\e-A.F.P. - AgenœFronœPre\se-A.F.P. - AgenœFronœPrme-A.EP. - AgenœFronœPre\se-A.F.P.A.F.P.FRS0319 4 I 0273 TUR /AFP-GP36Turquie-Kurdes43 rebelles kurdes tués dans le sud-est anatolien en une semaineANKARA, 28 mai (AFP) - Quarante-trois rebelles du Parti des Travailleursdu Kurdistan (PKK, séparatiste) ont été tués lors d'opérations militairesmenées depuis tine semaine dans le sud-est anatolien, a-t-on annoncé mardide source officielle.Vingt-sept rebelles kurdes ont été tués lors d'opérations et combats lelong de la frontière avec l'Irak, au sud des zones de Semdinli et deCukurca, en territoire turc, indique un communiqué de la super-préfecturede Diyarbakir, chargée de la coordination de la lutte contre le PKK depuis1987.L'Irak du nord est utilisé par le PKK comme base arrière pour sesattaques contre les intérêts en territoire turc.Seize autres maquisards kurdes ont trouvé la mort dans d'autres régionsdu sud-est anatolien à majorité kurde, selon le document cité par l'agenceAnatolie.Sept a'lJ,.tres "terroristes" (ndIr: rebelles du PKK) ont été arrêtés etcinq autres se sont rendus aux forces de l'ordre turques, ajoute lecommuniqué. Celui-ci ne fait pas état d'éventuelles victimes chez l'arméeturque qui poursuivait ses opérations dans la région.Le PKK mène une rébellion armée depuis 1984 contre Ankara. Cetterébellion, pour la création d '.unEtat indépendant kurde dans le sud-estanatolien, situé à la frontière avec la Syrie, l'Irak et l'Iran, et lesopérations de représailles de l'armée ont fait plus de 21.000 morts en 12ans.. Depuis début d'avril, l'armée multiplié ses opérations contre le PKK,tuant plus de 500 maquisards kurdes, selon les bil~ns annoncés par lesautorités.CE /dfg eafAFP /AA1234/281212 MAI 96A.F.P. - Agen(eFron(ePresse-A.EP. - Agen,eFronœPresse-A.EP. - Agen,eFron,ePresse-A.F.P. - Agen,eFron,ePrme-A.F.P. - Agen,eFron,ePrme-A.F.P. - Agen,eFron,ePrme-84

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetilA MONTAGNE - 2;'; II/ai 1996CONCERTUne nuit pour le KurdistanCoincés entre cinq pays qui leur sont hostiles, persécutés depuis des décennies, lesKurdes fuient leurs terres. Un petit nombre a trouvé refuge en Auvergne. Mais ilsn'en oublient par pour autant leurs frères restés dans leur région, qui, souvent,vivent dans le plus grand dénuement. Pour collecter des fonds afin de leur venir enaide, l'Association franco-kurde et le Secours populaire français organisent, àClermont-Ferrand, un grand concert, ce soir, à la Maison du Peuple, avecnotamment Jean-louis Murat.-.ISPERS?S sur cinqD pays, IIrak, la Turquie,l'Iran, la Syrie et l'Arménie,les Kurdes sont unpeuple sans terre, sans pays.Depuis des décennies, ilssont persécutés, comme toutesles minorités, par lespays souverains où ils essaientde vivre. On se souvientde 1988, lorsque lesannées de Saddam Husseinavaient procédé à des bombardementschimiques méthodiques,dans le nord dupays. Personne ne peut oublierles images de ces centainesde civils kurdes exterminésdélibérément par ledictateur irakien.C'est à cette époque qu'uncertain nombre de réfugiés,fuyant les combats, ont étéaccueillis en Auvergne, àBourg-Lastic puis à Vic-le-Comte, Lempdes, Auzon etSainte- Florine.Naissance de l'AFKEn 1990, les Kurdes installésà Vic-le-Comte ontcréé l'Association francokurde,PAFK. Son objectifest de favoriser les relationsamicales entre les populationskurde et française.L'autre but de l'associationest d'aider ceux qui sontrestéscourir«au pays -. Pour se-le Kurdistan, l'AFKa, dans un premier temps,aidé financièrement Pharmacienssans Frontièrespour ses missions sur leterrain. Aujourd'hui, l'associationorganise ses propresactions en s'alliant au Secourspopulaire français eten se rendant sur place.Ensemble, ils concentrentleurs efforts sur l'aide àl'ei1fan,ce et en particulier8uZ"kotiérll\ " "Une première missions'est déroulée dans la régionde Douhok, du 31 aoßt au15 septembre 1995. Arrivésavec les fonds collectés enFrance, les deux membres dela mission se sont employésà acheter sur place le matérielscolaire nécessaire à4.000 enfants pour un an descolarité.Fortes de leur succèscommun, les deux associationspréparent pout l'automneun nouveau convoi,constitué de matériel introuvableau Kurdistan. Ces produitscollectés en France :couvertures, produits d'hygiène,jouets, gros matérielscolaire, vêtements... serontacheminés jusqu'à Duhokpar une société de transit.Pour financer ce convoi,l'AFK et le SPF multiplientles initiatives: bons de soutien,appel aux dons, repaskurdes ...Un spectacle uniqueLe grand moment sur lequelles deux associationscomptent beaucoup est l'organisationd'un concert unique: «Une nuit pour leKurdistan _, avec Jean-Louis Murat, Jack et les~ventteurs et ~dré Agier.Le concert aura lieu ce soir,à la Maison du Peuple deClermont-Ferrand. Tous lesartistes se produisent généreusementau profit du"co~voi. Les places sont àretirer aux Secours populairefrançais, 4, rue Maréchal-Joffre;à la FNAC,chez Sainte-Cécile, chezSpliff et à l'Espace infojeune, à Clermont-Ferrand.A tous ceux qui se dépla-J .. n-Loul. MUnit .era à l'amcM du concertexceptionnel don" ce ~/r, à ,. Ma/~ duPeuple de Clermont-Ferrand, au profit de.enfan'" kurdes.ceront, l'AFK demanded'apporter un produit d'hygiène(savon, shampooing,dentifrice) ou des fournituresscolaires (cahiers,crayons).C'est l'occasion pour lesfans de Jean-Louis Murat etles autres artistes de venirécouter leurs chanteurs préféréset de participer à unebonne action.85

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti86ENGAGÉJean-Louis Murat, pour le Kurdistan.Murat sort deson silencepour le KurdistanTous ceux qui espéraient découvrir"" en avant-première,quelques titres du prochain album de, Jean-L,.ouis' Murat,n'auront finalement dû se «contenter », hier soir, à laMaison du Peuple de Clermont-Ferrand, que d'anciennes'chansons et de reprises. Les bénéfices du concert ~ auquelparticipaient égalem~nt André Agier et Jack et les Eventreurs~ permettront, eux, de financer l'envoi d'un convoihumanitaire au KurdU:;tan.'ES Kurdes, Ce BOnt l~,« L Apaches du XX, siè->cie! D. Fonnule choc du chanteurAndré Agier en ouverturedu concert • Une nuit pour le'Kurdistan., hier BOir,à la Mai-BOndu Peuple de Clennont-Ferrand.Le constat est effectivementalarmant : éClaté sur cinqétats (Turquie, Iran, Irak, Syrie,Annénie), c'est le dernier grandpeuple au monde à ne pas avoirun pays indépendant!Si l'idée d'organiser une,grande BOirée au profit de cepeuple déraciné était donc noble,le public n'aura ~eureu-Bement pas été à la hauteur des 'espérances des organisateurs.,Quelque trois cents personnes",seulement, ont répondu à l'in-'Mtation lancée par l'Associationfranco-kurde et le Secours po.pulaire. ,Les fonds recueillis lors de,cette BOirée, ainsi que des dons,en nature, pennettront tout de,même de, financer l'envoi d'un"convoi humanitaire (1) jusque(dans la ville de Duhok (Kurdis-,.tan iranien, situé au nord du'pays), d'où BOnt originaires de,n.ombreux réfugiés de l'Associationfranco-russe créée à Vic-le-Comte, ily a six ans.Tout comme Bernard Agier,le groupe Jack et les Eventreursa dédié l'un de ses nouveaux'morceaux - en langue anglaise ,,et que l'on devrait retrouver stJ '~ CD, d'ici septembre-octobre- aux trente millions de Kur- 'des réunis par une même langueet une même culture: • Nous neBOmmespas tout seuls •.Le Kurdistan BOUffre pourtanttoujow's d'un double embargo: celui des Nations uniescontre l'Irak, depUis la guerre:du Golfe (ce qui fait, par' exem-,pie, qu~il est impoBBible d'yenvoyer des ordinateurs, quirelè~ent de la technologie), et'celm de Saddam HUBBein qui'tente de nuire à ce pays detoutes les façons possibles"tuant et terrorisant journalisteS,'ou 888OCiationshumanitaires... :" Membre de l'Association,franco-kurde pratiquement depuissa création, c'est tout na-'-turellement que Jean-Louis Muerat a donc accepté de chanter,:pour cette. Nuit. contre l'ou-,bli. Long cheveux défaits, toutde blanc vêtu et look. messie»il a enchaîné près d'une ving~taine detitres,BOrtantainsi dusilence dans lequel il s'était,emenné depuis de longs mois., Pour autant, pas d'avant-premièrede BOnprochain album làparaître à l'automne), mais desvaleurs sQres (c Si je devais. ouc'~urs dire .), et des reprisesonginales, comme cette c Marie-,Jeanne. d'un certain Jo D8.88ÏnCha1e~UBement:l!i!public.accueillie p~Sa présence sur l'affichen'aura cependant pas suffit'pour 1'IIBBembierle plus grandnombre autour d'une grandeÇlluse. Mais c'est bien connu, nuln'est prophète ...,(1) ABBociation franco-kurde,63270 Vic,le-Comte; té!. :73.83.35.1~" " '.'

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetiearrtn•( ;rr...:,., , .J J".Yi.ng or Dalll8: By inaugurating thefoundation of the Karkaml~ Dam 30years after doing the same for theKeban Dam in 1966, President Demirelhas ensured that his uncontestedtitle of 'King of Dams' continues. By Kemal BalelTurlcish Daily Nt!Ws / ANKARAat happens when one of the'world's grandest progress projectsis realized In one of theworld's poorest regions? Thereare many answers to this questionand many choices to everyanswer. But perhaps the most important fact based onthis question is that to force such an advance ofprogress into 30 years, represents a long period oftime for a person but very short for a country.President Süleyman Demirel, being aware of this, hassaid that the most important thing is to complete thepro-h~ last link in the chain of the SoutheasternAnatolia Project (GAP) has been completed. The seventhearring of the "Bride with sevên earrin2s" asPresident SüleYJ?an Demirel says, has been put 'On theEuphrates, which Demirel deems a bride. The foundationof Karkanu~ Dam, which is 4.5 kilometers fromth~ Syria border, has been laid. The wild EuphratesWIll have a last rest at KarkalDl~ before starting its'~oumey through the desert"ci....The' Euphrates and the Tigris ~ ~. seven timesin Anatolia..At every stop they will give lig,ht and ~ertilityto the Anatolian people. The GAP project, w~chSüleyman Demirel started on Nov. 12, 1966 'WIthKeb~ Dam, has reached .its last big turn. ~e. con.structlon of the dam lake In the Karkanu~ district ofGaziantep has started. The ~ started with Keb~Dam in 1966, went on WIth the Karakaya ,Dam. In1978 and continued with the Atatürk Dam In 1981The ~fforts to restJa!.n the Eup~s, that .came close tothe Syria border WIth the Brrecik Dam m May 1993,bave come to an end with the laying of the foundationof Karkarm~ Dam. The conslJUction of the 'D~s ~dKralkIZl Dams, 'WIDchwill be used both for rrngatlonand for electricity production, on the Tigris has started.Süleyman Demiref is proud of the proj~ to which hehas given 30 fears; yet he emphaSIZes tha.t theEuphrates and igris nvers are behind the achievedsuccess. When he was laying the foundation ofKarkaml~ Dam he thanked the Euphrates. Heexpressed how grateful we were to the light, energyand fertility giving river. . .President Süleyman DelDlrel showed ~ow llDportantthe project was to him at every opporturnry he had duringthe GAP trip he undertook. The presIdent traveledWIth five planes, two full of journalists andguests, two87

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetiof niinisters and officials and one of Writers. He firstcarne to Gaziantep Airport then passed' to Karkarn1~. district . . .At the foundation-laying cere~ony at Kar~ann~ .Darn, Demirel made a speech calling. everyone !Il the.region to get together. He emphasIZed the aIm. ofwogress beyond contemporary T.urkey by' sa~'m~'Democratic and secular Turkey WIll reach Its atm.He recalled for the benefit of those who lay claim tothe waters of the Euphrates that the river nses in the .Turkish provincesof Agn and Mu~."We Will not dry the gardens ~d ?,elds o,f Syria Butour rights should also be recogmzed, he saldo ."No one should place a stone before us," Demireladded, indicating that Turkey still. supports a peacefulsettlement to this problem. .Then there were frreworks. Colored smoke driftedtoward the skies of Syria Balloons follow~ as did aTurkish flag which drifted in the sky. This was followedby the planting of the ~t pic~ in ~e ground as. television broadcast the event live nauonWlde and tele-. phones beamed news reports to the four comers of theearth.Description of the projectKarkaml~ Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant(HEPP) is WIthin the scope of border Euphra~s ~tectcomprising a part of the Southeastern Anatolia ProjectKarkaIIl1~ Darn is situated on the EUQhr~tes RIverforming the provincial border between Gaziantep ~d~an1Jurfa and is 4.5 kilometers upstream of the Synan. border. .The purpose of ~ Dam is pow.er gen~rauon.Since no regulation of Karkarn1~ Darn IS conslde~d.Karkanu~ HEPP will operate simultaneously. ~.!thBirecik HEPP. The dam consist of the energy faciliues(housing the power intake and the powerhouse) and thespillwav at the right abutment, and the embankmentbetween the concrete structures and the abutments. Thecentral clay-cored-fill type darn is 29 meters high fromfoundation with a crest length of 1647 meters and atotal filling volume of 2.1 million metersl includingthe cofferdams. The spillway has sixteen openingsdesigned for a maximum discharge capacity of 17411. m3/s. The power plant having a total installed capacityof 189 MW comprising six units is foreseen ~ be c

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti'.tricity each year with its eight turbines of 300 MWcapacity each.The dams' waters will also be àble to irrigate882,000 hectares of land Already, 29 billion Kwh ofenergy have been obtained from the turbines of theAtaturk Dam .Among the unigue feature of the GAP region, or the"Rivers Region" as Demirel calls it. are the Ur.aTunnels. The waters beinl! brou\!ht to Urfa bv borinl}through, mountains are à blessing which cannot ~underestunated as far as the parched lands of this partof the countrv are concerned,Demirel. referring to the overall GAP undertaking,stressed hiS own background as an engineer anddemonstrates in his grasp of the the data that he is in.!Otal command of the specific~ of ~s enormous projectThe facts and figures With which he colors hisremar~s. statements and addresses proved to bemstruCtlve to the most hardy of professionals involvedin the project In addition to the engineering aspects.Demirel also higblig!1ted the importance of the areas ofeducation, health, iiIfrastructure. urbanization, environmentand cultural development within the context ofthe GAP projectHe referred to an international ~ in Urfa, theextension of the railway network to Diyarbalar and tothe Harran University and said that these we~ evenmore v~uable than the GAP project itself,Dunng the two-day GAP visit, Demirel' s wifeNazmiye accompanied him at every stage. TheDemirel family, running around regardless of theextreme heat of the Southeast thus become the symbolsof Torlœy's race to development Unable to restrainhimself back at the electronic nerve center of theAtaturk High Dam, Demirel said gleefully, "greetingsto S~'!"was because in order for the eight turbines tooperate simultaneously. 1.400 cubic meters per secondof water was being sent in Syria's direction. This wasin stark contrast to the 500 cubic meters per secondthat Turkey has committed itself to giving the downstreamcountry,The amount Turkey is sending now also allowsSyria to compensate for the reduced amounts of waterduring the high summer months caused by the droughtconditions that prevail in this comer of the world,Water scenariosDuring the whole of the visit Demirel avoided referringto the water dispute Turkey has with Arab countries,In fact he tried to reduce tensioB by continually'referring to peace: and regional development Asked ifthe appeal that GAP brings with it mav lead to newthreats to the region. Demirel merely referred to thefact that there were many plans to this end and addedthat all be was concerned about at this stage was thecompletion of the overall projectAs it is, the project is far from being finished. At thesame time only a few of the regions that can potentiallybe irrigated by the waterS of the Euphrates are beingwatereâ as yet One of the Urfa tunnels is not vet finishedThe only tunnel that is working now due to atemporary "Bypass line" that was built is not yet integratedinto the overall project due to a lack of fundsThe marketing of .th~ a~cul~ goods that will beproduced onc~ the lIl!gatIon begms in full is also apro~lem that IS loommg. There are insufficient pr~cessmg pl3;Dts.for the cotton that will be grown hereand that willl'!val the cotton grown in CuIrurova. Infact, the truth ~s that there are 604 new factories butwhen the massive amount of production that will followfrom. the GAP project is considered, these are seenas mmor mvestments.Other problems waiting at the door are diseases that~ome wi~ the arrival of water, the lack of knowledgeID ~e regton about modem irrigation farming, the pollutIOnofJood water ~ue to misuse of fertilizers andl~d erosIOn. But De~\'s argument her is that "GAPwill also be the solutIon to the problems it creates."The ln;1th ~f the matter is that when the giganticGAP prOject IS [mally fInished, it will solve many adomestic P.I'?blem. It will, however, bring new problemsrequmng even ~reater solutions with it. Thedevelopmentallevels or countries bordering the regionare very low., This will inevitably lead to Turkeybec~rnmg ,not lust ~ regional powe~ but also a magnetfor ille~allßlIß1gratlon by the poor fi other countries inthe regIOn seeking better lives.We ~y saw the adverse results of such a flow ofhumanIty toward Turkey during and after the GulfWar, although it was for another reason at the time. In'.sh,ort. ,Turkey h~s .to p'repare itself for the wave ofnugratIon that will. ~evllaOly follow the completion ofGAP. ~d when I,t IS [mally' completed, Syria is nodoubt gomg to claIm some nghts for itself even if itdoes not hive any fertile land It can be ariued that ithas already started to do so but the level of its claimscan be expected t~ ,in~ due to a combination offactors. Sl!ch,as political jealousy, and the disadvantageof ~lVlng 'used salinated" water.It IS not for nothing that a chaiacteristic of the argu-~ent about the future of the region has been and contInuesto be the pros~t of a "war over water."The ~ealth that ~ accompany GAP will also make,Turkey .s democratIc ,and secular re~e an attractiveand desirable alternatIve for people ID the region. It isnot cl~ now how the leaderships of the countries inthe regto~ th~t are far from being democratic will handlethis,sltuatIOn. B~ what can l?e expected is that actsof ennuty toward this country ID order to destroy itsroie as an example will mount.1?ere are also countries which will see the GAPproj~ct as a weapon because if the waters of theAtatürk Dam are ~Ieased in one go - provided youare prepared to. gIVe up the Birecik and Karkaffil~Dams - then It could mean that Syria would bemet~phorica1ly speaking, swept all the way to th~Pel'Slan Gulf,Or if the canals carrying water from the damsbetwe~n H~an an~ Ceylanpinar are opened at thesame urne It IS poSSible to turn the whole region intoswamp.land and prevent the possibility of a land war inthe regton.89

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Siampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiCoopérationAnkara-JérusalemLa genèsed'une allianceEntre la Turquie et Israël,la complémentarité est totale.Reste une inconnue: la montéede l'islamisme à Ankara.Le président turcSuleymanDemirela évoquépubliquementla possibilitéd'un {( changementde frontière »avec l'Irak.90par Steve Rodan/'est en 1993, avec la visite à conjoints au mois de juillet. Et il y aC . Ankara du directeur général . lieu de penser que des accords plusdu ministère israélien de la Défense, anciens de coopération entre les servicesDavid Ivry, qu'Israël et la Turquiesecrets des deux pays ont été re-ont commencé à parler officiellementd'une coopération stratégique. En février1996, les deux pays ont finalementconclu un accord-cadre qui ressemblepris et amplifiés.Seyfi Tashan, doyen de la facultéde sciences politiques d'Ankara et directeurde l'Institut turc de politiquebien à une alliancé, sous le étrangère, estime que ce type de copriscontrôle et avec l'approbationopération est « ahsotecteurde leur prolumentnormal» :commun, les- Israël est unEtats-Unis. Des accords.pays avancé en matièrebilatéraux detechnologique. Il peutdéfense existent en effetnous apporter raideentre Washingtondont nous avons be-et Ankara d'une part,soin. Un accord deWashington et Jérusalemlibre-échange a déjà étéd'autre part; et lasigné entre les deuxTurquie est membrepays. Pourquoi ne pas yde l'Otan.ajouter des contrats etL'accord de févrierdes accords militaires.1996 porte no-du moment qu'ils netamment sur la coopérationsont pas dirigés contreentre les deuxdes pays tiers?armées de l'air. On sait ainsi que les Mais précisément, peut-on croireIsraéliens ont effectué des exercices que l'accord-cadre israélo-turc n'estaériens dans l'espace turc au mois dirigé contre personne? Des Etats ned'avril, puis participé au mois de mai prennent pas l'un envers l'autre deà des vols de reconnaissance turcs le tels engagements sans de sérieuseslong de la frontière syrienne. On a motivations. Si l'accord ne portait véritablementappris également que douze appareilsque sur des questionsturcs ont participé début juin à techniques, le président tUfc Suleymanun exercice aérien en Israël. Et qu'IsraelDemirel n'aurait pas jugé né-Aircraft Industries va mettre à cessaire de dire au président israélien.niveau cinquante-quatre chasseursbombardiersEzer Weizmann, lors de la visite queturcs FA Phantom, une celui-ci a effectuée début juin à An-opération évaluée à 650 millions de kara : « Nous sommes un pays souveraindollars, qu'Ankara est incapable deet indépendant. Vous êtes unfinancer directement.pays souverain et indépendant. PersonneMais l'accord - dont le te.l{teintégraln'est autorisé à se mêler de nosn'a pas été rendu public - affaires. »porte apparemment sur l'ensemble L'intérêt à long terme d'Israëldes questions de défense. Les marinesdans cette alliance est évident: laisraélienne et turque vont ef-Turquie. par son poids démogra-fectuer. elles aussi, des exercices phique, sa profondeur stratégique etsa proximité géographique. contrebalancelargement le monde arabe etl'Iran. Accessoirement. une allianceentre l'Etat juif et une Turquie certesdotée d'un régime politique laïquemais musulmane constitue un précédentque pourraient suivre peu à peucertains pays arabes.Pour la Turquie. Israël est à longterme un partenaire régional idéal.capable de contribuer à sa modernisationsans menacer son indépendance.Certains pays arabes ou islamiquespourraient en .revanchedevenir des concurrents dangereux,soit par eux-mêmes, soit en s'alliantà nouveau avec la Russie.A court ou à moyen terme,d'autres intérêts. plus précis, jouentégalement:1. Les deux pays sont en conflit avecla Syrie. Le conflit israélo-syrien, onle sait, remonte à 1948 et n'a toujourspas reçu, en dépit d'une médiationaméricaine et de quelques pourpalersdirects' I'hiver dernier, lemoindre début de solution. Un autreconflit, non moins ancien, existeentre Ankara et Damas. La Syrie ne

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti4. Les deux pays redoutent une nouvelle« Grande Russie n. Pour Israëlcomme pour la Turquie, la chute del'URSS a été un événement extraordinairementbénéfique. A la disparitiond'un danger militaire majeurs'est ajoutée en effet l'ouverture économiqueou culturelle vers des paysculturellement proches mais jusquelàinterdits. Ankara et Jérusalem redoutentà la fois la n:constitutionlrune « Grande Russie» et une percéedes Iraniens dans le c.,ul.:ase llUen Asie centrak.L'armée turque.........................................a plus d'a.utorité..........................................................que le gouvernement'-pardonne pas à la Turquie de s'êtreemparée en 1939 du sandjakd'Alexandrette, devenu la provincedu Hatay. Elle veut participer à l'administrationde l'ensemble des eauxde l'Euphrate, fleuve qui naît en Turquiepuis transite par son territoireavant de couler en Irak, alors qu'Ankararevendique le contrôle exclusifdes sources et du cours supérieur.Elle soutient le mouvement séparatistekurde de Turquie, le PKK, notammenten lui fournissant l'infrastructurenécessaire à ses opérationsterroristes.Consensus................................................................pour soutenir................................................................les Kurdes d'Irak2. Les deux pays se méfient de l'Irak.Israël regarde l'Irak de Saddam Husseincomme l'un de ses ennemis lesplus dangereux, notamment s'il parvientà se doter à nouveau d'un potentielnucléaire ou chimique. LesTurcs, pour leur part, n'ont jamais renoncé- même sous Atatürk - aunord de l'lrak : le président turcSuleyman Demirel a é\oqué publIquementen 19!}) un éventuel changementde frontière. Autre convergence :Israël a toujours soutenu les Kurdesd'Irak; et les Turcs, tout en combattantle séparatisme kurde sur leurpropre territoire, ont plutôt tendanceà l'encourager chez leurs voisins.3. Les deux pays redoutent l'Iran.Alors que le chah entretenait des relationsétroites avec Israël, la Républiqueislamique d'Iran fondée parKhomeiny est un ennemi de l'Etathébreu encore plus implacable quel'Irak. Une situation analogue existe,à un moindre degré, entre l'Iran et laTurquie: aux relations de bon voisinagequi existaient jusqu'en 1979 sesubstitue peu à peu une rivalité à lafois idéologique et ethnique, islami!\mede Téhéran contre laïcitéd'Ankara, nationalisme iranophonecontre nationalisme turcophone. LesTurcs sont donc d'accord avec les Israélienspour empêcher l'Iran de devenir,au cours de la prochaine décennie,une grande puissancemilitaire.lll1l: innmnue plan_' cepenJant...ur l'alliance israclo-turquc : la monleedu sentiment islamiste en Turyuiemême. Le parti Rdah, qui a ohtenuI:'iXsiègl's ,ur 5:'i0 au ParlemenlJ'Ank.ara au mnl~ Je uel'cmbre dernier et dont Il- c11l'1. Necmettin Frhakan. vient u'l:lre d1.lrgè à nouveaude conslit uer Il- gl 'u \ CI nement, esttotalement oppose ,I raccord de février.Et ks parti~ bique ...pourraientl':tre tentés dl' lUI donner partielll--ment satisfaction ...ur cc point, afinde former ,I\l'l' lui line coalition"ta hie.Fin mai, k premier mlOlslreconservateur Mesut Yilmaz demandaitainsi puhliquement si l'accord.( dait aussi profitahk pour la Turquieque pOlir Israël ". Son ministrede la. Défense. Oltan Sungurlu, allaitencore plus loin, en affirmant queraccord ., pouvait parfaitement êtreannllk "Dan ... l'immédiat. celte hypo-Ih0sL' nL' semhk pas très série lise.I :accord israélo-turc a été voulu parl'armée lurque, et celle-ci. seize ansaprès le coup d'Etal du généralEvren, conserve beaucoup plusJ'autorité dans le pays que le pouvoircivil. Il est significatif que Yilmaz.par exemple, ait été contraintà la démission après avoir critiquéraccord de février, et plus encorequ'une publicité accrue ait été donnée,depuis un mois, aux manœuvresconjointes.Mais si l'armée elle-même évoluait?Les généraux appartiennentencore à une génération totalementacquise àux idéaux d'Atatürk et àl'alliance avec l'Occident. Les autresofficiers ont grandi dans un climatdifférent, plus ouvert à l'islam traditionnel.Dans dix ans au plus tard, ce sonteux qui seront les maîtres. •91

" , .• .r 0 •Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiINTERNATIONAL HERALD TRffiUNE, WEDNESDAY, MAY 29, 1996Turk Lays Down Terms Jor QuittingReutersANKARA - Turkey's prime minister,Mesut Yilmaz, said Tuesday thathe would resign. only if the Islamistopposition and his coalition partnersagreed to form a government to replacehis moribund minority administration., But he said the way was still open forcooperation with his coalition partner,Tansu Ciller, and her True Path Party.Mr. Yilmaz told a news conferencethatif the TruePath Party "declares tothe public that it will form a coalitionwith the Welfare Party, I will hand in myresignation." The Welfare Party is Islamist.• "I am not thinking of resigning untilan alternative is created or the governmentis toppled by a vote of noconfidence,"said Mr. Yilmaz, who isunder increasing pressure to resign sincethe constitutional court annulled aMarch vote of confidence in his shakycoalition with. .Mr. Yilmaz, who has refused to budgeso far,. said the way was still open forcoopenrnon with his bitter rival, Mrs.Ciller, if she backtracked on her refusalto disclose what she did with $6.5 millionshe withdrew from a governmentslush fundjust before she left office asprime minister in March.The speaker of Parliament, MustafaKalemli, a former Yilmaz lieutenantfrom his Motherland Party, has yet todecide on whether to give in to an IslamistWelfare Party demand for anemergency session of Parliament onThursday over a censure motion againstthe prime niinister.Mr. Yilmaz has rejected the motion asillegal. ,. "The censure motion is illegal," MT..Yilmaz told the press conference. "It is.against the principle of separations ofpowers.".Islamists saw power within theirgrasp as Parliament weighed whether todebate the Welfare Party's censUre motion."The Welfàre Party is now a party ofgovernment, " the veteran party leaderNecmettin Erbakan told a meeting inIstanbul. "It is now not possible for agovernment to be formed in Turkeywithout Welfare. ' ,A censure motion differs from a noconfidencevote by targeting individualministers rather than the government.But if it passes. the effect is the same: thegov~mment falls.Welfare does not have the numerical'strength to pose a no-confidence v.ote;soit had to target Mr. Yilmaz with thecensure motion and hope to pick upsupport from the True Path Party.THURSDAY,MAY 30,1996. Turkisb Daily NewsSungurlu is patient on.Super Cobra saleBy Ui:!ur Akmelturkiih Daily NewsW ASHINGTON- Turkish Defense MinisterOltan SUn!rurlu,who arrived in Washington fora visit witll U.S. Secretary of Defense WilliamPerry and other American officials, displayed apatient attitude concemin$ the stalled sale often Super Cobra attack helicopters."We prefer to wait awhile longer. We arenot consIdering another supplier yet," he said.Sungurlu is accompanied Dy a Turkish delegationof nine which includes the undersecretaryof defense; Lt Gen. Tuncer KIilÇ, andAmbassador Gün Gür of the Foreign Ministry.He said that they would also discuss the.issues of Provide Comfort. extension and thefrigate "accessory package" which was notdelivered to TurKey as well. German NewsAgency DPA last week reported that the packagewas stalled at the White House by GeorgeStephanopoulos, senior advisor to PresidentClinton. .Gen. Bir.. "Replying'to a question.by Twsh journalists. as to why Gèn.Cèvik Bir, depu~:chief of Staffof the 1'ùrkish Armed Forces, did not show upin Washington with him as planned earlier,Sungurlu said he did not have a clear idea whyTurkish Defense Minister Oltan Sungurluthe general had not come. "Upon my insistencehe said he would be a part of the visit program.But afterwards, for some reason, he changedhis mind," Sungurlu said ".. '. Gert. Bir reportedly toldSungurlu that hecould discuss the relevant issues with theAmericans in Ankara as well. 'The Americansalso wanted to see Gen. Bir with me here,"Sungurlu said. .The Welfare PartyAlso answering questions on domestic politics,Sungurlu.said the Welfare Parly did nÇ>tpose a danger for the secular regime SIncethereare strong pro-secular and anti-Shariah articles'in the Constitution. "Erbakan Roca can changethings only if he can change the Constitution,"he said. "Erbakan Hoca did not change himself.Previously, he 'had been in power (as deputyprime minister). Our president asked Erbakan ifhe would deliver the (pro-Shariah) thjngs thathe promised to the voters during the (Dec. 24.1995) electoral campaign. Erbakan said hemade those promisesin order to win votes;"Sungurlu said he supported a coalition thatincluded Welfare before the current minoritygovernment was formed. "Today, bothANAP's and DYP's chances of forming acoalition with Welfare is made harder. But Ican't say that it is impossible either," Sun~lusaid. Concerning the recent domestic ~liticaldevelopments in Turkey, "it is.not poSSIblethatthese are positive developments," he commented.''The message of the 1995 elections is thatthe citizens do not trust any single ~arty inTurkey. That's my personal interpretation," headded. Sungurlu willleave Washington onThursday.'92

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkish Dally News Thursday, May 30. 1996Iraq says big trade contract only for 'friends'ReutersBAGHDAD- Iraq will grant major trade contractsonly to companies and countries which stoodby Baghdad against U.N. trade sanctions imposedin 1990,the government newspaper al-Jurnhouriyasaid on Tuesday. "Iraqi people, including their currentand future governments, deal with countriesand companies on the basis of their stands towardsthe embargo," Jurnhouria said. "Major and importantcontracts would be granted to friends." Iraqhopes an agreement on partial oil sales it signedwith the United Nations last week willlead to thelifting of the crippling sanctions imposed after itinvaded Kuwait in 1990. The deal allows Iraq toseO$2 billion worth of oil over six months to payfor food and medicine under U.N. monitoring.Jurnhouriyasaid companies of big countries such asthe United States and Japan "would be mistaken ifthey thought the 9uality of their products and theirlow prices would mduœ Iraqis to deal with them". Smiles at friends"-Iraqi Kurd groups agreeparliament term extensionReutersANKARA- Rival Iraqi Kurdishgroups have acted to preserve theirpower-sharing assembly by seeking toextend its mandate for a further year,the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan(PUK) said in a statement on Tuesday.The assembly's term was initiallyset for three years, but was extendedfor a year in 1995 because of fightingbetween the two parties.The P~ said it a~ on Mon~ywith the nval Kurdistan DemocratIeParty (KDP) "that the Parliament.should work to resolve the PUK-KDPdispute and prepare for new parliamentaryelectlOns."A KDP spokesman said the parliament,set up in 1992, must meet beforethe expiry of its term on June 4 if it isto maintain its legal status.The PUK and KDP hold 50 seatseach and Christian Assyrians have fiverepresentatives in the assembly, whichin the past met in a mosque in the neutralnorthern Iraqi village of Daraban.The feud between the KDP and thePUK has cost abc:l! 3,000 lives andsplit northern Iraq into rival zones. Butthere have been no serious clashes forover a year.The two parties failed to reach apeace agreement last month after theymet separately with a U.S. delegation.The PUK said Monday's talks,which took place at KDP headquartersin Salahuddin as a gesture of reconciliation,are seen as a prelude for furthertalks "tei resolve the internaI Kurdishdispute and restore unity and peace toIraqi Kurdistan".Senior delegations from the twoparties agreed to look at ways ofexpanding the parliament to includeboth independent delegates and thosefrom other political groupings."This is deemed necessary to overcomethe grid-lock that has beset thefunctioning of the Parliament in thepast," the PUK said.The Kurdish groups began fightingin 1994 over control of the city ofArbil and the distribution of revenuesfrom a makeshift oil trade at theTurkish border.Northern Iraq has been protectedfrom Baghdad by a Western powersair force based ID southern Turkeysince shortly after the Gulf War in1991.93

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti;French See Second Copter!.IlIDoi Deal with Turkey ImminentBuRAK BEKDll.94Itwas 1992 when Prime MinisterSüleyman OeI11irel met with FrenchPresident Francois Mitterrand. Oneminor topic during the meeting, amongseveral hot issues, was the possible saleof Franco-German helicopters to theTurkish army. Yes, said the Turkishleader.It took several months before thecontract was signed on Oct. 8, 1993, at ajoyous ceremony which made both the.French company and some Turkish.bureaucrats much happier than the previousday. Eurocopter, a joint venturebetween France' s state-run Aerospatialeand German OASA, would sell Turkey20 utility helicopters, Cougars to bemore specific, at a cost of $253 million.Good business, the world' s secondlargest helicopter manufacturer thought,why not try another one? Yes, it hasbeen doing so for the whole of the past12 months.After several ups and downs,Eurocopter believes it is very close to itssecond contract in Turkey. The companyis expecting to conclude soon yearlongdiscussions with Turkish authoritiesfor the co-production of 30SARICSAR utility Cougar helicopters.Its officials say talks with Turkey' sDefense Industry Undersecretariat(SSM), the procurement agency, areprogressing well and an agreement wasin sight for the nearly $500 million project.'The discussions have been tense, Ishould say. However, I am confidentthat a deal will be reached in the weeksto come," said Luc Barriere,Eurocopter's vice president for Europe.Eurocopter officials are confident ofwinning the second contract despitesome controversy. There were reportsthat the talks between the SSM andEurocopter were close to failure becauseof heavy political pressure during thepremiership of Tansu Çiller, whoallegedly gave instructions to theTurkish bureaucrats for the direct purchaseof the 30 copters. Talks reportedlyreturned to normal when Eurocopteragreed on co-production after the Dec.24 election in Turkey. Turkey andEurocopter have not yet agreed on theshare of Turkish participation in the pro-'".,"'"posed co-production program. "We arecontinuing talks to finalize the details,such as delivery schedule etc. We havenot yet come to a conclusion as to theshare of local content," explains DidierRenaux, deputy director for industrialprojects and offset programs. Defenseindustry sources say Eurocopter hasalready agreed on nearly 20 percentTurkish participation, but the SSM ispressing for larger local involvement."In fact what matters is not just thequantity of the local content, but also itsquality. And our offer contains a highqualityprofile of Turkish participationin terms of technology transfer andother elements," said Renaux.Eurocopter's proposal for the co-pro-. duction sees the Ankara-basedAerospace Industries Inc. (TAl), whichmanufactures F-16 fighter planes, asprime subcontractor for the airframefrom development phase to delivery.Engine parts manufacture, assemblyand testing will be carried out by theTEl, the engine producer. Other Turkishcompanies including the military electronicsproducer Aselsan and privatelyownedcompanies Hema and communicationsequipment manufacturer Netaswill be involved in main equipmentmanufacture, assembly and tests. Theproposal offers offset commitments of50 percent of the imported parts, mainlybased on the industrialization and productionof the future Tiger attack helicopter.Direct economic benefits for theTIger, theêombat.- moc:lêiTurkish defense industry are estimatedat 5,500 man-years, according toEurocopter officials. The helicoptermanufacturer is pledging to establish theTurkish helicopter industry throughlocal production of additional Cougars;maintenance and upgrade of Turkey' sCougar fleet; and participation in productionof new Eurocopter productssuch as Tiger.Would Eurocopter withdraw fromnegotiations if Turkey insists on a largerlocal content?No, replied Jean-Pierre Dubreuil,directbr of the board's executive cabinet."We shall not give up. We believethat we have to get as close as possible. to Turkish industry. l am sure there isgoing to be an agreement at somestage," he said. Defense industry expertssay Turkey has become a lucrative marketfor the world's helicopter manufacturers,who are suffering from a contractionin the market. WorId demand forhelicopters, civilian and rnilitary, is hoveringaround 600 to 700 at the moment,and is declining. 'This is why we arefighting to win new contracts," saidDubreuil.Eurocopter reported a loss of nearly$800 million last year. although its officialsonly said the company did notreport any profits. Its consolidatedturnover was around $1.76 billion, halfof which came from exports. Eurocopterhas so far sold 10,825 helicopters tocustomers in 127 countries _

-.HUMAN~fG'tKS"~l,esse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Pren~~~~~~i~Özeti485 Fifth Avenue ....Facsimile: 212-972-0905I~~m~~~~i~~-» ..xo:o....>>:.):o;o)xo:-);.»E-mail: . hrwn.ye&>hrw.org FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE . .~~;~~~~'.'::lm ~~~~~~~=;:~ .f~~im;;~~~j=:=:r...~JCynthia Brown For more information, contact .~ .....'..,'.!'H9'Marcia Allina 212/972-8400, x295 . '';:~~~::,:.>;~:.?'::::::.~:.: 'Advocr.ICY Dift'Ctor Christopher Panko 2021371-6592, x134 '

___R_e_v_ue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti...:Fonner Police Chief and present Minister for Justice Mehmet A!)arPrisons Are Boiling OverFamilysupport:The familiesare supportingcontinuingwhichthehungerstrike in the prisonsare conductingtheirown hunger strikes inthe districtandregionalofficesPeoples'Party (HADEP)of theDemocracyJANPAÇALThe protest began last year inDecember with the occupationby inmates of Urnraniye Prisonand then spread to other prisons andreached a bloody end wit!1 the interventionof security forces. Now theprisons, which for a while have beenquite silent, are once more beginningto boilover.Former Police Chief Mehmet Agarbecame the Minister of Justice only tobe met with the prisoners once againbeginning to take over the jails. Thenew wave of protests started with ahunger strike in the DiyarbakIr E Typeprison and has spread to other prisonsjust as happened last year.Yavuzeli Prison, Antep and BursaPrisons, Tokat Zile Prison and theMardin Closed Prison followed suitafter Sakarya with hunger strikes from23 May onwards. The people beingheld in these prisons have announcedthat they will continue their hungerstrike if their demands are not met.It has further been announced thatthe condition of Il of the prisonerswho are on an extended hunger strike.is not good. Attention has been drawnto the fact that the prisoners are continuallybleeding internally, have bloodcirculation problems and are sufferingfrom fainting spells to the point thatthey might die at any moment.According to a press release theprisoners have said that they feel thatthe prime minister and other officialsincluding the president are playing"blind and deaf' where their rightfuldemands are concerned and they havedecided to completely boycott the statecourts.The families which are supporting96

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkish Daily Neu~ FRIDAY,MAY 31, 1996Six prisoners burn themselves at DiyarbakIr prisonJan PacalTurkish Daily NewsISTANBUL-Events taking place atDiyarbakir prison are horrific. Like theevents that took place at Erzurum prison,20 prisoners burned themselves atDiyarbakir prison to protest against theattacks and the pressures to which theyhave been submitted. According to the.report of The Human Rights AssociationDiyarbakir branch, six of them are deadand 19of them have been injured.Protests expanded to 36 prisonsThe number of prisons participating inthe protest are continually increasing onthe 34th day of the hunger strike, whichstarted at Diyarbakir E Type Prison to ameliorateprison conditions, stop confessionpolicies and any kind of provocation. After23 May hunger strikes were started atYavuzeli, Bursa, Antep, Tokat Zile andSakarya prisons. The ~risoners say theywill continue the stnkes unless theirdemands are accepted. It is also reported. . .US committee to give.$3million to Barzani and Talabanithat the prisoner~ are not in good healthand deaths can be expected all the time.With the reactions of the President of theRepublic, Prime Minister and other authoritiesto this declaration, the prisoners havesaid theywill play 'blind and deaf and thatthey have decIded to protest at all the statesecurity courts.It was reported that Justice MinisterMehmet Agar gave a declaration the threatenslife in the prisons. In the report theIHD has claimed that the events takingpl~c,ein,the Jai,ls were encouraged by thermmster s poliCies."According 10 the agreement signed byTurkey, no state has the right to damageeither the body or the mind of a prisoner orcriminal, whatever his crime is. The ministrywhich started to transfer prisoners toother prisons with the last procedures is themessenger of bloody future events..."Besides this declaration, the IHD alsogave a report concerning the events takingplace at Eski~ehir Prison. It was reportedthat 60 execution officers entered L BlocTurkish Daily News . . Turkey '.' .WASHINGTON- The U.S.. In contrast;the'committee"also. House Appropriations Foreign àpproved only $25 lpilly>n as .Operations Committee approved a, Economic Support Fund (ESF) for. foreign assistance appropriations Turkey in fiscal year '97.. re~orl that proposes to give "up' Originally, the Clinton admilÛslrato$3 million in fiscal year '97 to tion asked for $60 milli9ß.in ESFMassoud Barzani' s Kurdistan . but Republican Rep. John Edward. Democra~icparty ,(KpP) an.dJalal P~rt~r of Illinois srash~d.itby $35 .. Talabam's Patnotlc Union o{ million at the appropna~ons sub-.Kurdistan (PUK) in northern Iraq committee. The pro-T~sh memo.. "to support implementation of the. . bers of the subcommIttee agreedagreement between" them. Th~ to the cut on the condition that noKDP and PUK signed a peace anti-Turkish language be includedagreement in the autumn of last in Ihe bill.year after a year of bloody fight- To put the $25 million ESF inmg. '.' perspecrive, let's mentionlhatThe KDP and PUK are also Turkey in 1995 eXp'0rted $700. expected to get a considerable million worth of textiles from one'. portion of the additional $260 mil- city alone; i.e., Denizli.lion to $300 million to be set asideby the United Nations during. the Greek Cyprus .180-days following the beginning The U.S. committee also decid.. of Iraq's oil sale in accordance ed to give$15 million to Greek-.. with U.N. Resolution 986. Cyprus in ESF "for scholarshipsThe U.S. State Department said and bicommunal projects 1ßthis money would be set aside for '. Cyprus." Since the United Statesthe three Northern Governorates does not recognize the Turkishof Ira'l. for implementing the Republic of Northern Cyprus, all"humamtarian program." . of the $15 million will be deliv-98ered to the Greek Cypriot administrationin the South. 'The committeestrongly urges the administrationto carry through on itspledge t~ ma~e resolutio~~f t~eCyprus sItuatIon a top.pnonty m1997." .7.to-l ratioThe committee preserved the 7- .to-l ratio offered by Porter inhumanitarian assistance dollars tobe sent to Azerbaijan andNagorno-Karabakh, res\>ectively,despite the fact that Nagorno-Karabakh is not an independentstate. Yet Annenians are alreadytreatin~ the Azeri district as.though it were an independentstate. TDN learned, for example, ..thatArmenian-Americans haveraised over $5 million in LosAngeles through a telethon cam-~aign to cons~ruct a highway tolink Armema to Nagorno-Karabakh.Commenting on the 7-to-lratio, Democrat Rep. CharlesWilson of Texas. a proven friendof Turks and the Azeris, said hedid not believe that Porter's ratiQwas correct. "But I hope that if theprocess continues, the Stateon May, 23 1996 at 10.30 p.m. andattacked the prisoners. Some of the prisonerswere injured and some of them weretaken to prison because of heart attacks.Agar talked severely .Diyarbakir attorney general IbrahimAkba~, stating that the attacks started afterthe hunger strike, said deaths were causeddue to tile reàctive protests of the prisoners.Justice Minister Mehmet Agar rejected theclaims that the ministry was responsibletor.the events, and said: "There is order inprisons. .The terrorist organizations can do nothing.Some powers aim to abuse our goodintentions, but we won't permit this. Weaim that the prisoners return back to soci-.ety as nonnal citizens. But everyone takeshis slice from the cake. Those who areimprisol)ed because of modest crimes arealso being involved and even forced to takepart in these terrorist events. I won't giveup my struggle as long as my political lifepernuts".Department can come up with. more scie~tifi~allyarrlved;tt numbers.Perhapsat Conference(Committee) we can correct that,"Wilson said. .The bill preserves two provisionsfrom last year's bill; i.e., the"humanitarian corridor act" and a.'. limited waiver of Section 907 ofthe so-called "Freedom Support'Act" of 1992 which allows NGOs.(non-government organizations)and PVOs (private volun~ organizations)to use the faCilities,hospitals and vehicles of the governmèntof Azerbaijan only for.the purpose of providing humani- .tarian assistance to I millionrefugees. .Wilson said such a waiver wasnécessary because during his visitto the regionhe observed thatsmallpox vaccinations could not. ,be made since only .state hospitals:. had the refrigerators necessary tokeep the shots and blood plasmafresh. .. He gave other examples which. supported his argument that unlessthe PVOs and NGOs had access to.government facilities they couldnot effectively deliver humanitarianassistance to refugees inAzerbaijan ,and Nagorno-Karabakh. .In return, Wilson agreed not toinclude in the bill any languagethat_comments on the ."politica~ .

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetistatus". and sovereignty ofNagorno-Karabakh."I think we should callNagorno-Karabakh a re~ion ofAzerbaijan," Wilson said, butadded that for the sake of a compromisehe was willing to postponethe issue to the ConferenceCommittee. Direct governmentto-sovemmentassistance from theUruted States to Azerbaijan is stillbanned under Section 907.A senior member of the committeetold TON that he expectedthe fiscal year '97 ForeignAssistance Appropriations bill tobe referred to the ConferenceCommittee in mid-August.A bill is sent to "Conference"for ironing out the differenceswhen the Senate and House versionsof the bill do not matcheach other.HADEP's case for Habitat TITurkishDaily NewsISTANBUL- The Peopie's Democracy Parry(HADEP) has declared that Habitat II is bein!!held in a country that is rocked by economic anapolitical problems. and where an undeclared -defacto- war is being conducted despite the factthat one side in that war - The KurdistanWorkers Party(PKK) hasdeclared a unilateralceasefrre.Defining the UN'schoice of Turkey ashost country as in~propriate.HADEPstated that abuses ofproper settlementand housing havebecome an officialpolicy of the Turkishstate:HADEP said thatin a country wberehuman rights abusesand mass migréltionwere continuing, .Habitat should investigate these problems indepth and discuss them without excluding the\'ictims of these problems.HADEP remarked that they were not againstHabitat • but against the choice of Turkey as ahost countrv. HADEP emphasized that Kurdswere forced to eracuate their villages andmigrate, and that tbese villa~es were thenburned in order to prerent people from comingback.Habitat would only be useful if alternatives tothe official ideology, shaped by the taboos ofthe 70 year-oldstate, were produced.Regarding theRio Environmentand Developmentsummit, which willform the basis ofHabitat II, HADEPstated that in thecenterof"SustainableDevelopment" layhuman bein!!s, andasked for an~explanationfor forcedevacuations andmil!Tation inTurkey.HADEP also called for attention to be madeto peace efforts. migration. pr~per housing. settlementproblems and human nghts abuses, sayingthat they were not ag~inst a Habitatwould also consider these Issues.whicbSungurlu backtracks onProvide Comfort comments-.By U~urAkme)Turkish Daily NewsWASHINGTON- During the frrst day of his officialvisit to Washington, Turkish Defense Ministeraltan Sungurlu seemed to backtrack on some of hisearlier comments concerning the desired changes inOperation Provide Comfort (OPC).During an earlier press conference in Ankara,.Sungurlu was recorded as saying that Turkish jetsalone may very well carry out the mission of theOPC - even without the U.S., French and Britishparticipation that currently makes up the force protectin~northern Iraqis from persecution by SaddamHussem. When questioned in Washington, however,Sungurlu said it was perha~s a misunderstallding.During a photo-op sessIOn held at the Penta~onon Wednesday, Sungurlu said the press was "saymgpart of the thmgs I've said at the press conferencelin Ankara]." ."At the press conference I had said that, if weagree with our allies, we're in a position to take careof this on our own," Sungurlu said. "But of course,we are in an alliance, so we have to get an agreementfrom our allies."PerryU.S. Secretary of Defense William Perry, by hisfrequent use of the word "joint," emphaSIZed thatth~~ecann~t be any.unilateral changes to Ope.qperatI?n P~oYldeComfort is a joint operationand il provIdes Jomt benefits to Turkey the UnitedSt~tes and t~ ~ther allies," Perry said. ''The de.cI~lonsthat are made on its operation willbe made Jomtly; and yes, we will dIscuss thosetoday.. I wo~ld not forecast for you all the details of thatdlscu~~lOn. hut we will have a Ji~cu~~ion on thattoday.I'm confident tha.t~e will arrive at an agreementon how to proceed Jomtlyon that operation."After a.l~nch at the Pentagon with Perry,Sun.gurluvIsited the U.S. Congress and met with thechatrman and some members of the House NationalSecurity Committee.Following that, Sungurlu also got together with(Ret) Gen. AI~xander ~~ig as a part of his programto meet Amencan "opmlOn makers." The TurkishDefense Minister will leave Washington onThursday afternoon. .99

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiFRIDAY. MAY 31.1996Turkish Daily News'Alternative Habitat activities tt.. The other side of the coinBy Erdinç ErgençTurkish Daily N~s ,iSTANBUL- Alternative Habitat activities, orga. 'rii~ by non government org~tio.n (NGOs) that, '.have ,decided boycott the officIal Habitat"j started on ,29 of May. Thirty five NGOs, h~~ ~y.theHuman ~Rights Association (tHO), bave orgàmZmg alternativeactivities that wi~ question the stat.e record ~f,,human rights and the nght to settlement m ~propnateconditions which is considered as a basiC human 'ii~e Human Rights As,sçqation s~ted tp~ holdm$ ,Habitat in Turkey.was n~ m k~g Wl.th.thephi-, 10sophy of the Umt~ ~atlons; The as~~abon gave,a-press conference m ystan.b~l e~pl~g the rea.,Osonswhy they are Dot Partlclpabng m ilie confer.'ence. ."The reason why we opposed to this conferencebeing held in Turkey is (iliat it is) incompatible with ,the ideals of the UN. A conference on humart se~e.ments being held in a country where the reiUlabous "and practices are diametrically opposed to the UN'sideals contradicts 'the ideals of UN," said the chair.man of urn, Akm Birdal.. . 'BirdaI' said that the Kurdish population in Turkeyhadbeen forcibly displaced, n~turaI and cul~ her.!ta"gehad been ~e.stroyed and m.these c~nditlons theIHD was orgamzmg an alternabve Habitat ~o revealthe truths ana niake them known to the public.' , ,Birdal emphasized that the UN's policy with,, reßard to states concerning the affective implemen- ,tabon of the principles formulated in the UN Charterand other international instruments was clear.Referring to the UN' s tWo fundamental. worldWi~ehuman rights conferences, one held ln 1968 lnTehran and other in 1993 in Vienna, BirdaI said thatthese conference decided the grave denial of hum3!l,'ri$hts caused by discrimination based on race, reli.glOn, belief and expression of idea~ woul~ cause,harm to the human conscience and JeopardIZe thefoundation stones of freedom, justice and peace inthe world.', The tHo chairman poin!ed out that th~ .reas~n, why the Association has declded not to partiCipate m ,, the official conference but to organize alternative, meetings laY in these ~etenn!~ations. Bird!Ù addedthatthey had made therr deCISion.along ~Ith those, NGO's which would not take part m Habitat ne~t to,the state. " '. : al, The urn ~roposed to Turkey and the mternaboncommunity It'S program'of democracy ~d hu~an,rights as oppos~~ t~ the report of the offiCial Turki~hNational Commumty. The first part of the tHD sdemocracy and human rights program conceo:Ied '• eveiybOdvlivirigin Tudœy.11ieseconddéalt with, the'so ca1l~dKurdish quesbon. " ., ."(Jivinganswers and suggested courses of ac.bontothe question "What should be done for the nght tosettlement based on equality, nondiscrimination and, freedom" tIm proposes a program of human rightsand democracy. lHD demands changes to theTurkish constitution, which it classifies as militaristicand monopolistic. ' . .'The constitution in which everybody is treatedwith full equali~ should have as"its ~ources internationalhuman nghts documents, sald the report of, urn. The association has 11 proposals for the establishmentof a democratic constitution which respectshuman rights. . "Demanding an end to the undeclared war m the, South East of Turk~i'. thé tHO calls for the remoyalof institutions specittc to the areas where Kurds live, in large numbers such as the State ~f Emergency,Village Guards, sec~ty fo~es S~al reams andfood embargoes. Brrdal sald that Kurdish peopleshould have full freedom of expression and a generalamnesty should be proclaimeâ. ' ', BirdaI also outlined the suggestions of the lHp ,over the forced evictions of yillagers from theirhomes and lands. ,, Alternative Habitat activities include forums on',minorities, the environment, war and forced migrationhealth and education, settlement, culture and,valu~s child and labor issues. In addition a series of 'exhibitions and cinevision shows will be staged. The 'activities started yesterday and will end on 8 Junewith the Solidarity Day after a two day forum on 6and 7 June.', Criticizing the preparations for official Habitat ,the urn said that the state and the municipality haverestored the long ruined streets, prepared gloriousconference halls and organized celebrations with,thousands of personnel. "They have destroyedeve~g distUrbing them. They have put the streeturchins outside the city, poisoned or removed thestreet animals. They have ornamented the avenuesand str,eets with newly planted trees, flowers andtulips," said urn officials. ' ,Making a call to particip.ate in the Habitat IIAlternative Activities the tHO emphasized that, oppressed minorities; these discrimmated againstbecause of their sex or race; workers whose rightsare violated; the handicapped who are exclui:tedfrom society; children and the poor, unemployed,'hungry and homeless were those the Alternati~eHabitat was seeking to reach and under those condi- 'tions the lHD said that the Turkish state could neverbe a legitimate host. tHo officials said that their. alternative slogan for ~abitat wa~ ':,Let' s make., everybody see the other Sideof the,com ..-100

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - A~enteframe Pre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enteframe Pre\\e-A.F.P. - A~en(eframe Prme-A.F.P. - A~en[efronŒPre\\e-A.F.P. - A~en[eframe Pre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enŒfronŒPre\\e-A.F.P.A.F.P.FRS0400 4 G .0227 FRA /AFP-NM54Immigration-manifPrès de 2:000 manifestants à Marseille contre les lois Pasqua (PHOTO)MARSEILLE, 1er juin (AFP) - Près de 2.000 personnes -1.600 selon lapolice- ont défilé samedi après-midi à Marseille à l'appel de SOS Racismeet d'une cinqu~ntaine d'autres associations, pour demander l'abrogation deslois Pasqua et l'abandon .du projet Debré sur l'immigration.En tête du cortège parti vers 15H00 du Vieux-Port, une banderole "Non àla chasse à l'étranger - Leurs droits sont nos droits" était suivie par desenfants tenant à bout de bras des pancartes "Je suis Français, mes parentssont en souffrance, visiteurs dans mon pays" ou "Je veux que mon père reßteavecnous".Il Pasqua, Debré, vos lois on n'en veut pas" ou "Nous sommes tous desenfants d'immigrés, 1ère, 2ème, 3ème génération" ont été les slogans lesplus repris. Derrière SOS Racisme, le MRAP, la Ligue communisterévolutionnnaire (LCR), la Ligue des droits de l'homme, les syndicatsenseignants FSU et SNU/IPP étaient représentés, ainsi qu'Act-Up Marseille,Ras L'Front, les travailleurs kurdes et plusieurs autres associations.i'locales... En fin de cortège, un autobus de Droit au logement (DAL) était suivi .d'un orchestre sur un camion portant une banderole "Poètes, vos papiers".Les manifestants se sont dispersés dans le calme, vers 17H00, devant lapréfecture.DLO/cd/mcAFP/AA1234/011722JUN 96--~ ..(Résolution commune)Turquie20.06 - En adoptant une résolution commune desgroupes PSE, PPE, ELDR, GUE/NOL, Verts etARE, ainsi que de Mme Katerina DASKALAKl(UPE, GR) et de M. Nildtas KAKLAMANIS(UPE, GR) sur les droits de l'homme et la situationen Turquie, le Parlement européen demandeau nouveau gouvernement de décréter une amnistiegénérale et renouvelle plus particulièrement sademande de libérer immédiatement Mme LeylaZANA ainsi que les trois autres députés au DEP.n invite également le prochain gouvernement àentreprendre de nouvelles réformes législativesafm de prévenir toute atteinte aux droits del'homme... ~Demandant aux autorités turques c;Iereconnaîtretes droits de tous les Kurdes vivant dans le payset à faciliter le rapatriement de tous les Kurdesdéplacés, il insiste pour que soit mis fm auxopérations militaires dans le Sud-Est du pays etque débutent des négociations visant à un règlementpolitique et pacifique du conflit.Pressant le Conseil de rechercher tous les moyensqui pèimettront d'encourager les initiatives visantà régler les questions des droits de l'homme etdes Kurdes en Turquie, le Parlement européenestime qu'un tel mépris à l'égard des obligationsinhérentes au droit international et aux textesfondamentaux sur. les droits de l'homme estgravement incompatible avec l'esprit dans lequela été conclus l'accord sur l'Union douanière entrel'Union européenne et la Turquie.101

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetiy~ar Kemal receives Hellman/Hammett Awardfor courage in response to repressionTurkish DailY NewsANKARA-Human Rights Watch, whichwas established to monitor and promote the.observance of internationally recognizedhuman rights worldwide, announced theaward of a Hellman/Hammett grant toY/lF Kemal, the world-renowned Turkish. writer.The Hellman/Hammett grants were createdby Anierican writers Lillian Hellmanand Dashiel Hammett, who were bothinterrogated about their political associa-. tions and beliefs by U.S. congressionalcommittees during the McCarthy scares ofthe 1950s. Memories of their difficultiesprompted Hellman to designate funds from~er estate and that of Hammett, her longbmecompanion, to ensure that courageouswriters would not have to stand aloneagainst political persecution. In 1989,Hellman and Hammett's executors askedHuman Rights Watch to devise a programto implement the writers' wishes.y~ar Kemal was tried and convicted inMarch 1996 on charges of "inciting racialhatred by way of regional and racIal discrimination."He was given a 20-month suspendedsentence and warned that if he repeats hiscrime in the next five years, the sentencewill become active. .The charges against Kemal were basedon articles he wrote that were published inthe collection, "Freedom of Thought in.Turkey." In a trial opening in Istanbultoday, 98 intellectuals who claim responsibilityfor publication of the book have beensimJ!arly charged with inciting racialhatred. They, like Ya~ar Kemal, have said:"We have no choice but to commit a crimein order to defend our freedom."In recognizing Kemal,' Human RightsWatch noted the courage he has shown indefending freedom of expression for himselfand the others currentlx on trial.Human Rights Watch added: 'It is ironicthat Turkey, which prides itself on Kemal'splace on the short list of candidates for theNobel Prize, is at the same time harassinghim and his colleagues for expressingthoughtful concern." .Since the Hellman/Hammett awardsbegan, more than 200 writers have receivedgrants totalling well over $1 million.SATURDAY,JUNE 1,1996Turkish Daily NewsPolice ban the Alternative Habitat. . .By Erdinç ErgençTurkish Daily NewsISTANBUL- Turkish police havebanned the Alternative HABITAT activitiesorganized by 35 non governmentorganizations (NGOs) that are b6ycottingthe Habitat II conference. The 35NGOs, headed by the Human RightsAssociation (lHD) were organizingalternative activities aiming to highlightproblems not addressed by the officialevent.The authorities gave as the excuse for. banning the Alternative Habitat that theNGOs had not got permission from thegovernor office to convene their counterconference. The activities of theAlternative Habita! started on 29 May in~i~li and were continuing in two meetinghalls outside of the Habitat Valley,the venue in central Istanbul for the officialsummit.There was no indication of anythingabnormal till the intervention of Turkishpolice at I o'cloèk yesterday. The chair- .man of the Istanbul Human RightsAssociation, Ercan Kanar, said that thestate was frightened of the realities andits crimes that were to be attacked at theAlternative Habitat.Kanar stated that the state was caughtred handed by this act. . .Accusing the state of being a handicapto the process of democratization andthe development of a civil society,Kanar pointed out that the state hadshown Its real face once again. ErcanKanar emphasized that no one. couldprevent them from revealing the truthsabout Turkey and made a call to NGOsparticipating the official Habitat to maketheir stands clear after the attack.The Alternative Habitat was beingconducted inside a circle of police.Yesterday Anti- terror Police Teamsentered the Alternative Habitat venueand demanded the evacuation of thebuilding where exhibitions, slide shows.anddlscu.ssions were being held.According to a member of !HD therewas no .need to ge.t permission for t~eirevent smce actiVIties were not bemgheld outdoors.Although the police knew this participantswere threatened with being takento the State Security Court by the Antiterrorteams.102

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - A~emeFramePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enreFranrePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~en(eFran(ePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~en(eFramePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~en(eFran(€Pre\\e-A.F.P. - A~en(€Frame Pre\\e-A.F.P.FRS0564 4 IIrak-KurdesLe mandatA.F.P.0317 IRK /AFP-SN82du "parlement" kurde sera prorogé de quatre moisERBIL (Irak), 2 juin (AFP) - Les principales formations kurdesirakiennes qui se disputent le contrôle du nord de l'Irak sont convenues deproroger de quatre mois le mandat du "parlement" kurde, élu en mai 1992,ont indiqué dimanche des responsables.Le "parlement" doit se réunir lundi en session extraordinaire dans unezone neutre du Kurdistan, entre la ville d'Erbil, contrôlée par l'Unionpatriotique du Kurdistan (UPK de Jalal Talabani), et Salaheddine, tenue parle Parti démocratique du Kurdistan (PDK de Massoud Barzani), ont-ilsprécisé. --"Nous allons tenir cette session pour proroger le mandat du parlement",a déclaré son président, Jawhar Namiq, à l'AFP.Le PDK et l'UPK, qui contrôlent le "parlement" de 100 sièges, avaientaffirmé la semaine dernière qu'ils avaient décidé de proroger d'un an, àpartir du 3 juin, le mandat du "parlement" du fait de l'impossibilitéd'organiser des élections.La prorogation a été limitée à quatre mois à la suite de négociationsavec d'autres partis kurdes, selon le chef de la commission de médiationAziz Mohammed.Le mandat du "parlement" kurde, non reconnu par la communautéinternationale, avait déjà été prorogé une première fois en mai 1995 pourun an, en raison des combats entre le PDK et l'UPK pour le contrôle de larégion qui échappe au contrôle du pouvoir central à Bagdad depuis 1991.Ces combats, qui ont éclaté en 1994, ont fait plus de 2.000 morts.Plusieurs médiations, notamment américaines, ont été menées pour mettre unterme aux affrontements.Le conflit persiste, mais des mesures de confiance ont été adoptées parles deux factions à la suite d'un accord de principe signé l'année dernièreà Dublin.Les "législatives" de mai 1992 étaient les premières élections dansl'histoire du peuple kurde.st-hc/tp/sohAFP /AA1234/022202 JUN 96tfA.F.P. - 1ge1KeFrolKePresse-A.F.P. - AgelKeFrance Presse-A.F.P. - 1ge1K! FralK! Presse-A.F.P. - AgelKeFroneePresse-A.F.P. ~ 1geIKe FralKe Presse-A.F.P. - 1geMe France Presle-103

~.a:~ ~.......~Turkish Dairy News.SUNDAY,JUNE2,I996~'"~~~'-i'"I~ '-iTurkey said to be considering allowing Kurdish broadcastsReüters quotes politicians saying the subject is "definitely being discussed" d~~~~~~~Pili~a;~~~[~~~~~~~::Turkish Daily NewsANKARA- Turkey's conservative governmentis seeking to cut through a yearsoldtaboo and inttoouce Kurdish broadcastingReuters has quoted Turkish politicianssaying."It is being discussed - I myself prepareda report on this issue. And otherreports are also being looked at," NaimGeylani, a deputy from Prime MinisterMesut YDmaz's Motherland Party from thesoutheastern region of Hakkari, t~ldR~ters.. .Cabinet members said they had taken upthe issue at a meeting in the main southeastern.city of DiyarbakIr on Sunday.Ahmet Özer, head of a grouping of mayorsfrom the southeast, said they had prepareda report on Kurdish television ahead of thecabmet meeting at the bidding of the minist~rresponsible for the media, Ali Tali'pÖzdemrr, also from Motherland. 'There ISa definite need for Kurdish television andthe government has accepted this," Gurelisaid."In the region about 90 percent of peoplewatch MED TV, which broadcasts distortionsand lies," he said, speaking by telephonefrom a remote district of Hakkari,which.borders Iran and Iraq.The Kurdish-language MED TV,beamed since last May via satellite fromBritain is backed by the outlawedKurdistan Workers Party (PKK), whose 12.yelll'-old separatist campaign cost morethan 19,000 lives.People in the reg,ion say MED TV iswatched even by villag,e guards, a statepaid,mainly Kurdish mIlitia armed to fightthePKK.Kurds fleeing the fight with the PKK tosettle in shanties in western towns invest insatellite dishes to see it. Rights activistsclaim that giving greater cultural rights to. televIsions, morntored but not censored by .Kurds would go a long way towards ending the state, that broadcast objectively andthe PKK's fight. Kurdish broadcasting is allow the Kurdish people to develop andbanne(i in Turke,-, and debate of the enjoy their culture, language and music,"Kurdish issue is sufled by Turkets many said Motherland Diyarbakir MPlaws that punish "separatist" and •regional- . Seb~etullah Seydaoglu Yllmaz hinted at theist" statements, Scores of writers and intel- . begmning of his tenure he would changelectuals are injail for writings and speeches successivegovernments' aimy-only policycalling for greater rights for Turkey's in the southeast. He promised Kurdish edu-. Kurds. cation and broadcasting and his govern-The latest stirririgs in Motherland sug- ment has pledged to lift emergency rule ingest it may be trying to revive moderate the region.. .Ideas whichthe late President Turgut ÖzaI But no progress has been made inhad worked on when he led the party as addressing restnetions on Turkey's Kurdishpremier in the 1980s. But the left-wing, minority as the government of Motherlandpro-Kurdish Demokrasi newspaper poured and the True Path Party of former premierscorn on the moves as aimed at hitting Tansu Çiller is near- to collapse amidMED TV with nationalist Turkish propa- infighting and corruption allegations.ganda: "Contra-TV is coming!" the daily Yllmaz faces a cen~ure motion next weekplastered on its front page on Friday, refer- that could kill the government. But Geylaniring to what activists say is a shady "con- said the fact that the issue was being dis,tra-guerrilla" group close to the state. MPs cussed was an improvement on before. "lnfrom the soutlieast say no one would watch the end, it will be achieved."~~.....'"~~~'"~~"0"S~>~.....~1:::'~~ ~~ ~Ie:,;::!'" ......~~~;p;::!""~I!".

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTufk!sh Dally News Monday, June 3, 1996"0Kirkuk lyncbpin in Iraq'sreturn to world oil marketReWlersKIRKUK, Iraq- This oil city which stillbears the scars of war is now a l~cbpin inIraq's efforts to regain its position as amyor player in the wOrld's energy markets.JfcIq is expected to P'l.ßlP most of the oilunder its Ma~J9 4eal with the UnitedNations from Kirkuk. where oil was firstdiscovered in IraQ ~j' seven decades ago.President Saddam Hussein's governmentsees the accord, allov.jng it limited oil salesin order to ~hase fooâ and humanitariansupplies, as the first step in breaking the~o imposed on it for its ill-fated 1990invasion of Kuwait It is also another step inKirkuk's own efforts to rebuild from thedevastation of war.The city was often targetted b~ Iranianwarplanes during the 19SO:88 han-Iraq war.The Iragi authorities built a 25 metre~ghartificial mountain to place anti-aircraft gunson and to pr:otect the City. .Neither the mountain nor the guns couldguard the oilfields against laser-guidedbombs which allied w~lanes dropped onthe city during the 1991 Gulf War overKuwait -"Damage was massive," said TalaiAshour ICanaan, director general of theNol1hem Oil Company. ."Nonetheless we were able to restore lifeto this company and could pum,p crude toIraqi refineries in a short time. Kirkuk' schief geologist, Fahid Abduljabbar, added:"We tiave repaired whatever we can. Wenever believed we could do it so ~cklJ."Before the war with Iran. Kirlciik, 255 km(160 miles) north of B~ produced upto 1.7 million barrels ~ day (bpd),aboUttwo thirds of Iraq's OPEC quota of 3.14millibpd.~ said it.would be difficult for hiscompany to regain previous production levelsbut post-Gulf War repairs and maintenancewould enable it to meet all of Iraq' spartial oil expC?rts, estimated between700,000 to 800,00) ~ ;"My company is fully ready to do theiob," lie said. "Aggress,ion had direct effects.But God willing we sha1lretain pre-~$!CSsion~ity in a short period anime. '.~last week pumpe

.Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivi$ta Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa.-Basin ÖzetiHuman fights group putsSoutheastonHabitat agendaReco~endations: Report call,son Turkis~ governmentto cease forcible, indisçriminate village evacuations andto apply international hûmanitariarllaw standards "By Orya Sultan HalisdemirTurkish Daily NewsLONDON- The Frankfurt-based MedicaInternatianal and Landan-based Kurdish HumanRights Praject (KHRP) are abaut to. publish "arepart, to. be, delivered at Habitat JI, to. highlight.the alleged destructian af villages and the farcedevictian af villagers fram the Sautheast .'The report aims to.be the basis ofdiscussians anthe steps that are needed to. address the pra~!emscaused by the clashes between the autlaw.edKurdistan Warker' s Party (PKK) and Turkish. security farces, in the Southeast, the TDN haslearnt. . " ,The repart was canfirmed bythe head af theKHRP, Kerirn YddIz, who. said t1iatthe repart wasprepared with the aim af asking the Habitat II canferencenat to. ignare the problems faced inSautheast Turkey. "The prob.lemhas tabeaddressed taday, if It is ignared it will create proble~nat ~~st far Turkey but far the whale ;United ,.NatIOns, YIldiZ tald theTDN. He saId thatHabitat had to.assist the Turkish gavenui:1entto.setup a humanitarian relief pragram to.cease the painaf th~ peaple caused by the clashes between thetwo.sures.He said that the repart gives evidence af the .hazards caused to. ardinary civilians.by bath PKKt~rra~st activities and the security farce's aperatIansID the area. . .When asked the details af the repart, Y1!dIZsaid.that Medica Internatianal had financed the repartand that the KHRP had carried aut the researchand that it was written by.the writer David,McDawall, the authar af "A Modem Histary ofthe lÇurds"{1996). . . .. The ~aft report abtained by the TON co.ncerns .Itself WI~ many areas ~f the Sauth~ast ~ro.blem, .such as VIllage evacuatlOn, ecanamIc ,mIgratio.n,the PKK insurgency, ecanamic and sacial casts,the state af emergency legislatial1 and effectiveremedies and the need far internatianal assistance.The repart said that there were araund 3,OOOvil-.'lages that had been evacuated unti11996, resultingin the displacement af araund 3 millian peaple."The vast majarity af the evacuatians have beencarried aut by the state security farces in the nameaf caunter-insurgency measures against the PKK.Since 1987, the Sautheast has been under'State afEmergency Law," the repart said~"Tlîe village evacuatians are carried aut -in abarbaraus and cruel manner aften mativated bypunishment and revenge, withaut respect farhu~an life and .pr~perty and in vialatian af internatianalhumamtarlan law and human rights law,"the repart read..'It alsp put an emphasIze an the ecanamic castsand ~assesbarn by the state. "The quantity af thelqss IS difficult to. measure but it indicates a substantial.and permanent lass to.Turkey's agriculturalecanamy, quite ~part framthe milit~ cast, thelöss af infrastructure and the destàbilizmg effectsafmass invaluntary rriigratian," It said..Under the sectian,"Recammendatian to.Turkishgavernment," the repart called far an immediatecessati~n af the farc!ble. indiscri~nate villageevacuatlOns and applIcatIan af the mternatianalhumanitarian law standards, in cases where villageevacuatian was aperatianally necessary."Restricting th~ aperatian af the emergencypawers {lf the.reglanal gavernar by establIshings¥,eguards t~ ensure accaun~b~lity and a mechamsm!apr~vld~, far the functlOmng af an independentJUdiCIary, was anather recammendatian to.th~.Tur.kish gavernment. ' .InvIte fnendly gavernments and multilateralfunding agencie~ to assist iq dra~ing up and fund-I~g a p'lan af relief and rehabilitatio.n in ca-aperatIonWIth U.N.lnter-Agency Task Farce an mler-'Jlally ctisplacedpersans."".'Under the sectian named. "Recammendatians to'Inter-gavernment;ll, gavernmental and nan-gavernmentalbadies," tile repart called far pressurean Turkey ta respect fundamental human nghts.~'Remind Turkey' that althaugh defeat af the.PKK may be amllitary im~erative, it will natresolve the Kùidish prablem If steps are nat takento.seek a palitical salutio.n inc1udmg the rehabilitatianaf the naw disaffected papulatian, and thatthese need to. take place immediately in the interestsaf recanciliatian," the report said.In the intraductian to. the repart, MedicaInternatianal was intraduced as providing immedi.ate inedical assistance to. refugees and thase suff~ring,framthe effects af war ar ather emergencySItuations."The. KHRP is an independent,Lando.n based charity I faundedreport said. .non~~alitical,in 1992," the>00-0,..;UJ.....~,.:«Clz0:;:"106

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiMONDA Y.JUNE 3.1996Turkish Daily News--Kurdish Parliament remains in limboThe future of the Kurdish Parliament, whose working periodwill finish on June 4, depends on the consensus betweenthe KDP, led DYBarzani, and the PUK, led by Jalal TalabaniBy Ay~eKarabatTurlcish Daily NewsSALAHADDIN/ARBIL. northern Iraq- Theextension of the Kurdish Parliament, whosemandate will expire on June 4, depends on theconsensus between the Kurdistan DemocraticParty (KDP), led by Massoud Barzani, and thePatnotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), headed byJalal Talabani.Discussions to extend the mandate of theParliament and mediation efforts are still continuing.but until now there has been no solution. Ifthere is no consensus, the existing governmentwill continue in power and announce new electionswithin 15 days, according to the secondresolution of the Kurdish Parliament. The PrimeMinistry now belongs to the PUK. All the parties,however, agree that the atmosphere is notsuitable for new elections. AccordIng to localpoliticians, if the two parties cannot agree on theextension, the KDP-PUK dialogue will finishand the existing situation, in which there are twodifferent administrations will be further consoli.dated.They say PUl(, which controls 63 percent' ofthe regionand two big cities, Suleymaniah andArbil, will gain the upper hand. SamiAbdurrahman, a member of the central committeeof the KDP, said: 'The Parliament is the onlydemocratic body of the region. It is true that Itdoesn't work. But for the future of IraqiKurdistan and the Kurdish people, theParliament must go on. Otherwise there will be astrong dictatorship." The leader of the PUK,Jalal Talabani, told the Turkish Daily News theywanted a real Parliament, a working Parliament."We insisted that all the resolutions passed byParliament must be implemented and respected.In principle. for the extension of the mandate ofthe Parliament, we need new elections becausefour years have passed. There are some partieswhich are not represented in the Parliament Wethink we have to ask the people their opinion,"Talabani said.According to Kurdish Parliament resolutions,the Parliament must gather in Arbil. The PUKinsists on this; but, according to the KDP, Arbilis under occupation and full of weapons, and forthese reasons they do not want to go Arbil forthe parliamentary sessions.The two parties held a meeting in Salahaddinon May 27 in order to discuss the extension ofthe mandate of the Parliament, but there was nosolution. According to local politicians, the onlypositive thing to emerge from this meeting wasthat the PUK agreed to go to Salahaddin, whichis under the control of the KDP. In this meetingthe mediator between two parties, former general-secretaryof the Communist Party AzizMehmet, said that the atmosphere of the meetingwas positive and two parties had agreed onanother meeting. but the time and place was notyet known.The National Assembly of iraqi Kurdistan wasestablished in 1992. There are 105 seats in theParliament, 50 of which belon~ to the KDP and50 to the PUK. There are five seats for theAssyrians. Last year the mandate of theParliament was extended for one further year onthe last day of the Parliament. The Parliamentstopped meeting after clashes between the KDPand the PUK. However, despite the fact thatthere is a cease-fire between the two parties, theParliament remains idle.107

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiIn a Collapsing. Istanbul,UNMuses on HousingBy John PomfretWashington Post ServiceISTANBUL - The walls of HaticeGoktas's cramped, one-room apartmentare scarred with a giant crack,snaking from ceiling to floor. Lastweek it got bigger, swelling ominouslyto the width of a boa constrictor.That's because the building nextdoor collapsed, killing a 25-year-oldman and seriously injuring six others.The disintegration of the five-storybuilding at 15 Hocazade Stre~twouldn 't normally mean much In.Istanbul, home to 6.6 million people byofficÏ

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - A~enŒfronŒPre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enŒframe Prem-A.F.P. - A~emeframe Pre\\e-A.F.P. - A~emeframe Prem-A.F.P. - A~enŒframe Pre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enŒfronŒPre\\e-FRS1072 4 l 0281 USA /~FP-QP38USA-Syrie-TurquieWashington réaffirme son soutien à la TurquieWASHINGTON, 5 juin (AFP) - Les Etats-Unis ont exprimé mercredi leur"inquiétude face au terrorisme dirigé contre la Turquie, venant de Syrie"et renouvelé leur soutien à Ankara tout en appelant à l'amélioration desrelations entre les deux pays, selon le porte-parole du département d'Etat.Interrogé sur les tensions qui prévalent actuellement entre les deuxpays, le porte-parol~ Nicholas Burns a indiqué que les Etats-Uniss'inquiétaient "du terrorisme dirigé contre la Turquie, venant de Syrie.Nous avons fait part au gouvernement syrien de nos préoccupations à cesujet", a-t-il ajouté."Il est utile de rappeler que la Turquie est un allié des Etats-Unis etque nous avons des relations excellentes avec (elle). Et nous soutiendronsla Turquie", a encore dit le porte-parole.Nicholas Burns a indiqué que les Etats-Unis étaient disposés à aider aurèglement des contentieux survenus ces derniers mois entre Ankara et Damas.Washington souhaite des relations normales entre les deux pays, a-t-il dit.La Turquie accuse la Syrie d'avoir mis des terrains d'entraînement à ladisposition du ,Parti des Travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK, séparatisteskurdes), en lutte contre les autorités d'AnKara, et qu'elle héberge sonchef Abdallah Oçalan, ce que Damas a toujours démenti.Damas reproche à Ankara l'accord militaire conclu récemment entre laTurquie et Israël.Les relations entre la Syrie et la Turquie sont également envenimées parles disputes sur les eaux de l'Euphrate. La Syrie critique en particulierun gigantesque projet turc de barrages dans le sud-est de l'Anatolie.pg/lb/mr t.fAFP /AA1234/0s~3s3 JON 96FRS0435 4 l 0208 BEL /AFP-MP02Turquie-Belgique-KurdesLa Belgique va prendre des mesures contre le PKK, selon Mesut Yilmaz",BRUXELLES, 4 juin (AFP) - Le Premier ministre turc Mesut Yilmaz a~~ssurémercredi que la Belgique allait prendre des mesures visant à empêcher lesactivités de militants du Parti des travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK,séparatiste en Turquie) sur son territoire."M. Dehaene m'a dit que le gouvernement belge allait prendre des mesurescontre ces personnes", a déclaré M. Yilmaz lors d'une conférence de presseà Bruxelles, après un entretien avec le Premier ministre belge Jean-LucDehaene.Selon le chef du gouvernement turc, "la Belgique est devenue le centredes activités du PKK" depuis l'interdiction de ce parti en Allemagne, oürésident quelque 500.000 Kurdes et oü le PKK avait établi ses bases."La Turquie fait face à une menace terroriste continuelle. Nouscontinuerons à la combattre dans le respect des normes démocratiques", aaffirmé M. Yilmaz."Je ne crois pas que les moyens militaires soient suffisants pourcombattre la situation qui prévaut dans le sud-est de la Turquie", a-t-ilpoursuivi. "Le combat contre le terrorisme et la conduite de réformesdoivent aller de pair", a conclu le Premier ministre turc.bpi/phv efAFP /AA1234/0s14s7 JUN 96A.F.P. - Agen

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiICDCDCD.,...z::» ..., .It)-cwa:0a:w:lEPour dénoncer la pratique de latorture dans le monde, labranche anglaise d'AmnestyInternational a lancé une campagne,mardi 22 mai, par la publication d'unrapport intitulé "Un clin d'oeil sur. l'enfer". Le rapport dénonce la torturedans 40 pays et se focalise sur 5pays, dont la Turquie, présentéscomme "des cas d'exemple".Alors que les diplomates occidentauxdéclarent que la situation des droits.de l'homme est en amélioration croissari-:te depuis les années 80, les organisation. de défense d~s droits de l'homme turquessont d'un avis différent. Akin Birdal, présidentde l'Association turque des droits del'homme "ne voit pas de lumière au boutdu tunnel". Et ajoute "IIn'y a rien qui porteà croire que les choses ont changé. Enréalité, cela devient pire. Des gens quidoivent être punis pour des crimesatroces, ils deviennent parlementaires etmême ministres". Par ailleurs, les Centresde Soins mis en place par la Fondation'turque des droits de l'homme pour veniren aide aux victimes de la torture sontdéclarés illégaux par les autorités et leursresponsables sont poursuivis par la justiceturque.Amnesty Internationaldans la partiede son rapport consacrée à la Turquiecite le cas d'un Kurde, Ali Ekber Kaya, deDersim, dans les termes suivants :"Unefois la police m'a dit "si on savait que tuavais autant d'amis à l'étranger, on seserait débarrassé de toi il y a longtemps".C'est pourquoi j'ai un peu peur ...Si jen'avais pas été adopté par Amnesty,je neserais pas en vie maintenant. Ils m'ontune fois demandé ce que je pensais dufait que qu'ils me torturent,j'ai répondu ceque vous penseriez si vous étiez à maplace. Alors ils ont gardé le silence".AlP. - A~en(eFranceP.resse-AlP. - A~enceFroncePresse:....A.F.P. - A~enceFron(ePresse-A.F.P. - A~enceFrancePrme-AlP. - A~enceFroncePresse-AlP. - A~en(eFrancePrme-FRS0333 4 I 0215 FRA /AFP-TF82Turquie-KurdesDe nombreux prisonniers kurdes en grève de la faimANKARA, 6 juin (AFP) - Un mouvement de grève de la faim tournante entamépar des centaines de prisonniers kurdes pour protester contre un projet denouveau règlement des prisons en était jeudi à son 41ème jour, a indiqué unparti pro-Kurde."Actuellement il y a jusqu'à 1.000 prisonniers dont on pense.qu1ilsparticipent à ce mouvement de grève de la faim dans plusieurs prisons" adéclaré à l'AFP Bahattin Guner, vice-président du Parti démocratiquepopulaire. ."Ils protestent contre les nouvelles règles que prépare le ministre dela Justice Mehmet Agar qui conduiraient à une détérioration des conditionsde vie dans les prisons", selon M. Guner.Cette grève de la faim des prisonniers kurdes se poursuit dans au moins.7 prisons, a précisé mercredi le quotidien pro-Kurde Demokrasi. rM. Agar avait indiqué la semaine dernière qU'un nouveau règlement était:nécessaire.pour les prisons, estimant qU'elles étaient "devenues dans les.conditions actuelles, des camps d'entraînement pour terroristes".La majorité des grévistes de la fa.im sont membres ou symphatisants duParti des Travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK), qui est interdit et mène uneguerre spéaratiste dans le sud-est anatolien.ue/hc/dfg tAFP /AA1234/061219 'JUN 96110

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.Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro dé la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiUN chief has'nothing but'positive feelings for TurkeyTurkishDaily N,ewsISTANBUL- U.N. Secretary General.Boutros Boutros-Ghali' s "feelingstoward Turkeyare nothing but the mostfriendly, warm, cordial and respectful,"his spokesman said Wednesday.Ahmad Fawzi made the comment inresponding to reports in the Turkish-Ian~guage press quoting various Turkishpolitical figures as attacking Boutrosphalifor referring to the "FederalRepublic of Turkey" at Monday's openingsession of the Habitat ITconference.The. issue isparticularly sensitivebecause some have suggested granting"autonomy" to the restive Kurdishminority in s.outheast Turkey. Thisautonomy conceivably could take theU.N. Secretary-General Boutrosform of decentralization, or even federalizationin what has been since itsBoutros-Ghalifounding a unitary republic., ."once again" apologized on behalf ofFawzI himself fell "not anser, really the secretariat for miling the error anddisappointment" at the quotatIons from on behalf of the secretary general forthe Turkish side because the secretary "not having caught the mistake the fIrStgeneral "has not missed the opportunity time." (TDN's reporter heard "federal"... to sin$ Turkey's praises," he said. used twice.)Fawll had apologized on MondaX forThe misuse of "federal" did not, however,'justify the barrage of attacks (onthe "inadvertent" use of the word 'federal,"but some Turkish ,politiciansBoutros-Gnali) that appeared in thenonetheless jumped on it. Some TurksTurkish press," Fawzi SaId.regard the U.N. Secretary General withHe cited the U.N. leader's previousjaundiced eyes, anyway, aIleging he hasstatements of apyreciation for the"anti-Musliin" attitudes - as evidencedTurkish contributIOn to U.N. efforts.in the U.N.'s asserted failure,to protectThese include providing peacekeepersor observers in five U.N. operatIonsthe Bosnian Muslims.from Bosnia to Georgia, and its secondingof Turkish officials to head U.N.In again raising the matter without aquestion being asked at Wednesday's activities such as the peacekeeping forcedaily U.N. press briefing at the HabItat in Somalia.ITconference, Fawzi said he was "quite Fawzi pointed to the mutual expressionsof regard and support expresseddisturbed" at the Turkish-language pressreports. "during Boutros-Ghali' s official VIsitlastHe said the reference to Turkey as a week to Ankara, where he met with"federal republic" was included in notes Demirel, Prime Minister Mesut YIlmazprepared by the conference secretariat and Parliamentary ,Speaker Mustafaand "put in front of the secretary general Kalemli.seconds before" he was to introduce Askedby a Turkish reporter whetherTurkish President Süleyman Demirel on the responsible person in the secretariatMonday. 'woulcf be identified and punished,The notes contained this mistake four Conference Spokesman Ayman El-Amirtimes, Fawzi said, but Boutros-Ghali said a "group of people" had beencaught it on the second reference. Fawzi involved.:112

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiParliamentpasses Çillerprobe, letsErbakan offTDN Parli~nJBureauMI/KARA- Parliament passed amotion on Wednesday which calls fora parliamentary inquiry against theTrue Path Party (DYP) chairwomanand former premier, Tansu Çi1ler, forthe third time.However, Parliament rejected a similarmotion calling for an inquiry intoRP leader Necmettin Erôakan'swealth. While the DYP, theRepublican People's PaIty (ClIP), theGrand Unity Party (BBP) and around30 ANAP deputies voted for themotion, the RP and the DemocraticLeft Party (DSP) voted against it. DSPDeputy Hikmet Sami Türk noting thatErbakan had served as minister m thegovernment in 1978, and in order tolauncb an inquiry against him,Erbakan must have misuSed his officein the government.He said that the motion had showedErbakan acquired his wealth after hisduty in the government ended. He said.under the Turkish law, the statute oflimitations had ela~. RP parliamentarygroup Deputy Chairman ~e\'ketKazan saId Erbakan' s wealth camefro~ inheritance and his subsequentsavmgs.With the exception of the DYP, allthe parliamentary ~arties backed themain opposition \\ elfare Part\' IRP)motion calling for a' probe into Çiller'sassets.Çiller is a~le~~d to have acquired herwealth by ID1susmgher office during the~rm she served as minister and prime min-Ister as of 1991: By ~ot attending the plenarysessIOn,Ciller dId not use her right todefend herself in the face of the charges. made against her.T~~ fact that the ruling Motherpath~oalltJon has reached the point of dissolutIonand the fact that a possible partnershipbetween the DYP and the.RP is on theagenda dominated Wednesday's debatesThe RP deputies who took the rostrum t~speak on behalf of their party took care notto.use harsh language in theIr criticisms ofÇdler. RP leader Necmettin Erbakan whohad attended the earlier debates ov;r themo~ions ag~inst Çil1e~and cast yes votes~or them, dId not attend the de6ates thislIme.In line with the RP's earlier motionsP~li~nt agreed to open inquiries againsiÇllier ID regard to the alleged irregularitiesat the electricity distributing companyTEDA~ and automobile concern TOFAS.Lüûü Esengün, who spoke on behalt ofthe. RP, .said he and his colleagues werene.lt~erJudges nor prosecutors. EsengünS81dIf

~I:::~'"~~ .....'"I~~~I::: .......'"~I~~I:::~~'0'i:;"',I~.......I:::1::::'~~ ~~ ~Itï'"~"'i-~~~~"I:i~.....~I~ .......~0:~ ~.............~..Les islamistes arbitres de la crise turque:LePremier ministre Mesut Yilinaz a démissionné. Lacoalition de droite éclate .'Trois mois à peine après son labo- Maiselleinvestitaussilesinstitutionsetle'• rieux accouchement, le gouverne- modèle de République jacobine, laïque,ment de coalition de droite de Me- une et indiVisible,créée par Mustafa KcsutYilmaz, constitué sur pression des mal ily a 70ans. L'occidentalisation accémilitaireset des milieux financiers pour lérée imposée à une société souvent rétibarrerla route du pouvoir aux islamistes cente a été un succès, mais laïcité etdu Refah (parti de la prospérité) a jeté démocratie n'ont pas été de pair. «C'est lel'éponge. Une démission annoncée hier à péché originel de notre République», soulil'avant-veilled'unvotedecensurequiau~gnent les intellectuels libéraux. Aujourraitimmanquablement marqué sa fin. Le d'hui, cesinstitutions fortement centralileadercharismatique du Refah, Necmet - sées,trèsrigides,nepeuvent plusrépondretin Erbakan, septuagénaire aux allures auxdéfisd'unesociétécomplexeetd'une,, faussement débonnaires de pachâ-otto- ,économie moderne associéedésormais àman que ses partisans surnomment res- l'Europe par un traité d'union douanière.:pectueusement «Hodja», le sage ou le Cette démocratie réelle mais imparfaite,i maître, exulte et déclare,provocateur: «La où l'armée continue de jouer un rôle de, page est tournée, le mandat de former un premierplan,semontreaussiimpuissante, nouveau gouvernement doit m'être confié, ~ àtrouver une solution politiqueau problèdepréférence dans une demi-heure.» A ~ me kurde (Il millions de personnes). ,nouveau il exigeque le chef de l'Etat, Su- Mesut Yilmaz, le 24 décembre, jour des législatives remportées par leRefah. C'est la principale urgence, alors que deleimanDemirel, applique laConstitution puis douze ans dure dans lesud-est anatoetle désigne pour diriger le prochain cabinet. L'accord de gouvernement, qui prévoyait une alternance lien la «saleguerre» (10.000 morts) contre lesrebellessé-,Premier parti, le Refah manque d'alliés. Le Refah, entre lesdeux dirigeants au poste de Premier ministre, a paratistesduPKK(partidestravailleursduKurdis~)'.'avec 158siègessur 550,estle premier parti de l'Assemblée rapidement voléen éclat. Les islamistes deviennent incontournables. L'envol~etavaitremportélesélectionslégislativesdu14décembre Habilement, le' Refah a concentré ses attaques sur le électorale du Refah, qui déjà en mars 1994avait conquis,avecll,S%,devançantd'unecourtetêteI'ANAP(Partide maillon le plus faible, Tansu Ciller, dont l'ampleur de lesmairiesde 17desgrandes villesdu pays-dont Istanbu}laMère patrie, droite, 19,6%desvoix) deMesut Yilmazet l'enrichissement personnel faisaitscandale.Les islamistes et Ankara - ,estle symptôme de ce malaise de fond. A~leDYP(PartidelaJuste.voie,19,3%,droite)deTansuCil- ont ainsi obtenu de l'Assemblée - avec le soutien de déshéritésdesbanlieues,ilprometun«ordrejusfe»fondé'1er.Jusqu'ici, néanmoins, Necmettin Erbakan, qui avait sur la tradition et l'islam. Ilcristalliseaussi lesespoirs desdéjà été chargé de formerIegouvernementen février,n'a , Â III Â LYS E classesmoyennes qui yvoientun moyen depromotion etpasréussiàtrouver desalliésmalgré delongUestractations , d'intégration sociale.Laparalysiedesinstitution~!ÙÏffienavecl'ANAPde Mesut Yilmaz. l'ANAP - l'ouverture de trois enquêtes parlementaires telessuccèsdu Refah,comme en térnoignesa progression,Sur le fond, rien ne sépare les deux grands pàrtis de la pour des irrégularités de l'ancien Premier ministre dans deplusde3pointsauxmunicipalespartiellesdu2juin.Cedroite libérale, sinon la haineuse rivalité entre ses deux des privatisations. Ellerisquait la Haute Cour. Criant à la parti agitdepuis toujours dans un champ politique pluraleaders.Tansu Ciller, 50 ans, l'économiste qui fut la pre- trahison, Tansu Cillerquittait lacoalition.Au même mo- listeetcelalerend profondémentdifféientduFIS~gérien,:mière femme chefde gouvernement de l'histoire turque, ment, la Cour Constitutionnelle saisiepar le Refah inva- bien qu'il reste viscéralement hostile à l'Europe. Mais ilet Mesut Yilmaz,48 ans, technocrate libéral réputé pour lidait pour des motifs techniques levote de confiance re- s'affirmetoujours pluscommeunacteurpolitiqueincon-'sonintégrité,incamentl'unetl'autreunenouvellegéné-, çu par le cabinet de Mesut Yilmaz au moment de sa tournable.Pourbeaucoupdelibéraux,sonentréedansunration de politiciens partisans convaincus de l'économie ,formation. C'est donc le retour à la casedépart, sans que gouvernement decoalition serait un moindre mal, en faidemarché comme de l'Europe. Ces profilssimilaires en le gouvernement ait eu le temps de faire autre chose sant éclatertoutes sescontradictions. La sociologueNilufontdes ennemis acharnés pour le leadership de la gran- qu'approuver lebudget. ferGoleaffirmeainsi «moins craindre leRefah que lesréac-:de alliance de centre droit souhaitée par les milieux éco- La République en crise. La crise qui s'ouvre est celle tions excessivesdes militaires» •nomiques comme par la haute bureaucratie et l'armée. d'une classepolitique archaïque; uséepar lesscandales. MAR C SE M,9l,

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiFRIDAY.JtJ?o.'E7.l996Turkisb Daily News--Rep. Hoyer: Humanrights suppressed atHabitat II conference1£"secular parties lose, military may step inTurkish Dai/y NewsWASHINGTON- Democratic Rep. Steny Hoyer of,Maryland, in a speech he delivered on Tuesday in the U.S.'House of Representatives, criticized the way Turkish authoritiesare running the Habitat-II conference. Hoyer, who isalso the co-chairman of the U.S. Helsinki Commission, wasespecially disappointed by the way Turkish police bannedthe so-called' Alternative Habitat," i.e., the gathering ofthose non-governmental organizations (NGOs) opposed toTurkey's Kurdish policy.Hoyer claimed that the closure of a building used by 35NGOs who were boycotting the conference to protest the*overnment's human righls and Kurdish policies" was an'immediate attempt to silence (human rights) criticism" duringHabitat-II.He said the conference created hopes that it would "catalyzeefforls to advance civil society, ôemocracy, and humanrighls in Turkey." But "the Turkish government's persecutionof the (Human Rights) Foundation and other NGOsreflect a larger effort to criminalize and silence groups andindividuals critical of government human righls practices,military abuses of the Kurdish population, Turkey's founderAtatürk, or state institutions," Hoyer said.Military coup?Mentioning the political difficulties and threats Turkey isfaced with, Hoyer commented on the undesirable results ofthe collapse of the coalition government."As confidence in the government ebbs, support forMuslim fundamentalist and nationalist partIes hasincreased," Hoyer said. "Should moderate, secular partieslose power, Turkey could turn away from the West, undergoa military coup or face deepening instability and politicalviolence. All these scenarios set back democracy andcivil'society, threaten regional stability,' and pose obstaclesto Turkey's' moving closer to Europè and the UnitedStates."No hotel cancellationsAlso commenting on Habitat-II, a State Department officialdenied that the U.S. delegation sent to Istanbul wasdecreased in size arid as a result $60,000 worth 'of hotelreservations were canceled, as reported in a U.S. daily.'1bere is no truth to that," Glyn Davies, deputy spokesmanof the department told TON. .'The way that question was originally phrased was 'didthe U.S. pay all kinds of penalties for canceling hotel reservations?And the answer that I got back was 'no, wedido' t,'" he said.Housing as 'human right'Housing as a "human right" was one of the central themesof Habitat-II. The secretary of housing and urban development,Henry Cisneros, previously told press that he did notsupport the conce~t. When TDN asked if the StateDepartment has a posItion on the issue, Davies made it clearthai the State Department was not too enthusiastic to add onemore right lo;tbe.existing p'etbor'a of human rights on thetlié.'muv~ 'pecla(atiPQ of HumanbookMwnpressed'bY~dà~l~. . .~"TheU.S. and 1ÎIaily'öthet ~triéSlbelievè that bousinis an important component of existing human ridtts, speciff.cally, of 'the right 10 an adequate standard ofuving.' It isfirst mentioned in the Universal Declaration of HumanRicl1lsof 1948.'.'the U.S. believes that housing, a1on~with food and clothin~,cQmprise the basic elemenls of adequate standard ofIivmg' to be realized progressively; based on the availabilityof resources. So what we are dolDg in Istanbul. is workinghard with the other delegations to get through that issue -which is a contentious issue," Davies told TON."At this stage we are not prepared to support the 'right toadequate housing' as a separate free-standing right to beenshrined as a resull of (this) Conference. Because we thinkthat the righl to 'adequate housing' is taken care of in basichuman righls thal have been recognized since 1948," he continued."Do you eventually expect it to be enshrined as a separatehuman ricl1lscategory?" TON asked."We tfiink thal is a bit much given what is already outthere," Davies said.115

Yllmazresigns, crisis looms"'"~S: -~~ç;- ~;;:::s- ~~g~ _-J~~0; ~~I::~ ~~~~~~t:~I::....~~.I~~I::

Revue de.Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti-0wlUl hIs

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetiwhich have not seen their party iri power. for years and long to enter an early election: with the advantage of being in po~~r. He•would also like to soften the opposItIon tohis party which is being distanced fromgovernment for its Islamic views.The DYP has 135 seats in Parliament andis in difficult position because its leader is.being discredited s.teadily. The DYP. -locked in combat With ANAP - has httlechoice. Thinking fast, Çiller seems to ~e.pre{>aringfor a caretaker government Withthe RP, a party which she has always seenas dangerous and vowed never to cooperatewith. Even if she feels that such a decisionwould lead to defections from her party,Çiller is preparing to say 'yes' to alliancewith the RP as a tool to rid herself of her.party opposition in the next election. Sinceshe does not look wanilly on a third person.becoming prime minister, Çiller is m~ng.calculations for the formation of a coalitIonamong her DYP, ANAP and theRepublican Peaple's Party (CHP). ANAPChairman Ylimaz is fueling the formationof the RP-DYP coalition in order to put IheDYP leader into difficult position. Heexpects resignations from the DYP. If thenumber of defections from ANAP reach 30,.he aims to cooperate with the rightist partythey would found and use it as an intermediaryin the establishment of a cenler-rightparty.Ey~p A~lk said that the new party couldbe called the Justice Party (AP) and couldhouse all DYP members except those whoare close ta Çiller and Yahm Erez. Hepointed out that he and his colleagues couldrun in the elections with this new unificationin the right. .ANAP is preparing to delay the formationof the new government as much as itcan. The party feels that early electionsshould be held instantly at a time whenÇiller is weak in order to secure solidaritywithin ANAP or under an election alliance.with what may be called the AP.The Democratic Left Party (DSP), realizingthat the support it has given to theMotherpath has led to lass of popular support,is preparing not to take part in anygovernment until elections and thus followthe strategy of growing while in opposition.The other parliamentary leftist party, theCHP, is ready to pa~icip~te in any c~alitionto stop the erosion of ItS populanty andgain some strength for elections. Thus, theCHP is banking on running in the elections.• while in power to win more votes and sur-. pass the nationwide election hurdle. Thesmallest rightist party, the Grand UnityParty (BBP), is ready to back the RP shouldit set up a coalition under Erbakan's pre-~ershjp.In a statement after presenting his government'sresignation, Yllmaz said he hadnot allowed the government to be toppledby the RP censure motion in a bid to leavetlie possibility for a new rapprochementbetween his ANAP and the DYP. It hasbeen .observed that Ytlmaz has not completelyclosed the doors on the DYP for theformation of a Çiller-free government.Humanrightsactivists takeninto custodyI .stanbul- Ercan Kanar,the President .ofthe Istanbul Office .of the Human RightsOrganizatiDn, Zeynep Baran, the secretary.of the .office, Suna Aras, member .of theExeèutive BDard, Mustafa Ucdere, the President.of the Istanbul Office .of MDdern LawyersOrganization were taken inta custDdywhile sending a telegram to the Prime Ministry.Theiraim was tD protest the proceduresin prisDns.PeDple visiting their imprisDned relativesin the Bayrarnpalja PrisDn and the President.ofthe Hava-Is UniDn, Atday Ayçin, were alSDtaken tD the Security Headquarters. MDreDver,25 members Dfthe WDmen WDrkers Uni-.on hDlding a press cDnference in 1àksim werealsD taken intD custDdy.Hunger strikes ta protest a circular issuedby the Minister .ofJustice, Mehmet Agar, havebeen g.oing .on fDr 40 days. The circilar isaimed at tightening procedures in prisDnsSDme community DrganizatiDns and relatives. .of prisDn inmates have decided tD gD tD theCDurt .ofAppeals tD have the circular canceled.They pr.otested the transportatiDn .of inmates.Stnct security precautiDns were takenwhile the President .ofthe Human Rights Organizati.on,Akm Birdal, presidents .of SDmetrade uniDns, representatives .of SDme CDmmunityDrganizatiDns and relatives .of inmateswere handing in their petitiDn. (yy)>- -a -l- 00.;; "-lz=>:118

Acting President of the EU Delegation, Coppini, ciriticizes policeresponse to yesterday's demonstration for the right to decent housingEU reaction to Turkishsecurity forces, "Cool it".~Z l~ l''":r}...... i;PL.~J ,~I~,""I;p~'Cj ~~==trj ~~ ""~ ~::S~I ... ~"""td l~I~ 1

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkish Islamist Leader Gets 2dChance to Form GovernmentBy Celestine BohlenNew York Times Sen'iceROME - Turkey's Islamic party, which is stilltreated as a pariah by much of the mainstreampolitical establishment, was offered another,chance to form a government Friday as President .Suleyman Demirel looked for an exit from Lhecountry's continuing political deadlock.After meeting with five LOppolitical leadersFriday, Mr. Demirel for the second time this yeargave the mandate to Necmettin Erbakan, 69, leaderof the Islamic Welfare Party. which emerged as the.narrow winner in last December's parliamentaryelections.Mr. Demirel, who accepted the resignation ofPrime Minister Mesut Yilmaz on Thursday, hadsaid he would give the mandate to ilny leader will,:)proved capable of coming up with a solid majorit)i.coalition in the fractured 550-seat Parliament. \,But when none of the leaders w'ere able to:produce a winning coalition formula, Mr. Demirelsummoned Mr. Erbakan to the presidential palacèon Friday ar.r\ asked him ag

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTURKEY'.The elusive golden appleSEEN from Istanbul, Turkey looks like a nationon fast-forward: young, urban, dynamic andgrowing at a bewildering rate. New roads ripthrough old Istanbul, new factories and housingblocks leapfrog each other out of the city and intothe surrounding hills. Planning lagsbehind change,as it often does in Turkey, and change brings thedestruction of much of the country's rich historicalheritage. The spirit of Attila and Genghis-still commonnames in modern Turkey-lives on. But thehistory that created this city is no longer its master.Istanbul's population has grown from 5.5m adecade ago to more than 12m today, with over half amillion people still pouring in every year. Mostcome from farms and villages in eastern Turkey.The country's 63m people are turning from smallfarmers to city-dwellers at astonishing speed. In1945 only 18%of the population lived in towns;now the figure is over 75%.Istanbul is much the biggest,but new industrial cities such as Denizli andBursa are growingjust as fast.Modern Turkey is not only overwhelmingly urban,but also predominantlyyoung: more than halfits people are under 25.Although the growth rate isslowing down, the numbers coming on to the jobmarket will go on rising until 200}. The army andthe civil service, which once attracted Turkey'sbright young men, have lost out to business. Themultilingual, multicultural young people of Istanbuland Turkey's western cities want to be economists,managers, lawyers and accountants. Theylive in the world ofTake That, not Ataturk, and imbibetheir cuhure from global television. Sixteen nationallVchannels and hundreds oflocal ones carrya huge variety of programmes, ranging from poli-tics to pornography. The past and its borders appearto be dead.But travel east in Turkey, and the picturechanges. The people are poorer, the roads degenerate,and the newly built-up areas look more likerefugee-camps-which, often enough, is what theyare, filled with people fleeing war or poverty, waitingfor the chance of ajob further west and a life inpeace. When, eventually, you get to the eastern borderlands,youfind emergency law, militaryoccupationand civil war.Across the borders lie Syria, Iraq,Iran, Armenia and, across the Black Sea, Russianeighbourswho would make anyone nervous. IfTurkey's head and shoulders are thrusting into thebrave new world of global markets and universalculture, its legs are firmly stuck in history, geography,war and poverty.At first sight, Turkey seems well-equipped tocope with such strains. It has a strong state, with aneffective bureaucracy and the second largest armyin NATO. But whereas the state is strong, most recentTurkish governments have been weak. At presentan ill-matched minoritycoalition has disintegratedafter only three months in power. Meanwhile fundamentalchoices about Turkey's future lie neglectedon the government's in-tray. Depending onthese choices, Turkeywill be either an open, diversesociety or a closed, determinedly Turkish, perhapseven militantly Islamist one.Since the end of the 18th century, Turkey and itsOttoman precursor have seen Europe as the goldenapple that lieswhere the sun goesdown. For the toilingmasses pouring into the western cities, thegolden apple means jobs, homes and a better life. Ifthey find them, they will be assimilated into the in-Turhey 's west iseagerLy reachingoutfor thegLittering prizesofamodemindustriaLsociety, but itseastern part ishoLding it bach,argues RichardDowdenTHE ECONOMIST,JUNE 8TH 1996121

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti4 SURVEY TURKEY,~.4V,di"rr""'tlJIIternational culture of modern secular Turkey. Forwestern Turkey's elite in Istanbul, the golden applemeans membership of the European Union. But ifTurkey and its peQple find that,like the setting sun,the good life of Europe remains elusive no matterhow hard they run, many say, they wiIl become disenchanted,and the western, democratic and secl.!-lar vision may disappear over the horizon.Pro-western cosmopolitan Turks, full of enthusiasmabout EU membership, see the customs.union which Turkeyj6ined at the beginning ofthisyear as a stepping stone to full integration, and feeldeeply insulted by any suggestion that they mightnot be properly "European"; you might as well bequestioning whether Turks are fully human. Andindeed, Istanbul feels as cosmopolitan as Milan,and the stereotype of the small, dark, moustachioedTurk in a fez seems far-fetched. As Constantinople,Istanbul was for nearly 1,000years a capital ofwhatremained of the Roman Empire. Even before that,Turkey's history was an integral part of Europeanhistory and mythology. King Midas and the Gordianknot can be pinpointed to a village 50 milesfrom Ankara. Modern Turkey contains as manyofthe roots of the western world as 1110dernGreece.But then you disq)ver that stereotypes are notjust the preserve of outsiders. "Of course you hadthat image of Turkey," said one businessman,"that's because most Turks who went to Europe towork were poor country-people from the east.Theyhave given Turks this bad image."Another took outa map ofTurkey and drew a finger down the riverEuphrates, cutting off the south-eastern quarter. "Asfar as I am concerned that can be another country,"he said, blithely ignoring a Turkish law underwhich talk about dividing the country is pUnishableby imprisonment.Welfare state?However European western Turkey may look,membership of the EU seems a very long wayoff, onboth economic and human-rights grounds. But assumingfor a moment that those issues could be resolved,might Turkey stiIl be disqualified on religiousgrounds? Some 99%of Turks are described asMuslim; yet for most of them religion is a personalmatter. They may go to the mosque on Fridays andfast during Ramadan, but they also enjoy a beer orraki, the local spirit. Turkey is a secular state. ButwiIl it always be? The Refah(Welfare)party appearsto offer an alternative way. Its Islamist messagefeeds on disiIlusionment with the pursuit of westemways and western materialism. It sometimesportrays these values as alien to Turkey. Refah, nownine years bid, is the largest party in parliament. Itis wary and critical of Europe, claiming that Turkey. is being fobbed off with an EU customs unionwhich does not serve the country's best interests.Its voice wiIl become louder unless the countrycan deal with the big issues: stopping the war, improvinghuman rights and reducing the budget deficitwhich over the past 20 years has helped driveaverage annual inflation to about 60%.On the economicfront, most Turks' standard of living has remainedstatic in recent years and may even havefallen. Subsidies for state enterprises, the cost of thewar in the south-east, a huge black economy andineffective tax collection have opened up a largegap between the government's revenue and expenditure.To finance it, successive governments haveborrowed at huge interest rates. This year, debt serviceis expected to eat up 37%of Turkey's budget,leaving little for roads, schools and hospitals.Eliminating problemsTurkey's human-rights record is reminiscent ofArgentina's or Chile's in the mid-1970s. The Kurdishrebellion in the south-east has made mattersworse, but even away from the war zone police routinelybeat up people for minor offences and are. rarely disciplined for it. According to Amnesty International,there were some 130 political murdersin Turkey last year, including 15 deaths in prisonlikely to have been caused by torture. Turkey dismissedthese findings, banned the visit of an Amnestyresearcher and detained a local representativeof the organisation.'The Kurdish rebellion presents Turkey withmore than a military problem. Nobody even knowshow many Kurds the country has: estimates runfrom 10m to 20m, but nobody is allowed to count,Europe starts hereTHE ECONOMIST JUNE 8TH 1996122

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetiand there is plenty of intermarriage. The mostwidelyaccepted figure is about um, or 17%ofTurkey'spopulation. Most of them live in the mountainousregion where Turkey meets Iran and Iraq.They are ethnically and linguistically differentfrom.Turks,but some of those living outside the traditionalareas see no contradiction about beingKurdish by ethnic origin but Turkish by nationality.Until1991 they were not allowed to use their ownlanguage. They are still prohibited from formingthemselves into groups of any kind, be it a singingclub or a political party. Turkey's south-east iswracked by a 12-year-old war between a viciousrebel movement that lives off the land and a Turkisharmy determined to deprive the fighters oflocalassistance. Civilians get caught in the middle andare often forced to flee.The emergence of a distinct Kurdish identitythreatens the Turks' own sense of themselves. Turkeyinherited from the Ottoman empire a mishmashof identities-religious, regional, linguisticand ethnic-which it has tried to fashion into a nationwidesense ofTurkishness. Most Turks will tellyou that there is no discrimination against Ksrds oranyother non-Turkish group, butwith the firm prervisa that all of them must unreservedly acceptTurkishness. The rebellion in the Kurdish area ispure terrorism, inspired and backed by Syria, it isargued. It must be stamped out by military force. Inthis the government has the support of the majorityof the urban elite, including much of the press. AlthoughTurkey's business people are pushing for apeaceful solution, and a growing minority in thecountry as a whole believes that the Kurds shouldbe allowed their own language, the majority ofTurks fear that such linguistic concessions mightprovide Kurds with a platform for political autonomywhichwilllead to independence and eventuallyto the break-up ofTurkey.Fear of that chain reaction leads them to puttheir faith in the army. The army battles on as if ithad never heard ofhearts and minds. Its very brutalityiscreating the separatist nationalism it wantsto destroy. If it goes on, the country's religious, ethnicand political cracks may widen beyond spanning,and the Turkish state may simply.become abrief pause in the long disintegration of the Ottomanworld..TURKEY SURVEY 5A fundamentalshift?TURKEY's present parliament consists of twocentre-right parties, two centre-left parties andthe lslamists. Parties that do not receiveat least 10%of the vote get no seats. Until her government collapsedin September last year, Tansu Ciller led anerratic coalition ofher centre-right True Path Party,the populist-left Republican People's Party and theextreme right National Action Party.Fresh electionsin December gave the Islamist Refah(Welfare)Partythe biggest single share of the vote (21%)and themost seats in parliament (158out of 550).The twocentre-right parties won 39% of the vote and 267seats,and the two centre-left parties got 25%and 125seats. The National Action Party dropped out ofparliament.Refah was the one party which would haveneeded only one coalition partner to form a government.Its leader, Necmettin Erbakan, at 70 desperatefor office, had all but signed a coalitionagreement with Mesut Yilmaz,the leader of the centre-rightMortherland Party.But a lot ofMrYilmaz'sbackbenchers were unhappy about co-operatingwith Islamists, and Mrs Ciller, still acting primeminister, momentarily set aside the mutual antipathybetween herself and Mr Yilmaz. If he woulddance with her, she whispered, she would share thetop job with him. Refah's chances of forming a governmentwere wrecked.A messy divorceIn early March the two centre-right parties agreed toform a coalition known as the MotherPath. Theywere still short of an absolute majority, so persuadedBulent Ecevit'sDemocratic LeftParty to supportthem by abstaining in no-confidence votes. Itwas less of an agreement between allies, more anarrangement between enemies. Cabinet posts wereshared out and Mr Yilmaz was made prime ministerfor this year. The idea was that next year MrsCiller would do the job, and thereafter they wouldtake annual turns. Mr Ecevit extracted his price byblocking reform of the social-security system.By the end of April things were going badlywrong. The Refah Party put down two motions inparliament to have Mrs Ciller investigated for allegedcorruption during her time as prime minister.Mr Yilmaz did not back his coalition colleaguebut allowed Motherland MPS to support the mo-potiticiansfiddlewhile Turkey burns"0Condemnedto coalitionsSeats in parliament ,':' , •.(1991 figures In bram). . I ., . -'~.MotherWnd ÇANAP) .132 (115)WeH.n*(Ref.h)1sa (U)" of vote 1995Welfare (Refah). - -. , .21.4~~5

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti6 SURVEY TURKEbecame paramount, and his government ended upcompletely paralysed.Not even fear of Refah has kept the governmenton track. The other parties are desperate to do almostany deal to avoid another election becausethey know that Refah would end up in the drivingseat. What would happen if it did? Some-includingmanywestern diplomats-see Refah as the Muslimequivalent of Europe's Christian Democrats.They believe that Refah has picked up protest votesfrom people fed up with the economic belt-tighteningsince the 1994 crash. Protest, they believe, pro- .vides 60% of Refah's support; another 20% comesfrom conservative, but non-militant Muslims; andonly 20% from the kind of fundamentalists whowould impose their own lifestyle on the rest ofTurkey.That would give the Islamists a share of about5%of the population.According to this school of thought, Refah's dilemmanow is whether to keep playing the fundamentalistcard or to moderate its message. It maytions, which were carried ..According to press re~pons, Mrs Ciller had withdrawn $6.5m from a govemmentslush fund just before she stepped down mentalists, but ifit turns moderate it may split. Thehave reached saturation support among funda-as prime minister. Where had the moneygone? Mrs purists rejoiced when it decided not to field female~iller refused to say, claiming it was a state secret. A candidates in the recent elections, but it probably~ewdays later the constitutional court ruled that the . lost votes as a result.~nfidence vote that had allowed the government'.0 take office was invalid. The prime minister and Educating Refah.\1rs Ciller started to engage in public slanging Once again there is talk of deals with the Islamists.:natches.ln late May Mrs Ciller announced that her Some politicians of the centre-right think the bestpany was withdrawing support from the coalition, way of taming Refah would be to bring it into a coalition.A spell in government, they say, would giveCtlt Insisted that True Path ministers would stay in~overnment until a new one was formed. As this Refah a taste of the realities of power; it would also.;urvey went to press, the parliament was due to de- force the party to confront the divide between its::latea censure motion brought by Refah, and supportedby Mrs Ciller, that threatened to bring down avoid an election. .pragmatists and its fundamentalists. And it wouldthe Yilmaz government.Centre-right parties would certainly lose supportif they entered such a pact, and opponents of a. Politics in Turkeyare played out on a field de-~lgned by the army. The soldiers act not only as goal- deal with Refah see it as a Trojan horse. Allowing.

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetiand Refah mayors have been known to close restaurantsthat serve alcohol, even in tourist areas.Standing in the middle of a busy Turkish town,it is hard to imagine the Iranian revolution beingrepeated there: Turks seem too tolerant and downto-earthto be moved by religious fanaticism. Butthe faillU'eof the MotherPath government can onlyhelp Refah to grow among poor city-dwellers. Theparty already runs Istanbul, Ankara and severalother large towns, where its party workers befriendpeople newly arrived from rural areas. Overwhelmedby the big city, many of the newcomersturn to Islam as an anchor. Grassroots organisersfrom Refah knock on their doors, fixwater supplies,provide food and other necessities-and delivertheir votes.At nationallevel, the party campaigns on "justiceand equity", but policies remain vague. MrErbakan has committed it to a "New MuslimWorld Order" which would found a Muslim UNand a Muslim NATO. He has also promised to renegotiatethe European customs union agreement,which he claims is unfair to Turkey. Politiciansfrom other parties dismiss such talk as unreal, andrecall Mr Erbakan's spell in (a coalition) governmentin the early 1970S,when he was regarded as aTURKEY SURVEY 7'.Free-TV-for-allON Ahill across the Bosphorus from their favourite programmes. The stationsreopened.the heaven-pointing minarets ofHagia Sophia and the Blue Mosque In April 1994 the government endedgrows a forest oflv transmitters. On the the state monopoly on broadcastingoutskirts of every city, even the poorestshanty towns have sprouted thickets of'and established a radio and televisioncouncil whose nine members, a}:raerials and dishes. Ifyou likeyour lV deregulated,pointed jointly by government and O}:rTurkey is heaven. There are position, had the unenviable task of try-no rules. At the last count there were 16 ing to regulate the stations. There isnational and 15 regional stations, as room on the spectrum for at most tenwell as about 300 local ones. Radio is national channels. The council is due toeven more extravagant: 35 nationalstations, 109 regional andalmost 1,000 local ones.In the old days there was just'TRT, the Turkish Radio and TelevisionCorporation, a state monopolyof mind-blowing dullness.Newsand information werehanded down from on high.Then in March 1990 a private lVchannel, Star 1,started broadcastingvia satellite from Germany.The following year Show lVopened in Paris, and by that autumnthree more channels wereon air, alllinked with big newspapersor owned by largecompanies.The future is dish-shapedTo tune in, people had tohave satellite dishes. Mayors soon spottedannounce soon which applicants havethe chance to make themselves PO}:r been lucky. "It's very difficult," said oneular by buying dishes and transmitters academic. "Youjust can't turn down anand rebroadcasting the satellite channels10cally.Almostovernight hundredsapplication from one of Turkey's bigcompanies."of stations started up, some with littlemore than a transmitter, a camera and a Something for everyonevideo recorder. Many of the transmittersSo far the only loser has been TRT, whichlacked filters to screen out adjacent has seen its advertising revenue collapsechannels. In March 1993 Turkey's and its best people leave for higher-paidbroadcasting watchdog complained jobs in the new companies. A cut-throatthat illegal radio and lV stations (which ratings war is in full swing as the companiesinvest fortunes in technologyat that time meant all of them) were interferingwith police and air-traffic-controland popular programmes. It is pro-communications, and ordered grammes rather than stations which at-nearly 700 of them to close. The nation tract loyalty. Football comes top of thewent mad. Petitions were launched,drivers tied black ribbons to their car radioaerials and crowds held vigils forlist, followed by the so-called "realityshows"-reports on ~omeaspect ofTurkishlife. Two recent e.xamples were policebrutality and incest.The main discussion programmesare essential viewing for anyone in publiclife.Some ofthem go on all night, untilthe participants keel over with exhaustion.A flick through the channelsreveals soaps, songs, interviews andfierce political discussions, open to audienceparticipation either directly orby phone-in. There is also an Islamicchannel and-not the government's favourite,this-a Kurdish separatist propagandachannel broadcast by satellitefrom London.Is everything discussed? "Almostbut not quite," says oneleading lV journalist who doesnot wan t to be named. "There arestill some difficult areas. Therewas a programme on the police.It was just exceedingly unpopular.People don't like to hear badthings about their police. And Icould not do a programme, forexample, calling for a political solutionto the Kurdish problem. Itwould be very unpopular."lV cameras have made allpoliticians into instant populists.With five parties each holding between10% and 22% of the votes,they have to be. Glamorous MrsCiller looks good on lV and didwell out ofit when she was prime minister,but had a big row with one of thechannels, Interstar, when it attacked herfamily.The power of lV was well illustra tedbya recent skit on the army (a rare subjectfor jokes in Turkey),showing an attemptedcoup collapsing in chaos as 16competing army units tried to take overthe 16lV stations. That rang true. Morebroadly, lV is transforming Turkishideas on everything from fashion to religion."It is the only medium in Turkeywhich reaches all the people," saysBulent Chatli, a professor at AnkaraUniversity. "Just about everyone in Turkeyhas access to a lV. It is immenselypowerful. lV is drawing up the agendaoflife in Turkey."THIICONOMIIT JUNI8TH 1996125

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti8 SURVEY TURKEYTurkey's economyisftying onfaithdisaster. They also point out that Refah has beenlooking less holier-than-thou since funds collectedfrom the faithful to support fellow Muslims in Bosniawent missing.The army, worried by the rise of Refah, has beenworking behind the scenes to keep the ruling coalitiontogether and issuing discreet reminders aboutthe importance of the secular state. Turkey's soldiersare not, however, hovering on the sidelines, ready toleap back into politics at a moment's notice. Theytake over only as a last resort. Their interventions in1960 and 1971broke political deadlocks and werewidely welcomed as "apolitical", although in 1980the army was seen as having a right-wing agenda.The army exercises immense influence through itsconstitutional position, most obviously throughthe National Security Council, a body chaired bythe president whicQ includes the chief of staff andthe heads of the army, navy, air force and police aswell as the relevant ministers. The council's role isto "advise" the politicians, who usually comply.History gives the army a special place in the na- .tion. It was as army commander that Mustafa KemalAtaturk founded modern Turkey 73 years ago.Even today all politicians, even those critical of militarypolicy in the south-east, invariably preface anyremarks about the army with lavish praise. Turkey'sofficial defence budget is about $6 billion, or 3-6%of Gop-and that does not include the full cost ofthe war in the south-east, which may run to another$7 billion. Turkey spends a larger proportion of itsGOP on defence and has more men under armsthan any other European country. Turkey's officersare professionals, mostly drawn from the lowermiddle classes andwell-drilled in Ataturk's visionof a non-religious, western-looking Turkey. At onetime the army was considered a good, secure career,but now its status is declining, and it is in danger ofbecoming isolated. University-educated Turks saythey have few friends in the armed services.The prominent role played by the army is perhapsone reason whyTurkey's democracy has neverquite grown up. Politicians can always hide behindthe army's back. For example, by defining the civilwar in the south-east as "terrorism", they have simplyhanded the problem to the security forces. Thearmy, for its part, keeps itself to itself, doing thingsin its own, unaccountable, way. It gives no pressbriefings or interviews and employs no press officers.Its role remains ambivalent: it is both theguardian of the state and the strait-jacket which preventspolitical development..A disaster that hasn't quite happenedURKEY'Seconomy is something of a miracle. ItTought to be a crumpled wreck on the runway,but it flies.Itwould flyfar higher and faster ifitwererebuilt, relieved of the deadweight of loss-makingstate-owned companies, and properly piloted. Itmay still crash. But for now its engines-many thousandsofsmall family businesses-are bursting withenergy. "The medium term looks good if they sortout the macroeconomic environment," says oneAmerican economist. "But the short term is a problem.With inflation at 6o-

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti",Keeping the lid onPublic-sector deficit as % of GDP---0," 0'~-'~ --!,.-- , ~ ....!.'~.;~..--- .,.--~- Of,;o'Oe,,,:- - " "..... : ,.. " : .- '~t ,':' !.2, !~ :! Il;f ~ >L .~.~;01985 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 '3 M t5$ouftt: otCD1970S.Half ofTurkey's manufacturing industry and60%ofits financial sector is still owned by the state.The regime of subsidies and state protection beganto change only when Mr Ozal took charge of theeconomy in the early 1980s,opening it up and liftingforeign-exchange controls. Turkish businessmen,especially small manufacturers, respondedenthusiastically to his call to export and attract foreigninvestment and tourists. But Mr Ozal failed totackle the biggest problems of all: the budget deficit,which had been building up since the 1974 oilpricerise; the loss-making state companies; and inflation,which after a brief slowdown returned to arampant 70% in 1988. "We have had ten wastedyears now since the Ozal reforms stopped," saysMeral Gezgin Eris, president of the EconomicDevelopment Foundation, an Istanbul think-tank.The wages of economic sinThe failure to tackle the fundamental issues culminatedin the crash of1994.After rapid expansion in1993 the economy was overheating, and fast-growingimports had created a huge trade gap. The pul:>lie-sectorborrowing requirement had grown toover 12%of GOP. In January 1994 two rating agenciesdowngraded Turkey's international credit rating.Holders ofTurkish liras took refuge in foreigncurrencies, driving the lira down further. Despitecentral-bank intervention, it dropped by 70%against the dollar between the end of 1993 andMarch 1994. More than $5billion of capital flowedout of Turkey that year. Mrs Ciller's government,facing local elections in March 1995,poured moremoney into the economy by giving substantial payrises to public-sector employees. Inflation wentwell above 100%.As soon as the local elections were over, MrsCiller announced a drastic IMF-backed packagethat pushed up interest rates, slashed governmentspending, raised prices on state-controlled productsand imposed new taxes. The governmentagreed to cut short-term borrowing from the centralbank from 15%of its budget to 3%by 1998, and imposednew reserve and liquidiry requirements onbanks and financial institutions. The packageseemed to work: stabilitY quickly returned to themarkets, and foreign-exchange reserves rose.But the rescue cost Turkey dear. In 1994 as awhole its economy shrank by 6.5%'and real wagesfell by more than 30%.Domestic demand droppedby 19%,and import.s fellsharply. Producers depend-ing on imported raw materials were hit especiallyhard. Many workers were laid off. But constructionofhomes and factories around cities hardly paused.Exports, feeding on the collapsing lira, continued torise. Bythe end of 1994 recovery had already begun.Turks proudly point out that Mexico, which suffereda crisis at about the same time as Turkey, requireda huge international rescue operation,whereas Turkey received only token help from theinternational financial institutions. But then Turkey'scurrent account is buoyed up, among otherthings, by large remittances from Turkish workersabroad and by handsome earnings from tourism.The economy stayed on course until politics intervenedagain in November 1995.Mrs Ciller, facingan election in December, needed the votes ofthe 1.8m state employees, so she topped up their35%pay increase of April 1995 with a further 53%rise. Interest rates stayed where they were. By theend of the year' all monetary targets had beenmissed, inflation was up again, the lira was sinkingand the budget deficit ballooned. It was April beforethe new government was able to agree on abudget The deficit this year might be as much as $15billion, more than twice last year's figure.Some 37%of spending will go on servicing debt interest-andonly 7%on investment. Inflation may come downslightly.The central bank's target for this year is 45%,but the state planning department is keeping itsfingers crossed that it will not go above 60-65%.When Mr Yilmaz's new government took overin March, it was given a rousing welcome by thestockmarket, but that enthusiasm may have beenmisplaced. In the short term the government iscommitted to privatising some of the state banksand telecommunications operators, and to reformingthe social-security system. But nobody seems toknow whether it needs parliament's approval tosanction these reforms.One of the key economic posts has gone to MrSaracoglu, a former governor of the central bank,renowned for his strict monetarist views and flamboyantties. Mrs Ciller was not one ofhis champions:as prime minister in 1994 she had pushed himout as head of the central bank. He,or anyone else in his job, urgentlyneeds to persuade the banks to providea breathing space for the economyby rescheduling the cripplingdomestic-debt repayments.No matter who is in charge, gettingthe Turkish economy back ontrack will be devilishly difficult.The tax system is still riddled withholes. Havingjoined the Europeancustoms union, Turkey will loserevenue from tariffs ofbetween $2'billion and $3 billion this year.And the war in the south-east,which has proved a huge drain onthe economy, shows no sign of ending.Even SO, many Turkish businessmenreckon that their countrywill continue to muddle through,and that no drastic changes areneeded: it is the wayTurkey has al.ways managed, they say. In manyStrugglingTURKEY SURVEY 11Consumer prices% increase on year larlier____"'S1I1IIlIa:M12010080soTHE ECONOMIST JUNE 8TH 1996127

Revue de PreSse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti12 SURVEY TURKEYways Turkey's economy. is reminiscent of Italy's:growing despite the government rather than becauseof it, kept going by the black economy andsmall, family-run enterprise, but held back by structuralprqblems such as excessivepublic debt.Export or dieIn Turkey, most of the optimists are exporters, peerpie who build inflation and devaluation into theirprices and operate in a dollar or o-mark economy.Exports are one of Turkey's success stories. Thecountry's geographical position at the crossroads ofEurope, Central Asia and the Middle East gives iteasy access to all three markets. And just as exportsto the Middle East were beginning to wane, theBlackSea countries and the Turkic-speaking republicsthat had been spun off from the former SovietUnion began to open up. Trade with Russia hasleapt to $6 billion a year, from about $200m withthe old Soviet Union, making Russia Turkey's second-largesttrading partner. Turkish goods, ofbetterquality than Russian ones but cheaper than Eurerpean ones, fi.!la gap in the market. The big items inofficial trade are cars, clothes, electrical goods andfruit and vegetables, but there is also a huge hidden"suitcase" trade. Planes and boats full of Russianscome to Istanbul for shopping sprees every day.In the early 1980s the Turkish government encouragedexporters by bearing 30% of companies'export costs, and offering rebates on energy andtransport costs. All such subsidies have now beenphased out, in line with EU regulations, and someAdventure playgroundcommentators caution against putting tOOmuchfaith in trade. "Youcannot live on exports alone,"say Mrs Gezgin Eris of the Economic DevelopmentFoundation. "Investments are going into exportsbut Turkey's per-capita income is not growing."The best opportunities are likely to be snappedup bythe smaller, more adaptable firms rather thanbyTurkey's largeand unwieldyconglomerates. Oneexample ofthis nimble breed is a company run byHasan Arat,a former professional basketball playerwho zips around the world selling textiles,and talksas ifhe always has a plane to catch. Now 36, he wasTurkey's businessman of the year in 1995.With adegree in business administration and what he describesas "the good name" ofhis father, who manageda textile factory, he started his own companywith his two brothers in 1986.Ten years on, GSD DisTicaret isone ofTurkey's biggest clothing e,xporters.Mr Arat issetting up a home page on the Internet todisplayall his products electronically. "In the clothingbusiness you have to be very flexible and fast.We cannot compete with the Far East on price butwe have speed. We can get the product to the shops. within four to fiveweeks of the order."At the moment he has 200 people working forhim, but this month he is due to open a new factoryin Adana which will employ 700. Above his desk isa large photograph of the first stone of the buildingbeing laid by his father. ''That was the proudest merment of his life,"says Mr Arat. "The family is veryimportant here, verystrong."The strength of the extended family is one of the"TURKEY is out on an adventure,"said one businessman, summingup the bewildering speed ofchange in Turkey's industry andcommerce.Bursa, just south of Istanbulacross the Sea of Marmara, is one of itsbusiness adventure playgrounds. It istypical of the old western towns full ofsmall manufacturing companies thatemploy cheap labour migrating fromthe east. Its population, now at about2m, js growing at }.8%a year. Bursa isfamous for its peach and chestnut orcharefsand for a sulphurous spring patronisedby the Byzantine empressTheodora. Nowadays the town lookslike an unplanned building site, with anew road tearing its centre apart and.factories and housing estates mush~rooming on its edges. As often in Turkey,development comes first; governmentpaperwork, permits andinfrastructure follow later.Bursa's manufacturing industrygrew from silks and weaving, blossominginto a textile industry in the 1960s.HalfofBursa's export earnings Of$l billioncome from textiles, produced byaround 6,000 small firms. It is placeslike Bursa that have made Turkey intoEurope's main textile supplier. Thecountry's exports of cotton-based goodshave grown 2o-fold over the past tenyears. They are cheap by European standards,but of better quality than thosefrom India or China, and orders can beturned round faster.Bursa's other big business is motorcars. In 1970 Fiat opened an assemblyplant there, followed by Renault andPeugeot. Eventually about 200 supplierfirms grew up around the plants. Turkeynow makes rather than just assemblessome basic cars. Its car manufacturerswere badly hit by the 1994 slump, andare now being exposed to increasedcompetition through Turkey's membershipof the European customs union.Bursa owes its business success topeople like Ferit Karsiloglu, who set uphis own firm in 1988 after a spell asmanager of a small high-tech car-partsfactory. He paid off a cheap governmentloan within three years and now employs67 people making rear lights andother car parts. Both his sons (one studiedfinance, the other engineering) andhis wife work with him.Mr Karsiloglu sees his future in ajoint-venture partnership with a EurerCloth of goldpean car-parts firm. It will provide theorders and the equipment, and he canoffer labour costs that are a fifth or lessof those in Western Europe. and askilled workforce.'One of the main attractionsof Bursa-and many similarcities in western Turkey-is that its labourforce is young, computer-literateand not afraid ofhard work.THE ECONOMIST JUNE 8TH 1996128

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiWatch that gapMerchandise trade. Sbnc:=lExporUc:llmporU~~1!~.!!12I 0,ta N." N It 10 Il IZ Il lM_0ICD:_ ..........00vM __"...!!Turkish economy's secret weapons. It serves as aplatform for launching new enterprises and providesa life-raft in hard times-an important pointin a country where unemployment, officially 9%'isunofficially put at nearly twice as much and unemploymentbenefit is minimal. A typical young manmoving from village to town makes contact with,say, a distant cousin, who squeezes him into histwo-bedroom flat (already housing his wife andfour children) and supports him while the newcomerlooks for a job. When he finds one, again oftenthrough the cousin, he moves into his own flatand gets his family to join him. It is this system offamily support that has made Turkey's urban revolutionpossible. Those with jobs often provide formore than their immediate family. Many of them,whether working in Turkish cities or abroad, sendmoney back home.Another secret weapon-some would call it adouble-edged sword-is Turkey's large black economy.No one can be sure just how large it is, but thelowest dtimate is at least a quarter the size of theofficial economy; some experts reckon it may be asmuch as half. Many outsiders looking at Turkeyareworried by its gloomy economic statistics (thoughnot all of them: Britain's Marks and Spenceropened a shop in Istanbullast year~but most Turkishbusinessmen take a philosophical view. "Somepeople look at the figures and are put off, but mostTurkish businessmenjust get on with it," says one.Most ofthese businessmen employ fewer than 100people, and much of their activity does not appearin any official records.Even if they are operating in the official economy,Turkish businessmen specialise in gettinground the rules. Ajournalist visiting the managingdirector ofone ofTurkey's largest companies foundhim poring over the building regulations. He hadjust begun to build a new factory by a lake, and tohis surprise had been ordered to stop. The factory,he had been told, was on a registered archaeologicalsite, and no study of the potential pollution impacton the lake had been carried out. "I must study theregulations carefully," he said, "there must be a wayround them. In Turkey there always is.".The war that cannot speak its nameTURKEY SURVEY 13VERYcountry has its own private nightmare.ETurkey's is disintegration. The country is surroundedby neighbours that have either invadedTurkish territory at some time in the past or beenTurkey's subjects. Turks fear that their country's internaldivisions will be exploited by foreigners whowill pull it to pieces. The Turkish watchword, therefore,is unity in all things.The Turks h.ave learnt their history lesson.Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries the Europeanpowers gradually undermined the Ottomanempire in the name of nationalism. Greeks, Serbs,Bosnians, Bulgarians and Egyptians secured theirindependence from the Caliphate with help fromBritain,Austria, Hungary, Russia and France.At theend of the first world war Turkish officers overthrewthe remnant of.the Ottoman empire andcarved out the new state of Turkey, thwarting theFranco-British plan for a much smaller country laidout in the Treaty ofSèvres (which also provided fora state called Kurdistan~Having defeated the Sèvres treaty, Turkey continuesto consider vigilance essential-even againstallies such as America, France and Britain. Membersof all ethnic groups, Turks insist, are Turkishcitizens and equal before the law. "If we start talkingabout minorities, especially the Kurds, who areperhaps a fifth or even a third of the population,where will it end?" asks one official.Most Turks outside the south-east will tell youthat the PKK, or Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan (Work-ers ParryofKurdistan), is inspired bySyria, which isusing the guerrilla movement to put pressure onTurkey over drawing water from the Tigris and Euphratesrivers. Most Kurds, they claim, do not supportthe PKK, and the majority are fully integratedinto Turkish society. More than a third of membersof parliament are Kurdish, and many Kurds servein the army. At the last election Kurds outside thesouth-east ignored a party identified with Kurds.Ask President Suteyman Demirel about theKurdish question, and you get a dusty answer:"There is no Kurdish question in Turkey. What weface today is a bloody terrorist campaign aimed atthe stability and territorial integrity ofTurkey."Terrorists orfreedom fighters?All ofthis is true, up to a point. That point becomesclearer ifyou move eastwards across Turkey and seethe empty. burnt-out villages. the deserted landscapeand the shanty towns of refugees near the cities.The emergency area now covers ten provincesout ofTurkey's 76. It is controlled from Diyarbakir,an ancient city above the Tigris, walled in black basalt.It is also the city most affected by the war, itsbleak housing estates packed with refugees from thecountryside. These people were driven from theirhomes and fields by soldiers supposedly protectingthem who burnt their villages and destroyed theirherds. They tell a different story from the one youhear in Ankara. Diyarbakir is like a town under militaryoccupation.There is no Kurdishquestion, say theTurksTHIICONOMIST JUNE 8TH 1996129

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti14 SURVEYTURKEYA war that no one can winA middle-aged man, unwilling to give his name,tells a typical story: "I was rich in my village andproud. Every day I took a tour of my fields, I was ahappy man. The soldiers moved us from our villageand burnt it. Here I live on the fourth floor of ablock offlats, three rooms for ten ofus including mysix children. I have no work, only the women canget work picking cotton at [about a dollar] a day.That's how we live." Does the PKK also destroy villagesand kill people? "They kill the village guardsbecause they are looking for food, and if the villagersdon't give it they take it by force. But they don'tdestroy villages, they just kill the guards."Lawyers acting for the families of those killed bythe army are unwilling to give journalists theirnames for fear of reprisals. Dipping at random intotheir files, they come up with the case ofYusufKilig,aged 14. His family says that last November 18th hewas shot by soldiers while fishing in the Tigris. Fiftybullets were found in his body. No action was takenin the state security court, so the family brought acivil case in a local court. Thejudge found a soldierguilty of lack of care and sentenced him to jail fortwo years, commuted to a fine of 1,600,000 liras(now $21), to be paid over two years. The family,threatened by other soldiers, was too frightened totake the case further."That is typical ofbetween 2,000 and 3,000 incidentsin the past ten years," say the lawyers. "Oftenthe family comes with a case, accusing the armyof murder. We ask the prosecutor to bring it to courtbut he says 'No, it's PKK [that did itb there's nothingfurther to be done', and you can't take it further:'What about military courts? "They will punish asoldier for not keeping his boots clean, but not forkilling civilians," say the lawyers.The governor of the emergency zone lives andworks in a grand new building tightly guarded inthe barracks in Diyarbakir. Asked if the armycomesunder the rule of law, he says: "Yes, of course. Ifthere is a crime people will be punished." So howmany soldiers have been convicted of crimesagainst civilians? "I don't have the number but itdoes happen:' The ministry of foreign affairs hasfigures: 1,194 cases and 15convictions in 1"994,962cases and 20 convictions last year.It is tempting for outsiders to see the 25m Kurds,the largest self-described "nation" on earth withouta state, as victims of a conspiracy among the stateswhose territory they occupy: Turkey, Iran, Iraq andSyria. The war led by the PKK is the latest in a longline of rebellions against the Turkish state and itsOttoman predecessor. Similar uprisings have takenplace in (ran. Iraq and Syria.But there are complications. Kurds have traditionallylived in tribal societies that feud with eachother. They are still so deeply divided that governmentscan always set one group against another. Atleast two distinct languages, and many dialects,keep them apart. What they have in common is thatthey look different from their Turkish, Arab andPersian neighbours, both in physiognomy and because,oftheirdistinctive,often gaudy, dress. Expertsdiffer on whether there is a common culture.Dream ofKurdistanSo what are the prospects for an independent Kurdistan?Take a deep breath and ask the Turkish foreignminister. "(t would be very autocratic and repressive,"says Mr Gonensay. "Would Kurds fromother areas be forced to go and live there? Wouldthere be ethnic cleansing in non-Kurdish areas?"An independent Kurdish state would have nointernational support. America and the EuropeanUnion are opposed to the idea. Western diplomatspoint out that in a region of rough and rogueishstates, a landlocked Kurdistan would be neithersafe nor stable. Turkey's Kurds, they argue, are betteroff as Turkish citizens.Militant Kurds respond that if you live in Turkey,you are forced to be culturally Turkish. Use ofthe Kurdish language, and indeed of the very wordKurd, were forbidden by law unti11991. Kurds werereferred to as "Mountain Turks". Although there isno obvious discrimination against Kurds in non-Kurdish areas ofTurkey, many Kurds say they havebeen turned away from jobs in the west because oftheir ethnic origin. And the ban on the Kurdish languagecontinues in various ways. When NevzatBingoi, a young Diyarbakir businessman who ownsa smalilocai TV station, broadcast some songs inKurdish, he got a letter from the public prosecutorsaying he had broken the law. Puzzlingly, soon afterwards,in March, the government announcedthat its own local TV station would start using Kurdishfor the first time.The PKK feeds on such ambiguities. Its roots goback into the 1970S when Abdullah Ocalan, then astudent leader, called for a separate socialist Kurdishstate. The shooting war did not begin in earnestTHE ECONOMIST lUNE 8TH 1996130

Revue ~e Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTURKEY SURVEY 15Some of the war's losers-.unti11984. Mr Ocalan recently dropped Marxism-Leninism and demands for independence. Havingcalled a ceasefire last November, he is nowaskingfor talks with the government in Ankara.This may be because the PKK has lost mucl1 ofitsmilitary clout. Until about five years ago it was ableto keep the Turkish army out of large areas of thesouth-east. and move in and out of Syria at will.When in 1991 Saddam Hussein's attacks on theIraqi Kurds led America. Britain and France to createa safe haven for them in northern Iraq, the PKKused the zone to organise and launch attacks intoTurkey. But the safe haven also gave the Turks a listeningpost in Iraq at Zakho, manned byTurkish aswell as British, French and American troops. Thisenabled the Turkish army, helped by Americanintelligence and equipment, to attack PKK bases inIraq and force the movement underground in Turkeyitself.Within Turkey, the government's sledgehammerpolicy in Kurdish areas has, unsurprisingly, encouragedKurdish support for the PKK. The governmentmay control the roads and towns by day, butno one goes out at night. Indoors, people can watchPKK propaganda broadcast to the region from theparty's own satellite "IVstation. A new party, HADEP,which identifies with the Kurdish cause. is forecastto win an overwhelming number of votes in thearea in the next election. If Kurds who have migratedwest also vote for it, it could clear the 10%hurdle and get seats in parliament. putting increasedpressure on the government for a politicalsettlement.GAP to the rescue?At present. the very words "political settlement"make politicians in Ankara fly into a fury. The onlyproblem in the south-east they will admit to. apartfrom "terrorism", is underdevelopment. Their solutionis the mighty $32 billion South-Eastern AnatoliaProject (GAP): an integrated development plan tobring everything from industry to health care to theregion. South-east Turkey has always been a poorarea.1t produces only 4% ofTurkey's GDP and 2%ofits industrial output. GAP should change all that.Among other things, 22 dams are planned to gener-ate electricity for industry and irrigate vast tracts ofland. According to Okay Unver, the engineer incharge of GAP, the project will provide 3-sm jobs bythe time it is completed in 2005. and quadruplefarm production in the region.But Nesim Sevinc. director of the local businessmen'sassociation. Gunsiad. paints a different picture."GAP? What GAP?" he asks. The vast bulk of theelectricity produced. he argues. will go west. Theparts of the project that benefit the west ofTurkeyare ahead of schedule but the parts that wi1\ help thesouth-east have barely started. He concludes: "Theregion is discriminated against by central government."But other officials insist that the governmentdoes intend to see the project through. and pointout that PKK attacks have held up some of the projects.1tdoes seem as though GAP, ifimplemented asplanned. might help south-eastern Turkey's economyalong; but only if the war came to an end.There were faint signs in Ankara in recentmonths that the government was giving thought tothe south-east problem and not simply leaving it tothe army, as Mrs Ciller did. Businessmen are pressingthe government for a solution because Turkey'shuman-rights record is damaging the country'sinternational standing. There is talk of allowing theKurds to use their own language for official purposesand to have their own "IV station. MrGonensay urges more autonomy, but stres~es thatthis is not a conceSsion to the PKK. "There can beprivate institutions teaching Kurdish but not stateones. We want nothing that will set an ethnic trapwhich will create disunity in Turkey."Meanwhile the war goes on, even though manyofficers are said to believe there can be no militaryvictory in this kind of conflict. The government'sown figures show that things are getting worse, despitethe "ceasefire". Of the 10.663 "terrorists" whowere ki1\ed between 1987 and early March this year.7.116 died in the past two years. Similarly. of the3,400 members of the security forces killed sincethe start of the war, 1.811died in the past two years.The deputy governor of the emergency area admits:"We have contained the situation, but as soon as werelax it wi1\ start up again."... HE ECONOMIST JUNE 8TH 1996131

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa:-Basin Özeti16 SURVEY TURKEYTrouble with neighboursIt's a rough part oftheworldRoaring trade with RussiaFYOU had to pick the ten countries in the worldIyou would least like to live next to. theywould bebound to include some of Turkey's neighbours."Youdon't know what it's like to have Saddam Hussein,Hafez Assad and the Iranians next door," complainthe Turks. And just how stable, they ask, are.the new countries to their east: Azerbaijari'and Armenia?What would happen if Russia became aggressivelynationalist and tried to restore its hègemonyin the region?To Turkey's north-west lies the former Yugoslaviaor, ifyou prefer, the former Ottoman provinces.struggling to become nations of their own. And toits west is Greece.Spats between Turkey and Greecemay be a historical habit, but there are real and unresolvedterritorial disputes between them. Cyprusremains at the top of the list. Hopes that the Americansmight broker a more durable agreement therecame to nothing when war nearly broke out in theAegean in January. The dispute over some almostuninhabited islands may have been inflamed byGreek and Turkish

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti-.as retaliation for the dams for hydro-electric powerand irrigation that Turkey is building on the Tigrisand Euphrates. Neutralobservers estimate that theriverscould lose as much as 40%oftheir flow by thetime they reach Syria (and 90%-when they reachIraq, after Syria has taken its gulp~ Mr Gonensaydismisses the argument: "At the moment we aregiving them ten times what they need, so what istheissue? We must sit down and establish everyone'sneeds and then allocate the water." Buthe saystherewill be no talks until Syriastops supporting the PKK.Meanwhile the dam-building goes on.Iran, the third neighbour, is constantly suspectedof stirring the Kurdish and the Islamist pots.In the waiting roomHERE was outrage in Ankara when Turkey re-no invitation to the European Union'sTceivedinter-governmental conference in March but Poland,Hungary and the Czech Republic were askedto attend as observers. In Turkey's eyes,the East Europeanswere jumping the queue. Even more galling,the Turks learnt it was Greece that had blockedthe invitation, just as Greece is blocking EU fundsforiurkey that were pledged as part of the customsunion that came into effectat the beginning of thisyear. It all seemed to confirm the suspicion thatmembership of the customs union was not after alla step to full EU membership but a permanentlimbo. Not that anyone in authority would for amoment admit to that suspicion. "2001," says MrGonensay, the foreign minister. "But we have got toput our economic house in order first."Turkeyhas been moving towards free trade withthe EU for the past 22 years.Evenbefore itjoined thecustoms union, it was sending more than half itsexports to Western Europe. Measures to protectTurkish industry had been gradually dismantled,but some remain in force to give Turkish companiestime to adjust. VAT on new foreign cars, for example,has come down from 100%to 40%, but importsof secondhand cars have been bannedaltogether. Even so, in the longer run Turkey's carmanufacturers and their local suppliers will find ithard to compete with European makers.The abolition of tariffs on trade with Europewill cost Turkey more than $2 billion in governmentrevenue each year.The economic.effect of customs-unionmembership, says Michael Lake, theEU'S man in Turkey, is best described by a J-curve:for most Turks life will geta little worse in the shortterm and then a lot better. To help ease the pain,Turkey will get a financial co-operatian packagefrom Europe. "Don't call it compensation," says theman from the EU. When Greece decides to stopblocking it, this will giveTurkey 375m ecus ($460m)over five years, and a further 750m ecus from theEuropean Investment Bank in loans.Businessmen say that the biggest boost for Turkeyfrom membership of the customs union is psychological:the feeling that they are no longer outsiders.But for the moment they are not beingtreated as insiders either-more as second-classmembers. They do have to obey all the rules, butA Turk working for Iranian intelligence recentlynamed four Iranian diplomats in Ankara as responsiblefor the murder of a well-known Turkishjournalist in 1990. When Turkey asked for theirwithdrawal, relations rapidly soured. They gotsourer still when details of a defence agreement betweenTurkey and Israel emerged in April.Turkey accepts its role as a buffer zone at theeastern edgeof the western world(and in turn treatsits own mountainous eastern region as a bufferzone for its westernised west~But in return for goodbehaviour, it wants full membership of the westernclub; and that, it isbeginning to suspect, may neverbe forthcoming..they get no say in drawing them up, and no moneyfrom the EU'S regional fund. "The customs union is futuremembership with a visa, and without help," saysone frustrated Turkish exporter. .In the short term, the obvious stumbling blockfor Turkey's progress in Europe is the Greekveto (althoughmany Turks believe that the most powerfulobjections come from the Germans~ In the longerterm, Turkey's businessmen think the momentumtowards membership is now unstoppable. Foreignministryofficials, however, privately believe thateven in the medium term Turkey could join only ifthe EU were to accept the broader idea of an outerrimclass of membership. And the EU has insistedthat, whatever happens, free movement ofTurkishworkers in Europe is a very long way off.Many former Turkish migrants who haveworked in European countries feel that if theircountry joined the EU, it would be swamped by Europe'salien culture. Having experienced racist rejectionin their host countries, they have fallen backon an Islamic or Kurdish identity. "Refah and thePKK were both born and brought up in Europe,"saysone Turkish politician.But the main reasons why Turkey will not getcloser to Europe in the near future lie within Turkeyitself.The first is the state of its economy: as thingsstand, it lagsa long way behind even the poorest EUmembers (see tabte~ The second, and more important,reason is its lack of democratic values and itsviolation of human rights. Europe is simply notkeen to get closer to a country where torture andimprisonment without trial are still reported withdisturbing frequency. .A long way to go Standard~e.~~.~.~r. ~.~of livingTURKEY SURVEY 17For the foreseeablePrivate . Telephone Television Infantconsumption Cars Unes sets mortalityper person . per 1.000 per 1,000 per 1.000 per 1.000ppps. . peoplet peoplet people* Irvebirths*..?~.~ :..:.~.~.~ ~.~ ~~~ ~:~ .Spain . 8.412 351. ~ 371 496t 7.6~gäi" ~ j:jäi:j : 2.2.4 : 3SÖ ï]ï..... . ä::; .. ~~:: :::::::::::::~~ij::::::::::::::~:;:~::::~::::::::::::#.?~:::::::::::::::::~:iï ::::::.:..::::::::~:~ .Turkey . 3.617 . 43 201' 269 52.6_OICD: ~ _ pwtIr. lin tl". T__ .1,"""",","",,*IndusIryDoto.THE ECONOMIST JUNE 8TH 1996133

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-BasinÖzetiIS SURVEY TURKEYDemocracy at gunpointTo Turkey,freedom does notcome naturallyBEDRI BAYKAM is a young painter ~nd politician;or perhaps politician and pain ter. ln hisart he uses violent and erotic images. He is also aleading member of the (leftish) Republican People's.Party, founded by Kemal Ataturk. In Americanterms, that makes him Andy Warhol serving as aDemocrat senator. Odd? Not at all, he says. "EverythingI do I owe to that man, Ataturk. Without himmy art would not be possible. Politics is not a hobbyfor me, it's a necessity."Mr Baykam carries a gun and is escorted everywhereby a bodyguard. Too many ofhis friends andcolleagues have been murdered. His style may be alittle melodramatic, but Mr Baykam believes thatthe secular state, founded 73 years ago, is the onlyhope for Turkey, and is worth fighting for. To him,the army is the ultimate protector of those secularvalues. He thinks that ifyou give an inch to the Islamiststhey will take all; ifyou give the Kurds minorityrights, Turkeywill break up. He despises theappeasers who want Islamists brought into governmentto keep them quiet Mr Baykam, paintbrushin one hand and gun in the other, is proof that freedomis possible in Turkey. But it does not come naturally:it needs an armed guard. Democracy, remember,did not spring up by itself, it wasconferred, or perhaps imposed, by Turkey's armedforces. Now it is protected from anti-democraticforces by undemocratic means.Turkey is sometimes portrayed as a bridge betweeneast and west, with a foot in each world. Thisis the wrong image. Individual Turks belong to eithereast or west: these worlds are so different thatthere is no effective bridge between them. Turkey ismore like a tree, with roots in many different culturesand ethnicities.ln its earlyyears it was prunedand trained to grow strictly in one direction: Turkish.Now, in its maturity, its branches tend to gotheir own way, seeking their own kind oflight. Eachbranch knows where it is going, but the tree as awhole does not. Westernised Turkey is drawn to Eu-rope, Turkish nationalists want to look east to fellowTurkic-speakers, fundamentalists south toother Islamic countries. Each group seeks modelsoutside Turkey, b~traying perhaps the lack of a commonidentity .But identities shift with the twists and turns ofhistory. Turkey is undergoing the grea,test change inits short life, and its identity is bound to evolve too.More than three-quarters of Turks now live in substantialcommunities, towns and cities, where theyhope to make a living and get themselves, or theirchildren, an education. Like it or not, they will alsofind an international commercial culture shoutingat them. Some people will turn away from it, preferringto seek truth in the Koran. Others will be drawnto politicians trying to use Islam to build a constituencyamong the disillusioned.Will the Islamists ever come to dominate? Thatdepends on what the government-any government-doesnow.lfitfails to reform the economy sothat living standards fall further, if it allows the warin the east to continue, ifthere are riots in the streetsmet by a repressive police force, then it is possible toimagine Turkey descending into chaos and fallingvictim to political extremism.If it i,s to avoid such a fate and stay faithful toAtaturk's vision of a secular, modern, democraticstate, it has to be open to the world and open to amultiplicity of identities at home. It can do thisonly by creating a country in which everyone hasthe chance to live and work freely, and to aspire toliving standards that Europe has long taken forgranted. The steps required to attain this grand visionsound less grand, but will require Turkey'sleaders to show courage and determination. Itcomes down to mundane things such as bringingthe budget deficit under control, cutting inflation,'selling off state enterprises, gathering taxes more efficientlyand spending them more effectively, andputting an end to the war: all of them difficult, butnot impossible.Offer' to readersReprints of this surveyare available - price £2in Britain / n.50abroad. Minimum order5 copies. Please sendyour order with pre-paymentby cheque 10 TheEconomist Shop, 15 RegentStreet, LondonSWIY 4LR.Tel (0)1718391937. Orfax credit card orders on(0)171 839 1921.Turkey's democraticbackstop.THE ECONOMIST Jl'J\:[ 8TH 1996134

Revue de PresJe-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti-0NEWCENTURY'uot\luadreamsofanSUN DAYJUNE 9, 1996OttomancommonwealthN.ewCentury interviews pro-Islam Welfare party.sleading foreign policy man and party vice president,Mr. Abdullah Gül to discu.S5the party's visionof Turkey in the international arena.Ash Ayd'"ta~ba~Ankara- Welfare is the only lurkishparty which has an alternative visionoflurkey's international role.This vision is distinct from the principlesof,Turkish foreign polil)' adopted sincethe creation of the Turkish Republie in1923. Mr. Gül stated that Welfare, if itcame to power. would change the profileof Turkey in terms of policy completely,inclmling the nature of "Iurkey's relationshipwith the European Union,NATO. Syria, and Middle Eastern countries.Mr. Giil is among the first to he calledupon when foreign journalists and politiciansvisit Ankara. He recently attraetedattention last week with a statementwhich appeared in the EI-Hayatnewspaper pmclaiming that a prospectiveWeI(are administration would declarevoid the lurkish-Israeli military agreement.'NC- Why arc you against the Turkish-Israeli agreement?On agreement with IsraelAG- First of all, we are against themethodology. It is still not clear whatthe contents of the agreement are andeven the ministers are not familiar withit. In addition. this is an agreement ma- .~e with a cl~unt!"Ywhich is still engaged111 wars, which II1vades other countriesand violates U.N. resolutions. Most recently,Israel targeted civilians in Lebanon.In addition, Turkey is being forcedto become a party to some other scenarios.According to foreign press repo~s.the agreement coult) also be used a~l-.inst Israel's neighbors. .'. NC- Welfare has' always been agitinstlbr-key's membership in NATO and theEuropean Union. We recently heardhowever your leader, Mr. Erhakan, statethat you accept lurkey's involvementin these two organizations. Is Welfarechanging its foreign policy position as itis getting closer to power?AG- We do not envision buildingwalls around ll1rkey and separating itfrom Europe and the world. but somehowour policies always gellhis kind ofre~iew. w.e wantto impro.ve lilrkey's relationsWith many countries, but do notwant to tie our future only to Europe.Wc do not intend to leave the NATO alliance,but criticize the alliance stronglyfor ils neglect during the Bosnian erisis.While we will remain in these two alliances,we also want to build additionalalliances for trade and securitypurposes ..If Welfare comes to power, we willstIll work with the I.M.F., the WorldBank and the United Nations. In the caseof the I.M.F. however, we will not acceptall their recommendations asincontestable. We intend to take a morehonorable position when it comes tointerference in domestie affairs. Forexample, the World Bank is now pushingfor population control.NC- Are you going to uphold the customsunion with the E.U.?AG- The currenl agreement has notbeen prepared properly. When we co-IllC to power through dClllocratic and legalmeans, we are not going to tcar upth~ aweement, but we will start negotiatIonsm order to changc certain clauseswhich are not in the interests of Turkey.NC- Are you going to take steps towardsfull E.U. membership?AG- We do not believe that. Thrkey isgoing to become a full member, and wedo not support the idea of fullmembership.NC- During an election campaign,Mr. Erbakan has stated that you intendto "eliminate the border between "furkeyand Syria" and, more recently he arguedthat Syria is not backing the PKK.Are you against Thrkey's current foreignpolicy towards Syria?Historical allianceAG- We are talking about ideals here.We aim to have good relations based ona sense of community and on commoninterests with both our neighbors andMuslim countries.. TIl~re could be different ways of domgthIS. If Mr. Erbakan spoke this wayabo.ut Syri~, it is not so surprising consideringSyna was a province of ours untilabout 70 years ago. We believe that wecould fonn a historical alliance once more.If England was able to form a Commonwealthwhich extended from Australiato Canada, why can't Thrkey do somethingsimilar with countries that it hashad many ties with throughout history?135

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Habitat shield fails to protectdemonstrators against batonsamong those detained, New YorkbasedHuman Rights Watch said.Thrkish laws do not allow civil servantsto stage strikes or engage in collectivebargaining .Thrkish activists have stepped up theirefforts to draw attention to a numberof issues while some 15,000 people arein Istanbul for a 12-day U.N.conference on cities. There have beenseveral other similar incidentsthroughout the week. The IstanbulGovernor's Office warned foreignactivists who are here for the U.N.conference to stay away from Beyoglu."Naturally their activities should notgo beyond the purpose of theirpresence in Istanbul," Gov. RldvanYeni~en said in a statement. (yy, ap)~ ~~~~n;'"~I~ n;'"~ ......~~~ ~~~

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti>- 'oQ-< ao.Cl ao.Z,-:::> -'" ao.......z::::>Forced emigration'ANevin Bilginnkara- The Turkish Society of'Physicans detailed the extent costsbillionsof the immigratlion problemexperienced in Southeastern Anatoliawith concrete data collected fromresearch. The report presented bytbe society indicates that 2,500 villageswere evacuated in two years.According to the report the evacuationexpenditurestotaled 12 trillion\01~I Ilurk e k le ILiras. In the report titled, "Domestic~iIS pO IS S ogImmigration Debates in the Southeastand Related Health Issues", preparedby the Turkish Society of:11 ner demonstrationPhysicians, General Secretary, Dr.Necdet tpekyüz, stated that lack ofsecurity, unsolved murders, plains"Omwhich have been transformed intoforbidden zones, the lack of adequa- ' ~I Kurder protesterade mot försvinnandenel? 'te educational and health services,~l' ISTANBUL (SvD) and the food embargo have resulted,nade söner och makar. Tuseninthe abandonment of villages. The~ ~ .• Massiva polisinsatser slog pä ' talet poliser stormade fram frän...:l d lördagen ner fiera olika demon- alla Mil och avbröt demonstrareportpresented the following conclusions:~ ¥: strationer i centrala Istanbul" tionen. Kvinnor greps och för-~ The region which lacks organizationand employment possibilitieshave faced serious problems. .~ People abandoning their villagesare regarded as potential criminals.This makes it more diffucult fötvilliagers to find work. Exclusions ofthis type threaten social harmony.~ In Diyarbalur the continuing increasein population will cause anoutbreak of contagious diseases.~ The infant mortality rate is higherin the southeastern cities comparedwith other regions. ThroughoutTurkey, sixty out of every one thousandbabies die in the first vear after. birth, compared to 87 out of everyone thousand babies in Diyarbalor. '. The height-weight proportion of t.llèsechildren is also below averilge becauseof malnutrition.~ There are no specialized.doctorsin the hospitals of the region and theLice State Hospital is kept closed .•97of 112 health centers, and 15 of 67.infirmariesare closed. . .~ Infections of the digestivesystem are seen more frequently inDiyarbalar than other parts oj- Turkey.Diarrhera in childrel)...--ismostcommonly reported. Fifteen t~twenty thousand diarrhera cases areseen every year, followed by typhoidfever and Cholera.~ Psychological disorders have increasedin the region. Community violence,harrasment by the police andkidriapping promote the developmentof mental disorders.~ i' mitt under FN:s pägäende bo- des bort i bussar.Cl > stadskonferens. Poliser slog och En stor grupp äskädare pro-~ 14 sparkade demonstranter innan 'testerade mot polisingripandeenWi de släpade in dem i bussar för na, Nya polisattacker tog hand~I vidare transport till häktet. En- om demonstranterna som var>, ligt uppgifter greps ätminstone bädekvinnorochmän,bädeturenj 500 personer.kar och kurder,tJ Den svenske riksdagsmllnnenPer Lager (mp) försökte do-.'kumentera polisattacken, men'en. hotfull polismàn slet filmenur händerna pä honom. Sverigesgeneralkonsul skall pä diplomatiskväg kräva filmen Ater.Filmteam och fotografer fränsäväl turkiska som internationellamedier kunde dock följahändelserna vid Galatasaray,.mitt pä Istanbuls shoppinggatanummerett ..~rméer av poliserIstanbulpolisen började redan'pä morgonen att visa sin styrka.,Hela den centrala delen av sta-,den var fylld av polisbussar, bilar,motorcyklar, enstaka pan-.sarvagnar och arméer av patrullerandepolismän. En helikoptersurrade i luften../ Klockan 12 samlades om-:krinMo kurdiska kvinnor till sin'.veckodemonstration pä Galatasaray.Ukt de gaina mödrarna iBuenos Aires demonstrerar devarje lördag sin saknad efter försv.unnaanhöriga., Pä samma sätt som under hela.qetsenaste äret satte sig kvinnotnapä gatan och visade plakat.achbilder pâ döda eller sak-Kräver organisationsrättYtterligare en demonstrationvar föranmäld, men ut an polistillstând.Kesk, en fackföreningför kommunal- och statsanställda,dominerad av lärare, skullekräva organisationsrätt och enlaglig möjlighet att strejka. Omkring100 demonstranter tägadegatan fram men avbröts ocksäav polisstyrkorna. ShoppandeIstanbulbor och utiändska konferensbesökarefick kasta sig ini butiker och präng för att kommaundan de framrusande kravallutrustadepoliserna.- Vi har ändâ haft lite mer frihethär i Istanbul jämfört med iDiyar Bakir och andra omräden,sade Ilkay Demir frän vänsterpartietÖDP efter lördagenshändelser.- Men hur skall det gä nu, efterFN-konferensen när ut1ändskajournalister,politiker och diplomaterâker härifrän?LENA BLOMQUIST138

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Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkish Delly News Monday, June 10. 1996Habitat II heats upwith the Kurdish issueEmre Kocatürk of the Turkish. Democracy Foundation(TDV) left the hall after vocally protesting the meeting,and under the questioning looks of the shocked participantsand viewers of the meeting he slahuned the doorISTANBUL-By Zafer F. YörükTurkish Daily NewsA workshop on "Forced Relocationof Ethnic Minorities" witnessed heated exchangesduring the discussion on Turkey and the Kurds.The Norwegian NGO Working Group for HabitatII organized a worksbop on the forced relocation ofethnic minorities in whicb the cases of Burma andTurkey were discussed. The co-director of theCentre on Housing Rights and Evictions, ScottLeckie, introduced the discussion with a oenera] andglobal overview, and defined the forc~ relocationof ethnic minorities as a human rights violation.istic and in turn demand more nationalistic reporting.Thus the press continues nationalist propaganda,and this vicious circle is largely responsible forthe indifference of the Turkish public to Kurdishquestion. He said that journalists who try to opt out .of this circle either lose their jobs 'or are imprisonedand even assassinated, and reminded us that theTurkisb government was one of the world's majortransgressors regarding the ill- treatment of journalistsand censorship of the media.. Sauar ar£ued that terrorism has an epidemic characterin Turkey which is maintained by a culture ofviolence imposed by the media. Sauar'spresentationincluded many observations from evacuated villages. in the southeast of Turkey and from individuals andfamilies wbo were forced to become refugees inmajorcities and in the cities of the southeast region..Epidemics of terrorism in TurkeyThe discussion on Turkey was specifically limitedto the "destruction of villages in southeast Turkey",which was opened with a presentation by Erik Sauar H d h b tof the Norwegian Council for tbe RIghts of tbe eate exc ange e weenKurdish People; with a report on the observations of Turkish and Kurdish participantsa delegation investigating the forceable eviction of The workshop continued with the launch of thevillages in the southeast ofTurkey. . book "Freedom of Living in Turkey", which con~Sauar said that before their observations they had sists of banned articles from the Turkish press. Theasked the question of how these evictions could bap- articles were banned and their authors taken to courtpen in a supposedly democratic country, and why because of taking the Kurdish issue into accQunt. AtTurkish people did not protest. The key to tbe the press conference that followed Yavuz Onen ofans~ers to these questions w~ the position of ~e th~ Human Rights Trust and Lawy~r Vedat çe~. ofmedia as a fourth state power In Turkey, accordmg Dlyarbalar branch of th~ Huinan Rights ASSOCIatIonto Sauar. He said "Turkish people would react if' participated in a personal capacity with Peterthey knew wbat was going on in the Kurdish region, Frederikson of Finland. Cetin saId.that the burningbut their access to siiffiCIent information has been . down and eviction of villages continued at present,denied by the media". '. and that be finds it absurd that the Habitat II confer-Sauar went on to say that the press promoted ence is being held in Turk~. .nationalism, which made the people more national- Answering a question, yetin said that those most142

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Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiAl P. - A~enteFrontePrelle - Al P. - A~enteFrontePrelle- Al P. - A~enteFronœPreIse- A.F. P. - A~enŒFronœPrelle - A.F. P. - A~emeFramePreIse- A.F. P. - A~enœFronœPrem-FRS0653 4 l 0297 TUR /AFP-UZ06ONU-Villes-TurquieManifestation à Istanbul: Ankara regrette le mauvais traitement de.journalistesANKARA, 10 juin (AFP) - Le ministre turc de l'intérieur Ulku Guney aexprimé ses regrets lundi pour les mauvais traitements subis par la presselors de la dispersion d'une manifestation organisée samedi à Istanbul par.la Confédération des syndicats d'employés publics (KESK).Le ministre a en outre affirmé que 156 personnes parmi celles détenuessamedi étaient des membres d'organisations clandestines, notamment le Partiet Front Révolutionnaire de Libération Populaire (DHKP-C) et. le Parti desTravailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK, séparati"st.e). .Une dizaine dë journalistes avaient été molestés par la police lors del'intervention.de celle-ci pour dissiper les manifestants, sur la riveeuropéenne du Bosphore, non loin du site de la conférence internat.ionale del'ONU sur les villes, Habitat II.La police avait interpellé plusieurs centaines de manifestants."Il est regrettable que les journalistes aient subi des mauvaistraitements, du fait du recours légal à la force", a déclaré M. Guney dansun communiqué. ."Les mesures prises pour contenir les foules comportent toujours dehauts risques" pour les journalistes, a-t-il estimé.A propos de la manifestation, le ministre a ajouté que l'''organisationd'une telle action, qui pouvait porter préjudice à l'image de la Turquie" àl'extérieur, "n'était pas admissible".M. Guneya affirmé "qu'une fois la manifestation autorisée, lesorganisations clandestines d'extrême-gauche auraient pu l'exploiter commeelles l'ont fait à l'occasion du 1er mai". Il faisait allusion à desémeutes qui avaient fait 3 morts et plusieurs dizaines de blessés, lors demanifestations du 1er mai à istanbul.KG/hc/mr t.fAFP /AA1234/101747 JUN 96FRS0919 4 l 0172 RFA /AFP-WK87Turquie -KU,rdesLe PKK décide la reprise de ses actions militaires contre la TurquieBONN, 10 juin (AFP) - Le parti des travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK) adécidé de reprendre ses actions militaires contre la Turquie, rompant uncessez-le-feu décrété unilatéralement le 15 décembre, a annoncé lundi soirle Centre d'information du Kurdistan en Allemagne ..Ce cessez-le-feu, affirme le communiqué du centre installé à Cologne(ouest), a été "respecté sans discontinué". Toutefois, poursuit-il, une"4ème conférence nationale kurde" a "constaté que cette offre était nonseulement restée sans réponse du gouvernement turc mais que là guerre menéepar les militaires turcs avait encore été renforcée pendant cette période".Le communiqué ne précise ni la date, ni le lieu ni les participants àcette conférence."La 4èmeconférence nationale a également décidé de conduire desattaques ciblées contre des objectifs stratégiques dans lesquelles descommandos suicide doivent être engagés", aj.oute le communiqué.ha/mr EUA.F.AFP /AA1234/102.109 JUN. ~6AlP. - A~en

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiIraq opposes Provide Comfortcomprising just Turkey and USBy lIour ÇevikTurkish Daifv N,.....fANKARA- Iraq's Dermty Prime MinisterTari

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti......=-r LTurkisb Dai/vNeu~ MO!\DÀY.JC~E JO. 1996.'Turkey.is asking us to condemn the PKK. This is not our.job or duty. I insist that the' PUK .will do its best for thesecurity of Turkey's borders, and Ithink this is enough'By Ayse Karabat Now the United States has bases in Jordan andinTurkish Daily News Kuwait, while in the Gulf they have a naval fleet.. DUKAN/5ULA YMANIY AH, northern Iraq- Jatal They can use all these to frighten Saddam HusseinTalabani one of the Iraqi Kurds' top two leaders, from interfering. There are voices in Turkey askingaccuses Turkey of using itîfuennission for a Western for the removal of OPC. I don't think they are seriairforce to keep Saddarn ussein's forces at bayas aus.an instrument of blackmail. OPC was the best means, the best way for TurkeyThe leader of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan to interfere in the internal affairs of Iraqi Kurdistan. (PUK) sees the transfer of the small but powerful air and control Kurds' relations with the United Statesarmada from southern Turkey to either Jordan or and Europe by just being a part of this force, to keep,Kuwait as being in everybody's interest. . it within this framework of so-called "Iraqization'For more than four .years, the U.S.-British-French of the problem ... force composed of about 80 warplane~ and ,suppo!,! I don't think that the Turkish politicians are seriaircrafthas been deployed at Turkep InCITlik air aus when the" are calling for the removal. If I wasbase under Operation Provide Comfort (OPC) to in place of Ainerica I would say OK, remove it anddeter an Iraqi attack on the Kurdish enclave. take it to Jordan or Kuwait to protect the IraqiUnder pressure from the country's Western allies, Kurds, and I would turn to Saddam Hussein and say.Turkish governments have regularly extended the "If you are attacking Kurds I will attack you, withstay of the Western warplanes - albeit with increas- missiles, with planes," and I think Saddam Husseining difficulty, since the Parliament fe.els the pro- will never dare to confront the United States.longed restriction of Baghdad's authority'in the 1)orthhelps the emergence of an independent Kurdish stateand whips up separatism among Turkey's own 12million Kurds. Turkey has been enga$ed in combatwith the separatist Kurdistan Workers Party (PKKlsince 1984. .In an exclusive interview with the TON soon afterthe recent oil-far-food agreement between the UnitedNations and the Baghdad ~overnment, the .ebullientKurdish leader disclosed his views on a broad rangeof subjects. The deal allows Iraq to sell limitedamounts of oil every 90 days to pay for its imports ofessential provisions for the IraqI people sufferingunder a strictly-enforced U.N. trade embargo sinceIrag's GulfWarIraqi Kurds,defeat.having set up their own regionaladmimstration in the north with Western protection,are to receive about $130 to $150 million from the oilsales.Talabani also spoke about the current state. of relationswith Massoud Barzani, his archrivalthe Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP).who heads,..'We will ensure thesecurity of the border'TDN. Now there is a cease-flTe between the KDPand the PUK. But this is not a real peace. What will.make you and the KDP end your conflict?TALABANI. A cease-fire doesn't mean a durablepeace, but also it doesn' t mean war. This is veryImportant. For us peace is in the interests of the Iraqi.people struggling againstWe think It is possiblethe dictatorship.that if our friends in UnitedStates and Turkeyare more serious, and' if they usetheir influence. we can make peace. Turkis'h policy.encouraged the'fight.They encouraged the KDP by providing arms andmoney against the PUK. Later Turkey's "clever men"discovered that as the KDP moved its forces from theBadinan and Duhok areas - close to the Turkish bor-.der - to other areas, to confront the PUK, thereemerged a vacuum used by the PKK, which became abig force in Badinan.The KDP is not able to control it, so TurkishFollowing are excerpts.. authorities realized that their policy was wrong. Theyfrom the interview: started joininl! the U.S. mediation efforts. But theyalso refrainedlrom playing a positive role. .TDN. Howdo you e,'a1uate the ongoing debates I can give vou one example. The Iranians also callin Turkey about ÖPC? . ' us to protect ihe Iranian border - against infiltrationTALABANI. OPC was very useful in the begin- by the Iranian Kurds sheltering in northern Iraq. We.ning. We are grateful to all those who participated, . prevent Iranian Kurds from crossing the border.flTSt to the Turks. As a matter of fact. it will be bet- But they didn't ask us to condemn the Iranian KDP~er for all of us if it can be moved from Turkey to as a terrorist movement or as an anti-Islam move-.Jordan or to Kuwait - provided, of course. that the ment... United States, Britain and France remain committed But Turkev asks us to condemn the PKK. This isto preventing Séiddam Hussein from attackinl! not our job, our duty. We are ready to participate inKurdistan. me Kurds in the area will be pleasea ensuring the securityof the Turkish border. This isw.itb such a development, because the present what Turkey has to ask from us. This. of course. isdeplo)'!IIent creates problems for the Kurds as well . Turkey' s righ.t. We will do our best for the security of,as the Turks. the border With our methods, with our tactics, withIt is continuously being used by Turkev as an our plans. I promise that the PUK will do its best forinstrument of blackmal1 against the Kurds, the security of the Turkish border but I think this isAmericans and others. enough foiTurkey ...-146

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti'We have to keepgood relations with Iran'TDN. The United States has declared that it hassome doubts about [ran. They said Iran was a threatto [raq' ~territorial integrity.TALABANI. This is an exaggerated perception ofIranian influence. There is no Iranian influence inIraqi Kurdistan.There has been a certain kind of relationshipbetween Iranian and Iraqi Kurds for a long time.Friendship. All of us, the KDP, the PUK, otherKurdish parties, are depending on Iran in our strugglewith the Iraqi dictatorshir' But this does not meanthat we are followers 0 Iran's example. We aredemocratic, socialist and secular. Iran is differentfrom us. Secondly, we have full rights, and this is ourduty. to improve our relations willi [ran. Because wehave a lon~ border with Iran we cannot afford toantagonize lehran.For example, Turkey is tryin$ to maintain goodrelations with [ran. So why shoulan't we?TDN. There are those who say that Turkey has lostin northern [raq while Syria and [ran have won.TALAB~Nf. I can agree with this. TurlCey, afterPresident Ozal, .lost its mfluence in Iraqi Kurdistan.At the time of Ozal. Turkey had very good relationswith [raqi Kurdistan. We were very close to Turkey.We were consulting, negotiating and talking with theTurkish authorities even before going to Europe.When passim! through Turkey on our way back, wewould brief die Turkish authorities. Then Turkey wasthe main force in Iraqi Kurdistan.But especially after Çiller was elected, Tur.kish foreignpolicy totally changed. At the time of Ozal theywere a~ainst the Iraqi dictatorship. At the time ofÇiller tney decided to turn toward the Iraqi dictatorship.and turned aaaj,nst the [raqi opposition.At the time of Ozal they were not against ourregional government, our elections, our freedom.Later they turned even against the words "Kurd" and"Kurdistan. "I don't know whether you know that the Turkishambassador in Prague made several representationswith the Czech Foreign Ministry because there is anightclub named "Kurdistan." This is something"Strange.Turkish foreign policy deliberately changed,turned against Iraqi Kurdistan and tried to push usback."The leader of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Jalal Talabani. says Turkey has used ope as an instrument of blackmail.147

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Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiDie türkischen Alawiten als AussenseiterEmanzipation und Ausgrenzung einer religiösen MinderheitVon Priska Furre"-.-Ṇ ...,.;zIn der Türkei sind zunehmende Spannungen zwischen der Mehrheit der Sunniten und derMinderheit der Alawiten zu registrieren. Diese Religionsgemeinschaft macht nach Schätzungen20 bis 25 Prozent der Bevölkerung aus und ist über das ganze Land verteilt. Sie stellt,ähnlich wie die Kurden, den Einheitsmythos des kemalistischen Staates in Frage. Das Gerohl,auch von seiten dieses Staates zunehmend unter Druck zu geraten, hat bei den Alawi-.ten das Bewusstsein der eigenen Sonderidentität verstärkt.Bilder von einem brennenden Hotel inmitteneiner fanatisierten Zuschauermenge haben im Juli1993 weit über die Türkei hinaus für Aufsehen gesorgt:Bei einem Brandanschlag auf die Teilnehmereiner Gedenkveranstaltung für den alawitischenVolksdichter Pir Sultan Abdal aus dem16. Jahrhundert kamen in der zentralanatolischenStadt Sivas 37 Personen ums Leben. Seitherwurde es nicht mehr still um die türkischen Alawiten:Im September 1994 liess die von der Refah-Parteigebildete Stadtverwaltung von Istanbuleine ihrer Versammlungsstätten niederreissen.Nach Schüssen auf vorwiegend von Alawiten frerquentierteLokale kam es im März 1995 zu blutigenAusschreitungen im Istanbuler Stadtteil Gaziosmanpasa,und seit Mitte Februar 1996 häufensich Benchte darüber, dass die türkischen Sicherheitskräftein der Gegend von Sivas Dutzendevon alawitischen Dörfern aus «Sicherheitsgründen»geräumt hätten. -Ein neuer KonfiiktherdDie Chronologie der Ereignisse verweist aufeinen neuen Konfliktherd im ohnehin schon gespanntenpolitischen Gefüge der Türkei. Die türkischeÖffentlichkeit ist mit der Existenz einerweiteren Bevölkerungsgruppe konfrontiert, die -wie die Kurden - den lange gepflegten Einheitsmythosin Frage stellt. Doch wer ist dieseGruppe? Sind es Schiiten? Kurden? Sich ein klaresBild von den alawitischen Landsleuten zumachen, sie einer religiösen, ethnischen oder politischenKategorie zuzuordnen, fâllt der tûrkischenMehrheitsbevölkerung schwer. Uralte Vorurteileund Halbwissen. sind oft das einzige, worüber.man verfügt.Nicht nur im Westen, sondern auch in der Türkeiweit verbreitet ist die Gleichsetzung von Alawitenund Kurden. Der Begriff «Kurde») scheint.in der Vorstellung wenig informierter Türkenheute alle möglichen Gruppen zu umfassen, dieals «anders)) und potentiell illoyal empfundenwerden, ohne dass man über sie im einzelnen genauerinformiert wäre - Folge natürlich auch einerstaatlichen Politik, die çs '~ödèrheiten kaum jeeflaubte, ihre Sonderidentitätèn offen 'ausitidiükken.Es stimmt zwar, dass eS \lI;lter den AlawitenKürden gibt; und diese sind wegen inrer doppeltenMinorisierung in einer politisch besondersalawitische Mehr-heiklen Situation. Dabei istdièheit türkischsprachig .Abgrenzung gegen osmanischeund iranische SchiaSunnaWas die Alawiten als Gruppe definiert, ist nichtdie Sprache, sondern das religiöse Bekenntnis. Es• Die Autorin ist Lehrbeauftragte fùr Türkisch an der univer.1sitllt Bern.----------------unterscheidet sie von der Mehrheit der sunnitisehenTürken und Kurden. Dies bedeutet allerdingsnicht, dass sie ganz ohne Vorbehalte derzweiten grossen islamischen Konfession, derSchia. zuzurechnen sind. Die klare Abgrenzungvon den iranischen Schiiten macht heute einenwesentlichen Teil alawitischen Selbstverständnissesaus. Die Alawiten teilen zwar wichtige Elementeihres Glaubens mit der zwölfer-schiitischenRichtung, wie sie in Iran vorherrscht, so die VerehrungAlis, des Schwiegersohns und VertrautenMohammeds - nach ihm bezeichnen sie sich als«Alawh), also Anhänger Alis -, und die Überzeugung,einzig Ali und seinen Nachkommen, den'zwölf Imamen, sei die Führerschaft der islami-:schen Gemeinde legitimerweise zugestanden.Doch die weitere Entwicklung der schiitischenTheologie haben sie nicht mitvollzogen. Grund,für die Abkoppelung der Alawiten vom iranischenSchiismus ist die politische Entwicklung.Nomadenkriegerim Dienst des SchahsDie Vorformen der heutigen alawitischen Gemeinschaftlassen sich zurückverfolgen bis ins15. Jahrhundert. Teile der turkmenischen NomadenAnatoliens verehrten damals die Scheichs desmilitanten Sufi-Ordens der Safawiden aus Ardabilin Aserbeidschan als geistige Führer. Ihre Religiositätentsprach weder sunnitischer noch schiitischer«Orthodoxie». Sie war volkstümlich,mystisch geprägt und mit vorislamisch-schamanistischenElementen durchsetzt. Nur durch denKult um die Person Alis war eine gewisse Nähezur Schia gegeben. Die Safawiden nutzten denGlaubenseifer und die militärische Schlagkraftihrer nomadischen Anhänger - auf Grund einer'roten Kopfbedeckung wurden diese «Kizilbas)~(Rotköpfe) genannt - machtpolitisch aus. .Nach grossflächigen Eroberungszügen auf ira-.nischem Gebiet ernannte sich der Safawiden-.scheich Ismail 1501 zum Schah von Iran. Damitknüpften sich die Heilserwartungen derjenigenKizilbas, die im osmanischen Machtbereich lebten,erst recht an seine Person. Teile der anatoli~schen Bevölkerung sahen in ihm, der nun religiö';ses Sendungsbewusstsein mit weltlicher Machtvereinte,eine vergöttlichte Erlösergestalt. Unzufriedenheitmit den zentralistischen Tendenzender eigenen osmanischen Oberherren verstärkte'die Safawidenbegeisterung nur.Zur gegenseitigen Abgrenzung nutzten die mit"einander rivalisierenden Safawiden und Osmanenauch die Religion: Schah Ismail machte die Zwölfer-Schiaoffiziell zur Staatsreligion Irans. Diesesneue Bekenntnis übernahmen - allerdings reinnominell - auch seine Anhänger in Anatolien ..Die Osmanensultane ihrerseits verstärkten gezieltdie Position der sunnitischen Theologen undRechtsgelehrten in ihrem Reich. Gegen die inneren«Vorposten» des bedrohlichen Nachbarn ~in-149

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetigen sie nun hart vor. Die Anhänger der Safawidenwurden als «Ketzer» verfolgt und massenweise.'verbannt oder hingerichtet'. Trotzdem kam esnoch fast ein Jahrhundert lang immer wieder z\!'antiosmanischen Volksaufständen. Eist am An'-fang des 17. Jahrhunderts waren die Kizilbas soweit geschwächt, dass sie keine grössere Gefahr,mehr darstellten. S,ie zogen ,sich inc~pgel~geneUebilite .ziuuck und' entWickelten . dort dieReligionsfonn und die ganz eigene Sozialstruktur, .die heute mit dem Begriff Alawitum bezeiChnetwird. Dies geschah in weitgehender Isolation vomRest der osmanischen Gesellschaft und in Isolationwohlgemerkt auch von Iran, wo dieSafawiden nach ihrer Machtergreifung eine legalistische«Hoch-Schia» förderten, die mit dem.volkstümlichen Alll~itum wenig gemeins aIIl _hat.Begräbnis von Opfern der Krawalle im Istanbuler Viertel GaziosmanpasavJm März 1995. (Bild key)Anerkennung, Glau~ensfr:lheit und An~rkenn{ing aIs. gleic!i~berechtIgte Burger versprach den Alawiten.erst~'mal~ die laizistischè türkische Republik.' Mit'deInKal~fat, dem Sultanat. und den religiösen Scharià.:.Genc~ten sc~a~ten die K~inalisten Ata«!ikS g~.!lau dieInstitutIOnen ab, die ;für die ,AlawlteriImmer Inbegriff der Verfolgung gewesen waCèn:'Gute ,Vor~ussetzungen für eine 'Einbindung dm'~awlten 10 das .neue politische.undgesellsch~ft,hche System bestanden auch SOnst: Die Alawiten.haben ihren Glauben kaum sebriftlioh,fixièrt i\Uld:l~gen 'tra~itionellerweisé mèhr' Wert 'àuf persönhcheEthik denn auf die äusserlichen Zeichen vonFrö~~!~~eit: Daher ~che.int ihnen eine gewisseFlexlblhtat eigen zu sem; Ihnen fiel es leichter alsanderen, sich in einer säkularen Gesellschaft zurechtzufinden.So gehörten sie mit zu den treuest~n~tützen des kemalistischen Refonnwerks.Viele I~rer .Exponenten. waren Mitglieder in der~epubhkamsch~n Volkspartei Atatürks - diesJedoch, ohne sich als Alawiten zu artikulierenoder für alawitische Sonderinteressen einzutreten ..Aus alawitischer Sicht schien dafür lange Zeitauch kaum Anlass zu bestehen.unter Atatiiik' - Verfolgung heuteLandfluchtscharrt ReibungsflächenHeute hat die Landfluchtbewegung in der Tür.kei längst auch die Alawi-Dörfer erfasst. VieleAlawiten sind in die Städte gezogen und lebennun Tür an Tür mit sunnitischen Nachbarn. VermehrteKontakte zwischen den Bevölkerungs-'.gruppen ergaben sich daraus, aber auch neue Rei- .bungsflächen. Weil die Alawiten die Pflicht zu'Ritualgebet, dem Moscheebesuch oder demFasten im Ramadan nicht anerkennen, bleiben siefür traditionalistische Sunniten Ungläubige oderKetzer, Auch dass sie unrein und schmutzig seien,gehört zum Inventar antialawitischer Vorstellun- .. gen, und um ihre religiösen Zeremonien ranken'.sich noch immer die jahrhundertealten Phan ta-,sien von Alkoholexzessen und sexuellen Aus-.schweifungen.Zu genauerer Kenntnis über die Alawiten zukommen fiel allerdings lange auch gar nicht leicht.Denn aus Angst vor Feindseligkeiten gaben sichdie meisten Alawiten bis in die jüngste Zeit nichtzu erkennen. Information über ihre Glaubenspraxiswar AusseQstehende.n.!çaum.zugänglieh..150

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti"-weil sich das Alawitum lange als GeheimÏehrCverstand, die nur den durch alawitische Geburtdazu Berechtigten offenstand. Mit dieser Exk1usiyitlltverband sich durchaus auch eine gewisseHerablassung mr den sunnitischen Islam: F~(Alawiten repräsentiert er eine auf Äusserlichkeiltenberuhende Form der Religion, die sie selberhinter sich gelassen haben.Die Integration der Alawiten in die türkische'Gesellschaft brachte kaum einen Abbau der Ressentiments,dafür aber ei,nen massiven Umbruch,innerhalb des Alawitums. Selbstverständnis undreligiös-soziale Organisationsform der Gruppehatten immer auf...clet strikten Abgrenzung gege~.WlSCD' beruht. Nur der absolute Zusammenhaltder Gemeinschaft hatte zu Zeiten der VerfolgungdasÜberleben des Individuums garantiert. Jetztda ein grosser Teil dér äusseren Bedrohung weggefallenwar, wurden das Gemeinschaftsleben..und die religiösen Zusammenkünfte von vielen.nicht mehr als sinngebend erlebt. Religiöses Wissenwurde kaum mehr weitergegeben und bliebvielen jungen Alawiten fremd. Die überliefertenSozialstrukturen lösten sich auf.Hetzkampagnen und VereinnahmungTrotzdem blieb die Vorstellung von einer eigenenalawitischen Identitllt bestehen. Nur wUrdesie neu in einem säkularisierten Sinn gedeutet.Laizismus, Toleranz, Demokratie und Fortschrittlichkeitsind die Begriffe, die heute im alawitischenSelbstbild eine zentrale Rolle spielen undin der Selbstdarstellung gegen aussen fast schlagwortartigimmer wiederkehren. In der Zeit derpolitischen Unks-Rec;hts-Polarisierung hattennoch andere Begriffe Konjunktur: Die alawitischenTraditionen der Gruppeil$o1idarität und derOpposition gegen staatliche Unterdrückung interpretiertenjunge Alawiten als «Sozialismus» und«Antifaschismus» .. Dies allerdings brachte denAlawiten die pauschale Charakterisierung alsKOnl.munisten ein. Antialawitische Hetzkampagnender extremen Rechten waren die Folge undEnde der siebziger Jahre blutige antialawitischeAusschreitungen in Malatya, Sivas, Corum undKahraman-Maras.Von Staat und Parteien fùhlen sich die Alawitenseither zunehmend im Stich gelassen. Denndie Existenz von sunnitisch-alawitischen Spannungenwird von ofTlZÎellerSeite ganz einfach abgestritten.In den Verlautbarungen des Präsidiumsfür Religionsangelegenheiten werden die Unterschiedezwischen den beiden Gruppen heruntergespieltund eine eigenständige alawitische Religiositätgeleugnet. Die Form des Islams, diedurch die staatliche Religionspolitik und den seit1982 obligatorischen Religionsunterricht gefördertwird, entspricht ganz klar rein sunnitischenVorstellungen. Als Reaktion auf diese Versuche,sie mr einen staatlich verordneten Einheitsislamzu vereinnahmen, haben die Alawiten in den letztenJahren begonnen, sich erstmals in der Ge~schichte der türkischen Republik öffentlich alseigenständige Gruppe zu artikulieren. .D.~.diealten Gemeinschaftsstrukturen weitgehend zerfallensind, erfolgt di~s heute QberVereine, Stiftungenund eine wachsende Flut voril>ùblikationen.Auch die liberale türkische Presse hat die Alawitenentdeckt und publiziert recht positiv gehalteneBerichte über sie. Dies nicht zuletzt deshalb weilman in ihnen wichtige Verbündete im I6mpfgegen den anwachsenden Antilaizismus sieht.Suche nach der eigenen IdentitätUnter den Alawiten selber hat das Geffihl, zu,. nehmend unter Druck zu geraten, einen Prozessder Neudefinition der eigenen Identität in Gang: gesetzt. Was diese genau ausmacht, ob sie poli~tisch zu verstehen ist, kulturell oder religiös unèÎin welcher Form die Gemeinschaft in Zukunft ZUorganisieren sei, darüber herrscht kaum Einigkeitunter den verschiedenen alawitischen Organisationen.Nicht zu übersehen ist allerdings eines:Religiöse Traditionen scheinen bei der jüngerenGeneratiol) seit ne'llegtem wieder an Attraktivität1tu:~Wimlen. . ... ..... .'Neue Ptotè~1àktioltenin türkisèhtm:CefängnissenBessere Hafth!!di;,gu~en gefordertit. Istanbul,8. Jun~In den Sondergefängnissen der Türkei ist seiteinigen Wochen eine neue, ständig zunehmendeWelle von Hungerstreiks im Gange, die aber bislangvon den Turbulenzen auf der politischenSzene überschattet wurde. Die jüngsten Protestehaben nach Angaben des türkischen Menschenrechtsvereinsmit einem Hungerstreik im Sondergefängnisvon Diyarbakir begonnen. Mittlerweilebeteiligten sich inf gânzèrt Land rund 10 000 Gefangenein 43 Aqs.talten an der Aktion, unterihnen auch die inhaftierten kurdischen Abgeordnet~nLeyl~ Zan~ Hatip Diele, Orhan Dogan undSehm Sadak. Alisserhalb der Gefängnismauem •.vor allem in den Büros der prokurdischen ParteiHadep, schlossen sich Familienmitglieder vopGefangenen der Protestbewegung an.Familienmitglieder und ihre Anwälte, Menschenrechtlerund' Gewerkschaf ter haben am Freitagauf dem zentralèn Taksim-Platz in Istaftbuleine Pressekonferenz organisiert, um die Teilneh:mer der Uno-K0!lfereJ17; Habitat II auf die Pro~bleme in den türkiSChen Gefängnissen .aufmerksamzu machen. Sie wurden von. der Polizei verhaftet,noch bevor sie über die Forderungen derHungerstreikendèn sprechen konnten.Eine der wichtigsten Forderungen war bis zumRücktritt der Reiîe~ die Ablösung des Justizministers,~eh~t' ~#. Dieser war als Poliieichefberüchtigt, .scwe~~ doch unter seiner Füh.rung die Polizei yor i'e~Qer Foltermethode zurück.Er soll als erstér Polizeichef in den westlichenStlldten der Türkei Todesschwadronen eingembrthaben. Weiter fordern. die Gefangenen ein~ Verbesserungder Haftbedingungen. Die Gefängnissesind überbelegt und feucht, die Ernährung derGefangenen ist ungenügend, die medizinisç:heVersorgung praktisch inexistent,151

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiSchauplatzTürkeiDie lange AnklagehallkEin Massenprozess gegen Künstler und IntellektuelleIm Schatten der gegenwärtigen Regierungskrise läuft in der Türkei ein Prozess. in dem über tausendKultur- und Medienschaffende sich wegen «staatsfeindlicher» Aktivitäten verantworten müssen.Neben der staatlichen Repression sieht der Journalist Tugrul Eryilmaz die sich verstärkendereligiäs-fundamentalistische Bewegu.ng als neue Gefahr für das Geistesleben.Während in Istanbul die Uno-Städtekonferenz '«Habitat Il>>mit erheblichem Aufwand über dieBühne geht, stehen dort auch gegen hundert türkischeKulturschatTende vor den Schranken desStaatssicherheitsgerichts. Sie plädieren, dass es -entgegen dem Wortlaut der Anklage - niemalsihre Absicht gewesen sei, durch ihre TätigkeitHass und Zwietracht in der Bevölkerung zu säen.Unter ihnen sind einige der angesehenstenSchriftsteller, Filmstars, Musiker und Journalistendes Landes; ihnen allen droht eine Haftstrafe,weil sie namentlich für die VerötTentlichung einesBuches zum Thema «Gedankenfreiheit in derTürkei» vèrantwortlich zeichnen. Und die laufendeVerhandlung ist nur ein Segment einesgigantischen Prozesses, in dem 1087 Künstler undIntellektuelle sich vor dem türkischen Staat zuverantwo,rten haben; da die Zahl der Angeklagtendas Fassungsvermögen des Gerichtssaals bei weitemübersteigt, werden sie den Behördenvertreterngruppenweise vorgeführt.Fernziel DemokratieGrundlage' und Nährboden jeder florierendenKultur ist eine Staatsform, welche Meinungs- undAusdrucksfreiheit garantiert: die Demokratie. Fürdie Intellektuellen in der Türkei. ist die persön- 'liche und geistige Entwicklung untrennbar verbundenmit der kontinuierlichen Auseinandersetzungmit einem Staat, dessen wechselnde Machthabernicht gewillt scheinen, die für die Demokratisierunglängst überfälligen gesetzlichen undpolitischen ,Reformen in die Wege zu leiten. Somitsind fast alle KulturschatTenden - im Gegensatzzu ihren Kollegen in jenem Westeuropa" dem sichdie Türkei so gern zugehörig fühlen möchte..,. früheroder später zur militanten politischen Stellungnahmegezwungen. Dass dies, so gut wie dasbedrückende und verunsichernde politische, Klimain der Türkei; im Ausland zumindest wahr-,genommen und yerstanden wird, dokumentiertdie Solidaritätsbotschaft, welche - unterzeichnetvon Arthur Miller, Allen Ginsberg, Susan Sontag,Harold Pinter und Tom Stoppard und vielenanderen - am 31. Mai zum Beginn der laufendenGerichtsverhandlung eintraf: «In einem Land, woSchri,{tsteller vom Formateines Ya~ar Kemal für."ihre Ausserungen vorGericht zitiert werden, kann. es keine Ausdrucksfreiheit geben», heisst es darin,:«und wo Journalisten, die sich mit Tabuthemenwie der Verfolgung der kurdischen Minorität befassen,Todesdrohungen,. Verhaftung, Folter undpolitischem Mord ausgesetzt sind, besteht keinePressefreiheit. Aber ohne Ausdrucks- und Pressefreiheitkann keine Demokratie existieren.»Trotz den angeführten Repressalien war in derTürkei nicht jedermann gewillt, darüber zuschweigen, dass die Sicherheitskräfte im Kampfgegen die kurdischen Separatisten im Lauf derletzten zehn Jahre mehr als 2500 Dörfer im Südostendes Landes zwangsevakuiert'und dabei überzwei Millionen Menschen ihres Obdachs und.~.ihrer Lebensgrundlage beraubt haben. Zahl-,reichen LiteraturschatTenden, Akademikern undJournalisten hat ihre mutige Kritik Gerichtsverfahrenoder Haftstrafen eingetragen.Unberechenbarund absurdEine besondere Tücke des türkischen Systems'besteht in seiner Unberechenbarkeit; in keinem,Falle ist vorauszusehen, wo genau die Machthaberd,ie Grenzen der «Gedankenfreiheit» ziehenwerden. Während ein Schriftsteller oder Journalistsich unbehelligt zur Kurdenfrage äussernKann, landet 'ein anderer - oder eine andere - imGefängnis; wenn der eine Karikaturist oder Fernsehproduzentfür seine Kritik am Vorgehen derArmee lediglich eine bedingte Strafe kassiert odersogar freigesprochen wird, kann der nächste zumehrjähriger Haft verurteilt werden. Der JournalistI~ik Yurtçu beispielsweise, ehemals Leitereiner mittlerweile verbotenen Tageszeitung, wirdsechzehn Jahre im Gefängnis verbringen müssen.Manchmal allerdings verkehrt sich die Tragödieins Groteske; so haben die türkischen Intellektuellenzumindest gelegentlich noch, etwas zulachen. Zurzeit etwa feiert in den Kinos ein türkischerFilm Grosserfolge, der die (authentische)Geschichte eines Mannes erzählt, der vor langerZeit auf selbstgefertigten Schwingen über dasGoldene Horn zu fliegen versuchte. Natürlichsind zeitkritische Anspielungen ins Szenario geschmuggelt;und natürlich führte der Kulturministerunserer sogenannten :...und mittlerweile zerbrochenen- Koalitionsregierung in Presse undFernsehen einen erbitterten Krieg gegen denStreifen. Der genaue Grund? Im Film wird angedeutet,dass sich ein ottomanischer, Sultan gelegentlichauch mit jungen Männern vergnügthabe; darin sah der treue biener seines Staatseine unverzeihliche Beleidigung' des nationalen ,historischen Selbstverständnisses.Angesichts solcher aufgezwungener Tabus - dieauf praktisch jedem Denk- und Lebensbereich"lasten - ist es' den türkischen Intellektuellen und 'Künstlern verwehrt, sich im eigenen' SchatTenoder in gemeinsamer Diskussion unbehindert,und damit konstruktiv, mit grundlegenden gesellschaftlichen,religiösen oder politischen Fragen zubef~~~ fJ.Ind miUleJWeil~, d,roht sich vollendseine Zange urn die geistige Freiheit in unseremLand zu schliessen:'ltilgesiè:hts von Versagen undKorruption iimerhalb der säkularen Staatsgewalthaben die islamischen Fundamentalisten wachsendenZulauf. Wieviel an politischem und geistigemLiberalismus von dieser Seite zu erwartensein wird, ist bekannt - allerdings vielleicht nichtbis ins letzte Detail: So unterhalten die Islamistennämlich bereits privatè Fernsehkanäle, auf denender Gebrauch des Wortes «schaffen» untersagtist, weil Gott allein des SchatTens mächtig sei.Muss - oderkann - man hierzu noch etwassagen?H. Tugrul Eryilmaz152

Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.EP. - A~eG[eframe Prelle-A.EP. - AJéîle frJ,ile PrÖlt-A,EP' - Aï:',: f':'l: P':"e-A.EP. - Aï:':: f':':t P;elle-A.EP. - A;e::e frc':e Prelle-A.EP. - A~enreframe Pre\\e-FRS0210 4 l 0277 RFA /AFP-AP71Turquie-KurdesLe cessez-le-feu du PKK toujours en vigueur, selon le Centre d'informationdu KurdistanCOLOGNE (Allemagne), 11 juin (AFP) - Le Centre d'information duKurdistan en Allemagne a déclaré mardi que la reprise des actionsmilitaires contre le régime turc décidée par le Parti des travailleurs duKurdistan (PKK, séparatiste) ne s'appliquait qu'au "long terme" et que lecessez-le-feu "se poursuivait".Ce cessez-le-feu, décrété unilatéralement le 15 décembre dernier par lePKK en Turquie, n'est pas rompu et est toujours en vigueur, a assuré mardile Centre d'information basé à Cologne (ouest), ajoutant que le PKK "resteprêt au dialogue pour trouver une solution politique".Le Centre explique ainsi qU'un communiqué précédent qu'il avait publiélundi soir et qui annonçait que le PKK avait décidé de reprendre sesactions militaires contre la Turquie avait conduit à "un malentendu".Ce communiqué avait annoncé la décision du PKK, prise lors d'une "4èmeconférence nationale kurde" dont la date n'a pas été précisée, de"renforcer ses actions militaires contre la Turquie", notamment par "desattaques ciblées contre certaines villes et certains objectifs à portéestratégique dans lesquels des commandos suicide doivent être engagés".Mardi, le Centre d'information du Kurdistan affirme que les "résolutionsconcernant la reprise et l'intensification de la guerre ne sont valablesqU'au cas où le cessez-le-feu prendrait fin". Elles doivent être comprisescomme étant "des résolutions à long terme, et encore plus important, nesont valables qu'en temps de guerre", a assuré le Centre dans soncommuniqué publié mardi.amc/bm e.fAFP /AA1234/111030 .JUN 96A.F.P. -1~llle froncePressa-A.F.P. -lgelKl fralKePresll-A.F.P. -Agence fralO Presse-A.F.P. -igele flllKl Presse-A.F.P. -lgeMe fralllePressa-A.F.P. -l~n(t froncePresse-153

'Time for dying in the prisonsBy Jan PacalTurkish Daily NewsISTANBUL- The hunger strikes taking place in morethan 40 prisons all over Turkeyare contmuing. But withsome of the prisoners into the 48th day of their protests, it isreported that some are at death'sdoor.'Nineteen prisoners from DiyarbakIr prison were reportedlybealen during their hunger strike and sent to Antepprison have reached the 48th day of their strike. In a declarationgiven by the prisoners, it was reported that none willgive up the hunger strike although they are faced withdeath. According to information taken from the Jlrison, thehealth condition of 19 prisoners is very poor and is deterioratingrapidly. The families of.69 prisoners who startedfasting in June, are supporting theIr relatives by protestaction. Nearly 20 prisoners' relatives started a hunger strikein front of the Refah Party's Diyarbakir Headquarters.Refah' s DiyarbakIr regional chaIrman, Sadullati Seven,stated that Mehmet Agar, the Minister for Justice,.was not a,"justice, but tyranny tninister" and said they consider the'.activists as guests according to the declaration of their headnt'fiee. ' ."A human being, because of remorse, would concludethis 48-day hunger strike by taking into consideration thedemands of these 19 prisoners," he said.The demands of the prisoners are: .* The abolition of Mehmet A~ar' s circular letter's.* The closing of Eski~ehir Prison. '* Calling a halt to the attacks on prisoners' families.* An end to the attacks directed towards the right of selfdefense..* The abolition of solitary confinement ,and of sending ofI?risoners to other prisons, often far away from theidamilies.Economist surveypessimistic onTurkey' s futureTurkish Daily New.~WASHINGTON - The Economist magazine, in a specialJune 8 survey, drew out a dark picture of Turkey, as adynamic country that is facing chaos unless it solves many ,economic, social and political problems that it faces, anddoes so in a hurry.If, for example, the Turkish army's allegedly "very brutal"battle agamst the PKK continues, it will help create"the separatist nationalism it wants to destroy," Economistsaid. "If [the army] goes on, the country's religious, ethnicand political cracks may widen beyond spannmg, and the, Turkish state may simply become a brief pause in the longdisintegration of the Ottoman world.":~.•' ',Ii' .Tu'fkish Daily NewstÙEsDAV.JUNE 11.1996•Four economic problemsThe following are identified as Turkey's top four economicproblems: "Subsidies for state enterprises, the costof war in the south-east, a huge black-market economy"and ineffective tax collection."Army, The surve~ focused on Army's role in tOOay's Turkey aswell since 'politics in Turkeyaredesigned by tbe army."played out on a field"The prominent role played by the army is perhaps onereason why Turkey's democracy has never quite grown, up," the Economist said. "Pohticians can always hidebehind the army's back. For example, by defining the civilwar in the south-east as "terrorism," they have simplyhanded the problemsaid.to the security forces," the Economist.The army "gives no press briefings or interviews andemploys no press officials. Its role remains ambivalent: itis both the guardian of the state and the strait-jacketprevent polttieal development."which"Bridge?"The survey .zoomed in on the way Turkey has frequently, .been described as the "bridge between the East and theWest." That's simply not so, Economist said., "This is thewrong image. Individual Turks belong toeither east or west: these worlds are so different that there, is no effective bridge among them." ."Turkey is more like a tree," the survey silid, "with rootsin many different cultures and ethnicitits ... Each branchknows where it is going, but the tree as whole does not."The survey warned that "it is possible to imagine Turkeydescending mto chaos" if the government "fails to reformthe economy so that living standards fall further, if itallows the war in the east to continue, if there are riots inthe streets met by a repressive police force."RefahWhether the next government to tackle such problemswill be the pro-IslamIc Refah depends on whether RI' willbe able to survive the splits among its own ranks,Economist notes. "Refah's dilemma now is whether tokeep playing the fundamentalist card or to moderate itsmessage. It may have .reached saturation support amongfundamentalists; but if it turns,mOOerate it may splh." ,As' a concrete example to Refah' s problems, the surveymentioned the case of the missing female candidate candIdatesin December 1995 elections. "The purists rejoicedwhen it decided not to field femaleprobably lost votes as a result."candIdates ... but itContradictionsTurkey is nevertheless a country with.a mighty potential,it is noted. Developing industrial centers hke Bursa addgreat vitality to the nation with its cheap and skilled workforcethat can compete in world markets. Bursa earns $1billion annually from exports, half of which comes from6,000 small textile com~anies, Economist notes."But while "Turkey s heads an shoulders are thrusting.into the brave new world of global markets and universalculture, its leßs are firmly stuck in history, geography, warand poverty.' And that's the greatest obstacle to realizingdreams of "golden apple" in Turkey, Econotnist says -that is, dreams of jobs, homes, and a better life in general,and joining the European Union in particular. ,154

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti--Reactions to Saturday'sincidents continueBy Zafer F. YörükTurkish Daily NewsISTANBUL- Reflections onSaturday's incidents in Istanbul'sBeyoglu district continue with theauthontiesthe laboron one side and, on the other,unions and political partieswho were subjected to police VIOlenceand mass arrests.Minister of the Interior Ülkü Güneysaid that he was proud of the IstanbulPolice, who had acted "objectively andin detennination" on Saturday.Güney claimed that they had receivedinformation that illegal organizationswould provoke the Confederation ofPublic Workers Unions (KESK) actionon Saturday, and that if the police hadnot dispersed the demonstratIOn at thattime, incidents similar to those that hadhappened on May Day - whe~ tra~itionalLabor Day demonstrations 10Istanbul' s Kadikoy district had turnedinto a full scale riot - would have takenplace again.. .Güney also said that the poilce hadestablished that among the 156 arrestedwere members of illegal organizationssuch as the RevolutIOnary People'sLiberation Party-Front (DHKP- C), theTurkish Worker's and Peasant'sLiberation Army (T1KKO), and theMarxist Leninist Communist Party(MLKP).Güney stated that it had been impossibleto allow an action to go ahead whichwould certainly have caused some negativeimpact on Turkey's image abroad.The minister also expressed regret forthe way some members of the press hadbeen trealed by the police.Güney's statement came in parallel tothaI of Istanbul Chief of Police KemalYaliclOglu who had said on Saturdaythat "It should be known that we shallnot allow these illegal actions to goahead which aim to give a bad impressionto the world by putting Thrkey andthe Turkish police into a difficult position".Uras: "We shallinvestigate the Police Chief'VESK and the left ~ing Freedom andl~olidarity Party (ODP) both protestedthe police's behavior on Saturday inpre.~sconferences.ODP leader Ufuk Uras condemnedthe Istanbul Police's seige of the ÖDPIstanbul organization office on Saturday,in which they arrested anybody enteringor leaving the building - including theparty's executives.Uras also condemned the police's violentintervention in the silent protest ofthe families of the "missing" (those whohave disappeared while in police custody),and the KESK demonstration forlabor rights on Saturday.Commenting on the Minister of theInterior's explanation for the seige ~sbeing that ther~ ~ere moloto~ cockt~lsin the ODP bUlldmg, Uras saId the mmisterwas a caricature of the NaziPropaganda Minister, Goebbels.Uras continued to quote Istanbulpolice chief Kemal YazlclOglu by sayingthat the .police w,ere. in~estig~ting thelinks of Illegal organizations With thosearrested, and countered that "we shallinvestigate the Istanbul police chiefsconnections with illegal organizationswithin the state."Uras claimed that Yazlcloglu was awell known torturer, and the fact that hehad been appointed head of the IstanbulPolice meant that the Turkish stateawarded torturers.Uras also called Mehmet Agar' sappointment as Minister of Jusl1ce .~scandal, given the alleged past of thisperson as a torturer, too.He went on to claim that "Turkey isat present governed by Agar andYazlclOglu, who are trying to implementa police coup in the vacuum of government."Uras said that the party' s lawyerswere to afply to the public prosecutor toask the stanbul Police Chief to bebrought to justice and to be punished forhis crimes.He said "YazlclOglu and Güneyshould learn to treat the ODP as a legalpolitical party or we shall teach themthrough legal means how to behave.::. Around 250 members of the ODPwere arrested on Saturday, among themone vice president, four party executivesand 40 provincial and district executives.Uras declared that he had begun abeard growing protest in order todemand the return of Talat Türkoglu,who has been missing in custody forover two months, and to demand an endto the escalating persecution in prisonsand to that the government apologize topeople who have been forcibly movedfrom their villages in the southeast.~~~-.,..-~~~Q~~ ~KESK prlltes~KESK Executive Commiuee hasTheld a press conference to condemnthe {>lice'sobstruction of their demonstrationon Saturday.KESK president Siyami Erdern, whowas arrested during the demonslralion,condemned the Istanbul Chief of Police,the Istanbul Governor and the Ministerof the Interior for acting like ultrarightwingmilitants rather than statesmen,and said that "while the police supplyevery facility for reactionary, fascistand pro-Sharia demonstrators, they carry ,on multi- dimensional assaults on labororganizationsdemands."who raise democraticErdem protested that many KESKmembers had been manhandled andbeaten up by police truncheons onSaturday, and that 250 KESK membershad been arrested.In addition, he claimed, thousands ofKESK members coming from othercities to participate in the demonstrationhad been stopped on highway entrances'to Istanbul and been arrested or sentback. Erdem declared that public workerswere determined to continue theirstruggle against ail the odds.In Ankara, KESK members carriedout a demonstration on Monday inprotest at Saturday'sdetentions.incidents andNGO's at Habitat Il carryon subsequent protestshe NGO's participating at the HabilatTII conference have been carrying outsubsequent protests to Saturday's events.On Sunday and Monday at IstanbulTechnical University s Ta~kl~laCampus. Hundreds of Habitat II participantsin black outfits gathered again onMonday and laid down on Ihe groundwith black stripes on their mouths to signifythe gagging of freedom of expression.A declaration expressed support forthe families of the missing ~rsons incustody, and for the Turkish publicworkers' stru~gle for their rights.The Habitat demonstrators alsodemanded that the arrested demonstratorsbe released.155

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiAnkara conducting broad-based" "..socioeconomic survey in N.IraqRegional authorities are said tohave welcomed this initiative withthe hope that it will bring much-needed înfrastructural investmentBy Ay~e KarabatTurkish Daily NewsERBIL, northern lraq- A group ofTurkish researchers is conducting asurvey in northern Iraq under the coordinationof the Turkish ForeignMinistry in order to ~ather socioeconomicfacts about this sociologicallyunder-charted region, the TurkishDaily News has learned.Ankara aims, by means of this survey,to gather not only demographicinformation but to assemble data onthe living conditions of northernIraqis.The survey is said to have reserved aspecial place for the region' sTurkmens, who are relatives of theTurks and whose numbers in northernIraq are said to be anything from600,000 to 1,500,000. The questionsbeing asked the people of the regioninvolve such diverse topics as the kindof music they listen to, whether theyuse any birth control methods, andwhat they think about Turkey and theKurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).Local authorities in northern Iraq,who appear to approve of the survey,say that its results will also, amongother things, provide ajicture of economicconditions an the kinds ofinvestment that would be beneficial forthe region.They also indicate that Turkey mayeven have been late in initiating such awelcome survey, which they clearlyhope will contribute to bringing muchneededsocial infrastructural projectsto the region.The Turkish research team comprisessix me/Il!>ers lWd is led by AssistantProfessor Umit Ozda~ from Ankara'sGazi University, who nas already visitedthe region and met the regionalsenior officials such as Ali Cosrat fromthe Patriotic Union of Kurdistan(PUK), and Sami Abdurrahman fromthe Kurdistan Democratic Party(KPP).Ozdag and his team have alreadycompleted research on the, culturalcomposition and the identity problemof the inhabitants of southeasternAnatolia, and those who have migratedwestwards in Anatolia from thisregion.Their findings in this research werebased on interviews with Il,000respondents.156EL pAts,martes 11 de junio'de 1996Protesta de las ONG de laCumbre deEstambul.por las 'cargas policialesDenuncias en Habitat II por la situacion de los kurdosRAFAEL RUIZ (ENVIADO ESPECIAL); EstambulCOmo ya sucedio en la COmbre de la MU:j~r~e-.kin, 1995), la protesta mas enérgica dei Foro de.ONG de la Cumbre de' Estambul se esta diri- 1giendo contra la actuàcion poücial -él fin desemana los agentes cargaron contra uiia nïani-festaciori de apoyo a las madres de desapareci-"dos, que se reunen semanalmente en él centro deEstambul, y detuvieron a varios cientos de perso~y J.a violacion de derechOs humarios deIGobiemo antitrion, en este caso el turco, en relacioncon los kurdos. " .En este foro, el activista proderechos humanos Vedat Ge- ';10s no estaba directamente re- .tales y los alcaldes: sector prilacionadacon la-organizacion vado, ONG, profesionales y'tin presentoun documento de32 paginas con articulos perio- . de la cumbre, El portavoz de la sindièatos; y que supone una"disticos censurados por tratar delegacion de la' Union Eu" '. novedad en este tipo de conferopea;el italiano Paolo Coppi. . rencias), al seiialar que, mien-el tema de la destruccion depoblaciones kurdas.ni, seiialo'qûe:la preo(;;upaciori, " tras los alcaldes si estan' masEl enfado de las organiza- " por estasactuaciones se encau." implicados, las ONG contizarapor'''vias diplomaticas". nuan en un segundo plano.ciones no gubernamentales(ONG), que elaboraron un do- . . . Aunqlie en la Cumbre decumento" de protesta dirigido . Es.6iinbul se les ha dado masal Gobiemo turco, ha alcanzado.tal cali1:>reque Naciones ..eiaS':'mundiales anteriores, las La CUmbre de Estambul pasacalMaqu~ en otras coiûeren- Los alcaldes protagonistasUnidas, "a"través de su. portavozAyman El Arnir, tuvo que 'ln'arginadas. Lo confirmo en la que los alcaldes entraron.O~(j siguen considerandose '. ra a la historia como la reunionlanzar un llamamiento a la calma,tras aclarar qùe la mani-'té II (el foro de encuentro entre . das. Lo destaco ayer Elizabeth"Marth Lujanen, jefe del çomi-en el debate de NaCiones Unifestaciondonde hubJ' dett

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti~ 3ürmtr 3ritungINTERNATIONALE AUSGABE Mittwoch, 12. Juni 1996 . Nr. 134 3Neue Herausfordemng Ankaras durch die PKKZunehmende Spannungen zwischen der Türkei und SyrienDie Arbeiterpartei Kurdistans (PKK) hat ihren einseitigen Waffenstillstand beendet unddroht mit neuen Anschlägen in der ganzen Türkei; es gibt dabei Anhaltspunkte dafür, dasssie von Syrien ferngesteuert wird. Das Militärabkommen der Türkei mit Israel belastet dieohnehin seit längerem gespannten Beziehungen zwischen Ankara und Damaskus zusätzlich.Es birgt aber auch innenpolitisch beträchtlichen Sprengstoff.it. Istanbul,Il.JuniDie Arbeiterpartei Kurdistans (PKK) hat amMontag ihren im letzten Dezember einseitig ausgerufenenWaffenstillstand fùr beendet erklärt.Sie habe sechs Monate lang den Waffenstillstandohne Unterbrechung eingehalten, während dietürkische Regierung in dieser Zeit den Krieg imSüdosten noch verschärft habe, hiess es in einerMitteilung der Partei. Angeblich aus diesemGrund soll die kurdische Organisation an ihrer4. Nationalkonferenz beschlossen haben, künftigverstärkte Angriffe auf Städte durchzuführen und.auch Selbstmordkommandos bei «gezielten Angriffenauf Ziele von strategischer Bedeutung»einzusetzen.Arabisches MisstrauenTürkische Nahostexperten fOOren das plötzlicheE.•de des Waffenstillstandes hauptsächlich.auf die jüngste Eskalation in den Beziehungenzwischen Ankara und Damaskus zurück; sie weisendarauf hin, dass der PKK-Vorsitzende,Abdullah Öcalan, unweit der syrischen Hauptstadtresidiert. Tatsächlich sind die Beziehungenzwischen Ankara und Damaskus seit Mitte derachtziger Jahre immer wieder neuen Belastungenausgesetzt, sei es wegen der Wasserfrage amEuphrat, wegen der syrischen Unterstützung derPKK oder wegen der hauptsächlich von Arabernbewohnten Provinz Hatay im türkischen Südwesten.Zwischen Arabern und Türken herrschtseit dem Verfall des Osmanischen Reiches ohnehinein gegenseitiges Misstrauen. Dieses wurdenoch tiefer, als die Türkei und Israel im letztenFebruar ein Militärabkommen abschlossen.Das Abkommen, das unter anderem den Austauschvon Informationen und gemeinsameMilitärmanöver vorsieht, habe den Nahen Ostenin eine «Region der Konflikte und. Allianzen»verwandelt, sagte vor kurzem der ägyptischeAussenminister Amr Mussa. Wie schon gemeldet,haben die Spitzen Syriens, Ägyptens und Saudiarabiensbei ihrem Treffen vom Wochenende inDamaskus die Türkei aufgerufen, ihr Militärabkommenmit Israel nochmals zu. überdenken.,.die Interessen der Araber zu respektieren undeine Politik der «guten Nachbarschaft und der gemeinsamenInteressen» zu verfolgen. Ankara hatauf den eher harschen Ton dieser Deklaration zuerstgeschwiegen. Die geschäftsführende RegierungYilmaz, mit den Verhandlungen über dieBildung einer neuen Regierung vollauf beschäftigt,reagiert in aussenpolitischen Fragen nurmehr träge. Türkische Diplomaten machen aberkein Hehl aus ihrem Missmut über die arabischeIntervention. Kein arabischer Staat sei bemächtigt,der Türkei zu diktieren, mit wem sie Abkommenabzuschliessen habe, sagte ein hoher Béamterdes Aussenministeriums in der Tageszeitung«Milliyet». Mit diesem Wortlaut hatte voreinem Monat auch Präsident Demirel die Bedenkendes ägyptischen Aussenministers zurückgewiesen.Islamisten gegen Abkommen mit IsraelDas Abkommen mit Israel wird mittlerweile inder Türkei innenpolitisch zum Zankapfel zwischenIslamisten und Säkularisten. Im Gegensatzzu allen konservativen Parteien im Parlament, diedie militärische Zusammenarbeit mit Tel Aviv begrüssthaben, lehnte die islamistische Wohlfahrtspartei(Refah) diese von Beginn an ab; ihr ChefErbakan versprach, er werde das Abkommen kündigen,falls er Regierungschef werde. Diese Haltungfindet in der türkischen Öffentlichkeit zweifellosUnterstützung. Doch fordern die Islamistenmit ihrer Ablehnung des Abkommens das Misstrauendes türkischen Militärs weiter heraus.Konservative Avancen an ErbakanAnkara, 10. Juni. (afp) Hasan Ekinci, stellvertretenderVorsitzender der konservativen Parteides rechten Weges (DYP), hat llIl\ Dienstag erklärt,eine Koalition mit Erbakans Wohlfahrtsparteisei möglich. «Um das Land auf vorgezogeneNeuwahlen vorzubereiten, können wir mitjedem eine Koalition bilden, auch mit der Wohlfahrtspartei»,sagte er. Die frühere MinisterpräsidentinCiller selbst hatte ein solches Bündnis derDYP mit den Islamisten am Sonntag noch ausgeschlossen.157

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Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - A~€meFlame Pre\\e-A.F.P. - A~emeFramePrme-A.F.P. - A~emeFramePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~emeFramePr€\\e-A.F.P. - A;:':: Fre":: PI€I)€-A.F.P. - A~êê[eFrot:€ PI€\\e-A.F.P.A.F.P'.FRS0350 3 IG 0182 TUR /AFP-IZ96Turquie-Kurdes lead72 rebelles kurdes et 6 soldats turcs tués, selon AnkaraANKARA, 12 juin (AFP) - Soixante douze rebelles kurdes au total et sixsoldats turcs ont été tués lors d'opérations militaires de l'armée dansl'est et le sud-est anatoliens, a rapporté l'agence Anatolie, qui neprécise pas la date de ces opérations.Elles ont été menées dans les régions de Hakkari, à la frontière avecl'Iran et l'Irak, de Sirnak, à la frontière avec l'Irak et la Syrie, deBingoI (est) et de Bitlis (sud-est), indique Anatolie.L'armée turque a multiplié ses opérations depuis début avril contre leParti des Travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK, séparatiste), tuant près de 625maquisards kurdes, selon les bilans annoncés par les autorités.Le PKK mène une rébellion armée depuis 1984 contre Ankara. Cetterébellion, qui vise à créer un Etat indépendant kurde dans le sud-estanatolien, situé à la frontière av~c la Syrie, l'Irak et l'Iran, et lesopérations de représailles de l'armée ont fait en 12 ans près de 22.000morts, civils, militaires, rebelles et policiers.CE/hc/nj eafAFP /AA1234/121146 JUN 96A.F.P.A.F.P.FRS0168 4 IG 0137 TOR /AFP-XU75Turquie-Kurdes lead50 rebelles kurdes tués par l'armée turque selon AnkaraANKARA, 14 juin (AFP) - Cinquante rebelles kurdes ont été tués parl'armée turque lors d'opérations militaires dans la région de Cukurca, enterritoire turc le long de la frontière avec l'Irak, a annoncé vendredil'agence Anatolie.Ce bilan porte à 122 le nombre des tués du Parti des Travailleurs duKurdistan (PKK séparatiste) dans des opérations militaires et accrochagesarmés entre troupes turques et rebelles kurdes dans différentes régions dusud-est anatolien. .Un bilan de 72 tués chez les rebelles et de 6 dans les rangs de l'arméeturque avait été annoncé mercredi sans que les dates de ces combats n'aientété précisées. Sur ces 72 rebelles mis hors de combat, 39 l'avaient étédans la région de Cukurca.CE/hc/nj tfAFP /AA1234/141000 JUN 96A.F.P. - AgenceFraMePresse-A.F.P. - AgenceFrancePresse-AJ.P. -Agence FrancePresse-A.EP. - AgenteFrancePresse-A.F.P. -lgelKe FrancePresse-A.F.P. -&gelD FraMePresse-159

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTURQUIE. Pour la première fois, la Turquie dispute la phase finale du Championnatd'Europe de football. Un sport qui suscite un engouement exceptionnel.Opium du peuple ou seul exutoire - trop souvent violent - à toutes les frustrations?Prolos, jeunes et Kurdesjouent leur vie au footNOKTAISTANBUL'équipe Fers et Aciers deKarabük [à 300 km à l'estd'Istanbul], qui luttaitrécemment pour ne pasperdre sa place en pre-.mière division, avait unerencontre décisive à jouercontre l'équipe de ZeytinllUrnu,confrontée au même problème desurvie. Hélas! Karabük ne put éviterle but marqué par ses adversairesà la 9Ü"minute du match, l'envoyantinexorablement en deuxième division.Le soir de cette rencontre, undébat télévisé réunissait les représentantsdes deux équipes. L'entraîneurde Karabük, Ilyas Tüfekçi,expliqua les sentiments qui avaientmotivé ses joueurs: "0 ne s'agissaitpas tant de conseroer notre place.Nous nous battions surtout pour:l'honneur de notre ville. "Il est vrai que les habitants deKarabük avaient transformé leur.équipe de foot en un instrwnent poli-~tique dans leur lutte contre les.~enaœs de fermeture du grand complexesidérurgique qui fait viVre la.ville. Une bonne partie de la gauche,qui soutenait leur cause, considéraitavec sympathie cette forme de combat.En son sein, certains ont même.proposé de Ïeter le 1 er mai en assistantmassivement au match que Karabükdisputait ce jour-là contre Sariyer. Lesociologue Can Kozanoglu, auteur dulivre "Nous gagnerons ce match I", ne. comprend pas le raisonnement de lagauche: "La ville de Karabük est un.bastion de la droite. Et là-bas, les.ouvriers de la sidérurg;,e ne sont pasproches des courants de gauche ..,D'aüleurs, l'équipe defoot n'était pastrès liée à la lutte des ouvriers menacés.de chômage." Pourquoi, dans ces.conditions, manifester un tel engoue-:iD:ent pour l'équIpe ? Un autre;, . , ...êJi;empl~ousvient du Sud-Est ana~."n est atteint d'une crise d'égocentrisme. "Dessin de Mahmoud Kahil paru dans Al Majalla - LONDREStolien. Lors de la saison 1991-1992,;l'équipe Cizre Spor [Cizre est un bourgà majorité kurde près de la frontièresyrienne], en troisième division,.compte un joueur originaire d'Adana[vilie du sud méditerranéen], dont, à.vrai dire, le jeu n'est pas très brillant.Mais il s'appelle Abdullah, ce quidonne comme diminutif "Apo" [sur-,nom du leader de la guérilla sépara-.tiste kurde, le PKK]. En fait, cet Apo-'ci n'est pas kurde du tout. Maisqu'importe! Il est le chouchou desgradins. Qu'il arrive, de temps entemps, à donner un coup de pied dansle ballon, les spectateurs n'arrêtentpas de scander son nom aux cris de~"BijiApo!" ["ViveApo I", en kurde]. '. En vérité, les pelouses vertes de:Thrquie regorgent d'histoires de cegenre. A quoi donc correspondent.:au juste ces deux mets et ce ballon?Le foot est-il l'opium utilisé par le.pouvoir pour dépolitiser les masses?Un moyen de détoUrner les conflitssociaux vers des cibles fallacieuses?'Qu'en est-il des théories quiquallfientFenerbahçe d'équipe b~Hirgeoise,Galatasaray d'équipe ari~ocrate,et Besiktas d'équipe prolétaire[tous trois des clubs starrtbouliotes], .dans un secteur où des milliardssont souvent en jeu? D'après certains,on peut trouver dans le footbaIllaterre entière, selon d'autres,la terre entière est un terrain de foot.On peut comparer le foot à lamusique pop, surtout au rock, qui estsouvent lié à une certaine idée derévolte. Cette musique qui réunit les.tendances et les contradictions les .plus .diverses - allant des musiciens.protestataires aux imprésarios et aux.sociétés de production richissimes-.est à la fois une véritable industrieet un spectacle très coloré. Les RollingStones l'avaient compris: "Après.tout, ce n..'est que du, ro.ck'n roll, mais160

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti1Wwl'aimons", 'chai1taient-ils.Mêmesi cela sonne simpliste, le plus raisonnableserait peut-être de dire lamême chose du football. Après tout,ce n'est qu'un ballon et deux fIlets,mais nous l'aimons.Le plus ennuyeux dans ce tableauest sans doute la violence des supporters,qui provoquent régulière~ment morts et blessés dans lesbagarres à la fin des matchs. Ce .phénomène a toujours existé, maisil atteint des sommets ces dernièresannées. Selon le sociologue CanKozanoglu, "on crée, avec lefoot, unmicrocosme de notre monde. L'écart .énorme qui continue de se creuserentre les revenus des différentes catégoriessociales en Thrquie et la stratificationcroissante au sein de'chaque classe sociale produisent deseffets certains sur les gradins. "Pas de femme,pas de danse,pas de musique, reste le stedeNos équipes, nos joueurs, leurs dirigeants,les supporters reflètent tousla société que nous connaissons.Plus le pays sombre dans la culturede la violence, plus la violencepénètre dans nos vies, dans les relationsà l'intérieur de nos familles.N'est-il pas naturel que les stades,aussi en soient envahis? N'est-il pasvrai qu'à une certaine époque, leschauffeurs des minibus transportantdes gens aux stades appelaientleurs clients potentiels en criant "Al'hôpital, à l'hôpital l" ?Mais qui sont donc ces supportersqui déclenchent la bagarre? Selonune idée répandue, ce sont desexclus des banlieues. L'écrivainDeniz Gökçe, spécialiste en économiedu sport, est plus nuancé: "ITTUlginezun spectateur typique, unouvrier carrossier de seize ans. Il n'aaucune satisfaction dan.~ .~af,ie. travaillecomme un chien six jours sur.sept. Pas defemme, pas de danse, pasde mwique, il a jwte un jour à lui, le-diTTUlnche.Et ce jour-là, les TTUltchss'offrent comme un divertissementbon TTUlrehé.Lorsqu'il crie là-bas:'Fenerbahçe est la plusforte l', enfait,il crie 'J'existe, moi aussi l'. Quandson équipe gagne le Championnatnational, il peut TTUlrehercôte à côteavec le richissime Faruk SÜ1'en[présidentde l'autre grand club, Galatasaray],lefront ceint du même bandeau.npeut serrer la TTUlind~li Sen{le Bernard Tapie ture, président de .Fenerbahçe], qui possède des yachts,des immeubles ... Ali Sen lui parlemême. Le seul endroit où il peut qffirmerson existence au sein du systètne,c'est' ce stade dégoûtant, avec sespuanteurs d'urine et de saucisson. Sivow interdisez l'activité syndicale auTTUlnœuvred'Umraniye [quartier debidonvilles à Istanbul], si son partipolitique ne peut pas accéder au pouvoir,si ses croyances religieuses necompensentpas le TTUlnquenon plus,et si par-dessw le TTUlrché,il voit sonéquipe defoot battue, il ne lui restequ'à tout casser. Quel autre moyend'expression a-t-il ?"Partant de là, certains préconisentdes solutions comme l'augmentationdu prix qes billets d'entrée auIraq to bar UN inspectorsfrom all 'sensitive' sitesStandoff: Incident brings new tensions between .Iraq and Security Council which met beJlindclose&doors.to consider latest violation'Reuler.fBAGHDAD- Iraq said onWednesday it would not allowU.N. armsinspectors to en~ersites it considered vital to Itsnational sovereignty and security.. Deputy Prime Minister TanqAzi~ said Baghdad denied a teamof international experts access toa Republican Guard facility onW~nesday and two similar siteson Tuesday. He said it had nointention of changing its mind."We have a legitimate right tobe worried about the entry of theinspectors, who belong to COUDtriesthat have hostile schemesagainst Ir3

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetiat U.N. head~uarterS of an agreement permitting Iraqto sell $2 bilhon worth of oil over six months to buyfood, medicine and other necessities.. The "oil-for-food" scheme is an exception to the.sanctions, which will remain in place until theSecurity Council is satisfied Iraq's nuclear, chemical,,hiologlcal and ballistic missile p~te~tia~ h~s beenscrapped and long-term U.N. momtonng IS ID placeto prevent it from again acquiring banned weapons.Aziz accused the head of the U.N. SpecialCommission (UNSCOM), which is scrapping thearms, of trying to provoke Iraq."We had in the past informed UNSCOM's chair"man Rolf Ekeus to refrain from submitting provocativeinspection d~mands relevant to sovereignty andnationaf security," Aziz said.He said the denial of access to such sites was notbecause Iraq hid prohibited items in them but because"they are places related to national security.". A team of more than 50 arms experts under.Rùssian Nikita Sniidovich is in Baghdad searchingfor possible hidden missiles, missile launchers anddocuments. On Tuesday, Aziz said, Smidovich askedto visit eightsites and he was allowed to see only six.The other two belonged to Iraq's elite RepublicanGuards.''This morning (Wednesday) the insPection teamresumed its provocative aCl1vities and demandedentrance into another Republican Guard site and wedid not allow it to do so," Aziz said.INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE, SATURDAY-SUNDAY, JUNE 15-16, 1996By Celestine Bohlen, ;New York Times Service162

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiPolitical Crisis Creates MoreGloom for Provide Comfort-.tt..NUR ÇEVlKTurkey wants substantialchanges in the current statusof Operation ProvideComfort while the United Statesopposes this and wants the status. quo to be preserved. Thus theyare far apart on the renewal of themandate for this special force createdin 1991 to protect the IraqiKurds against the forces ofSaddam Hussein after the GulfWar ...OPC comprises air units stationedin Turkey's southern airbase of lncirlik which patrol theskies of northern Iraq and monitorIraqi troop movements whichcould cause potential dangers tothe Kurds.The mandate of the force hasbeen renewed by the TurkishParliament at regular intervalsevery six months yet oppositioninside Turkey has grown to it asTurks charged that ProvideComfort, while protecting IraqiKurds against Saddam, has alsohelped them to create the conditionsto set up a separate Kurdishstate - thus creating a bad examplefor Turkey's Kurdish citizenswho live in the southeastern partsof the country bordering on Iraq.Most Turks now believeProvide Comfort has becomemore of a liability than an assetand want it scrapped.Parliament renewed its mandatein late March for threemonths, only until the end ofJune. Now Parliament has toeither extend the mandate of OPCor tell it to leave Turkish soil...Iraqi Kurdish leader J alaITalabani in an interview with theTurkish Daily News has said itwould be much better for ProvideComfort to switch to anothercountry such as Jordan because,he charged, Turkey uses the issuefor permanent blackmail againstthe West as well as the Kurds.Observers say the currentgovernment crisis in Turkey hascreated a new situation in whichthe debate over the extension ofProvide Comfort has been furthercomplicated. There is no partywhich can properly concentrateon the issue as parties maneuverWhat Happens If ProvideComfort Leaves Our Soil• According to the Foreign Ministry, the presence ofProvide Comfort gives Turkey the upper hand in its dealingswith the United States. It improves Turkey's bargaining powerand its departure means Turks would lose these advantages.• The presence of the Provide Comfort force helps Turkeyto monitor its movements and control its actions. Thus Turkeyhas a say in all developments regarding northern Iraq. Its departuremeans Turkey would lose its leverage over the Iraqi Kurds.• Under Provide Comfort, Turkey is finding the legalgrounds to launch incursions in northern Iraq against Kurdishseparatists who have been waging a terrorist war in southeasternAnatolia since 1984. If Provide Comfort leaves any incursioninto northern Iraq will create strong Western reaction ...ObJections: Turkish deputies object to Operation ProvideComfort, saying it became a liability encouraging the establishmentof a separate Kurdish state in northern IraqTalks: Turkish and American officials are still negotiating howthe change the status of Provide Comfort to convince the TurkishParliament to extend the mandate of the force but the ongoinggovernment crisis does not offer much hope for a satisfactory settlementto find coalition partners to endthe political stalemate.The outgoing government isstill struggling to get theAmericans to agree to a series ofmeasures which would increaseTurkey's controlover how.Provide Comfort works.The Turkish defense ministerwas in Brussels on June 13 to discusswith his American counterpartWilliam Perry the future ofProvide Comfort. Sungurlu heldsimilar inconclusive talks withPerry last month in Washington.Turkey apparently wantssome changes in the rules ofengagement for Provide Comfortfighters which patrol the northernIraqi skies. Turkey wants NATOrules to be applied strictly duringProvide Comfort flights so thatOPC and Turkish Air Foree missionsdo not create confusion.Turkeyalso wants restrictionson the flights of Provide Comforttraining missions over northernIraq. It is further seeking thetransfer of the OPC military coordinationcenter from the northernIraqi town of Zakho to the nearbyTurkish town of Silopi.There was also talk thatTurkey did not want the Britishand French units in ProvideComfort and preferred OPC tobecome a bilateral Turkish-American force. The Iraqis, whohave opposed Provide Comfortfrom the very start, have sent aletter to the French recently urgingthem not to leave the force.That means even the Iraqis areirked by the fact that a change inthe status of OPC may createmore complications for them andthus they have made a choicebetween the lesser of two evils ....163

Revue de Presse-PressReview-BerhevokaÇapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiI 80 What Does TurkeyOwe the Arabs?SEMlli D. tntzThe accord Turkey concludedwith Israel in February seems,when combined with BenjaminNetanyahu's victory in the Jewishstate' s election, to represent all theArabs' nightmares come home to roost.At least this is the impression onegets from the spate of hastily convenedsummits between key Arab leadersafterJhe deeply felt disappointment ofthe Peres defeat. .Following each of these recenthigh-level get-togethers it has beenmade known to the public, either directlyby the leaders themselves or indirectlythrough various leaks, that Turkey'sbudding politico-military ties withIsrael had also been taken up with concern.First it was Egypt's Hosni Mubarakwho after his recent meeting withSyria's Hafez al-Assad said, whenasked by a reporter, that they were stillexpecting an explanation from Ankaraconcerning the details of its militaryaccord with Israel.Then there was the two-day summitin Damascus last Thursday and Fridaybetween Assad, Mubarak and SaudiCrown Prince Abdullah which issued ajoint statement that expressed morethan just "deep concerri" over theturco-Israeli accord.Going a step further than what wassaid earlier, the three leaders appeared,from reports emanating from the summit,to actually be demanding thatTurkey completely reconsider thisagreement with Israel., All of thiscame against the backdropof a visit to Ankara by EgyptianForeign Minister Amr Moussa in May.After his -talks with his counterpart:Emre Gonensay, Moussa had said hewas satisfied with the explanation givenhim by the Turkish side concerning itsmilitary cooperation accord with Israel.As might be expected Ankara officially•expressed its surprise, given this positionexpressed by the Egyptian foreignminister, at Mubarak's remarks thatthey were still expecting informationfrom Turkey on this accord.Asfar as Turkish officials wereconcerned this was precisely what hadbeen given Amr Moussa.In fact this is the point at whichmany in Ankara also started wonderingwhether there is an ulterior motive tothis overall Arab approach to Ankara.Turkey's explanations from both thecivilian and military wing is that theaccord in question is the same as somany signed by Ankara with othercountries, including countri~s such asSaudi Arabia and Kuwait. ,Foreign Minister Emre Gönensayrepeated earlier this week while travellingto an EU meeting in Luxembourgthat there was nothing special concerningthe accord with Israel.He underlined that the accord wascertainly not the "security pact" that theArabs were trying to make it out to bedespite all the explanations given themby the Turkish side. Of course the retortfrom the Arabs to this would be that theinformation provided so far is notenough.This would naturally invite thecounter retort from Ankara that nocountry is obliged to give anyonedetails about its legitimate dealingswith another country, but that Turkeyhas given the necessary assurances tothe Arabs in spite of this and out ofgoodwill.However it appears that the devilfor the Arabs is in the details of theaccord with Israel, which Turkey is notdivulging fully and of which new infor-'mation is emerging every day. First itwas revealed that Israeli pilots wouldbe able to train in Turkish airspace.Then it was said by military officialsin Ankara that Turkey and Israelcould hold joint naval maneuvers underthis accord. Finally it was revealed thatTurkish pilots have been training inIsrael and familiarizing themselves withIsraeli radar equipment which could befitted on Turkish F-4 Phantom fighters.For military officials these are"highly regular" things that routinelytake place under military cooperationaccords. For the Arabs all of thesesmack of a strategic alliance in themaking.This concern was reflected onceagain in remarks by Syrian foreign mi~-"ister Farouq Al,~hara on.Wednes~y 10 ,Luxembourg where he was also attendingan EU meeting.Expressing their difficulty in understandingthe "alliance" that Turkey hadentered into with Israel, Shara toldreporters this attitude of Ankara's was"dangerous" and had caused "shock" inthe Arab world."It is unacceptable for a Muslimcountry to enter an alliance with acountry that has occupied anotherMuslim country," Shara said.But there was more than a touch ofcynicism in this remark as far asTurkish officials were concerned.Ankara has been patiently watchingthe Arab world rally behind Syria. against Turkey concerning the issue ofthe waters of the Euphrates.But in doing so no Arab country has'made any reference to the support Syriais giving the Kurdistan Workers' Party(PKK), which is waging a separatistwar in Turkey.While Shara uses the notion of"Muslim solidarity" he convenientlyforgets that a Muslim country, namelyhis own, has established its own "strategicalliance" with an organization that -is working to divide Turkey.He also conveniently overlooks thefact that while Turkey's ties with Israelare legitimate from the point of view ofinternationallaw, there is nothing legitimatein Syria's bedding with an outlawedorganization, and one whosehands are soaked in blood at that.So the bottom line in all this is that,angry as the Arab world may be atTurkey, and angry as Turk~y'sownIslamists may be over the accord withIsrael, there is one question that they allhave to answer: "So what does Turkeyowe the Arabs?;' Looking at recent historyone sees nothing but negativeexamples ranging from the nonexistent"Islamo-Arab solidarity" for theTurkish cause in Cyprus, to Arab countriesactually claiming chunks ofTurkey, as Syria does, to the dangerousmeddling in Turkey's internal affairs,again as Syria does, through support fora group that every civilized nation seesas a terrorist organization.Therefore the simple answer to the 'ql,lestion "What does Turkey owe the 'A!!lbs?:' iS,"Not very muçh!" •164

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiJI •• ,Familleswaitanxiouslyousideprisonswhiletheirlovedone8are onhungerstrike.Standing on theOutsideLooking In--BILL SELLARS, Because l am Kurdish.' A simpleanswer to a simple question:"So. why were you in prison""The answer came from "Ali" (forwant of a better name), as we sat in arestaurant by the Bosphorus in Istanbul.Ali had recently been released afterserving 13 months in prison and wastalking about the unrest in Turkev'sjails, the hunger strikes and the co~ditionsthat have given rise to them.Throughout Turkey's prisons inmatesare staging hunger strikes to bring to theattention of authorities and the publictheir grievances. At the time of writingsome, of the hunger strikers are in theeighth week of their protest and a numberare in a poor state of health and theircondition deteriorating rapidly.Nineteen prisoners in Diyarbakir arereported to be near death.Among the demands of the prisonersare the closing of the Eski~ehir prison.recently reopened despite being condemnedin a series of reports as beingunfit to house prisoners; the abolition ofarbitrary solitary confmement and of thetransferring of inmates to prisons farfrom their homes and the support oftheir fanùlies; the compliance with varioushuman rights accords that Turkey isa signatory to; a halt to the random torturesand brutality by authorities; and anend to attacks on the fanùlies of Ù'matesprotesting in support of their incarceratedrelatives. For Ali the hnnger strikersare using one of the few means availableto them to publicize their plight."Hunger strikes are a gun for prisoners,their biggest gun, their biggestweapon. They use it against the regulationsand against the society."Arrested in Istanbul and charged onsuspicion of supporting the outlawedKurdish Workers Party (PKK), Ali wasput on trial in the State Security Court.He says that he was given no realopportunity to defend himself and thatno hard evidence was presented againsthim. The result was a 13 months sentence,one month of which was spent inVan and the remaining year in Mus E-Type prison, mainly reserved for politicalprisoners as are the other E-Typejails. It is conditions in these prisons thatare the focus of many of the hungerstriker' s complaints. Ali, speaking fromexperiènce, believes that it is the wholestructure of Turkish society that is thecause of the problems in the country'sprisons, not just the prison system itself.The requirement to conform, not toquestion authority and the lack ofrespect for human rights is, according toAli, pervasive throughout Turkey, notjust behind the bars of its prisons.Once settled into prison life took ona cOfnmùnal aspect for most inmates."There was no difference betweenrich and poor, everything was shared.There was no room for guards in ourlives, they would sometimes come andcount us and then go. Butoccasionally there were beatings andtorture, we did not always know why, itwas the systl'm," says Ali.According to Ali there are two kindsof prisoners. One are the sort of peoplewho accept everything and become partof the system that has imprisoned andthen there are the others. "In the nameof being human they chose to lead a lifein prison in which they try to improvethemselves and to continue their lives,for themselves and for those fighting forthem on the outside."165

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTwo kh,dsof prisonersAccording to Ali thereare two kinds ofprisoners. One are thesort of people whoaccept everything andbecome part of thesystem that hasimprisoned and thenthere are the others."In the name of beinghuman they choseto lead a life in prison inwhich they try toimprovethemselves and tocontinue their lives, forthem~elves and forthose fighting for themon the outside.""The state sees prisons as beingthere to make people conform, the pris":oners see them as a place to contin~etheir struggle for change," he says. "Idid nothing wrong, I did somethingright, there is a movement for freedomwithin society and I was a part of thatmovement. I was guilty according to thelaws."While in detention Ali daims that he.was tortured to try and extract irforma- ..tion. Electric shocks. beatinl!s and beinghosed down with strong jets of w~ter.were part of the catalogue of ill ~eat- .ment. ."I was also hung by my arms with anylon bag put over my head. They.soaked the bag in water. I almostdrowned, water got into my lungs. I felt.as if I was hanging in between life and .death."It is something about society, it isnot an individual thing. The system,treats its prisoners in different waysaccording to their brains. It can treat itsown people the same way if they thinkin a way different from the system's."During the long days and even longernigh:s the political prisoners. "the soulof rebellion" as Ali calls them, wouldtalk. of the subjects near to their .heart:.KiJrdish history; Turkish history;thehistory of the Kurdish freedom movement;the political situation in Turkeyand the world. "But we still found time'to drink tea." laughs Ali. He feels thatthe media is not doing enough to publicizethe plight of Turkey' s prisoners,concentrating of the. trials of those. famous writers and activists chargedwith sedition but ignoring the everydaymen and women who go unheraldedinto detention.A. F. P. - A~ence Fronce Presse- A. F. P. - A~ence France Presse -A. F. P. - A~ence FroncePresse - A. F. P. - A~enceFro~le Presse- A.F. P. - A~enceFranIe Presse-A. F. P. - A~ence France Presse-A.F.P.A.F.P.FRS0404 4 I 0176 RFA /AFP-IS90Allemagne-KurdesAu moins 40.000 Kurdes manifestent à Hambourg pour la paix en TurquieHAMBOURG (Allemagne), 15 juin (AFP) - ,Plusieurs dizaines de milliers deKurdes, 40.000 selon la police, ont manifesté sans incident samedi àHambourg pour la paix dans le sud-est de la Turquie.Les organisateurs, rassemblés sous le mot d'ordre liLapëiix maintenant Il ,ont affirmé que près de 100.000 personnes avaient défilé dans les rues dela métropole du nord de l'Allemagne. Le~ manifestants ont principalementdénoncé ilIa sale guerre de l'Etat turc" contre les Kurdes.Dans la matinée, quelque 200 Kurdes avaient bloqué pendant plusieursheures un poste-frontière germano~danois à Ellund, le passage versl'Allemagne leur ayant été refusé faute de visa, a indiqué la police desfrontières à Kiel. Un manifestant a alors tenté de s'immoler par le feumais il n'a été que légèrement blessé, les forces de l'ordre étantintervenues rapidement.Près de 400.000 à 450.000 Kurdes, pour la plupart ressortissants turcs,vivent en Allemagne.jlt/mmrefAFP /AA1234/151638 JON 96166

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiAnother Missing StoryERDtNç ERGENÇof missing people is gettinglonger and longer day byTIelistday. The latest link in this chainis Talat TÜTkoglu, a 45 year old leftistpolitician. He has been missing sinceApril land there has been no sign ofhim since that date.Amnesty International has called forurgent action to be taken in the case ofTürkoglu.. Hasene TÜTkoglu, the wife of TalatTürkoglu, has been leading the searchfor her missing husband. She has, for along time, been one of those whoattended the meetings of the SaturdayMothers, the group who gather outsideGalatasaray Lycee to protest against thedisappearance of relatives in custody,without being aware that one day herhusband would be one of the missing.Last Saturday she was among thosewho were detained in lstiklal Caddesiwhen police broke up the weeklyprotest. At 12 o'clock on Saturday, asusual, she went to Galatasaray Square inBeyoglu where fifty fourth traditionaldemonstration was to take place tomake the public aware that her husbandwas missing. But police arrested manyof the activists including HaseneTÜTkoglu.But she was released after shelost consciousness due to being beatenseverely.Hasene TÜTkoglu, talking to Probe,said that her husband went to visitEdirne where his family lives on 29March. He stayed for two days. Sheclaimed something happened strange onhis trip to Edirne. A man who came tothe Istanbul bus station by taxi got onthe same bus as Türkoglu was travellingon. On arriving in Edirne the man wasmet by the same taxi and drove away.Türkoglu told his sister in Edirne that hewas being followed by civil policemen.He left his family's home in Edirne onApril 1 and has not been heard of since.Hasene Türkoglu said that she wentto every office or place that could shedany light on the whereabouts of her husband:police stations; prosecutorsoffices; the state security courts: hospitalsand even cemeteries. all to no avail.After that she. went to Ankara and puttheir case before the offices of thePresident. the Prime \1inister. theInterior \1inister and some party representatives.giving documenb aboutTalat Türkoglu and what linie informationthat she had.She says that her husband is a leftistpolitician and had been in prison formore than six years because of hispolitic opinions, being released onOctober 3 last year. Hasene Türkogluremarked that she has sent appeals toAmnesty International, the HumanRights Commission of Europe andHelsinki Watch.Hasene TÜTkoglu says that her husbandis not an ordinary missing personand in those days while she was out ofher home looking for him, someone gotin her house without breaking the door,possibly with the key belonging to TalatTürkoglu. She emphasized that her. house was still being watched by police.TÜTkoglu says that the state has a lot ofways to help find her husband TalatTÜTkoglu, alive or otherwise, but claimsthat no efforts are being made, despitethis being the responsibility of the state.Amnesty International said in itspress relea~e calling for urgent actionthat the procedures laid down in theTurkish Criminal Procedure Code forthe prompt and proper registration of~~::)~~t'Il". \"- .----detainees, and for the notification oftheir families, were universally ignored.The statement added that this createdthe condition in which disappearancesand torture could occur. Amnesty saidthat people suspected of offences underthe Anti-Terror Law could be held inpolice custody without access to fanuly.friends or legal counsel for up to 30days in the 10 provinces under State ofemergency in the South East, and for 15days in the rest of Turkey. AmnestyInternational had issued an UrgentAction Alert on behalf of TalatTürkoglu in 1987, when he wasdetained and feared tortured. as he hadbeen tortured previously while in detention.The human rights organizationclaimed that torture was often used inTurkey against detainees. Beingstripped naked and blindfolded. hosedwith high pressure ice-cold water, beinghung by the arms or \H .,ts, electricshocks, beating the soles of the feet,death threats and sexual assaults wereamong the forms of torture used inTurkey.Hasene Türkoglu attending the fifty third week of the Saturday Mothers protest. Sheis wearing a shirt with a photo of her mission husband, Talat, embossf.d upon it.167

. Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiFRIDAY,JUNE 14, 1996Message to Erbakan: Army not againstRefah forming a coalition governmentDenial: DYP claims that military does not want pro-Islamic Refah Chairman Erbakanbecause he will head the Supreme Military Council as prime minister. Army denies thisBy lInur ÇevikTurkish Daily NewsANKARA- Pro-Islamic Welfare Party(Refah) Chairman Necmettin Erbakan hasreceived word from the military Ihat theArmed Forces are loyal to democracy andwill nol object to him becoming prime ministerthrough the parliamentary system,Refah sources told the Turkish Daily Newson Thursday.According to Ihe sources who asked not 10be named, Ihe military feels the center-rightpoliticians are Irying 10 make Ihe ArmedForces their scapegoat and that Ihis will notbe lolerated.Out~oing Prime Minisler Mesut Ylimazhad vlftually nailed an agreement withErbakan three monlhs ago for a coalitionpartnership but. decided 10 scrap the deal atthe last minute to form a coalilion with theErbakan in the past always claimed the militaryhad not objected to him becoming prime minister.Now it seems he has been proven right.True Palh Party (DYP). AI Ihe time there. were speculations that Ihe mililary had dissuadedYlimaz from forming the coalitionwith Erbakan and had forced him into a partnershipwith the DYP.The TDN learned from Refah sources thatTrue Palh Party (DYP) officials who arenegotiatiRg a possible' coillition p~nershipwith the Islamists said DYP leaderTansu Çiller should be prime ministerfor the fust six months because themilitary did not want Erbakan asprime minister to head their SupremeMilitary Council meetings scheduledfor early Augustl'be military reportedly does notcare who is prime ~ster and th~schairs the Supreme Military Council.l'be prime minister is the symbolic. head of the council but does not takepart in the deliberations and decisionïnaJ?ngprocess of.the coun~ whichdecides on promotions, appomtmentsand retirements of top level militaryofficials. Refah was reportedly told asthe presence of the prune nunister isa mere formality there is no reasonwhy Erbakan or someone else should. not lead the council. Sources said themilitary prefers to keep a certain distancefrom Refah but this does notmean it will oppose the p~ fromcoming to power as a coalinon part-. nero168

Human Rights Watch! Helsinkicharges Turkey with forcible evictions;p~'"~I~ ~'"~ ~~.~ ~~~~~I~~l;:)~~"'S~:>~.....~~.~$?~~ ~ t::S-t::l.t,~,,~~r~~ >:

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiLe Refah au pouvoir à Ankara ?SOUS l'arbitrageErbakan est chargé à nouveau de former le gouverne.par (em Serdengecti et PhilippeLa Turquie, qui a conclu il y aquelques mois un accord de. libre-échange avec l'Union. ~européenne, va-t-elle basculerdans le camp des républiquesislamiques? Tansu Ciller et MesutYilmaz, les deux dirigeants des partislaïques turcs de centre-droit, n'étaientpas fiers voici une semaine, à la sortiedu palais présidentiel de Cankaya.Incapables de s'entendre, ils venaientde contraindre le président SuleymanDemirel, qui leur est pourtantfavorable, à faire appel à l'islamisteNecmettin Erbakan en vue de formerle gouvernement.Retour à,la case départ. Au débutde janvier, Erbakan avait déjà étéchargé de composer l'équipe gouvernementaleaprès la victoire relativede sa formation (le parti de laProspérité, en turc Refah Partisi ouRP) aux élections législatives du 24décembre 1995.Mais, avec 158 sièges seulementsur 550, le Refah ne pouvait pas gou- .verner sans alliés. Necmettin Erbakann'en a pas trouvé et a dO jeterl'éponge le 19 janvier ..Une alliance des deux rivaux ducentre-droit, le parti de la Juste Voiede Tansu Ciller (DYP, 134 sièges), etle parti de la Mère Patrie de MesutYilmaz (Anap, 126 sièges), laissait espérerun dénouement rapide. Il n'ena rien été. La crise n'a pris fin qu'aprèssix semaines de rebondissements rocambolesqueset la menace du présidentDemirel de provoquer de nouvellesélections. Au début du mois demars, Mesut Yilmaz devenait péniblementpremier ministre, à travers unsystème de rotation du pouvoir: à lafin de l'année, il s'engageait à céderses fonctions à Tansu Ciller.Cette fragile et complexe mécaniquen'a pas tenu longtemps. Le 14mai, la Cour constitutionnelle annulele vote de confiance obtenu par legouvernement auprès du Parlement.. Dix jours plus tard, Ciller porte lecoup de grâce en retirant son soutienà Yilmaz.170DoucetMme Ciller est en effet sous lamenace de deux enquêtes parlementairespour corruption, déclenchéespar le Refah, à propos des privatisationsde Tedas, l'EDF turque, et deTofas, un constructeur d'automobiles.Elle est notamment accuséed'avoir détourné 35 millions defrancs de fonds publics. L'Anapsemble avoir aidé le Refah à lancerses accusations. Tànsu Ciller ne pouvaitque chercher à se venger.Quarante-cinq jours .ëtË!..rlguelï, .Pour Necmettin Erbakan, c'estun triomphe. Il a fait chuter la coalitionlaïque, l'a divisée, et il est devenul'homme du recours. D'autantqu'aux municipales son parti vient derenforcer ses positions, obtenant unbon tiers de l'élec!orat en moyennenationale. Le président Demirel lui adonné les quarante-cinq jours de rigueurpour constituer un nouveau cabinet.Le chef du Refah compte à la foissur la Juste Voie et la Mère Patriepour former sa coalition. Il ne nourritaucune confiance dans les partisde gailche -le parti social-démocrate(DSP) et le parti républicain dupeuple (CHP). D'ailleurs, ces derniersperdent constamment des voixdepuis plusieurs années: ils n'ontplus qu'un rôle de deuxième forced'appoint.A travers une vaste opération deséduction, Erbakan se tourne enpriorité vers les députés de l'Anap,qui lui ont montré le moins d'hostilitédans le passé .Il n'hésite pas à leur dire qu'il seconsidère comme le « frère aîné» de¥esut Yilmaz. Ma.ispour.1e moment,

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetide l'islamment. Cette fois, il a ses chances.celui-ci ne lui a guère retourné sessentiments fraternels.Erbakan pourrait mieux s'entendreavec Tansu Ciller. En redevenantpremier ministre, celle-ci pourraitespérer échapper à ses tracasjudiciaires ou au moins les différer.« Mme Ciller pourra-t-elle vraimentéviter d'aller à la Cour suprême enentrant dans le harem du Refah? »s'interroge cependant GüngorMengi, un éditorialiste' du quotidienSabah.Une vingtaine de ses députésmenacent de démissionner si ellecontinue à entretenir des contactsavec le Refah. Et dans ce cas, plusd'espoir de majorité au Parlement.Erbakan, il y a encore quelquessemaines, disait que « les imitateursde l'Occident dansaient leur d.rniertango ». Il a changé radicalement dediscours. Il se déclare maintenantpour l'union douanière avec l'Unioneuropéenne, l'adhésion à l'Otan, ladémocratie pluraliste, le bikini sur lesplages, le raki (l'alcool national) eti même la laïcité.- Necmettin Erbakan est prêt àtout pour s'asseoir dans le fauteuil depremier ministre, dit-on à Ankara.C'est à la fois Machiavel et le loup duPetit Chaperon rouge...La plupart des militants du Refahtiennent en effet un langage fortdifférent de celui de leur chef. Ilsveulent, par exemple, développer lesliens avec l'Irak ou la Syrie, qui hébergepourtant Abdullah Öcalan,surnommé « Apo )),le chef du PKKkurde.Ils dénoncent également l'accordmilitaire récemment conclu avec Israëlet exigent des précisions sur l'entraînementde pilotes de chasse turcssur des avions israéliens.L'inflationfrôle................................................................100%paranFace à la détermination du Refah,les partis laïques apparaissentlymphatiques et en panne d'idées.Une partie de l'électorat, toutes tendancesconfondues, leur reproched'avoir laissé filer les choses. Ils ne sesont guère montrés efficaces dans lalutte contre l'inflation, devenue chronique(environ 100 % par an), lacorruption, le marché noir, le gouffrefinancier que représentent les entreprisespubliques et la guerre dansl'Est.On évoque de plus en plus TurgutÖzal, premier ministre et présidentde 1983à 1993. Avant lui, la Turquieachetait de l'électricité à sesvoisins. Et après six ans d'un pouvoircertes autocratique, mais dynamique,elle leur en vendait.Les Turcs sont déçus par la mollesseet le conformisme de leurs gouvernants.Jeunes, formés en Occident,polyglottes, Tansu Ciller etMesut Yilmaz représentent pourtantun rêve partagé par beaucoup: celuid'un pays moderne développant sesrichesses avec les méthodes et lestechnologies de l'Ouest. Bref, uneTurquie « kémaliste )), fidèle auxprincipes de Kemal Atatürk.Les chefs de la Juste Voie et dela Mère Patrie ont au plus jusqu'à lafin de juillet pour renégocier unenouvelle alliance et contraindre NecmettinErbakan à un deuxième départ.Ou décider de passer la main.Un autre facteur accélère encorele jeu politique turc. La mission de laforce de soutien (Pro ide Comfort),mise en place dans l'est du territoireaprès la guerre du Goi k pour protégerles Kurdes d'Irak de la colère deSadd am Hussein, arri\ e à son terme.Cette force multinationale a empêchéles Kurdes de Turquie desuivre leurs cousins d'Irak sur la voiede la sécession. Les Etats-Unis, alliéstraditionnels de la Turquie, ne cachentpas qu'ils aimeraient voir leParlement d'Ankara voter le renouvellementde son mandat.Une inconnue de taille demeure:l'armée. On la dit toujours foncièrementkémaliste. L'arrivée au pouvoirdes islamistes pourrait donner l'occasionde voir à quel point.« L'armée est un volcan qui entreen éruption tous les dix ans )),constate-t-on à Ankara et à Istanbul.Dernière intervention en date: lecoup d'Etat de 1980. •

Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiAlP. - A~enteFrancePrel\e- Al P.- A~enteFrontePrem- Al P.- A~entefronte Prem - Al P.- A~entefronte Prelle- Al P. - A~enteFrontePre\le- AlP. - A~entefronte Pre\le-A.F.P.FRS0266 4 lSyrie-TurquieA.F.P.0381 LBN /AFP-HW09La Syrie masse des troupes à la frontière turque, selon un journalBEYROUTH, 15 juin (AFP) - La Syrie a massé près de 40.000 soldats'lelong de sa frontière avec,la Turquie' à la suite d'informations surl'implication d'Ankara dans une série d'explosions en Syrie ces dernières,semaines, a rapporté samedi le quotidien saoudien al~Hayat.Des voyageurs en provenance de la frontière turque ont fait état d'unclimat de tension e,t d'échanges de tirs du côté turc, qui Ilsemble' en étatd'alerte permanentelI, ajoute le journal, publié à Londres~ ,Ces voyageurs ont fait état de l'arrivée IIpour la première fois ll de,renforts syriens dans les zones frontalières, ajoute al-Hayat.Selon le journal, une des explosions en Syrie --qui n'ont pasvictime-- est due à une voiture piégée qui a sauté le 6 mai dansde Bassàtine, dans la banlieue de Damas, non loin du domicile duParti des travailleurs kurdes (PKK) Abdallah Ocalan.JUN 96fait dela régionchef duilLes forces de l'ordre syriennes ont découvert sur les lieux une autrevoiture piégée qui n'a pas explosé ll , ajoute le journal citant une sourceproche du PKK, mouvement séparatiste en lutte contre le régime d'Ankara.Une deuxième bombe, plus petite, a explosé quelques jours plus tard surla place Marj eh de Damas, dans un terrain en construction., D'eux'autresbombes ont explosé en deux mois à Lattaquie (nord), poursuitiejournalcitant des sources bien informées à Damas qui ont démenti que ces bombes--une placée dans une voiture et l'autre dans une poubelle-~ aient visé leprésident Hafez al-Assad.La semaine dernière, le quotidien britannique Financial Times, citantdes sources politiques arabes haut placées, avait indiqué que M. Assad, quidispose d'une résidence secondaire à Lattaquie, avait été visé par unattentât à la bombe à Damas.Selon des sources diplomatiques citées par al-Hayat, les services desécurité syriens ont arrêté 80 membres de la communauté turkmène àLattaquie àla suite de ces explosions.AI-Hayat cite des lIobservateurs ll , selon lesquels la Syrie a accûséAnkara d'être responsable de ces explosions, qui représentent desIImessages ll destinés à montrer que Illes services secrets turcs sont capablesde menacer la sécurité de la Syrie ll •hkb-jhd/tm t.fAFP /AA1234/151314Al P.- A~entefronce Prelle- AlP. - A~enceFrancePresle- A.F.P.- AgencefroncePresle- A.F.P. - AgencefroncePrme- A.F.P. - AgenœFrontePrelle - A.F.P. - Agenœfronte Prelle-172

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Éerhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - Agenle Fronte Pressa-A.F.P. - AgelKeFrolKePresle-A.F.P. - AgelXe FrolXePresse-A.F.P. - Ageß(e FranIe Presse-A.F.P. - AgelKeFrolKePressa-A.F.P. - AgelKeFrolKePreSle-A.F.P.A.F.P.FRS0250 4 I 0340 TOR /AFP-HT85Turquie-Kurdes 2èlead77 rebelles kurdes tués dans des opérations de l'armée turqueANKARA, 15 juin (AFP) - 77 rebelles kurdes ont été tués par l'arméeturque lors d'opérations militaires menées dans des régions du sud-estanatolien, a rapporté samedi l'agence Anatolie, citant des sourcesofficielles.57 rebelles du Parti des Travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK, séparatiste)ont été tués lors d'opérations au sud de Cukurca, près de frontière avecl'Irak, selon un communiqué de la préfecture de l'état d'urgence deDiyarbakir cité par l'agence. Un soldat turc a été tué lors de cesaccrochages, selon la'même source.16 autres rebelles kurdes ont été tués sur le mont de Bagok, au nord-estde Nusaybin, région frontalière avec la Syrie, selon le communiqué. Quatrerebelles ont été abattus par ailleurs à Gurpinar (sud-est, province deVan) .Ce bilan porte à 199 le nombre total des rebelles kurdes tués depuismercredi, dont 146 dans la seule région de Cukurca, le long de la frontièreturco-irakien, où les troupes turques effectuent depuis plusieurs jours uneopération ponctuelle contre le PKK.Vendredi, le quotidien turc Hurriyet avait rapporté que 5.000 hommes del'armée turque avaient pénétré cette semaine en territoire irakien afin depourchasser les rebelles du PKK qui l'utilisent comme base arrière pourmener des attaques contre les cibles turques.Les opérations contre le PKK se poursuivaient samedi, selon lecommuniqué.L'armée turque a intensifié ses opérations contre le PKK depuis débutavril dans l'est et le sud-est anatoliens, tuant près de 750 rebelles.Un cessez-le-feu déclaré unilatéralement le 15 décembre dernier par lechef du PKK, Abdullah Ocalan dit "Apo", n'est pas reconnu par l'arméeturque.Le PKK mène une rébellion armée depuis 1984 contre Ankara dans le but decréer un Etat indépendant kurde dans l'est et le sud-est anatoliens. Lesattaques du PKK et les opérations de l'armée ont fait en 12 ans près de22.000 morts, civils, militaires, rebelles et policiers.KG/bm t.fAFP /AA1234!151256 JUN 96A.EP. - A~enŒFronŒ Prelle-A.F.P. - A~eme Fronte Prme-A.F.P. - A~eme Fron[e Pre\\e-A.F.P. - A~ente Fronte Prel\e-A.F.P. - A~enŒfronŒ Pre\le-A.F.P. - A~eme fronŒ Pre\\!-173

Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - A~en(eFroncePresse-A.F.P. - A~en(eFran(ePresse-A.EP. - Agen(eFran(ePresse-A.F.P. - Agen(eFrontePresse-A.F.P. - AgenceFran(ePresse-A.F.P. --:- AgenceFran(ePresse-FRS0161 4 I .02.92TUR /AFP-LR42Turquie-Kurdes28 rebelle~~.kurdes tués dans des opérations de l'armée turqueANKARA, 16 juin (AFP) - Vingt-huit rebelles kurdes ont été tués depuissamedi par l'armée turque lors d'opérations militaires menées dans desrégions du sud-est anatolien, a rapporté .dimanche l'agence Anatolie, citant.des sources officielles.Seize rebelles du Parti des Travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK, séparatiste)ont été tués lors d'opérations au sud de. Cukurca, près de la frontière avecl'Irak, selon un communiqué de la préfecture de l'état d'urgence deDiyarbakir cité par l'agence. Un gardien de village (miliciens kurdes:pro-gouvernementaux) a été tué lors de ces accrochages, selon la même.source.Douze autres rebelles kurdes ont été tués lors d'opérations' dans lesrégions de Baskale (est, province de Van, fronalier avec l'Iran), de Sirnak(sud) et de Bagok (prés de Nusaybin, frontalière avec la Syrie) selon lecommuniqué.D'importantes quantités d'armes, de mines et de vivres ont été saisiesdans cette dernière zone d'opération.Ce dernier bilan porte à 227 le nombre total des reçelles kurdes tuésdepuis mercredi, dont 162 dans la seule région de Cukurca, le long de lafrontière turco-irakien, où les .trqupes turques effectuent depuis plusieursjours une opération ponctuelle contre le PKK.L'armée turque a intensifié ses opérations contre le PKK depuis débutavril dans l'est et le sud-est anatoliens, tuarit près de 775 rebelles.Le PKK mène une rébellion armée depuis 1984 contre Ankara dans le but decréer un .Etat1indépendant kurde dans l'est et le sud-est anatoliens. Lesattaques du PKK et les opér~tions de l'armée ont fait en 12 ans près de22.000 morts, civils, militaires, rebelles et policiers.KG/phP. t.fraAFP /A:A1234/1'61214 JUN 96--A.F.P. - AgenceFroncePresle-A.F.P. - A~enteFroncePresse-A.F.P. - AgenteFrontePrme-A.F.P. - AgenteFrontePrelse-A.F.P. - AgenteFroncePrme-A.F.P. - Agencefronte Presle-174

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - A~enceFrontePresse-A.F.P. - A~enceFrancePresse-A.F.P. - AgelKeFraMePresse-A.F.P. - AgenceFrancePresse-A.F.P. - AgelKeFrolKePresse-A.F.P. - AgelKeFrolKePresse-FRS0401 4 l 0500 EGY /AFP-NG75Syrie-Turquie-Arabes'leadLa Ligue arabe met en garde contre une éventuelle incursion turque enSyrieLE CAIRE, 16 juin (AFP) - Le secrétaire général adjoint de la Liguearabe, le Syrien Mouaffak al-Allaf, a mis en garde dimanche contre uneincursion militaire turque en Syrie mais a affirmé ne pas croire audéclenchement d'un conflit armé entre les deux pays.A un journaliste qui l'interrogeait sur une éventuelle incursion turqueen Syrie pour pourchasser les militants kurdes du PKK, M. Allaf a répondu"Ce serait grave si la Turquie' pense faire quelque chose de ce genre"."Il s'agirait d'une menace sans précédent contre la Syrie. Ce ne serapas comme en Irak où les forces turques ont pénétré à plusieurs reprisesdans le nord", a ajouté le responsable de la Ligue."De telles actions turques, dirigées contre l'Irak ou la Syrie,provoqueront un regain de tension dans la région. Elles démasqueront lesintentions turques, qui ont été à l'origine de son accord militaire avecIsraël d'autant que la multiplication des visites entre militaires turcs etisraéliens sont inquiétantes", a estimé M. Allaf.La Ligue "suit avec inquiétude ce qui se passe actuellement à lafrontière syro-turque et le monde arabe ne restera pas les bras croisés siles informations sur des mouvements (de troupes turques) à la frontièresyrienne se confirmaient", a-t-il affirmé.M. Allaf a toutefois "exclu le déclenchement d'un conflit armé car tousces mouvements visent à exercer une pression sur la Syrie de façon à servirIsraël". Il a estimé que l'accord militaire israélo-turc "nuit auxrelations arabo-turques d'autant que le peuple turc ne profitera pas de cetaccord qui sert l'ennemi des Arabes et de. la Turquie, c'est à dire Israël".Ankara, a ajouté M. Allaf, "doit être attentif devant les tentativesd'Israël visant à enfoncer un coin entre les Arabes et la Turquie etprofiter de la tension entre eux".Le sommet du Caire discutera "de toutes les questions concerant lasecurité nationale arabe dont 'l'.accord israélo-turc et le problème del'eau" de l'Euphrate.L'agence semi-officielle turque Anatolie a affirmé dimanche que la Syriea massé des unités blindés dans les régions frontalières avec la Turquie.Samedi, le quotidien saoudien al-Hayat avait rapporté que la Syrie avaitmassé près de 40.000 soldats le long de sa frontière avec la Turquie à lasuite d'informations sur l'implication d'Ankara dans une. série d'explosionsen Syrie ces dernières semaines. .Les relations entre la Syrie et la Turquie sont tendues depuis plusieursannées, Damas reprochant à Ankara de détourner les eaux de l'Euphrate alorsque la Turquie accuse la Syrie de soutenir les séparatistes kurdes turcs.Les rapports entre les deux pays se sont détériorés après la signatureen févrirer d'un accord de coopération militaire entre la Turquie et Israëlqui prévoit notamment des vols d'entrainement des avions de chaque paysdans l'espace aérien de l'autre.ms/sk/jhdAFP /AA1234/161812 JUN 96A.F.P. - A~enceFroncePresle-A.F.P. - A~encefroncePresse-A.F.P. - A~encefroncePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~encefroncePrel\e-A.F.P. - A~enceFromePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~encefronce Pre\\e-175

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro,de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiGreece Drops ObjectionTo EU Aid for Turkey----B-y-.-T-o-m-B-u-e-rl-de------' Turkey' tö pursue "good~nei~hborly re~lations" and to submit temtorial dis- .International Herald Tribuneputes with Greece to arbitration by theBRUSSELS - Signaling a potential International Court of Justice. Greecebreakthrough in the tense political and Turkey ,both NATO allies, went tostandoff between Athens and Ankara, the brink ,of c~nfrontation in January .Greece on Monday sirid it would stop ;after Turkish sallors planted their counblockingthe release of billions of dol-try'S flag on the disputed Aegean islandlars of European Union aid to Turkey :of Imia.and Il other Mediterranean countries. Foreign Minister Dick Spring of Ire-The decision, announced by Foreign land, who brokered the agreement asMinisterTheodorosPangalosatameet- holder of the Union's rotating presidingof EU foreign ministers here, fol- ency, called it a "very positive delowedmonths of strong diplomatic, ' velopment. "'pressure from Gr:eece's EU partners,; 'Hans van den Brook; the EU com-'who regard the3..~ billion Ecu. ($4,9 missioner for external relations, said,billion) aid package':-as vit1Ûto stabil"':, "We hope very much that this proizingthe bloc' s' southern and eastern cedure can at least help develop a dia-Mediterranean neighbors. logue with Turkey that will give someThe Greek move came after EU min- relief to tension" between Athens andisters endorsed a decl~ation calling ~~, ~a.,ra' __INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE, TUESDAY, JULY 16, 1996. ,Mt:.PäiJ,galos ~sisted that. Turkeywould have to agree to the EU ,con- 'ditions for aid to flow.'Mr. Spring and Mr~;~an den Broek'planned to meet with the Turkish foreignminister, Tansu Ciller, in Dublin onWednesday. .,"We have to have a response, andthIS response has to be positive," Mr.PangaIos said.Mr. Pangalos refused to drop a separateGreek veto over other EU plans toextend 375 million Ecus of aid to Turkeyto help the country face up to EUcompetition as tariffs are phased outunder a customs union signed lastyear.That position could force Ankara tobalk at accepting any deal that did not .guarantee access to those funds.Still, EU officials said Monday'sagreement was significant because theaid package was a vital element of the~nion' s plan to develop closer ties with .Its southern and eastern Mediterraneanneighbors, leading to a paßcMediterraneanfree-trade area around the year2010.AlP. - A~enceFroncePreSle-A.F.P. - A~enrefronre PreSle-A.F.P. - A~enrefronre PreSle-A.EP. - A~en(eflonre Prme-A.F.P. - A~enreFroncePresse-AlP. - A~enrefronce Presle- .'FRS0219 '4:1 0246 TOR !AFP-HP36Turquie-Kurdes lead57 rebelles kurdes tués dans la zone frontalière turco-irakienneANKARA, 15 juin (AFP) - Cinquante-sept rebelles kurdes ont été tué~ parl'armée turque lors d'opérations militaires au sud de Cukurca, la régionfrontalière turco-irakienne, a rapporté samedi l'agence Anatolie.Un soldat turc a été tué lors d'accrochages selon la même source.Ce bilan porte à 146 le nombre des rebelles kurdes du Parti desTravailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK, séparatiste), tués depuis mercredi dans laseule région de Cukurca, le long de la frontière turco-irakien.Vendredi, 50 rebelles kurdes avaient été tués dans des opérations de,l'armée turque dans cette région.Les troupes turques effectuent depuis plusieurs jours une opérationponctuelle contre les rebelles du PKK dans le nord de l'Irak, avait-onindiqué vendredi de sources militaires à Ankara.Vendredi, le quotidien turc Hurriyet avait rapporté quel'armée turque avaient pénétré cette semaine en territoirepourchasser les rebelles du PKK qui l'utilisent comme basemener des attaques contre les cibles turques. 'J.UN 965.000 hommes deirakien afin dearrière pourLe PKK mène une rébellion armée depuis 1984 contre Ankara. Cetterébellion, qui vise ,à créer un Etat indépendant kurde dans le sud-estanatolien, situé à la frontière avec la Syrie, l'Irak et. l'Iran, et lesopérations de l'armée ont fait en 12 ans près de 22.000 morts, civils,militaires, rebelles et policiers.KG/dfg t.fraAFP /AA1234/1S12.0a-'176

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - Agence fronce Pre\se-A.F.P. - AgelKefrolKe Presse-A.F.P. -1~lKe frolKe Pre\se-A.F.P. - Agenle franœ Pre\se-A.F.P. -.8 fralt Pre\se-A.F.P. - AgelKe frolKe Presse-FRSO~52 .4 l 0607 TUR /AFP-LQ70Turquie-Syrie 2èleadDes troupes syriennes massées près de la frontière turque, selonAnatolieANKARA, 16 juin (AFP) - La Syrie a massé des unités blindées dans lesrégions frontalièrés avec la Turquie, a rapporté dimanche l'agencesemi-officielle turque Anatolie, citant des commerçants turcs et syriensvenant de Syrie.Ces commerçants déclarent avoir vu des convois de blindés syriens quiavancaient vers la frontière turque, indique l'agence dans une dépêchedatée de Nusaybin,localité proche de la frontière, près de Mardin.Ils affirment également avoir vu des unités blindées positionnées dansplusieurs provinces syriennes frontalières de la Turquie.L'agence n'a pas précisé quelles étaient ces provinces. La frontièresyrienne, qui fait près de 800 km, est la plus longue frontière de laTurquie.Interrogé à Ankara, l'état-major de l'armée turque s'est refusé à toutcommentaire. Un porte-parole a indiqué que l'état-major était "très calme"et qu'il ne disposait pas d'informations pour la presse.Samedi, le quotidien saoudien al-Hayat avait rapporté que la Syrie avaitmassé près de 40.000 soldats le long de sa frontière avec la Turquie à lasuite d'informations sur l'implication d'Ankara dans une série d'explosionsen Syrie ces dernières semaines.Ces attentats ont eu lieu en mai à Lattaquie (nord) et à Damas, dontl'un non loin du domicile du chef du Parti des Travailleurs du Kurdistan(PKK, séparatistes kurdes de Turquie) Abdullah Ocalan, dans la capitalesyrienne, selon al-Hayat.Anatolie rapporte pour sa part, toujours en citant ces commerçants, queles attentats à la bombe en Syrie était l'oeuvre de l'organisationislamiste des Frères Musulmans;De noIDbreuses explosions ont également eu lieu depuis une semaine dansles provinces syriennes frontalières avec la Turquie, selon l'agence qui neprécise pas les lieux exacts.Elle ne donne pas non plus d'information sur d'éventuelles victimes deces explosions, qui selon les témoins se produisent en général dans lasoirée.Selon l'agence, la Syrie a déclenché une campagne d'arrestations dansles milieux. turcomans (syriens d'origine turque), qU'elle soupçonne deresponsabilité dans ces explosions.Depuis mai, Damas a commencé à exercer un strict contrôle sur les Turcsqui font du commerce frontalier avec la Syrie, indique encore l'agence.Depuis, très peu de commerçants turcs ont obtenu la permission d'entrer enSyrie, ce qui a fait doubler les prix des marchandises dans les zonesfrontalières.A.F.P. - A~emeframe Pre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enŒframe Prme-A.F.P. - A~emeframe Pre\\e-A.F.P. - A~emefranŒ Prem-A.F.P. - A~enŒframe Pr€\le-A.F.P. - A~emefrome Prme-177

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - A~enceFroncePreSle-A.F.P. - A~enceFroncePresse.-A.F.P. - A~enceFroncePresse-A.F.P. - A~enceFroncePresse-A.F.P. - A~en(eFroncePreSle-A.F.P. - A~enceFroncePresse-Les relations turco-syriennes sont froides depuis plusieurs années. LeTurqui~ ~eproche à la Syrie de donner refuge à Damas ou dans l~ B:kaa ,lib~naise sous son contrôle à Abdullah Ocalan, chef dU.PK~, q~l ~e~e depuls12 ans une rébellion armée dans le sud-est de la Turqule a maJorlte kurdepour l'établissement d'un Etat kurde indépendant.La Syrie, avec l'Irak, reproche à la Turquie d'utiliser contre,ellel'arme de l'eau en rationnant le vol~me ~es ea~x de l'Euphra~e qu ellelaisse passer sur son territoire, grace a un glga~tesque proJet de barrageset de systèmes d'irrigation en cours,de constructlon dans le sud-est de laTurquie. Ankara dément cette accusatlon. .Dernièrement, les relations se sont tendues davantage avec ~a slgnatu:een février d'un accord de coopération militaire entre la Turqule et Israelqui prévoit notamment des vols d'entrainement des avions des deux pays dansle ciel de l'autre. . '. .La Syrie ainsi que d'autres pays arabes et l'Iran, ont v7ve~entcondamné cet accord. Damas et Téhéran ont estimé qu'il les vlsalt, cequ'Ankara a catégoriquement démenti.FRS0543 4 l 0282 IRK /AFP-OC10Irak-Turquie-KurdesBagdad proceste contre une nouvelle "invasion" turque dans le nord del'IrakBAGDAD, 16 juin (AFP) - L'Irak a protesté dimanche contre une opérationmilitaire turque dans le Kurdistan irakien et a demandé à Ankara de mettrefin au plus tôt à cette nouvelle "invasion".Selon un porte-parole du ministère irakien des Affaires étrangères, citépar l'agence officielle INA, "des troupes terrestres.turques ont pénétrésur une profondeur de 10 km en territoire irakien alors que l'aviationd'Ankara bombardaït des villes et des villages irakiens sous prétexte depoursuivre des fauteurs de troubles, qui menacent la sécurité nationale de.la Turquie".Le porte-parole n'a pas précisé quand cette opération turque a eu lieu.Il a exprimé les "profonds regrets" de Bagdad à la suite de cette "nouvelleinvasion qui viole la souveraineté et l'intégrité territoriale" de l'Iraket constitue "une atteinte au droit international, à la Charte des Nationsunies ainsi qu'aux relations de bon voisinage" entre les deux pays.Vendredi, on avait indiqué de source militaire à,Ankara que l'arméeturque avait effectué cette semaine une opération ponctuelle contre lesrebelles du Parti des travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK, séparatiste) dans lenord de l'Irak.Selon ciette source, cette opération était "ponctuelle" et n'était pascomparable à celle menée en mars-avril 1995 contre le PKK en territoire'irakien où l'armée turque avait déployé 30.000 à 35.000 hommes.Le nord de l'Irak, qui échappe au contrôle de Bagdad depuis 1991, sertde base arrière au PKK et est le théâtre d'une lutte d'influence entre lesdiverses faction~ kurdes irakiennes. .elf/sb/mmr tfAFP /AA1234/162105 JUN 96.-A.F.P. - A~enceFroncePresse-A.F.P. - A~enceFroncePresse-A.F.P. - A~enceFroncePrelse-A.F.P. - A~enceFroncePresse-A.F.P. - A~enceFroncePresse-A.F.P. - A~enceFroncePresse-178

How Assad Plays All Sides Against Middle, ......2~==2~.....Q~=~:=>~=0-3== .....=~P'a:Q2~~ c...~ 2~....;--l....~~ ~~'"~~ ~...,'" I~ ~...,~ ~....'"~I~~~~"0"'S"'>~....I~/:::.~~ ~~~I~ ;::::"'i-~~~~'1:i;::::~I~...,....;::::Q:N...."'i-'""Syria's Consistent Pattern / 'errorlsm, Drug Trafficking and Counterfeiting........~By Elaine Sciolinoand Douglas lehlNew York Times St!n'ict!PaR FIVE hours on April22, Secretary of StateWarren M. Christopherheld intense discussionswith President Hafez Assad ofSyria at his presidential palacein Damascus to end the fightingbetween Israel and Muslimguerrillas in southern Lebanon.While Mr. Christopher paidcourt, a few miles away at DamascusInternational Airport, anIran Air 747 unloaded Katyusharockets and other militaryequipment for delivery via Syrianmilitary trucks for thoseguerrillas, American intelligenceofficials believe.Five such shipments reportedlyarrived between AprilI3 and 29. All the while, theSyrian president was receivingvisits from Mr. Christopher andsix other foreign ministers -from Russia, France, Italy,Spain, Ireland and Iran. Aides toMr. Christopher say that at the'time he did not know about thespecific weapons shipments,only that the guerrillas werewell supplied.For more than a decade. Syriahas played both ends against themiddle, taking part in peacetalks even as it fosters terrorismand tolerates drug traffickingand the distribution of counterfeitAmerican currency in lebanon'sWild West: the SyriancontrolledBekaa region.American officials say theelection of Benjamin Netanyahuas prime minister of Israelmay shift the balance, Mr, Netanyahuis opposed to exchangingthe Israeli-held GolanHeights for peace with Syria,and the United States fears thatMr. Assad will react by steppingup his support for terrorism.An examination of MT. Assad'srecord, based on interviewswith current and formerAmerican officials and authoritiesfrom Israel, Lebanon,Jordan and Turkey, shows aconsistent pattern: Mr. Assadsupports g~oups that put pressureon his adversaries.The arrests in Jordan of threedozen members of Syrian-basedPalestinian guerrilla groups inthe last two months illustrate therole such groups can play.Jordanian officials say the infiltrators,members of the PalestinianIslamic Jihad and othermilitant groups, traveled insmall groups, carrying machineguns and up to 200 pounds ofexplosives for attacks on Israelitourists and other targets inJordan. The groups operatefrom Syria while receivingmoney from Iran.According to the StateDepartment's annualreport on terrorism,Syria has not been"directly involved" in a terroristattack since 1986, whenMr. Assad's air force intelligencechief masterminded thebombing of an El Al airliner.But Syria remains on the listof nations that support terrorismfor giving groups as varied as theIslamic Palestinian group Hamasand the Japanese Red Army aplace to call home, and for allowingPalestinian and anti-Turkish Kurdish guerrillas to runmilitary training operations.Until the Israeli election lastmonth, American officials portrayedMr. Assad, 66, as a leaderwho comes to decisions slowlyand sees dangers everywhere,but who in recent years hadcome to realize that negotiatingwith Israel was clearly to hisadvantage.Those views changedovernight. "If Assad feelsthere' s nothing in it for him at all,he'II have an incentive to showthe consequences of excludinghim," a senior U.S. official said."If the new Israeli governmentdecides it wants to make Assadthe bad guy, it will be a selffulfillingprophecy."Edward P. Djerejian, whowas ambassador to Syria andIsrael, said: "Assad feels deeplythat the biggest card he has toplay is that there will be nopeace unless Syria is part of acomprehensive settlement.These other factors are not hismain preoccupation. "Bahraini officials publiclyblamed Iran recently for backingan attempted coup against theirgovernment, asserting that thesuspected plotters, who wereBahrainis, were trained in bothIranand the Bekaa region. Americanintelligence officials callthose claims credible, adding thatthe plotters could not havetrained in the Bekaa without theknowledge and support of Syria.As for Jordan, officials in thekingdom are reluctant to criticizeSyria publicly for its support foranti-Jordanian guerrillas for fearthat the publicity could undermineJordan's tourist industry.In an interview at his palacein Amman on June l, King Husseinspoke angrily about what hedescribed as the continuing infiltration.He said Jordan hadintercepted "people comingacross, weapons coming across,explosives coming across andinformation about decisions beingtaken to continue it."The king did not mention Syriaby name, but Jordan protestedprivately through security channelsto Syria. "These groups areoperating out of Syria, and it'shard to believe that the Syriangovernment does not knowabout these activities," a Jordanianofficial said.The United States has itsgrievances against Syria forsimilar reasons. Ramadan AbdullahShallah, a lecturer at theUniversity of South Florida andthe head of an Islamic organizationin Tampa, moved toDamascus and became head ofthe Palestinian Islamic Jihad lastyear. The United States put himon its list of terrorist organizationsand seized his assets inthe United States: $2,300 fromhis personal account, $15,500from his organization.Syria denies trying todestabilize other governments,although it regardsits support for itsPalestinian brethren as a duty."There are half a million Palestinianrefugees driven fromtheir homes by Israel who foundshelter in Syria," the officialdaily Syria Times said in a recentcommentary."It is natural for thoserefugees to have their own organizationsand to cling fast tothe United Nations resolutionswhich guarantee for them theright to repatriation. ' •Syria's support for Palestiniangroups is not nearly as greatas that of Iran. But Syria closelymonitors and controls the move-ment of Palestinians, Americanintelligence officials say.With 35,000 troops as well asplainclothes intelligence officers,Syria operates like adeeply entrenched protectionracket in Lebanon. Its troopshave allowed parts of the Bekaaregion to remain a haven forlawlessness, particularly in thedrug trade and counterfeiting.To its credit, Syria has reducedthe marijuana and opiumpoppy crop in the Bekaa to inconsequentiallevels. accordingto American satellite photographstaken last year.But new drug processingplants have been built in theBekaa. Since 1993. substantialamounts of cocaine paste andmorphine base have beensmuggled through Lebanon,processed at the Bekaa plants,then rerouted to Europe and theArabian Peninsula.And Syrian officers extractlarge profits from drug trafficking~d other illegal smuggling, 'American intelligence officialsbelieve. MT. Assad has refusedto prosecute them.For that reason, the UnitedStates has declined to certifythat Syria is cooperating in effortsto combat illegal drugs.This has enraged the Syrians.who have felt they should berewarded for helping eradicatethe drug crops.Syria also tolerates the counterfeitingof $100 bills in theBekaa. The Bekaa and otherparts of Lebanon have producedhigh-quality fake $100 bills foryears. In recent years. the Lebaneseand Syrian authoritieshave uncovered offset pressesand confiscated millions of dollarsand other currencies.

~ ~~~~~~'"~I~ ~'"~~....~~I~~~~"S~>I~.~.~~ ~~~1t:J~;:::l~Ç:l~~~ "Ii;:::l~I~ ....;:::la:~ ~.....00~INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRffiUNE, MONDAY, JUNE 17, 1996~ ~_.",__ ''---'-'''' __ '_ ~--L''-'' - ,---.----:-- .'Turkey and Israel Spring a Realignment in the Middle EastASHINGTON - One ofW the best diplomatic storiesthese days is a cloak-anddaggerthriller involving bombsin Syria, an assassination attemptin Turkey, missing bagsof money in Ankara and covertTurkish-Israeli military cooperation,It's James Bond does theTigris and Euphrates, and it'swhat Middle East leaders arereally talking about.Scene One. Our story opensin Israel in February 1996,when the Turkish military' sdeputy chief of staff, Cevik Bir,pays a secret visit to forge amilitary alliance with ShimonPeres. The deal calls for Israeliplanes to practice in the openskies over Turkey and for Turkishplanes to train over Israel.This gives Israel' s air forceits first staging area in Asia,from which it could outflankSyria and. intimidate Iran. It- gives the Turks a perfect way tosqueeze Syrian President HafezAssad, who has been providinga sanctuary for Abdullah Oca-By Thomas L. Friedmanlan, leader of the Kurdish the shadows and tries to shootWorkers Party, the PKK, which him. A Demirel bodyguard dehasbeen fighting a bloody guer- flects the gunman's arm andrilla war against the Turks from foils the assassination attempt.bases in Syria. Mr. Assad keeps The assailant says he at-Mr. Ocalan around to prevent tacked the president to expressTurkey, which is building a dam anger over the Turkey-Israelon the Euphrates, from choking pact. The shooting comes daysoff Syria's water supply. after Iran and Turkey quietlyScene Two. At a meeting of evicted several of each other'sCentral Asian leaders in diplomats on suspicion of fo-Ashkabad, Turkmenistan, in menting trouble.May, Iranian President Hash- Scene Four. In early May, aemi Rafsanjani meets Turkey's series of unexplained bomb expresident,Suleyman Demirel, plosions take place around Syrwhohad recently visited Israel. ill'.The Financial Times reportsMr. Rafsanjani, according to a that one bomb exploded on Mayparticipailt, goes "bananas" 6 on the route that Mr. Assadover the Turkey-Israel pact, ful- was to have taken to the annualminating that "the Israelis will commemoration of the day Syruseit to bomb Tehran." ian nationalist rebels were ex-Scene Three. Two days later, ecuted by the Ottoman Turks inMr. Demirel is cutting the rib- the 19th century. The Syriansbon at a new offiœ building in round up 600 ethnic Turks liv-Izmit, Turkey, when Ibrahim ing around Damascus on sus-Gumrukcuoglu, a 47-year-old picion of involvement in thepharmacist with Islamic funda- bombings.mentalist leanings, steps out of Scene Five. Turkey's coalitiongovernment collapses, andNecmettin Erbakan, head of theIslamist Welfare Party, is calledon to form a new government.But the Turkish military, workingbehind the scenes, effectivelyblocks him from building acoalition, because the army fearsthat he would scotch the Israeli-Turkish military deal.Word then leaks out thatformer Turkish Prime MinisterTansu Ciller can't explain whathappened to $6 million from theprime minister's discretionaryoperations fund. Mrs. Ciller saysthat if she were to disclose wherethe money went, it could damagerelations with neighboring statesand possibly cause a war. Speculationin Istanbul is that themoney went to Chechen rebelsor for bombings in Damascus.Meanwhile, the Turks reportthat a squadron of their F-4Phantom jets have been reconfiguredwith Israeli electronicsso that they can fue on Syriansurface-to-air missiles beforethe Syrians can fire on them.What is going on here? Quite'simply, it is a major strategic.realIgnment in Middle East-Asia. Israel' s peace processwith the Muslim world has giv-'en Turkey the cover to openlyalign with Israel so that the twocan undercut their commonfoes, Syria and Iranian-style Islamicextremism.This realignment is a reminderthat for the Peres-Rabin team,the peace process was not just a:romantic adventUre but a stra-=.tegic choice to help Israel make'peace with the inner ring ofcountries around it so that itcould deal more effectivelywith the real long-term threatsto its security on the outer ring- Libya, Iran and Iraq.Maybe the most importantstrategic relationship that thenew Israeli government will inherit,and have to deftly manage,will be neither the one tothe west with Egypt nor the oneto the east with Jordan, but theone to the north with Turkey.The New York Times.'.I. "'

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - AgenceFron,ePresse-A.F.P. - AgenœFronœPresse-A.F.P. - AgenceFronœPresse-A.F.P. - AgenteFruntePresse-A.F.P. - Agele Frule Presse-A.F.P. - AgenceFroncePresse-A.F.P.A.F.P.FRS0454 4 l 0340 TUR /AFP-SE62Turquie-Syrie leadLa Turquie dément toute intention d'entrer militairement en SyrieANKARA, 17 juin (AFP) - La Turquie a démenti lundi avoir l'intentiond'effectuer une incursion militaire en territoire syrien pour pourchasserles rebelles kurdes de Turquie qui, selon elle, reçoivent l'aide de Damas."Il n'y a aucun plan d'incursion" (en Syrie), a déclaré un porte-paroledu ministère des affaires étrangères, Nurettin Nurkan, lors d'un point depresse."La Turquie ne constitue pas un danger pour ses voisins", a-t-il ajouté.Le secrétaire général adjoint de la Ligue arabe, le Syrien Mouaffakal-Allaf, avait lancé dimanche une mise en garde à la Turquie contre uneéventuelle incursion en Syrie, indiquant qu'une telle incursion aurait degraves conséquences.Par ailleurs, un exercice naval turc en cours dans les mers Egée etMéditerranée va se poursuivre dans les eaux internationales au large de laSyrie, a-t-on appris de source militaire."C'est un exercice d'entrainement et des exercices semblables ont déjàeu lieu dans cette zone par le passé. La Syrie n'a pas à s.'inquiéter",a-t-on précisé de même source.Les relations entre Damas et Ankara sont froides depuis plusieursannées. La Turquie accuse la Syrie d'abriter et d'aider les militants duParti des Travailleurs du K~rdistan (PKK, séparatiste) et notamment leurchef Abdullah Ocalan qui réside à Damas ou dans la Bekaa libanaise sous.contrôle syrien. Damas rejette ces accusations.La Syrie accuse la Turquie de lui rationner l'eau de l'Euphrate à l'aided'une série de barrages sur ce fleuve, ce qu'Ankara dément.. Les relations syro-turques se sont encore envenimées après la signatureen février dernier d'un accord de coopération militaire entre la Turquie etIsraël. La Syrie se considère visée par cet accord, malgré les dénégationsturques."Nous voulons de bonnes relations avec la Syrie mais la précondition estqU'elle cesse de soutenir le terrorisme", a déclaré M. Nurkan lors de sonpoint de presse.UE/hc/mrtfAFP /AA1234/171427 JUN 96.-A.F.P. - A~enreFronrePrelle-A.F.P. - A~emeFromePrme-A.F.P. - A~emeFromePrelle-A.F.P. - A~emeFronrePrme-A.F.P. - A~emeFronrePrelle-A.F.P. - A~enreFlonrePrme-181

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiLa Marseillaise - 17 juin 1996TURQUIE :BAiN DESANGAU KURDISTANCourrier Picard - 17 juin 1996Vingt-huit combattants Iwf.des ont été tués ce week-'end lors d'acaochagese~ :"'ann~ ~,#e PKK (parti des~illeurs du Kurdis~) tJans leS, régions frontalières crvec!,!ralc. l'Iran et la Syrie;' ci,~rté ragence Anatolie. Ce bi-:1onporte à 227 le nOmb~, totCJldes "rebelles" kurdes tués,,depuis mercredi, dont 162é1éJrls 'a'région de Cukurca. le long. de'lcJ fi'ontière irakienne. au delà de 'aque'le.1eS troupes turquesont effectué plusieurs incursions .ces derniers jours- Toujoursse'on l'année turque.le bilan depuis le début,de l'ann~serait de 775 tués._L'agence Anatolie affinne également que l'année srrlènneä massé des troupes et des blindés le long de s~ 'fi'o~.tière cMc lcJ Turqu~MONDAY,JUNEp,I996Turkish Dâlly NewsMuslim Brothers shake the regime in SyriaTurkish Daily NewsANKARA- The Syrian, oppositiongroup, Muslim Brothers, which has beentrying to weaken the regime of the BaathParty in Syria via bombardments sinceMay, has taken action in the settlementareas near the Turkish border, the Anatolianews agency reported.According to re,po)tS,there were blasts in, the provinces and towns near the Turkishborder last week as weil as in Damascus,Aleppo and Latakia. Turkish and Syriantraders coming from Syria said thatalthough it was believed that the MuslimBrothers were responsible for the blasts, theSyrian government was maintaining thatTurkmen were responsible and was detainingthem and makii1g arrests.The traders said that the Baath governmentimposes strict controls over bordertrade and that it gives priority only totrucks that carry cement from Turkey."Syria supported Hizboilah against Israeland the PKK against Turkey. The Baathgovernment, which supports terrorism, isnow weakened by the Muslim Brothers,"claimed the traders. It was also reported thatSyria had placed armored units at theTurkish border, which can only be seenfrom the Syrian side of me border and notfrom the Turkish side. Meanwhile, theTehran Timès newspaper, which is publishedin Iran>claimed mat people comingfrom the Syria-Turkey border heard gunshotson the Turkish side., The paper, which is said to have an affinitywim the Iran Foreign Ministry, said thatTurkey' s Syria policy serves Israel, and matTurkey had become an ally of Israel since itsigned a militaryFebruary.training agreement i~.Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace - 17 juin 1996Syrie-Turquie:' mouvementsde troupes à la frontièreLa Syrie a massé (les unitésblindées dans les régionsfrontalières avec la. Turquie, arapporté hier l'agence semiofficif;!l1eturqueI\natolie. Laveille déjà, le quotidien saoudienal-Hayat avait égalementrapporté que la Syrie avaitmass~ près de' 40 DOO soldatsle lon'S'de sa frontière avec laTurquie à la suite d'information'ss,llr l'implication d'An-:kara dans une séri~" d'e.l}plo-,sions ~n Sy.rie ,Fe_~, 'ôel;,niètèssemaines. A iÙikar~ l'état~',"'"~',.'major de l'armée turque s'estrefusé à tout commentaire.Les relations turco-syriennessont froides depui~ plusieursannées. Le Turquie reproche:à la Syrie de donner refuge àDamas ou dans la Bekaa libanaisesous son contrôle à' AbdullahOcalan, chef du Partides Travailleurs du Kurdistan:(PKK, séparatistes kurdes de'Turquie); qui mène depuis 1ians une rébellionàr'mée'dans,', le 'sud-e~t, de. la T'utt]i.1iepour.rétabii'ssèment .d'un Etat kur-.q(3, irydép,en'dant. .La Llgu~~abe'm:.t-eitgardë "la TurquieLe secrétaire' gé.n6.raiadjoint de la Ligue arabe"le Syrien Mouaffakal-Allcifia mis en garde hier contra-,une incursion, militaire tur~'que en Syrie mais' a,"affirmé ne pas croire au'déclenc,hement d:'unconflit armé entre les d~xpays,A un journaliste' qui l:iri~''terrogeait sur une éVE-:.-1uelle incursion' tutque en,Syrie pour "p.ourchass,"r'les militdnts kut1ès. du,PKK,M, Allaf ';1 '~,epdndu :«Ce seraitgrave'$i la Turquiepense faile' quelque,chose de ce genre », :«Il s'agirait d'une.menace sans précédent'contre la Syrie, Ce ne sera:pas coI11rileen Irak où le~forces turques ont pénétré'à plusieurs reprises dansle nord», a ajouté le res-'ponsable de la Ligue,«De telles actions turques"dirigées contre,l'Irak ou la Syrie, provo-'que l'ont un regain de ten-.sion dans la région, Elles:,jémasqueront les inten7lions turques, qui ont été àJ.'Drigine de son accord.nilitairE' avec Israel d'au-;.;ht que la multiplication:::;e'svisites entre militaires',,:ircs et israéliens sont;.'>'(l'uiétantes», a estimé M,:}(;":3r,';; ,Li Lig:.le « suit aveci,1,\;.t iiétude ce qui 'se passea0':';'sur des mouvements(d~' troupes turques) à lafrontière syrienne se,"confirmaient »; a-t-il'affirmé,Ankara, a ajouté M, .Allaf, «doit être attentifdevant les tentatives d'Is-'raël visant à enfoncer uncoin entre les Arabes et la .Turquie et profiterie latension entre eux »,182

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.EP. -lgelKe 'falKe Presse-A.F.P. - 'genIe 'falKe Presse-A.EP. - '~lKe 'falKe Presse-A.F.P. - Agenle'rum Presse-A.F.P. - AgelKe'ralKe Presse-A.F.P. - ~elKe 'falKe Pres!e-FRS0504 4 l 0549 TUR /AFP-S021Turquie-SyrieLa Turquie minimise la tension avec la SyriePar Umit ENGINSOYANKARA, 17 juin (AFP) - La Turquie s'est attachée lundi à minimiser latension entre elle et la Syrie voisine, affirmant que les mouvements detroupes des deux côtés de leur frontière n'avaient pas un caractèreagressif.Elle a en particulier démenti toute intention d'effectuer une incursionmilitaire en territoire syrien pour pourchasser les rebelles kurdes deTurquie qui, selon elle, reçoivent l'aide de Damas."Il n'y a aucun plan d'incursion" (en Syrie), a déclaré un porte-paroledu ministère des affaires étrangères, Nurettin Nurkan. "La Turquie neconstitue pas un danger pour ses voisins", a-t-il ajouté.Le secrétaire général adjoint de la Ligue arabe, le Syrien Mouaffakal-Allaf, avait lancé dimanche une mise en garde à la Turquie contre uneéventuelle incursion en Syrie, indiquant qu'une telle incursion aurait degraves conséquences.De son côté, un responsable de l'armée turque, confirmant desinformations qui circulaient depuis le week-end sur des mouvements. detroupes syriennes dans la région frontalière entre les deux pays, a'souligné que la Turquie ne s'estimait pas visée."Ce sont des mouvements de troup~s isolés, nous ne nous attendons pas àune agression syrienne contre nous", a-t-il dit à l'AFP.Il a fait état d'informations selon lesquelles des explosions,rapportées récemment par la presse internationale en certains points de laSyrie, "continuaient et étaient peut-être l'oeuvre des Frères Musulmans"(organisation hostile au pouvoir). "Les mesures syriennes ont pu êtreprises en réaction contre cela", a-t-il dit.Il a également confirmé des mouvements de troupes turques du côté turcde la frontière tout en les qualifiant de mouvements de routine n'ayant"rien à voir avec la Syrie". Il a ajouté que les forces turques n'étaientpas dans un état d'alerte particulier.Ce responsable a par ailleurs tenu à souligner que la Syrie ne devaitpas s'émouvoir d'un exercice naval turc en cours en Egée et en Méditerranéeet qui va se poursuivre dans les eaux internationales au large .de sescôtes."C'est un exercice d'entrainement et des exercices semblables ont déjàeu lieu dans cette zone par le passé. La Syrie n'a pas à s'inquiéter",a-t-il dit.De longue date, les relations entre Damas et Ankara sont froides. LaTurquie accuse la Syrie d'abriter et d'aider les militants du Parti desTravailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK, séparatiste), notamment leur chef AbdullahOcalan qui réside-à Damas ou dans la Bekaa libanaise sous contrôle syrien.Damas rejette ces accusations.La Syrie accuse la Turquie de lui rationner l'eau de l'Euphrate à l'aide", d'une série de barrages sur ce fleuve, ce qu'Ankara dément.Les relations syro-turques se sont encore envenimées après la signatureen février d'un accord de coopération militaire entre la Turquie et Israël.A.F.P. - A~enteFrontePrelle-A.F.P. - A~enteFrontePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enteFrontePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enteFrontePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enteFramePrel\e-A.F.P. - A~emeFramePre\\e-183

Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - A~en(efronte Prelle-A.F.P. - A~en(efronte Pre\\e-A.F.P. - Agen(efrolKePre\\e-A.F.P. - Agemefronte Prme-A.F.P. - Agen(efronte Prme-A.F.P. - A~en(8fronte Prelle-La Syrie se considère visée par cet accord, malg:é le~ dénéga~ions.t~rques., "Nous voulons de bonnes relations avec la SyrJ.e maJ.s la precondJ.tJ.on estqu',elle cesse de soutenir le terrorisme", a déclaré M. Ntirkan lors de sonp6int de presse. . . ALa tension syro-turque devral.t et:r:eabordée lors du pi-Cièhain sommet dela Ligue Arabe au Caire cette semaine.'.UE/hc/mr t .f~P jAA.12J~/~71518 JUN96A.F.P.A.F.P.FRS0561 4 l 0215 BEL /AFP-SX82OTAN-Turquie-SyrieL'OTAN suit "très attentivement" la situation entre la Turquie et la SyrieBRUXELL~S,17 juin (AFP) - L'OTAN suit "très attentivement" ia situationentre la Turquie, membre de l'Alliance atlantique, et la Syrie, et n'a pasentrepris de démarche particulière pour faire baisser la tension entre lesdeux pays, a-t-on indiqué lundi de source diplomatique."Chaque mouvement de troupes, qu'il soit normal ou anormal, dans lesrégions proches"d'un Etat membre de l'OTAN "est un facteur depréoccupation" et "nous suivons de très près" la situation militaire lelong de la frontière entre la Turquie et la Syrie, a indiqué un diplomateau siège de l'Alliance.Selon Ankara, les mouvements de troupes perceptibles depuis ce week-enddes deux côtés de cette frontière n'ont pas un caractère agressif. LaTurquie a démenti en particulier toute intention d'effectuer une incursionmilitaire en territoire syrien pour pourchasser les rebelles kurdes deTurquie qui, selon elle, reçoivent l'aide de Damas.Le secrétaire général adjoint de la Ligue arabe, le Syrien Mouaffakal-~llaf, avait pour sa part lancé dimanche une mise en garde à la Turquiecontte une éventuelle incursion en Syrie, indiquant qu'une telle incursionaurait de graves conséquences.prh/MR T.FAFP /AA123~/171600 JUN ..9ç..A.F. P. - A~entefronte Presle- A.F. P. - A~emefronte Prem - A.F. P. - A~enteFrontePrelle- A.F. P. - A~enteFrontePreIse- A.F. P. - A~enteFrontePrelle- A.F. P. - A~ênteFrontePrem-184

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiIt A.F.P. - AgeIKeFroMePresse-A.F.P. - AgeMeFraMePresle-A.F.P. - AgeIKe FrolKePresse-A.F.P. - AgenœFraocePresse-A.F.P. -lgeIKe FrancePresse-A.F.P. - AgeMeFralKePresse·Turquie-Syrie 3èlead . ..J L'armée turque confirme lés mouvements de troupes syriennesANKARA, 17 juin (AFP) - Un responsable de l'armée turque a confirmélundi de récents mouvements de troupes syriennes dans les régions:frontalières de la Turquie, mais a estimé que ces mouvements ne visaient'pas la Turquie.Cette source militaire contactée par l'AFP à Ankara a confirmé également.des mouvements des troupes turques du côté turc de la frontière, tout enajoutant que "ce sont des mouvements de routine qui n'ont rien à voir avecla Syrie"."Nous disposons d'informations sur des mouvements de troupes syriennes.mais ceux-ci ne visent pas la Turquie et ne nécessitent pas decontre-mesures de la part de la Turquie. Ce sont des déplacements isolés.Nous ne nous attendons pas à une agression syrienne", a poursuivi ce.responsable."Nous avons des mouvements de troupes en Turquie mais ceux-ci ne visentpas la Syrie, a-t-il ajouté. Ces mouvements concernent soit la sécuritéintérieure soit la formation militaire".C'est la première confirmation officielle, tant du côté turc que syrien,de mouvements de troupes dans les régions frontalières entre les deux pays.Le quotidien saoudien al-Hayat avait rapporté samedi que la Syrie avaitmassé près de 40.000 soldats le long de sa frontière avec la Turquie à lasuite d'informations sur l'implication d'Ankara dans une série d'explosionsen Syrie ces dernières semaines.L'agence semi-officielle turque Anatolie, citant des commerçants turcset syriens venant de Syrie, avait fait état dimanche de mouvementß d'unitésblindées syriennes dans les régions syriennes frontalières avec la Turquie,sans préciser leur emplacement précis.La frontière turco-syrienne est longue de près de 800 km. .Ce responsable turc a précisé qu'il "n'est pas possible de dissimuler"des préparatifs de grande envergure de deux parties l'une contre l'autre.Selon lui, les troupes turques situées dans les régions frontalièresavec la Syrie ne sont pas actuellement en état d'alerte ou de vigilanceaccrue.Les troupes postées dans la province turque de Hatay, dans la zone ouestde la frontière, 'n'ont pas été renforcées, selon ce responsable militaire.La région de Hatay, sur laquelle la Syrie a des revendicationsterritoriales depuis près de 50 ans selon Ankara, constitue parfois unpoint de passage depuis le territoire syrien de rebelles du Parti desTravailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK), en rébellion armée contre Ankara."Nous avons dëï:i-- informations faisant état de la poursuite des explosionsen Syrie et d'activités des Frères musulmans (organisation hostile aurégime syrien). Les mouvements syriens peuvent être liés à la sécuritéirttérieure", a ajouté par ailleurs le responsable militaire turc.Des attentats ont eu lieu en mai à Lattaquie (nord) et à Damas, dontl'un non loin du domicile du chef du (PKK, séparatistes kurdes de Turquie)Abdullah Ocalan, dans la capitale syrienne, selon al-Hayat ..- I Selon lui, l'armée turque a des informations selon lesquelles lesautorités syriennes ont procédé à des arrestations ces derniers jours,notamment dans les milieux turcomans (syriens d'origine turque), que lesautorités syriennes soupçonnent de responsabilité dans ces explosions.CE/hc/php t.fra .A.F.P. - A~enleframe Pre\\e-A.F.P. - A~emeflame Pri\\e-A.F.P. - A~emeframe Pre\\e-A.F.P. - Aje~[efrJ~[e Pre\\e-A.F.P. - A;e'[e FrJnie pre\\e-A.F.P. - A;en[e fra':e Pre\\e-185

., I"""" 00Les Echlis ~'Iundll? juin 1996C\".La ,Turquie ~ftendavec impatienceIs,réouverture' du, marché irakien,L,t' débouché Iraklenétaltconsi-~ comme le deuxième marché!tidérteur de la Turquie. D'autantj(ijà précieux que le transit du:P.ê)role était particuiièrement lu-'J:ftdIf pou'r Ankara. Les hommesitiàffalres turcs ont maintenu des~, ,. __,', ... ~_ ~. _~~~~1'1:.~~ ~....1'1:.,~~....~~.~~~1'1:.~

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkisb Dairy News,TUESDAY. lUNE IH. 19'16Kurdish infighting in N. IraqKDP forces killleading Kurdistan Conservative Party figureTurkish Daily NewsANKARA- A leading politicalfigure and one of the leaders of theS~rci family, H~ssein Surci, w~skilled by" KurdiStan DemocraticParty (KDP) forces in northern Iraqon Sunday morning, the Anatolianews agency reported.In total, seven were killed duringclashes.The KDP, led by Messud Bananihad accused the KurdistanConservative Part¥ (KCP) of sPYingand encouragIng hostilities Inthe .region. In return the KCPaccused the KDP of attacking its villagesSurci was a leading figure in theknown to be pro-British KCP. TheAnkara re,Presentative of thePatriotic Dmon of Kurdistan (PUK),Sehzad Saib, said that there weresome problems between the KDPand the KCP.Last Friday the two parties made apeace agreement but on Sunday KDPforces attacked a pro-KCP vlllage,Serciy'a.Salb said that the KDP wanted tocontrol the whole of northern Iraqand for that reason they have beenattacking the KCP.The PUK, led by Jalal Talabani,are the main rivals to the KDP butare currently observing a ceasefrre.The KCP was established inAnkara after the Kurdish uprising~ainst Saddam Hussein in 1991.Their main aim is for a referendumfor Musul 'Province, whereby thewhole population of Musul Province(Kurds and non-Kurds alike) woulddetermine whether to become independent,join with Turkey or to staywith Iraq.The KCP particularly wants independencebut would seule with joinmgthe Turkisb Republic.INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE, TUESDAY, JUNE IS, 1996Iraq CalledUnbending on Arms InspectionsVisit by UN Official Expected to FailReutersGulf War cease-fire, introduceBAGHDAD - Iraq is unlikely fresh inspection procedures.to give in to pressure to change its Mr. Ekeus, the commissionstand on blocking inspection by chairman, is due in Baghdad onUnited Nations weapons experts Wednesday. A teamof53 UN armswhen a senior UN official, Rolf experts left the Iraqi capital SundayEkeus, visits Baghdad, diplomats after futile attempts to gain accessand analysts said Monday. to five installations that Iraq hasThey said they expected that Iraq'sgovernment, an~ered by an-The commission suspects thatdeclared vital to its sovereignty.other search of its facilities, would Iraq is still hiding 15 long-ran~ebe uncooperative unless the UN missiles and documents about Itsoffered a timetable for the end of its weapons programs.disarmament activities here. Iraq insists it has nothing left toBaghdad, the diplomats and analystssaid, will demand that the UN of delaying the lifting of curbs onhide and accuses the commissioncommission, which is overseeing its oil exports, part of comprehensiveUN trade sanctions imposed forthe scrapping of Iraq' s weapons ofm~s destruction under the 1991 its 1990 invasion of ~uwait. .Baghdad Gets Into Disarmament ForumReutersGENEVA - Iraq won a longbattle for membership in the internationalConference on Disarm~ament Monday after promising notto veto any of the body' s decisionsfor at least two years.After a weekend of closed-doornegotiations, the 38 members ofthe influential United Nationssponsoredforum agreed by consensusto admit 23 new members,including Iraq, Syria, Israel, NorthKorea and South Africa.The United States blocked theforum's expansion three years ago,arguing that Iraq should not be allowedto hold veto power on 'the~OI}fere9êe - whfèh .always operatesby consensus - while it isstill under UN sanctions for its1990 invasion of Kuwait.Under a rather cumbersomecompromise brokered by SouthAfrica, all 23 will have to forgotheir veto right for at least two yearsand Iraq would have to do so foreven longer if it remained underUN sanctions.The U.S. ambassador, StevenLedogar, said that Washington'sessential condition had been met-Iraq alone could not biock the workof the conference - although hesaid the compromise blurred thefact that Iraq had been the onlyobstacle to expanding the forum'smembership._ ....._I111!-_ .... ~- __ -~- ..r--------- r-----"-:--....-.,------------ ........ -187

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiVisibleinent, Damasn'a pas apprécié lerécent accord militaireentre Ai1kara et Jérusalem.Et ill'a fait S\lvoirà 'sa manière, en organisantdes mouvements detroupes dans les régions'frontalières de la Turquie.Le quotidien saoudien al-Hayat avait rapporté sa-'medi que la Syrie avaitmassé près de 40.000 sol- ':dats le long de sa frontière,avec la Turquie à la suite'd'informations sur l'implicationd'Ankara dans unesérie d'explosions en Syrie'ces dernières semaines. Lesautorités turques, elles,cherchent à dédramatiserla situation etle porte-parbleduministère turc desAffairesétrangères, NurettinGürkan,déclarait hierqu'il n'y avait pas «deplanmilitaire syrien visant le territOireturo>.naaussi souli- ,gné qu'Ankara «ne menaçait,pasdil tout l'intégritéterritoriale de la Syrie» etque «letraité turco-israélien 'n'était pas dirigé contre unpays tiers».La tension n'en est pasmoins vive entre les deuxpays séparé$ par quelques :600 km de frontière. Unhaut responsable de l'étatmajorde l'armée turque a ,d'ailleurs reconnu que lestroupes turques s'étaientrécemment déploy~ tout'le long de la frontière pour 'renforcer «la sécurité frontalière».n a justifié cettemesure par «l'accroissementdes troubles internes en Syrie»,ce qui soit traduit unedégradation effective de lasituation intérieure, soitsert de prétexte pour justifierle déploiement de l'arméeturque. De son côté,, l'Otan, dont la Turquie estl'un des piliers, a fait savoir•' qu'elle «suivait de trèsprésles développements de la situatiom>.Si on ne péut exelure une, aggravation des problèmes, intérieurs dans la Syried'Hafez el-Assad, force est, ceperidant de constater quecette montée de la tenSionsurnent au moment mê-'me où la Turquie et Israëlse découvrent des intérêts.économiques et, surtout,,militaires 'communs aupoirif dë -signer eri-céVrierun traité de coopération.'Les deUX:paYs oiltamsiconvenu de partager lesrenseignementS töuchantàlasécurité militaire et d'entraînerde concert leurs pi- ,, lotes de guerre. Depuis dé-',but juin, huit F-16'•israéliens volent dans l'

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiII -I

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti~ ~ütdJtr ~ritunßINTERNATIONALE AUSGABEMittwoch, 19, Juni 1996', Nr, 140, 3~:":Spanntil.Ige~:;~Wi'schenS~~ntî~d.der Tü~k~i. ,Gègeru;eitige~Vorwll:rf der Truppenkônzentratio,,- an der 'Greni,ë. ' .: , / ." '. . • f' ._ .•:Syrien und die Türkeihaben sich gegenseitig beschuldigt,.an der gemeinsamen GrèhZeTruppen zu, konzentrieren; 'Diesbelastet die seit' WQcllenap.gespannten'Beziehungen zwi-.schenden beiden Ländern zusätzlich. Damaskusfiihlt sich durch dïe-erwartete Blockiériuig, des~Nä1iQst~Friedensprozessesmid die Militärkooperation Israetsmit der TÜrkeibedreht; ,, :::';~;'~/'.': ' , vk. ,l1mâssol(l$~ Juni', runge~ 'geg~n tien :Fned~~prozess. ,uiähiiliéb~~: ,'Der'syrisch(Vizepräsidènt' Khaddam hat sicli •Weise reagierte die8Yti~èhe ~opâganda 'n~. ~tifj am Diensta. g'"'p,ersöolic,hd,ârum bèJIl,übt, 'Berich,te die Berichte übe~ :rrop,penyèrschiebu~gen:D.içsê,hiess es, lenkten' von 'der ' t'Ürkisch'-israeliSchenI.' der türkischenNachrichtehagentur Abatôlia über Militärkoopèrati~Jjab; QDd erhöhten, den D~ck:•.s~'che ,'TI'!JPpenkOnzenfrationen an der Gr~nze ur S' . h d . 11: li h 'B d' ' b';; iuiTürkei Z!ldep1ei)~è~n; Er sprach ~berseiner- ,a y~en, slc.e~ Isre sc ~n e lDgungCn.:.elI' seits von einein tûrkiSchen Aufmarsch im Grenz. den FnedensverhàndlUJ:lien zl,lbeugen, ' ',', ~',-:,;", ' gèbiet.' $oldie :ItO~9kÎ!-ti6rt,èn'känienvon Zeit zu ' , Ei,ii syrischer ~~~~gs~èrtreter b~ki~~'~èh ., ;,~i~~:ertreterin Teheranbefeuerte' amSonntag, jede V~r.schlhfung des Verhältriissës zw;schen der Tür~eiund Syrien bedrohe direkt die SicherheitIrans .. '0-190

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - Agence France Presse-A.F.P. - AgeIKe FralKePresse-A.F.P. - AgeIKeFralKePresse-A.F.P. -1ge1Ke France Presse-A.F.P. -Agence FroID Presse-A.F.P. - Ageoo FralD Presse-FRS0367 4 I 0339 TUR /AFP-JE08Turquie-Kurdes28 rebelles kurdes tués dans des opérations de l'armée turqueANKARA, 19 juin (AFP) - 28 rebelles du Parti des Travailleurs duKurdistan (PKK, séparatiste) ont été tués lors d'opérations militaires etcombats dans la province de Van, frontalière avec l'Iran, a-t-on annoncémercredi de source officielle.Ces opérations ont été déclenchées après l'enlèvement par un groupe derebelles du PKK de 12 bergers et de près de 2.000 moutons dans la région deGurpinar (Van), indique un communiqué de la super-préfecture de Diyarbakir(sud-est), chargée de la coordination de la lutte contre la rébellion arméedu PKK depuis 1984 contre Ankara.Alerté par un berger qui a pu s'évader, les forces de l'ordre ontpoursuivi les rebelles en fuite vers la frontière avec l'Iran et tué 28d'entre eux dans la région de Gurpinar, ajoute le communiqué cité parl'agence Anatolie. Quatre bergers ont pu échapper aux preneurs d'otageslors de ces opérations, précise-t-on de même source.Le communiqué n'indique pas la date exacte de ces opérations et combatsainsi que le sort des sept autres bergers.Un soldat turc et quatre "protecteurs de village", milicienspro-gouvernementaux armés par l'Etat, ont été blessés lors des combats.Ce bilan porte à au moins 255 le nombre total des rebelles kurdes tuésdepuis le début de la semaine dernière, dont 162 dans la seule région deCukurca, le long de la frontière turco-irakien, où les troupes turquesavaient effectué depuis plusieurs jours une opération ponctuelle contre lePKK en territoires turc et irakien.L'armée a intensifié ses opérations contre les maquisards kurdes depuisdébut avril dans liest et le sud-est anatoliens, à majorité kurde, tuantprès de 800 rebelles d'après les bilans annoncés par les autorités.La rébellion armée du PKK dans le but de créer un Etat indépendant kurdedans l'est et le sud-est anatoliens et les opérations de l'armée ont faiten 12 ans près de 22.000 morts, civils, militaires, rebelles et policiers.CE/bm t.fAFP /AA1234/191326 JUN 96FRS0262 4 I 0141 TUR /AFP-Ig63Turquie-KurdesLa Turquie prolonge le mandat de la force de protection des Kurdes-.ANKARA, 19 juin (AFP) - Le Parlement turc a prolongé pour un mois lemandat de la force multinationale basée en Turquie, chargée de protéger lesKurdes d I Irak.Le Parlement a accepté mardi une requête du gouvernement proposant deprolonger le mandat de la force, qui expirait le 30 juin, jusqu'au 31juillet par 257 voix pour et 195 contre.L'opération "Provide Comfort" été instaurée en 1991 à la suite de laguerre du Golfe pour protéger les Kurdes d'Irak du nord contre les attaquesdes soldats de Bagdad.La force aérienne, composée d'avions de combat américains, britanniqueset français, est déployée principalement sur la base d'Incirlik (sud). Elledispose également d'un commandement opérationnel dans le nord de l'Irak.ue/hc/nev t.fAFP /AA1234/191131 JUN 96A.F.P. - AgelKeFrance Presse-A.F.P. - AgelKeFrolKePresse-A.F.P. - AgelKeFrolKePresse-A.F.P. - AgelKeFrancePresse-A.F.P. - AgelKeFraIe Presse-A.F.P. -IgeMe FraMe Presse-191

Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiAu. moins diX.mortsdans: deux attaques .terroristes en TurquieS .,ept pe.-sonnes ont été.tuéeS et quinze autreS'QlesSéesdaQs une attaque àmain armée samedi soir à'Diya.rbaJ9r, -chef-lieu duSud-Est anatolien à rnajo-'rité ~de. Un groupe de'rebelles kurdes du Parti destravailleurs d~ KuréUstan(PIÇK, séparatiste) iltirésur:une centaine de personnesk}ui dînaient dans un restauran1:'enplein a1r à uneguinzairie dekilomètres dehl ~e, tuaritnotamm~ttrois enfantsenceinte;et une femme.Par. ailleurs;' un

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiLe Monde - 19 juin 1996Latension monteentre la Turquie et la SyrieA quelques jours du sommet arabe du Caire,Damas juge que les récentes décisionsprises par Ankara lui sont hostiles".DAMASde notre envoyée spécialeA quelques jours du sommetarabe du Caire, le premier depuissix ans, la tension monte entre laSyrie et la Turquie, alors que riensur le terrain ne parait justifiercette dégradation. Si, en privé, laplupart des Syriens attribuent àl'armée turque la. responsabilitédes explosions qui ont récemmenteu lieu dans le pays, le gouvernements'est bien gardé jusqu'àmaintenant de toute accusation,alors que, selon de bonnessources, plusieurs personnes arrêtéesauraient avoué avoir agi pourle compte de léJTurquie.Le quotidien britannique FinancialTImes avait rapporté, mardi 11.juin, qu'une bombe avait explosé,le 6 mai, sur ùoe route qu'auraitdU emprunter plus tard le chef del'Etat syrien, Hafez El Assad, pourse rendre à .une cérémonie annuelleà la mémoire de nationalistesexécutés Par l'Empire ottoman.Le département d'Etataméricain avait fait état, quelquesjours auparavant, d'explosions enSyrie, dont iln'é~ pas en mesurede déterminer l'origine. Selon desinformations recueillies par LeMonde, ces explosions ont pu êtrele fait de certains services turcs,exaspérés par le soutien que Damasapporte aux extrémisteskurdes turcs du fKK.IŒ5ERYISTES MOBWSUli"aditionnellement difficiles, lesrelations syro-turques se sont tenduesdepuis la fin de l'année, avéc,d'une part, les accusations syroirakiennessur une réduction, parAnkara, du débit des eaux de l'Euphrateet surtout, d'autre part, lasignatme,-en fimer, d'\IIl accordmilitaire israélo-turc. Accord qui aparticulièrement inquiété Damas,qui y voit une tentative d'encerclementsur ses frontières nord etsud.En pleine offensive israélienneau Uban, en avril, la Syrie avaitmobilisé certains réservistes pourles envoyer sur sa frontière nord,mais aurait, depuis, allégé son dispositif.A l'heure actuelle, leschiffres cités - 40 000 hommes et1 200 chars - sont, selon des témoinsrevenant dll Nord, très largementsurestimés. En tout état.de cause, un mouvement d'unetelle ampleur ne pourrait passertotalement inaperçu et semble audelàdes capacités de l'armée syrienne.Selon des voyageurs qui ont traverséla frontière ces dernièresquarante-huit heures, si lescontrôles cÔté turc sont stricts, aucunemesure de sécurité supplémentairen'a été prise du cÔté syrièn.La tension inquiète toutefoisd'autant plus la Syrie que lesEtats-Unis ont accordé leur soutienpublic à Ankara et quel'OTAN s'est déclaré «préoccupée» par la situation à la fron-~re. Cette affaire est perçue parDamas comme une forme de pres~sion pour la reprise des négociationsde paix avec IsraëLLors d'une récente rencontre àDamas, le président syrien et sonhomologue égyptien, Hosni Moubarak,ainsi que le p~e héritierd'Arabie saoudite, Abdallah BenAbdel Ariz, avaient appelé la Turquieà reconsidérer son accord militaireavec Israël.. à adopter unepolitique. de bon voisinage et àrespecter les intérêts arabes.Fra",oIseChl.paw193

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista.Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetirnURSDA Y, JUNE 20, 1996New Turkish assault andreconnaissance plane forSoutheast on drawing boardTAI plan: OfficiaIssaid it would have.cannon, rocketlauncher and cameraBy Metehan DemirTurkish Daily NewsANKARA- Turkish Aerospace..Industries (TAI) is workipg on an.assault and reconnaissance lightaircraft type that could be used inthe Southeast. If the Turkish.Anned Forces approve, the companysaid it would be ready toproduce in 1997, the TurkishDaily News learned onWednesday.Company officials, who askedto remain anonymous, said thatthis model, which would look.like a Cessna, could be used insécurity operations in the.Southeast because of its firingability and higher thrust thatbrings higher maneuverability.They said that the armed versionof this aircraft, which was speciallyimproved by the TAI,would be able to land and takeoffon short earthen runways. .The model of the arrcraft theyare working on was taken from a.design created by the SadlerCompany in the. United States.The TAI model is, however, amuch improved model.. TAI is also workin~ on apilotless model of the aIrcraft.The sources pointed out thatthey are planning to affix a camera,that could observe ground .movements; a machine gun; anda rocket launcher to the lightaircraft. .With these additions, the aircraftcould meet Turkey's needs .in the field of fighting terrorismin the Southeast, the sourcessaid. .Turkish Dai~ NewsThe aircraft wouldhave biggerengine and stronger thrust,the officials said. They alsoadded that the aircraft' wouldhave slightly differel)t body thatwould give extra agility to theplane. .The officials noted that it .would have folding wings, that .means it could be transportedfrom one region to another byrail or road. The costof a air-Craft is expected to be between$300,000 and $400,000. .They added that earlier, negotiationsto get permission fromthe Sadler firm had been sucéessful.~ The officials said that a prototypeis expected to ready to flyby next year. They said thatdespite unofficial contacts, themodel has not yet been official-.ly approved by the relevantorgarnzations but that the com-.pany W~ aptiinjstic.Socialistsin EU wantamnesty in TurkeyTurkish Daily News.~KARA- The Socia~st Group, which has th~ greatest number ofseats ID the European Parliament, ID a draft resolution has called on theTurkish government to declare an amnesty to release those who havebeentried in court under laws, which are "contrary to freedom of speechand human rights," the Anatolia news agency reported.It was stated that the new government should put an end to operationscarried out in Southeast Anatolia and find a peaceful solution to thepro~lem. The draft resolution contains statements such as "the, EuropeanParliament summons the new government to keep her word WIthrespectto the European Convention on Human Rights." .It was also pointed out that the EU Council of Ministers should {>utheSoutheast Anatolia probIernon the agenda of the OrganizatIon ofCooperation and Security in Europe. In another draft resolution preparedfor the summit in florence, the Socialist Group has said that tile EU isworried about the humàn rights situation in Turkey. .194

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTroop movementsare creating apotential flashpoint,Owen Bowcottin Nusaybin writesTIle ........ Thursday June 2f'1991'--- - - ~ --- ~-~ -- -~ - - ~ -- - --~-------- ----~---- ----- -- --- -- --------- -------- ----~- - ----------- - - - ---- ----~---------- ------- -- --- --------- -- -------------------~---- - ------------ ~---- --------------- ---------Border tension worsensin Turkish-Syrian rowclaim the border has been Israel and Turkey in Februclosedto Syrians seeking ary, which provides forchea~r electronJ,c goods in reciprocal alrforce trainingTurkey for the past two t1lghts and naval visits, leftmonths. ADkara insists the Syria feeUng encircled androad remains open. farther isolated within the"No one comes here any- Middle East peaee process.more," one trader said. Recent bombings in Da-''The government wants to mastus have been blamedprevent the PKK [Kurdish on Turkish mllltary intelll-Workers' Party) from en- genee (MIT). No oJ,lewas in-STRIDEthe old Sllk tering the coantry from jured by the explosions, but.Ar, Road and a stratellc Syria." Syrian authorities claimorder-crossing into The army presence on the they are meant to ander-Syria, the -- ..... ofN1ISIly- Turkish side is visible mine the country's statusbin should be bastlJng. In everywhere. The mo.... tain before the Arab summit inthe cool recess of a covered town of Mardin is doml- Cairo this weekend.arcade, shops are packe.d nated by radar installa- "With these explosionswith portable phones, video Uons scannt .. the Mesopo. they are trying to confusecameras and watches. tamian plain and the Syria's standing," a Syrian:But the. JIUU!ket traders approadles _Syria belOW. oMctall!lald yesterday.squ,at listlessly on their low ~ aloq, th,_ main The attack$, he said, were.:oal:tur~~~=e"~=Ir~~e=D~:~~~=:the TurkiBh tow:n a double der for 30 mlles, is alowed hood, as Turkey claims:line of barbed wire and by fortlfled barracks and ''Turkey has been deploywatchtowers stretchea armoured c:heckpolnts. In lq its forces along the bor-:''::tt~tothe heat haze, most plaœa Syria - which der for a long Ume. Theywhat is emerging provides a reftqe for the are dolq this to increaseas a potenUal new Dash- PU Chief, Abdallah Oca- tensioil in the region."point in the Mlddle East. Ian - is merely a fleld or Turkey said yesterdayThe diplomaUe stand-otf two away to the south. that improving Ues withbetween Ankara and J)a.. Relations between the Syria depended on DamaslII8SC1I8- C8Wled by bombs countries, whic& dispute eus withdrawing allegedin Syria, closer mUltary the border Deal' the Medi- ~upport for PKK rebelsUes between Turkey and Is- terranean. have worseaed tlgbUq a separatist camraeland a dispute abo&t as Turkey has bullt more' palp in south-east Turkey.water richts - has led to dams to irrlpte its flelds. "Stopplq Syrian supportreported troop movements. The project.' Syria cJaima, for terrorism is the ftrstCommerclal relaUons be- has reduced the flow of condiUon for meaningfultween the countries, which .water down the Euphrates talks between Turkey andshare a S48-mlle border, and Tlgrjs riven and dam- Syria," a foreign ministryhave been dJnnapd sev- apd qrica1taral output. spokesman, Omer Akbel,erely. Local shopkeepers A mllltary deal slped by said.195

\ \~~~~....~I~~....~~.~I~~ , " ~ 100'ri1B1iorî$'en,2020): -', ''. • • 1' ..... ' :- ... -'->- " -. ,"" J •'/Ethnlés:T~rCs :19 à90%. Kurdes:,'. '", -«. "-'." - ,., •. , .''-.9 àl9(lb'(c~~ vanablèsenfonction .'de8;è)~gihèS:\Y1iXt~s)~Xrabes:1i2'%," ":'i)NB~;li5;7mi/li~~dedQllars'(1992),.' il:f 97.5Qolln par ,hab:" " J,ct .... meritmondl.i du'PNUD: '; 'f.'. ~ ~>~;'. il\!POf!lßll mind ,< ,,:,~., ZoaI11'UCIiaaiéà I, ' ; ,", ~I~8~,rariQ~loni~ indicateurs',du, " ,",' ..',. ,!lIIJ~,;r: \ kuI1Ie ': ,',< ,,:~":; '1À1porieP!Ï';.:A~';:;.,déY~I~p~n)e,nt~~m~~ (ID~>.,~n1~94;; INOKTAISTANBULLe système, qui devait être à, l'origine "provisoire", des "gardesde village", prévu [en 1987,, Turgut Özal étant alors Premierministre] pour protéger lespaysans du sud et de l'est de l'Ana-•tolie contre la terreur du PKK [par-,ti autonomiste kurde partisan dela guérilla], continue d'exister,, indépendamment de l'Etat et malgrécelui-ci.Le débat concernant le maintienou non de ce système est revenu à, i'ordre du jour avec deux récentes, affaires. La première a eu lieu àUexistence de ce système demilices pour encadrer les villageoisconstitue aujourd'hui l'une des difficultésles plus aiguës dans le conflitkurde. Ceci est souligné dans denombreux rapports ou enquêtes parlementairesréalisés ces dernierstemps sur la "question du Sud-Est"[nom "officiel" de la guerre au Kurdistanpour les autQrités d'Ankara].Viols, séquastratlons, plllagas,trafics d'armas at da droguaEn général, les vues convergent: ilfaut, progressivement, aller vers ladissolution de ces milices. Car onconstate qu'elles sont à l'origine deplusieurs problèmes graves dans larégion. Alors qu'elles étaient cen~sées combattre la terreur du PKK,elles-mêmes créent, d'après les rapports,"une autre terreur", en se servantdes moyens mis à leur dispositionpar l'Etat. Deux mille procèssont déjà ouverts contre eux !Sanscompter qu'elles sont parfois soupçonnées"d'aider et d'héberger lePKK" ... La plupart des accusationsportent cependant sur des crimeshonteux, comme "des vols à mainarmée, des séquestrations de jeunesfilles, des viols, des pillages et des trafics(d'armes et de drogue)".Lorsqu'on envisage la suppressiondu système des milices, se posealors le problème de leur réembaucne.Privées de la sécuritésociale et du droit à la retraite, cespersonnes, dotées d'un statut pro-'visoire, sont inquiètes pour leuravenir. La conséquence est qu'elless'opposent à la levée de l'état d'urgence,conscientes qu'elle seraitpour eux synonyme de chômage.On dénombre 55 000 "gardes"appointés dans le Sud-Est Mais ilenexiste de nombreux autres qui sont ,volontaires et ne perçoivent aucun 'salaire. Pour pouvoir devenir milicien,il faut rèmplir certains critères,comme l'obligation de ne pasêtre impliqué ou avoir été condamnédans une affaire de vengeance (trèsfréquentes dans la région). Le députéBülent Tania, qui a récemment •enquêté sur la question, rappelleque cette clause a été rajoutée à laloi régissant cette organisation car"on a constaté que des règlements de 'compte personnels sejais aient avecles armes distribuées par l'Etat". :Mais, malgré cette mesure, TanIaexplique qu'une grande partie desgardes viennent de tribus ..

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti• -:ldverses, de groupes ou defamilles qui poursuivent entre euxune vendetta. "L'Etat s'est aperçu duproblème, mnis a ne suffit pas defaireune loi, ilfaut veiller à son application,poursuit le parlementaire. Enfait, il est difficile de savoir si quelqu'unest impliqué dans une vendettaavant qu'a ne passe à l'action et qu'ane soit condamné pd~r un crime. "Apart les vendetta's entre familles,on sait qu'il y a aussi des bagarresentre différentes tribus qans cette"région qui conserve '.encore lestraces d'un système féodal. Tous lesrapports préparés ces dernierstemps soulignent que le système ,desmilices ne fait qu'aggraver cettesituation. Certains gardes agissentcomme un Etat dans l'Etat, abusantdes armes et de l'autorité qui lui sontconférées par ce dernier.Selon Sefik Can, député du CHP"[Parti populiste républicain, socialdémocrate],élu à Sürt {voir carte],tous ceux qui sont armés par l'Etatse retrouvent en situation de supé- .riorité par rapport à leurs adversaires."Chaquefois que quelqu'undevient garde dans un village,. vingtou trente personnesjuient à caUse dela pression exercée sur elms. Avec lesarmesfournies par l'Etat, les gardespunissent les habitants, dit Can. Ce'système de milices n'a enfaitjamaisrépondu aux attentes. L'argent quel'Etat leur verse va finalement auPKK, auquel ils reversent la moitiéde leur salaire. Et puis ils se livrentaux trqfics en tout genre, allant desarmes jusqu'à l'héroïne. Enfait, toutceci n'est pas un secret pour l'Etat",ajoute-t-il..... COdboHbwtD ......ane les fan:es de RcùItt6Une autre voix s'élève contre l'autoritéexcessive accordée auxmilices, c'est celle d'Attila Durak,:rédacteur en chef du journal deSürt, "Le dernier mot". Il expliqueque tous les contrôles dans la région'sont du ressort des milices. "Ily ades vérifications d'identité auxentrées et sorties des villages. Comme.si on entrait dans un pays étranger,indique-t-il. Officiellement, les milicienssont censés se soumettre auxordres des postes de police, maisdans la réalité ils font ce qu'ils veulent.S'ils ont envie de procéder à desvérifications d'identité dans tel ou telvillage, personne ne peut s'opposerà eux. "D'ailleurs, on constate que,parfois, si leurs intérêts l'exigent,ces milices n'hésitent pas à entrerdans des confrontations arméesavec les Forces de sécurité, allantmême jusqu'à blesser des soldatsavec les armes que leur a fourniesl'EtaL Enfm, un rapport commandépar l'Union des chambres profes-'sionnelles de Thrquie précise quecertaines personnes, après avoircommis un crime, choisissent dedevenir gardes avec l'objectif de secacher sous les ailes de l'Etat etd'échapper ainsi à la justice.Les dirigeants des organisationsciviles [au Kurdistan] aßlnnent que"les milices ne sont pas aimées dansla région" et que "des gens ont étéen quelque sorte contraints à deve-,nir gardes de village. Ils choisissentcè métier sous contrainte officielleetfaute d'autre activité économique,car, dans les conditions de viediJJiciles des villages isolés, urisalaire de garde possède une grandevaleur économique aux yeux dela population". Le maire de Hakkari,Abdurrahman Keskin, ajoute:"Dans notre région, ce système demilices est devenu un véritable secteurd'activité économique. Si l'onveut le supprimer, afaut mettre autrechose à sa place. On ne peut pas laissertomber les gens comme ça.. •Salak Altun et Ayten OVUTLE POINT - n .1"10: 1"%Certes, les relations entreDamas et Ankara n'ontjamais été chaleureuses,mais, ces dernières semaines,elles sont devenuesfranchement exécrables, aupoint d'amener Syriens etTurcs à masser des troupessur leur frontière commune.Gesticulation? Probablement.Malgré les rumeursalarmistes, nul ne croit àl'imminence d'une nouvelleguerre au Proche-Orient. D....... ~.ANKARAL'histoire commence en fé- ~vrier dernier, lorsque Cevik MANŒUVRES SOUS TENSMUSBir, chef d'état-major turc, "__ --r-_IVn _se rend secrètement en Israëlpour signer un accordde coopération militaire.Pour les Syriens, l'accordsemble lourd de menaces.Ils se sentent pris en tenailleentre Israël et la Turquie, àlaquelle les oppose un vieuxcontentieux territorial. Ilsn'ont jamais admis qu'à laveille de la Seconde Guerremondiale la France ait donnéà la Turquie le sandjakd'Alexandrette (la régiond'Iskenderun pour les Turcs),qu'ils estiment faire partie dela Syrie. Sans oublier queDamas n'apprécie pas quelès Turcs contrôlent les barragessur l'Euphrate, leurseule source d'approvisionnementen eau.Depuis longtemps déjà,pour conserver un moyen depression sur son voisin, ~afezel-Assad a fait de sonpays un sanctuaire pour lechef du PKK (le parti kurdequi mène une lutte à mortcontre Ankara). Début mai,des bombes ont explosé enSyrie. A l'origine des attentats: sans doute les services "secrets turcs. Alors, en réponse,Damas a massé destroupes sur sa frontière noretMais Hafez el-Assad ne sefait guère d'illusions. L'ac~cord passé 'entre Israël et laTurquie n'a rien de conjonc-.turel. Il traduit pour l'Etat hébreuun choix stratégique:s'assurer un allié de poids'face à l'Iran. _ MIHBW DII-1&.197

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti_ _ la Croix - 20 .Il'IN I~l%Les.E.tats'~Unis ßlisentsur les généraux turcsWashington s'appuie sur l'armée turque pour avancer sur deudossièi'S dés: la Bosnie'et la mise en place d'un« nouvel ordre» au Moyen-OrientMurinfluent de la dans le réarmement de l'ar-, Vie politique à An- ' méebosniaque.LaTurquieakam, l'armée turque déjà accueilli un contingenttaussi considérée de 200 sOldats des unités muparles pays occidentaux sulmanes dans le cadre d'uncomme une pièce maîtresse programme de 700 miJlionsdans. une région parmi les de francsl8ncé par les Etatsplustroublées du monde. Unis. D'autres vont suivre.Deuxième armée de l'Otan" L'armée turque, qui lors de .forte d'en viron' l'offensive croato-bosniaque. 500 000 homm~, eUe consti-, de l'été dernier avait pioché'tue le pilier qu dispositif d~, dans ses stocks pour approvisécuritéau sud-est des terri-' sionner ses alliés, esl jusqu'à.toires couverts par cette or-, présent la seule à participer'ganisation. EUe est aussi un activement à l'entraînementfer de lance de la diplomatie. des troupes de Sarajevo.américaine dans la région. Ankara a par ailleurs signéLa visite au début de cette le 23 février dernier un ~-semaine du président turc cord de coopération militaireSuleyman. Demirel à Sara-. avec Israël qui dessine lesjevo, Mostar et Zagreb a sou- contours du «nouveauligné l'intense coopération Moyen-Orient .. souhaitéentreAnkaraetWasbington. par Washington .. L'accord-' -prévoitl'oJl?lniRlltiondema- .D(eu~es communes aérienn.eset navales, deséchanges de technologies etderenseignementetunecoopérationentre les industries, de défense des deux pays.Dès avril, une escadrille deF 16 israéliens a effectué desmissions en Turquie, poussantdes vols de reconnaissancejusqu'à la 'frontièreiranienne.Début juin, des pilotesd'essai turcs ont volé à bordde prototypes du futur chasseurisraélien Lavi, équipéd'un système radar dont Israëlvoudrait équiper54 Phanwm F 4 turcs. Uncontrat d'un montant de '3 milliards de.dollars quin'attend plus qnelebot,clage.du montage finAncier par desbanques israéliennes.L'~rd, israélo-turc a.suscité un tollé des paysarabes qui entendent abor-,der le sujet lors de leur sommetau Caire le l(eek-endprochain. Il a été aussi. condamné par le Refah.«Nous l'annulerons si nous'arrivons aù pouvoir .., affirmaitle 2 juin son vice-présidenten charge des affairesétrangères, Abdullah Gul.En menaçantcertains~es intérêtsprioritaires des Etats--Unis dans la région, le Refahest certain de trouver l'ariiDée turque sur son chemin.'~M.PLOQlJl1tf(aœeJoil DAVIDàJérumlemJINTERNATIONAL HERALD mmUNE, FRIDAY, JUNE 21, 1996UN OffIciaisDestroy IraqGerm PlantThe Associated PressUNITED NA nONS, New York -UN weapons monitors have destroyed a•huge Iraqi weapons plant used to man-:ufacture botulism, anthrax and other.germ-warfare agents, the United Nations. announced Thursday. .A UN video of the destruction showedworkers dynamiting buildings, smash-.ing equipment with trucks and sprayingwater on chemical~ .The destructionbegan lalit mO!lth.an~deQ ThJlrs~y~"Itspecially designed for the production of,biological weapons," Rolf Ekeils, the'chief weapons monitor, told United NationsTelevision.: Monitors said Iraq cooperated in the•plant' s destruction, and the videoshowed inspectors watching as Iraqi.workers smashed equipment. , .Iraq said last week that itwould no,longer allow UN inspectors into sens- .'itive bases suspected ofhousing material;'related to its banned weapons programs.'The UN has

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetila Croix -Ll) Jl'j:\ I~l%TurquieL'armée veille discrètementsur la vie politique turqueAlors que le leader lSlàmiste Necmettin Erbakan effectue un dernier tour de piste pourtenter de former un gouvernement, les militaires jouent les arbitresISTANBULDerwtrecorrespondantNecmettin Erbakan,le chef du Rèfah, leParti islamiste turc,aura jeudi une rencontredéterminante avecl'ancien premier ministreconservateur Tansu Ciller.De leur entrevue dépendentles chances du leader isla.;miste de former le prochaingouvernement. En casd'échec, ilsera88D8doutëappelépar le président de laIRépublique à pager la main .à un autre chef de parti.Ce revers ferait entrer lamois Turquie de criSe dansgouvernemen-tale. Depuis les élections du80n sixième25 décembre dernier, la Turquieest en effet ballottéed'un candidat premier ministreà l'autre. Une éphé- L'.""" turque s'Inquiète de la mo~ enpuissanœ du parti islamiste.mèréco8lition des deux prin- .cipaux partis de droite s'est une victoire éclatante aux aptèB l'interdictiOD par leeffondrée en mai après élections municipales de commAnMlnAut géMral demoins de trois mois d'exis- mars 1994. L'événement est la gendarmerie des saße8 detence. très peu probable mais IOn prière dans les eueroes. laUn acteur omniprésent et éventualité permet parada- " nosta1giepour lacbariaendiscretobserve ce ballet poli- xalement aux défenseurs de tretenue par des religieuxticien : l'~. La montée la laïcité de se rassurer. factieux ne saurait eudomenpni889nce du Refah, qui "Avec l'armée, nous ferions mager l'armée .., déclaraest devenu le premier parti un saut de dix ans en arrière l alon un " haut responsablede Turquie, inquiète une ins- avec les islamistes, de ein- militaire.. dont les propostitution attachée aux prin- ~te .., résume unjourna- furent dift'uaés par l'agencecipes fondateurs de la Tur- liste turc. de presse semi-officiellequie moderne, notamment Necmettin Erbakan nie Anatolie.celui de la laïcité. En février, que les militaire8 soient hoe- Le cas de Necmettin Erb&-Mesut Y'1lmaz, dirigeant de tiles à son parti. " Notre hé- kan est aggravé, aux yeuxla droite libérale, avait attri- roique ~ est née des en- des militaires, par sa remiaehué à une preIBion de l'état- traillœ de notre peuple .. et en C8II88 du CAmIeil de 8écu-JWQor son reooncementà la . ne saurait s'opposer au" ritéD8ÜoDale, un organe soiformationd'une coalition fab, mouvement lui aussi disant COnlA,lbdif' mais dontavec les isIamistes, alon que " populaire .., pioteste-t-iL aucune d. recolllJD8llda-95 % des portefeuiHes Pourtant,dixjouraaftntles tiona D'a 1IWen trente-ciDqavaient déjà été distribués. dernières i'Jecöons, 18 offi- ans rejetée ou ignoréeper lesDans un Jl8!B qui a connu ciers et 321OU&-08iden ont chefs de gouvernement.trois ooupe d'Etat militaires étéaduadel'lI'ID6eàcause C.ompœée de replé8entantBde 1960 à 1980, l'hypothèse de leurs ~ WAmi___ desdüférentBCOI'p8d'81'1Dée,d'une intervention de 1'81'- En mars, un député isla- du premier ministre et duméeestànouveauagitâ!de- miste ac:eu8a l'armée d'être président de la BépubIique,puis que le Refah a emporté l'ennemie de la religion cette instanœ est un rouagedé du pouwir aécutif enTurqUie..qp.î échappe à toutcoDtr~Ue, une "chambrenoire .. Belon le mot de NecmettinErbabnquiBOUhaitele BOUJDettre àla vigilA1l(P.duParlement..Face à la légitimité démocntique.l'.,œ.,garded'importantslDOJ8D8 de se ~entendre. Elle défeod l'Étatcontre la.gœri1la kurde depuisplus de dix 8D8 ; èIle détientun important levierécoDomiqueavecl'Organisationd'entraide de l'armée(Oyak), troisièmehoJdingdupays. Elle fait enfin le lienavec l'Occident à travenl'Otan. L'ex-premier ministre,Tanau Ciller,1ui aaitreodu un hnm .... indirectIon de8 demières éIectioDsen preII8DtllUl' sa liste lecbeCd'état-DuQor 8Ol1;ant, DoganGüres.199

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiFRIDAY,JUNE21,l996Turkish Daily News ..Iran offers military pact withSyria according to a1-HayatReutersLONDON- Iran has offered àmilitary pact with Syria tocounter an Israeli-Turkish militaryagreement, the London-basedal-Hayat newspaper said onThursday."Iran has offered a militarypact with Syria similar to that of a. Turkish-Israeli agreement," thedaily, q~oting foreign ~iplomaticsources fi Damascus, saId. . ."Tehran's artnouncement that itstands by Syria against Turkeywas an important development onthe basis t~a~ Iran's security ispart of Syna s security," Hayat• said. .Relations between Turkey and.Syria worsened in recent monthsover a military training deal'between Turkey and Israel. Their .links were also strained over .Syrian support for Kurdistan,WorkersParty (PKK) rebelsfighting a separatist campaign insoutheast Turkey. Turkey' saysthat PKK chief Abdullah Ocalan.lives in Damascus,Both countries are also at odds .over sharing the waters of theEuphrates River.Syrian Vice-President Abdul-Halim Khaddam on Mondaycalled for a meeting of a Syrian- ..Turkish security committee to.discuss what he called a Turkish, military build-up neat the border 'between the two countries ..The Turkish military has said .that Syria was increasing its ownforces in the area. .Kurdish infighting canspread in northern IraqThe killing of the leader of the Surchi family by theKDP may cause the PUK to interfere, and clashesbetween the rival groups could begin againBy Ay~e KarabatTurkish Dailv NewsANKARA- 'Since theKurdistan Democratic Party(KDP) killed a leading politicalfigure from the powerful conservativeKurdish Surchi family,clashes between the KOP and thePatriotic Union of Kurdistan(PUK) may result. This would bevery dangerous for Turkey, a wellinformeddiplomatic source hastold the Turkish Daily News.The KDP, led by MassoudBarzani, and the PUK, headed byJatal Talabani, have generallyhonored a cease-fire agreement forthe past two years. The KOP hadaccused the KurdistanConservative Party (KCP) of sPyingfor the PUK and encouragmghostilities in the region. Inresponse, the KCP accused theKDP of attacking villages ruled bythe Surchi family, which establishedthe KCP and has for manyyears been a rival of the Barzanis.Finally, last Sunday morningHussein Surchi was killed by KOPforces in northern Iraq in clashesin which six others died. Thediplomatic source pointed out thatKurds traditionally react to suchincidents with a blood feud. Whilethe Surehis might intend that, henoted, they are not strong enoughto carry it off and therefore souentthe help of the PUK. Thus, the .two Jjval 2l'OUPS the KDP and thePUK coufd start fighting again."This would be very dangerousfor the region - especially forTurkey. It would create a powervacuum directly affecting Turkey..In that case, Bntain and the UnitedStates would immediately try tostop the fighting by putting pressureon the KurdIsh foes,' thesource said.Hussein Surchi was a leadingfigure in the KCP, and the brotherof the party's leader. It was establishedin Ankara in 1992. TheSurchi family, which is believedto be pro-British, was also knownas supporters and benefactors of.Saddam Hussein, until the anti-Saddam Kurdish uprising after theGulf War in 1991. It played aprominent role among the KurdsID seeking autonomy from theBaghdad regime.The KCP's main aim accordingto its party pro2l1lIIlis to have "aregionally stabilizing, interimsolution in the form of a UnitedNations protectorate over theMosul Province (identified onKCP maps as all of northern Iraq), .without prejudice to its eventual .independence or reattachment toIraq or Turkey." The KCP arguesfor a referendum in order to determinewhether northern !rag shouldbe independent or part of Turkeyor Iraq.200

*~'" ~~~'"'" I~~.....~ ~~.~I~~~~"0"'6~>~~.~.~~$::i~~ItJ;::t'"~~~~;::t~I~N.;::t0:~::toFRIDAY, JUNE 21, 1996EDITORIALS/OPINIONw 1~INTERNATIONAL m •b:ntra u~~n nutPU1ILISHED WITH THE NEW YORK TIMES AND THE WASHIN(öTON l'OSTKeep Rooting Qut Saddam Hussein's ArsenalASHINGTON - The UnitedW Nations will complete the destructionof Saddam Hussein's gennwarfare plant this week, having blownit up bit by bit over several weeks. Notbad for a world organization widelyconsidered to lack teeth.But the dramatic end of Iraq'sHakam facility, 80 kilometers south ofBaghdad, is not the end of the matter. Itdoes not fInish the showdown with Saddam.Economic sanctions against Iraqmust remain in place to dismantle therest of his arsenal of dangerous toys.Saddam' s grandiose ambitions in theregion -, to have weapons of massdestruction and means of delivery thatcould reach Riyadh, Rome and Jerusalem- have been made plainthrough the work of a tough-mindedSwede, Rolf Ekeus, directing the UNSpecial Commission on Iraq.The commission's work has used intrusiveon-site inspections, technicalmonitoring, interviews with ~i militaryand civilian personnel, helicopterflyovers and U-2 surveillance flights tolook for new weapons and research facilities.The high quality of this work hasled to mention ofMr. Ekeus as a possibleUN secretary-general.'Tracking Saddam also has requiredwinning cooperation from errant countriesand companies that supplied IraqBy Ruth Wedgwoodin the past, by holding out the chance toplay on the right side.Mr. Ekeus has shown that Iraq manufacturedits own Scuds and importedmissiles from Russia Iraq embarked ona crash program to develop a nucleardevice after the invasion of Kuwait. Andeven after the Gulf war defeat, it built upa new infrastructure to import ballisticmissile components.Iraq's early claim that it had no interestin biological weapons' also hasbeen given the lie.Mr. Ekeus's exposure of Baghdad'sdrive for offensive biological weaponsis worthy of Holmes and Watson. Thekey clue was the innocuous substanceof "growth 'media," a laboratory nutrientused in ordinary medical tests.Mr. Ekeus noticed that Iraq had drumsof the stuff, stored at dispersed sites.He contacted the countries of originto determine how much Iraq hadordered. The tally was astonishing. In1988 and 1989 it imported 39 tons ofgrowth media - in barrel containersrather than in the usual two-poundpouches. Iraq' s imports were 200 timesmore than could possibly be used inlegitimate medical care.Iraq then began to teU the "most oddstories," as one official puts it. The fIrstwas about the floating decimal. Thehealth minister was a politician, not adoctor, Iraq explained. He had orderedtoo much growth media by mistake.Where was the extra media? Can'tshow itto you, said Iraq ... Rioters" hadallegedly destroyed 17 tons of it.The rioters were soon replaced bycows. The missing media was purportedlyused in the manufacture ofcow feed. Of course, the ingredientscost 10 times the value of feed.The fourth stop in the slough ofmendacity was for Iraq to admit thatperhaps, after all, there had been amilitary biological research program,but of course no weapons had beenproduced.Meanwhile, Mr. Ekeus's inspectorsuncovered unusual items such as spraydryingmachines to create aerosolparticles, machines used for injectingbacterial warfare agents into munitionsor containers, and numerous monkeycages, su~esting possible testing.Saddam s son-in-law Hussein KamelMajid defected to Jordan last August -the weapons program architect turnedstate's evidence. Mr. Ekeus was steeredto a barn at General Kamel's farm andfound 150 metal and wooden boxes ofdocuments and microfIche on Iraq' snuclear and biological programs.Iraq now admits that it ran an extensiveoffensive biological weaponsprogram, heads forces (fonnerly called the cow feed factory)was the major manufacturing site.The United Nations' destruction ofthe Hakam plant does not put to rest theproblem of stockpiled biological weapons.Iraq claims that all biologicalweapons and reagents were destroyedafter the Gulf war. Mr. Ekeus asked tosee paperwork from the destructionprocess and to talk to the technicianswho carried it out. There is no documentation,Iraq says, and no participatingpersonnel are available.The Kamel farm documents revealthat Iraq assembled at least 191 biologicalbombs. The 17 tons of missin~ growthtryingto develop a missile with a range of2,000 kilometers.Getting to the bottom of this devil' sbrew is not an optional task.deploying and in the bombs Gulf war. loaded missile against The Hakam warheadscoalitionplantmissile warheads and aerialmedia agents and enterovirus. were used including Iraq to produce anthrax, has also bIOlogicalbotulinumbeen The writer. a senio~ fellow at theCouncil on Foreign Relations and alaw professor at Yale, contributed thiscomment to The Washington Post.~'=>~

Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F. P. - A~enceFroncePresse- A. F.P. - A~en[eFroncePresse- A.F. P. - A~enceFroncePresse- A.F. P. - A~enœFronœPresse- A, F.P. - A~enceFroncePresse-A.F. P. - A~en[eFroncePresse-A.F.P.A.F;P.FRS0955 4 I 0390 AUT /AFP-EI72Turquie-politiqueLe fondamentalisme n'a "aucune chance" en Turquie, selon M. DemirelVIENNE, 21 juin (AFP) - Le président turc Suleyman Demirel a estimé quele fondamentalisme islamique n'avait "aucune chance" en Turquie, dans uneinterview publiée par le quotidien autrichien Kronenzeitung sans sonédition de samedi."Le fondamentalisme c'est vouloir établir un régime théocratique, ce quin'a jamais eu de succès en Turquie même pas sous l'empire ottoman. Et ceuxqui chercheraient à utiliser la religion à des fins politiques n'ont aucunechance chez nous", a déclaré M. Demirel, interrogé sur les préoccupationsoccidentales face à la montée des forces islamistes en Turquie."99% de notre peuple est musulman et pratique sa religion comme ill'entend. C'est pour cette raison que l'ancien système séculaire, quin'oblige personne à adopter une pratique religieuse précise, est populaire.Mais une croyance profonde n'est pas synonyme de fondamentalisme", a ajouté,M. Demirel ..Interrogé sur le danger que les milieux islamistes puissent s'attirer lasympathie de la population en promettant "la fin des injustices' sociales",le président turc a estimé que ces promesses se heurteraient à"l'intelligence de la majorité de la population"."Vous pouvez en tromper quelques uns mais pas la majorité. C'estpourquoi je suis persuadé que la majorité défendra le système séculaire etprotègera ce qU'elle. a acquis", a dit M. Demirel. 'Le chef d'Etat turc a par ailleurs critiqué "l'Europe qui fait trop peucontre le PKK", le Parti des Travailleurs du Kurdistan, qui a "déjà tué5.000 personnes innocentes" et "même des ~rdes" ."Les Kurdes ne sont pas un peuple prisonnier de la Turquie mais tant queles séparatistes kurdes revendiqueront des territoires et non pas desdroits constitutionnels" il n'y aura "pas de solution au problème", adéclaré le président turc.'. "Nous, ne pouvons accepter une déstabilisation de la Turquie. La Turquiene doit pas devenir une Yougoslavie", a mis en garde M. Demirel.. "Mais la Turquie étant un Etat de droit avec une société ouverte et desmédias libres, si nous réussissons à départager les revendicationsséparatistes des autres, je suis persuadé que nous parviendrons alors àtrouver une solution. (~..) Ma porte reste ouverte au dialogue", a ajoutéM.Demirel. .ls/birAFP /AA1234/211914 JUN 96A.F.P. - A~enceFroncePresse-A.F.P. - A~elKeFroncePresse-A.F.P. - A~encefranœ Presse-A.F.P. - A~encefranœ Presse-A.F.P. - A~enceFrancePresse-A.F.P. - A~enceFroncePresse-202

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiLutte Ouvrière - -'I Ii '1.\ l'I'II,Solidaritéavec les• •prisonniers.poli6quesde Turquieet duKurdistan1:::nTurquie, actuellementplus de 10000 prisonnierspolitiques mènent une grèvede la faim. Ils protestentcontre les cellules d'isolementcarcéral, la répression de l'État,la torture et les massacres.Par exemple, en 1995 à Buca(Izmir) et' à Ümraniye(Istanbul), les détenus politiquesont été ~auvagementagressés. Il y a eu sept mortset des centaines de blessés.Les détenus réclament la suppressiondes peines d'isolementcellulaire, l'arrêt desagressions dont sont vi

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti,SATURDAY. JUNE 22. 1996 Turkish Daily News-US pretends aUis well betweenTurkey and SyriaAmerican military if escalating tensions along the borderwith NATO ally Turkey erupt into war.""We simpl~ reminded Sria, diplomatically, thatTurkey is a ATO ally 0 the United States," thesenior official said. "Any attack on a NATO member isconsidered an attack against all NATO nations ... Theseare treaty commitments we cannot ignore." -. Nicholas Burns made remarks to the same effectwhen he told Turkish journalists about two weeks agothat, when push came to shove, the United Stateswould side with Turkey, a NATO member, and notSyria.Sißnificant deploymentA .S. intelligence analyst also quoted by the sameBut report claims US warnedsource confirmed that there were troo~ movements onboth sides of the Turkish-Syrian bor er. ''''s not theinvasion of Normandy," the analyst quipPtd. "But it'sSyria. of NATO responsea significant movement for both countnes no matterhow you look at it."Bl U!ur AkInclS~ria is reßö8ed by Arabic: daily al-Hayar tQ haveurkis Daily News,deß oyed 40, trOC)fs.along.its border with TurkeyWASHINGTONe Despite all the reports of doom and fo lôwin~ a series 0 explosions in various. Syrianä100m emanating from around the Turkish-Syrian bor- cities. A out 600 Turkmens have been artest.ed byer and the area south of it, the U.S. administration is Syrian authorities as suspects. Turkey's milit~'-cooptryingto maintain a rosy public facade when comment- eration agreement with Israel has been decriedb)" Synain~ on the rising tensions. .. and other Arab countries as a hostile act directed at'Both rountnes have an obliiation and self-interest to Syria. The Arab Summit convening in Cairo onmake sure thel, minimize t eir problems," State Saturda~ is expected to discuss the matter, as well asDepartmentt esman Nicholas Burns said, and quiCk-the Tur 'sh dams built on the Eu~hrates, and ~rhapsly ~dded:" e do not bel~eve there will be trou.ble, issue a communique ac Jing Tur ey. Turkish 0!tignmajor trouble between Syna and Turkey. We belIeve Minster Emre Gönensay sent letters to all Arab counthatboth countries are mindful of their own national . tries attending the summit, except Syria, wamin! .hemsecurity interests. We don't believe either rountry will that such a statement would "destroy Turkish re alionsbe led to a confrontation with the other. We think many with the Arab world."reports are overblown about such a ronfrontation."ArabSummitMediation?Burns was also asked how the State DepartmentWhen asked if the United States was ~'mediating" viewed the aggressive stance of the Arab SUl11mitbetween the two countries; Bums said, "Not by any nations vis-a-VIs Turkey. The develd'ing relationsstretch of the imagination." between Turkey and Israel were goo not only for"I don't mean to im~y that we are mediating any- these two countries but for the Middle East as well,thing," he continued." e have an alliance relationship Burns said.with Turkey. We have a relationship with Syria. And we"If people are going to criticize Turkey for its.relatalkto both governments. Our assessment is, there is no tionshlP with Israel, why not criticize any number ofimmanent threat of any kind of conflictbetween Turkey Arab countries who have developed relationships with .and Syria."Israel over the last cOlXleof years?" he asked."We want to see rab countries and others likeUS warnin~ Turkey develop normal relations with Israel. Israel -Yet a reliable mt:rican source, quotin$ an unnamed deserves it," Bums concluded.U.S. senior official, claimed that "the UnIted States haswamed Syria it runs the risk of confrontation ..with .the--204

the Social Democratic Party (SHP) upon the issuingof the Kurdish Report, said that tile solution isdirectly linked to the freedom of opinion. Turelalso meet with Turkey and Middle East ForumFoundation chairman Fikret Ba~kaya and gavehim information about the case and sought hisassistance to protect the EP's rights. FikretB~kaya said tlie dismissal of the case dependedfive percent on justice and 95 percent on the reactionfrom the streets and added that they have toconceive the public first of all the importance ofthe problem. He said they will give the necessarysupport to EP.~~~;p":i;:s~I~.... ......;:s0:~::toINTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE, SATURDAY.SUNDAY, JUNE 22.23, 1996Chemical Risk Seen in 1991 U.S. Attack on Iraq~'"~~ ~~,nr MJf1ciatt!d PrHS engineering battalion, but that they wereWASHINGTON - American ~ unaware the rockets contained chenûcaldestroyed an Iraqi ammunition depot m . weapons. They were three miles fromMarch 1991 that contained rockets the site when the bunker was detonated. armed wi~ chemical ageol8 and may in an operation after the Gulf War.ha-ve.been ~ to the chemicals, the Mr. Bacon said the Pentagon wasPentagon saia Friday. reviewing health records from soldiers"1t'll9wappears me of the destroyed who served during the Gulf War tobunil!Ita contjined dlëmiCal weapons, " determine whether the soldiers whosaid a Pentagon spokesman, Ken Ba- blew up the depot had distinctive clincon.ièa1problems. .He ~ that the soldiers who des- In the past. the U.S. government hastroyed*bunker at the Kamisiyah de- insisted that Gulf War veterans were notpQt in aobdlem &àq were members of an likely to have been exposed to harmfulmaterials. It still contends it haS found noevidence that Iraq used any of its arsenalof chemical and biological weapons.So far, almost 9,000 veterans haveftled disability claims with the Departmentof Veterans' Affairs for illnessesthey maintain are related to the conflict.Veterana affairs and Pentagon officialshave said they have yet to fmd anysingle cause for the illnesses - includingneurological, respiratory andskin problems - that are known collectivelyas •'G~iU' syndrome." _The U.S: Aroi.y's top dOctor said IDMay that in his opinion - a view notofficially shared by the government atthat time - it should be presumed thatsome Americana were exposed to chemicalsin the war, given the thousands ofunexplained illnesses and evidencefrom other. countries of biologicalagents in the region.Major General Ronald Blanck, commanderof.Walter Reed Army MedicalCenter, said that while scientists havenot yet been able to link chemicals to thevarious iUwlISes, ••clearly there 11some~vidènce of low-level exposure."~ ~ ....~~......'"~I~~'"~~~SATURDAY. JUNE 22,1996~"'6 "'~ I~Turkish Daily News I~'Ç')Kurdish problem threatens another party with closure IiBy Erdinç ErgençTurkish Daily N~sISTANBUL- The reactions against the caseopened by the Istanbul Attorney Generalship inConstitullonal court for the closure of Emek Party(Labor Party) due to its including in its programopinions concerning the resolution of the Kurdishproblem are increasmg.According to the Turkish Constitution nationalismis the obligatory ideological base thai has tobe accepted by all parties. But, stated the chiefprosecutor, Ihe Emek Party's program concerningthe Kurdish problem violates the "inviolableintegrily of the state with the nation",Emek Party leader Levent Türel stated the EPdoesn't approve of the state's approach to theKurdish problem and defends an equal and brotherlysolidarity and therefore was considered separatistby the state.Tüzel, claiming thai the real separatism is amentality that forces nationalism, said that thismentality threatens the freedom of politics as wellas the freedom of expression and organization.In order to gain support for the EP in the caseagainst its closure Tüzel visited yesterdayRepublican Peoples Party (CHP) leader DenizBaykal, CHP Istanbul parliament representativeErcan Karak~ and Samsun member oTparliamentMurat Karayalçm.Türel, in his meeting with CHP leader Baykalat the parliament in Ankara, asked him for supportagainst the closure of the EP. At the end ofthe meeting Baykal said they will follow the case,since this IS a problem of Turkish democracy.Ercan Karaka~ claimed that they are facing theimage of a police state and the governmentdoesn't respect rights and freedoms.Murat Karayalçm, recalling that a similar casewas opened, but subsequently dropped, against~~

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiAlP. - Agenle Fron[e Presse-AlP. - Agenle FronIe Presse-A.F.P. - Agen[e FronIe Presse-AlP. - Agme FranIe Presse-A.F.P. - Agenle FronIe Presse-AlP. - Agenle FronIe Presse-A.F.P.A.F.P.FRS0012 3 l 0350 TUR /AFP-KD53Turquie-attentats leadHuit morts dans deux attentats armés en TurquieANKARA, 23 juin (AFP) - Huit personnes ont été tuées et 19 autres ont,été blessées dans deux attentats à main armée samedi soir à Diyarbakir,chef-lieu du sud-est anatolien à majorité kurde, et à Istanbul, ontrapporté des chaînes de télévisions turques.Sept personnes ont trouvé la mort et 15 autres ont été blessées dans un,attentatâ main armée, attribué par les autorités à des rebelles du Parti'des Travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK, séparatiste), dans un parc à 15 km deDiyarbakir, selon les mêmes sources. '• Un groupe de rebelles kurdes ont tiré sur une centaine de personnes quidînaient dans un restaurant en plein air, a affirmé un témoin oculaire,Savas Donmez, responsable de la chaîne ße télévision privée locale, Soz-Tv.Troi~ enfants et une femme enceinte figurent parmi les victimes del'attentat, a affirmé M. Donmez. " ,Les blessés ont été hospitalisés à Diyarbakir et les forces de l'ordreont déclenché une opéfation pour retrouver les assaillants.Le P~K mène une rebellion armée dep~is 1984 contre Ankara pour créer unEtat in~épendant kurdè dans le sud-est:',anatolien à majorité kurde àlafrqntiè;+e avec la Syrie, l'Irak et l'Iran. ,'Cette rébellion et} les opérations de 'représailles de l'armée turque ontfait près 22.000 morts en 12 ans. \A Istanbul, un "terroriste" a été tué,et quatre policiers ont étéblessés 'lors d'un attentat à main arméècontre un groupe de policierspatrouillant près du bâtiment qui abrite les locaux de l'organisationlocale à Kagithane du ":Parti de la Juste Voie (DYP, droite) de l'ancienpremier!ministre Tansu Ciller, selon les mêmes sources.Cinq personnes, dont trois femmes, ont ouvert le feu sur le véhiculetransportant les policiers, blessant deux d'entre eux. Un assaillant, unefemme, a été tué et deûx autres policiers ont été blessés lors del'accrochage armé qui a suivi l'attentat; ,La police a encerclé la zone et lancé une o~ération pour retrouver lesagresseurs. Cet attentat n'avait .pas été revend~qué dan$ l'immédiat.ce/ab ' , eap.m 'AFP/AA12j~/230109 JON 96Al P. - Agenle Fron[e Presse - A. F. P. - Agenle FronIe Presse - Al P. - Agenle FronIe Presse- A.F. P. - Agenle FronIe Presse- A. F. P. - Agenle FronIe Presse- A. F. P. - Agenle Fron[e Presse-206

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetile Monde - l,; II Il'\.,\ l'Il\(,La Turquie, ses voisinset IsraëlLA MAlTRISE des eaux de l'Euphrateet l'aide apportée aWt séparatisteskurdes: c'est sur ce doubleregistre que se joue depuis des annéesle conflit entre la 1\1rquie etla Syrie, dont le dernier rebondissementrappelle que le danger persiste(Le Monde du 19juin).Ankara est soupçonné d'avoirorganisé une série d'attentats quiont secoué la Syrie au cours desdernières semaines. Feu de détailssont connus sur ces actes que ledépartement d'Etat américain aindirectement confirmés en faisantrécemment état de plusieursexplosions en Syrie. En mai, unebombe aurait apparemment exploséà Damas, à proximité du domiciled'Abdullah Dealan, le dirigeantdu Parti (turc) destravailleurs kurdes, le PKK. Des informationsrécentes suggèrent quela cible n'en était pas M. Dealan,mais le président Hafez El Assad.lui-même.La 1\1rquie dément avec vigueurles accusations portées contre elle.et réfute les rumeurs selon lesquellesla Syrie aurait massé destroupes à la frontière entre lesdeux pays. «La Thrquie n'est pasun pays terroriste, Nous "~vons rienà voir avec ces attentats », affirmeNurettin Nurkan, porte-parole duministère des affaires étrangèrès.Le différend turco-syrien pourraitcette fois prendre une ampleurrégionale. La Syrie a saisi le mondearabe de ses problèmes avec Ankaraet espère d'autant plus sé-bouleversé les équilibres régionaux.~clûe entre la 1\1rquie et Israël arieusement obtenir son soutien Déjà entourée de pays avec. lesquelsque les pays du Moyen-Orient ont elle entretient des relatioBs inamicales,la,Thrquie pourrait,ainsi voirviolemment réagi à la signature,en février, d'un accord de coopérationmilitaire entre la 1\1rquie et la liste déjà longue de ses ennemis.s'ajouter plusieurs nouveaux pays àIsraël. La présence d'avions israé- , L'eau, devenue presque aussi précieuseque le pétrole dans unliens sur le territoire turc et leséchanges de visites de militaires de Proche-Orient qui en manque cmellement,est au centre de la disputehaut rang entre les deux pays ontsoulevé des inquiétudes dans la région,où cette nouvelle alliance est se déroulent SUl'uJi:f()nddc!ressenti-turco-syrienne, dont les péripétiesperçue comme dirigée contre les :inent accumulé. EP-l~jlJ, la syn~Arabes.,avait été forcée de céder ~ Jeune--La 1\1rquie s'en défend, fait valoirqu'un accord la menaçant a d'Alexan\,lrette, ~evenue au-.République turque la province'été conclu entre la Grèce et ~ Sy-.jourd'hui la provinc~ turque du ~a.:..rie selon le vieux principe qui veutque les ennemis de mes ennemissoient mes amis, et affirme qu'ellecontinue de se tenir à égale distanced'Israël et du monde arabe.La coopération aérienne et navaleavec l'Etat juif ne menace aucundes pays voisins, plaide-t-on à Ankara.Les Arabes, notamment les Syriens,qui se sentent directement vi-.sés par un échange éventuel de renseignementsentre Ankara etJérusalem, ne sont pas convaincus.La convergence de vues sur le terrorismeentre le gouvernement turc etle premier ministre israélieq, 8eQyaminNétanyahou, nest p)S 'rion plusde nature à les rassureiIls troUvent un certain répondanten 1\àquie même, où les milieux islamistessont hostiles à l'accordconclu avec IsraëL Lefait que celui-ciait été rendu public qUelques joursseulement avant l'offensive israélienneau LIban sud n'a falt qu'accrottrel'embarras des autoritésturques, au point qUe le premier mi-Distre, Mesut yilmaz - ~ laissant allerun bref instant avant de faire publierun démenti -, a rkemmentdéclaré que cet accord avait entraînéplus d'ennuis que de bénéfices.Jbsq\l'à la signature de l'accordavec Israël,le monde ai'abi,œritaitde ~ pas prendre clairefti!nt partisuI)~qtÎestion du plUta8e,«~ eaux~~~;1'~uphrate. Mais l'allianceAux yeux des Turcs,j'essor des relationsavec Israël pourraitêtre plus rentableque les relationsambiguësqu'ils ont toujoursentretenuesavec lesArabestay (même si, sur certaines cartes syriennes,elle fait encore partie duterritoire national).Au cours des derniers mois, la 1\1rquie,dont la politique étrangère estde plus en plus influencée par les militairesen raison de l'instabilité gouvernementale,a clairement durci leton envers Damas, qui protège etsoutient les combattants kurdes duPKK,depuis qu'Ankara a commencéla construction du barrage d'Atatürkpour exploiter les eaux de l'Euphrate.La première attaque arméedu PKK, en aoÜt 1984, avait marquéle début du conflit qui continued'opposer les rebelles kurdes auxforces gouvernementales turques etété maintenu. Mais c'est le réfusd'Ankara de garantir une quantitéfixe d'eau, sous forme d'un traitépermanent, qui continue d1irriter lesdirigeants syriens, alors que la 1\1rquiecônstruit d'autres barrages surl'Euphrate, dans le cadre du gigantesqueprojet du Sud-Estanato1Ïen,çonnu sous le nom de GAP.Les 1\1rcs, toujours pres~ de démontrerque la question kuide n'e:>tpas un problème national, maiS uniquementune arme utiUsée par lesennemis de leur pays, ont tour 1 tourpointé un doigt accusateiJr'qt directionde tous leurs voisIns; d~ la Grèceà l'Annénie •.cm passant par.J'lran etl'Irak. Ils ont, en revanche; ~ généralemèntplus prudents ave

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetile Dauphiné libéré -2:~.Il'lN I~)%l'Humanité - 22 JUIN 1996... Turquie: huit morts.... -dans deux attentats armes:H~it personnes ont été tuées et 19 autres ont étébJèsàéesdans deux attentats à main armée samedi;$O'r. à' Diyarbakir, chef-lieu du sud-est a'1atolien àjnajdr1té kurde, et à Istanbul, ont rapporté desèhaines de télévisions turques. .Sept personnes ont trouvé la mort et 15 autres ont été,b.lßsséesdans un attentat à main armée, attribué parI~s autorités à des rebelles du Parti des Travailleurs,du .Kun::ljstan (PKK, séparatiste), dans un parc à~5 km de Diyarbakir, selon les mêmes sources.Aistanbul, un .. terroriste .. a été tué et quatre polioiersont été blessés lors d'un attentat à main armée'COntrejJn groupe de policiers patrouillant près dubâtiment qui abrite les locaux de l'organisation localeà Kagithane du Parti de la Juste Voie (DYP, droite) del'ancien pr~mier ministre Tansu Ciller, selon 'lesmêrTI~$soûrces.,Liberté pour les prisonnierspolitiques en TurquieA l'initiative, entre autres, du graupe de la Gauche unitaireeur.opéenne,le Parlementde Strasb.ourga adapté une résoluti.onsurles dr.oits de l'h.ommee~.la situati.on en Turquie. n se déclare«prQf.ondément préoccUJ1é par les.opérati.onsmilitairesmenéespar lesfarcesturquesen Turquie.orientaleet par leur refusde rechercherles'!'Oiesd'un règlementpacifiquedu conflit,malgrél'annoncedecessez~t~feu faitepar lePICKle15décembre1995».Ev.oquantlagrèvedela'fànn .observéepar des centaines de pris.onniersp.olitiqueset lapersistancede mauvaistraitementsdans lespris.ons,le textedemandeau n.ouveaug.ouvernementde « s'engagerà rec.onnaîtreet à sautenir;lesdr.oitsde l'h.omme», de décréterune amnistiegénérale,de mettre!finaux.opérationsmilitairesdansle sud-estdupays»... Intervenantaun.om du graupe GUE, .Aline Pailler dén.onçaitles complaisancesentretenuesen faveurdu régime turc, s'exclamant: « Liberté p.our~vla Zanaet toYS lespris.onniersp.olitiques!» . .June 24, 1996The Nation.THE FUTURE IS ON VIEW NEARA U.N. SUMMIT ON CITIES: MILLIONS OF DISPIACED PERSONS.Habitat for InhumanityI JOBN TIRMAN I"~ Il the houses were shattered, tom down,not a single one intact," a young Kurdishman named Kamil was telling me in Istanbull~stfall. He was talking about hisvill~ge in southeastern Turkey. "The destruction.ofeach house came through the roof,. each oftl:1em crushed or bombed. I was told they. were bombed. Windows were shattered. Doorswerebroken. Whatever was left was taken bythe police for themselves."This was my childhood home. Everyonein my father's line lived there. My life passed before my eyeswhen l saw the fountain where we had played as children; itwas crushed. Nothing was left in the village except the school~house, where a Turkish flag wasflying. In the health center,where everything had been looted, an intact wall had scrawledJo~1'J1ïrman, executive director of the Winston Foundation in Washington,f)'c., is writing a bookfor the Free Press on the Turki~h-Kurdish conflict.-on it, 'One Turk is worth the whole world.'''The' United Nations delegates convened atthe global summit on the future of the city, heldthe first half of June in Istanbul, are likely to ignorestories like Kamil's. Refugees from war"political repression, environmental disaster andeconomic neglect are not priorities for the~ 20,000 attendees-including several heads of~ state--expected for the Habitat II meeting. Judgêing by the preparatory gatherings, Habitat II'" will insist on decent housing for all humankindand other satisfying goals, but the hard cases of urban lifethemillions pouring into cities worldwide from the oppressive.outback-will earn no special mention. Too bad, really, sinceIstanbul itself is the global showcase for how disgracefully agovernment can treat its own "internally displaced." The city is ,home to up to a million refugees from the Kurdish areas of thesoutheast, driven from their villages by the Turkish military.using u.s. weapons.208

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti22 The Nat,ion. June 24, 1996The U.S. Committee for Refugees says there were 15.3 millionpolitical refugees in 1995 and 20 million internally displaced,with Thrkey's 2 million among the world's highest number. Thesedisplaced commonly migrate to cities, constituting a large fractionof the globe's explosive urban growth.Among Istanbul's 10 million people may be a million or moredisplaced Kurds. The city's Kurdish population is swollen by thewar between the Turkish government and the Kurdistan WorkersParty, or P.K.K., a war that has taken 20,000 lives since 1984. TheP.K.K., a quasi-Marxist guerrilla army, claims to want only culturaland political rights for the beleaguered Kurds, who makeup one-fifth of the country's 60 million people. To defeat theP.K.K., the military-dominated government has evacuated anddestroyed some 2,500 Kurdish villages since the early nineties.The villagers, left without resources or relocation aid, migrateto the larger cities of the southeast like Diyarbakir, which hasgrown from 300,000 to 900,000 since 1993; or to western citieslike Adana or Izmir, which have also exploded in size. But Istanbulis the destination of choice.Just twenty miles from where the Habitat II delegates aregathering is a part of Istanbul called Esenyurt, teeming with100,000 Kurds, many thousands of those in homes builtillegally, without running water, of stacked bricks and tinroofs. Cows and geese drink from a stream blackened by industrialwaste that runs through the middle of the settlement.Children roam about, unable to attend school because they possessno identification papers and the Turkish government demandsa school fee that none of the parents can pay. The adults,too, have fallen out of the system. Afraid to speak up for theirrights-voting, housing, jobs-the refugees of Esenyurt piecetogether subsistence lives under constant threat. Ultranationalistgangs harass and sometimes "disappear" political activistsamong them. The men can find work only as day laborers onconstruction crews, uncertain and seasonal employment. Thelocal mayor, excoriating the refugees as P.K.K., regularly bulldozesthe shanties of the hillside hamlet.This is not the worst of it, either: Tens of thousands of otherslive in tents, or in refugee camps in other countries. Thousandsmore find housing with relatives, doubling up in crowded apartments,hiding out from the authorities, who they feel may persecutethem again. Virtually all find the city a bizarre andfrightening experience. "I was a shopkeeper in my town," saidMehmet, a wiry man of 48 who was forced to migrate to Istanbulwith his wife and ten children. "I wasn't political, but I wasa respected citizen. After we left, our house was looted andburned. Now I cannot fmd work. Here we live incognito." Awoman tells me, "The children don't know about the city. Oneof mine was struck by a car." A 49-year-old man from near Diyarbakir,whose wife was murdered by the government-backed"village guards" and whose home was shelled, says ofhis existencein Istanbul, "I don't even understand my life anymore; Idon't understand what is happening to me."A 25-year-old woman explains how she came to Istanbul."We had a hundred houses in our village," she says. "Guerrillaswould come to the village, so soldiers targeted this place. We likethe P.K.K. If we had a problem we would go to the P.K.K. andthey would solve it. We'd be too afraid to go to the government."We were preparing for the Nawroz [New Year's] festival.Soldiers came to the village. My two brothers-in-law were athome; the soldiers threw a bomb at the house and killed both.They then took all the villagers into the schoolyard and set thewhole village on fire. Everything was burned, including the animals.There were ten other villages in the area, and nine of themwere also burned to ashes. Nothing was left. We had fourteenchildren, and they told us, Go wherever you like, but you have novillage now. We couldn't take anything from the village. Thewhole family came to Istanbul except for two of my stepdaughters,who joined the rebels because of this incident. We lived in atent for eight months. The police came and raided because of thetwo stepdaughters with the guerrillas. They kept my husband indetention for two months."Ali, a 50-year-old man from a village near Diyarbakir, tells asimilar tale .. "When they burned Kaynak, my village, they assembledall the people in the central square. The soldiers tookvaluables and jewelry from the houses, then burned the houseseven with the animals inside. Tanks, helicopters, they are all th~time there. In my village they have slaughtered 200 horses; withthese, we carried food. There w~re so many animals in Kurdistan;now you cannot find two chickens." Ali found his way to adormitory-style camp outside Athens, one of a growing numberof foreign (and urban) resting spots for Kurdish refugees.1he.forced-evacuations ofKurds violate internationallaw, butneither Europe nor the United States is holding Ankara accountable.The human rights focus on Thrkey typically includesonly torture and freedom of speech issues. The UnitedStates provides 80 percent of Turkey's weapons, includingSikorsky and Bell-Textron helicopters, F-16 fighters and M-60.tanks used to drive Kurds from their homes. Precious little attentionis given to the millions of displaced persons.Less noticed still is the growing anger of the newly urbanKurds. "In the immigrant populations we see a higher rate of p0:-litical radicalization," says Dogu Ergil, a professor at AnkaraUniversity who studied Kurdish attitudes in an exhaustive 1995survey. "In the cities, theyare trivialized. They had their gardensand thcir livestock in thc village, and now they have nothing." Afield trip to Esenyurt would expose the Habitat II delegates toone of the bleakest urbanscapes in the world, and a soberingglimpse of the future of the city.•209

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiMONDA Y, JUNE 24, 1996.Turkish Daily NewsWild scenes at HADEP congressA man unfurled a PKK flag from the ceiling to the cheers of the audience. He then climbed along the girders and cutdown the enonnous Turkish flag, which had been the backdrop of the main stage, once again .the crowd cheeredBy Ayse KarabatTurkish Daily Nell'sANKARA- The People's Democracy Party(HADEP) held an evenlful"2nd General Congresson Sunday at the Ataturk Sports Cenler inAnkara.The meeting itself was extremely crowded, thehall as packed as the garden. The garden was fullof women and children from all over Turkey, butespecially from the Southeast. Some of the familieshavmg picnics, children sleeping on theground and others crying, all made the sceneextremely chaotic. The crowd both in the ~ardenand in the hall was full of enthusiasm. Inside thehall, quite often masked youngsters would holdup pictures of Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)leader Abdullah "Apo" Ocalan and shout pro-PKK slogans.The congress was supposed to start with aminute's silence but it wasn't long before therestless crowd launched into singing a Kurdishnationalist anthem.Whilst HADEP leader Murat Bozlak was makingthe opening speech of the congress, someonewas seen climbing the steel girders running alongthe roof of the hall. .He then unfurled a PKK flag to the cheers ofthe audience. He then climbed along the girdersand cut down the enormous Turkish flag, whichhad been the backdrop of the main stage. Onceagain the crowd cheered.The chairman of the congress denounced thetearing down of the Turkish fla~ and asked for itto be put back up. This call elicited many boosand jeers from the exited crowd. During hisinterrupted speech Bozlak said that 105 Kurdishpolitictans had given their lives for the cause butthis will not stop them from fightingrights.for theirBozlak compared the Dec. 24 election with therecently-held referendum in Iraq, which foundthat 9.9.9 percent' of Iraqis 'supported SaddamHussein. He said that 10 million Kurdish peopleWere not allowed to vote in the last general elec-. lion and that the election itself was held underRelatives of hunger ~triking prisoners atthe HADEP congress. HADEP officials are to go on a one-daysympathy hungry stnke today.TON Cengiz Uysaltight security pressure. He also attacked mainstreampolitical parties forrefraining from introducingdemocratic measures. He also claimedthaI Ihe Turko-Israeli military accord is anti-Kurdish: "The Israeli planes will take off fromlncirlik and bombard innocent PalestiiJians.Turkish planes will take off from Diyarbakir andattack t.he Kurds." _Also present at the congress were rdatives ofprisoners who are on a hunger strike protestingconditions in prisons throughout the country.Bozlak said that he and official delegates hadpledged to also go on a one-day hunger strike insympathy with the other hunger strikers.There was a strong police presence outside thesports ~ente~ and at the entra~ces. Interestingly,the police did not use the available metal detectorsunlike at other party political congresses.Guests at the meeting included a SwissSocialist Party deputy, Nills de BarkeI; WelfareParty deputy Fetullah Erbas; Freedom and.Solidarity Party (ODP) leader Ufuk Uras; andHuman Rights Association President Akin Birdal,who was also an HADEP candidate in the lastgeneral election.Some members of the press found entering thecongress difficult as they were held up by thepolice, arguments ensued and the journalists werefinally allowed to enter.Party office elections were to be held as theTurkish Daily News went to press. IncumbentMurat Bozlak is the only candidate for the chairmanship.The interesting elections will be for theCentral Administration Committee where approx-.imately 200 candidates are competing for 50positions.210

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiINTERNATIONAL HERALD TRmUNE, MONDAY,JUNE 24, 1996CIA-Backed IraqisAgain Seek a WayTo Depose SaddamBy John Lancasterand David B. OttawayWashington Post StrviceInan office suite on a quietstreet in Amman, Jordan, anexile group called the IraqiNational Accord is plottingand struggling to carry out a.new CIA-backed plan totopple President Saddam'Hussein of Iraq.Now equipPed with a'powerful radio station andclaiming contacts at highlevels of the Iraqi military, diegroup is trying to promote acoup by officers close to PresidentSaddam, according toAmerican and Saudi officialsand members of the organization.Besides operating the radiostation, which can reach mostareas of Iraq, the group hasaided the defection of severalhigh officers, including aformer army chief of staff,and it claims to be usin$ capturedmilitary field radios tostay in contact with IraqiArmy units."We think that any uprisingshould have as its ~ery.center the armed fortes,"said the group's leader, AyadAlawi, a _ physician and(~~m.P.tesident-~r ~~dft.ih 1971."We don't preach civilwar," Mr. Alawi said. "Onthe contrary, we preach controlled,coordinated militaryuprising supported by thepeople that would not allowitself to go into acts of revengeor chaos. "The outlook is far from certain,however. The oppositionmovement is severelysplintered. Similar effortshave failed miserably in thepast. Six other radio stationsare broadcasting anti-Saddammessages.President Saddam is nothingif not a survivor, havingheld on to power under theconstant, crushing pressure ofinternational trade sanctionsand ostracism that followedthe Iraqi invasion of Kuwaitin 1990 and the ensuing Gulf:War."The opposition is more.active in a kind of very diffuse.way than it has ever been, "Isaid a U.S. intelligence officer."There are all sorts ofopponents to the regime. ' ,•'But they don 't coalesce,"the American added. "Theyhave different agendas, differentconstituencies - bothinside and outside Iraq.They're really more gnats andmosquitoes to Saddam ratherthan anything serious."But the United States,among otherS, is taking Mr.Alawi's group seriously. InJanuary, President Bill Clintonauthorized $6 million incovert aid to support its activities,according to Iraqi oppositionsources familiar withthe plan of the Central IntelligenceAgency.Asked over the weekend.about assistance to the Iraqiopposition group, a CIAspokesman declined to comment.An administration officialalso refused to talkabout a covert operation.The amount of money is inaddition to a similar or largersum provided by Saudi Arabia,Kuwait and several otherArab countries, accordingto a Saudi official and oppositionsources.••It' s not a secret that a fewpeople are working to create aclimate," a government officialin Saudi Arabia said lastmonth, alluding to efforts fora coup. "We are not asleep,we are not sitting on our fanniesdoing nothing. Thingsare hapPening."PreVlOUS.efforts to over-.throw the Iraqi leadercentered largely on. another:opposition organization, theIraqi National Congress,formed with CIA backing in1992 as an umbrella group for:Sunni Muslim, Shiite Muslim.and Kurdish factions, includingthe National Accord.The United States supportedthe new group in hopes ofencouraging a broad-baseduprising in which rebellionwould spread from Jesistancegroups to army units. But theINC, based in Kurdish-controllednorthern Iraq, has beenparalyzed by intemàt fightmg,including virtually a civilwar between the two mainKurdish factions.The National Accord,formed with Saudi backing in1990, has sought to encouragea quick coup by generalsthat would, in effect, decapitatethe regime but leave therest of Iraq intact.At a meeting in Saudi Arabiain mid-January, American,British, Saudi and Jordanianintelligence officersagreed that the center of 0perationsfor the Iraqi oppositionwould become Ammanand that the newly anointedgroup would be used as "themagnet" to attract Iraqi militaryand intelligence officersmto defecting or, better yet,taking action against PresidentSadqam, according to Iraqiopposition sources ."The :New 1 criteria wechose was credibility," saidthe Jordanian informationminister, Marwan Muasher,speaking in Washington lastweek .• 'The INC has no credibilityin Iraq or in Jordan. ' ,In late January, PresidentBill Clinton signed a new"fmding" authorizing the $6million project to finance themore powerful opposition radiostation and to pay for theoperations out of Amman.Still, some intelligence officialsremain skeptical.'Given President Saddam'sviplance and the fearsurroundmg him, many analystsbelieve no amount ofmaneuvering can influenceevents inside the regime. A-ccordingto this view, changecould come only after somèdfama like the death of PresidentSaddam of naturalcauses or Perhaps assassin.ation by a relative.211

Revue de Presse-PressReview-BerhevokaÇapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTUESDAY. JUNE 25.1996Turkish Daily NewsPolice detainHADEP leadersover flag slightTurkish Daily NewsANKARA- Police on Monday detained leadingofficials of the~ro-Kurdish People'sDemocracy Party (HADEP) to a chorus ofapproval from politicians and the media aftertlie party' s overnight congress turned into ashow of support for the outlawed KurdistanWorkers' Party (PKK),The tensions threatened to further flare overreports that three HADEP delegates returninghome after the eventful congress had been murderedoutside Kayseri, central Turkey, whentheir car was ambushed by unknown attackers.A fourth delegate was rèportedly injured, ,The police used batons early Monday to dISperseparty supI>Ortersprotesting the detentionof 32 officials, includmg re-elected HADEPChainnan Murat Bozlak,Police action followed the conclusion of thecongress during which a large Turkish flag wastom down from the roof of the hall and replacedby a PKK banner and a portrait of rebel chiefAbdullah Öcalan. The PKK has been fighting aseparatist war in southeastern Turkey, liome toaoout half of the country's estimated 12 millionKurds, for the past 12,years. The fighting hasclaimed nearly 20,OOO,Jiveso far., .Interior Minister Ulkü Güney said that IDaddition to the HADEP officials who will bequestioned by the State Security Court llrosecutorthe two people who tore down the llag hadb~n captured and detained. Condemning theinsult to the flag, Prime Minister Mesut Yilmazsaid the true aim of the perpetrators ap~ ~obe to destabilize the country, disrupt publicorder and harm democracy.But he said "~ple's common sense and thestrength of the Turkish state will prevent theperpetrators of the incident from reälizing theiraims.". The incid.ent also triggered'strong reacti9nfrom the rightand the left: .Chairman Alparslan Türke~ ofthe far right NationalistMovement Party dismissed theHADEP officials' explanationsthat the. outrage had been thehandiwork of "lITesponsible elements,"hinting a linkbetween HADEP and thePKK."The Turkish Republic is a'.u.ni.tan: state and the .TurkishINTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE, TUESDAY, JUNE 25, 1996Arms Inspection PledgeBy Iraq Encourages UNBy Barbara CrossetteNew York Times ServiceUNITED NATIONS, New York-In a move that United Nations officialsregard as a significant political step forPresident Saddam Hussein, Iraq hassigned a UN agreement to speed theprocess of eliminating all its weapons ofm~s destruction so that economic sanctionscan be lifted.The new agreement was signed Saturdayby Tariq Aziz, Iraq' s deputy primeminister, and Rolf Ekeus, the Swedishdiplomat who is chairman of the commissioncharged with monitoring Iraqicompliance."I don't underestimate the concessionsIraq has made," said Mr. Ekeus,who has heard unfulfilled promises ofIraqi compliance in the past He saidMonday that his request for writtenagreement produced some' 'heartburn". in Baghdad. ,. "I told them a 'no' to this wouldmean serious repercussions for Iraq,"Mr. Ekeus said.The agreement includes an unequivocalpledge by Iraq to allow UN inspectors"immediate, unconditional aildunrestricted access" to all suspect sites.Mr. Ekeus reiterated, however, thatthere was still much to be accomplishednation is powerful. No one candefy that power to dictate things.in pursuance of their treacher-. ous aims ...Those smeared with bloodshould not be allowed to polluteour country and its democracy,"the veteran rightist thundered.At the opposing end, RldvanBudak, the chairman of the lettwingConfederation ofRevolutionary Workers' Unions(DtSK) also condemned the.action targeting the Turkishflag, saying it was a joinHymbol"for all the people living inthis country regardless of theirethnic background."Budak further charged thatsuch "acts of primitive national-; ism" were undermining thepeace everyone wanted.. While the Turkish mediaexpressed shock and anger overthe incident, HADEP officialsdisow.ned. the support for the.in Iraq because the government continuedto conceal what he called ,. someimportant components of weapons andtelltale documents."Weapons monitors, who believe armsor components are still being hiddenmore than five years after the GulfWar,will soon test the accord with an in-spection that may involve politicallysensitive sites.The agreement sets up a regular sys- .tem of meetings between Mr. Ekeus andMr. Aziz, and a schedule for turningover long-requested Iraqi documentationby the end of this month.The accord was made public Mondayby Mr. Ekeus, who went to Iraq laStweek armed with Security Council de- .mands for cooperation thatstopped shortof the U.S. desire to include a threat offorce. Inreturn, the Uriited Nations gavea vague pledge to respect Iraqi sovereigntyand territorial integrity.An underlying message in this pledgeis that once they have access to sensitivesites, inspectors will not poke around in .material they may fmd that does notrelate to weapons.}?KK, saying the replacement offlags was a 'provocation;"They argued that the detentionswere unwarranted and theHADEP leaders would havegone by themselves if they hadbeen summoned by the prosecut?rf~r an exp.lanatIon. .Guven Ozata, a seniorHADEP politician, charged thatthe "provocation" followed his~arty s calls for a peaceful solu- .lion to the Kurdish question .The congresses of other pro-Kurdish pa~ties which precededHADEP also witnessed similarexpressions of support for thePK.K and its leader, causingtheir closure and strengthening .public suspicions that they were• fro,nt organizations for the separatIstgroup .In a notorious crackdown onlegal Kurdish self-assertiveness,. Turkey banned the DemocracyPartY (DEP) two vears,.ago,212

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiI .expefled 13 pro-Kurdish poIlti- over the PKK.cians from Parliament and subsequentlyjailed six at the end of Championing a peaceful 'anda controversial trial which democratic solution insteadcaused reaction in the West and HADEP swept the Kurdish~n~arly killed a customs paèt dominated southeasternwith the European Union. _ provinces in the general election.-But other former DEP politi- last December. but failed tocla~s who fled the country to clear a nationwide IO-percentaVOId arrest became active pro- threshold to send representativesmoters of a PKK-dominated to the Turkish legislature.Kurdish parliament-in-exile Be~ore Sunday's congress; thevindicating suspicions. ' party s platform of moderationHADEP, formed after the cio- had been winning convertssure of DEP, became immedi- among Turkish intellectuals andately popular with the Kurds in media commentators to the ideathe Southeast who resent the of a. mo~e free advocacy ofheavy-handed policies of the Kur~l~h fights, despite lingeringstate pursuing a military victory suspicions of PKK guidance ....and PKK becomesliability for HADEPFor quite some time there has been adebate going on about the relationshipbetween the People's Democracy Party(HADEP) and the Kurdish terrorist organizationPICK, which calls itself the KurdistanWorkers Party ...HADEP has continuously claimed it hasnothing to do with the PKK and that it is apolitical force on its own.HADEP had a chance to prove its own musclewhen it managed to win more than 4 percentof the overall votes in the Dec. 24, 1995parliamentary elections and show it is a politicalforce to be reckoned with in southeasternTurkey ...However, the incidents at the HADEP conventionin Ankara on Sunday has' shown onceagain that the party is under threat by thePKK. PKK militants openly hijacked the convention,tearing down the Turkish flag, replacingit with their own PKK flag. They also heldup postet:~ showing photos of PKK leaderAbdullah Ocalan and chanted anti-Turkish slogansṪhis was notonlya provocation edito¥ialon the part of the '" "PKK but it was alsoa death blow toHADEP. Instead ofdisassociating themselveswith the PICK,the leaders ofHADEP actuallyseemed to 'pay lipservice to them ...HADEP chief MuratBozlak was speakingas the militants toredown the Turkishflag before his veryeyes. Yet, Bozlak didnot even bother toIiBy tlnurÇevikTIJESDA Y, JUNE 25, 1996Turkish Daily Newstry to stop the milltantsand just continuedwith hisspeech. What was expected from him wouldhave been an open declaration of condemnationand then he should have closed the conventionand walked out. Bozlak and his officials failedto do anything and just let the PKK hijack theirconvention. Thus HADEP now has to pay thebill for whatever the PKK did on Sunday ...The Irish party Sinn Fein is having problemswith the terrorist IRA. As-Britain andIreland had agreed to accept Sinn Fein as acounterpart at the talks for a settlement of theNorthern Irish question, the IRA ruined everythingby spoiling the truce and exploding bombsin English cities. Now Sinn Fein has beenexcluded from the talks and the IRA is to beblamed. So it seems the militants of the worldare all alike. They do not want peace and calm.They simply want chaos, disorder and suffering.Of course this also should be a lesson forthose who keep on urging Turkey to speak tothe "moderate" Kurds to find a solution to theproblems in southeastern Turkey. If someonesomeday did decide to talk to HADEP or anyoneelse would the PKK give them a free hand?The PKK and its supporters have showndisrespect for the our flag which is unacceptable.They simply wanted to anger the Turksand they were successful. Yet, by failing to preventthe PICK, J:lADEP is now shouldering theblame. When will the HADEP officials realizethat the PKK is now a serious liability forthem?213

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetid) 0.-0769, 0797, OSZO cl 0020/9GRéaolulion sur los droits de l'holllb(!el la ~jluaUon on Turqll~eLe Parlement euroD~en,vu la clauso sur 10 respoct des droi tJ; de l' homme contE!nue dans lapropo.ition de règlemont du Con~e;] relalif l ls mi~e en oouvro d'une actionen faveur de la Turqu1è (COM(9S)0389 ~ C4-03P1/95(')vu la Déclaration de Barcelone, dont IB Turquie esl Itun des si9nata1res,A. déaireux d'établir de bonnos relations avec la Turquie, mais ~~ppcl~l Ip.Rnombreuae. r'~olut1ons sur les droUf! dé l' hommequ'il l' edoptées dans lePaid ainsi que lea déc:la X'otioml dans lCGfjUêllcQ ~9~ f.\ltodUo turquema"~aient, avont.la ratification de l'union douaniore, en9ag6o~ à am61iorerla situation,B. profond6ment préoccupé par lOG opérations militaires récemment menées parlea forces am6efl turques On Turquie oriontale ot. par leur r'ofus derechercher les voies d'~n règlement pacifique du conflit, ma19r6 l'annoneedo ceAaoz-le-feu faite par le PKK le 15 décembre 1995,C. oonsidérant que, dsns de nombrouses prLsons turques, d~s prisonniers kurd,sont feit uno orAv8 de la faim pour proteater contr'e les mesures répre881v,sedopt60s par H. Hehmot Ac;Jar,ancien cher de lD Sécurité promu ministre d.ela ~ustioe, ,; D. ala~é par les informations selon losquelles plusieurs des ;réviste$ ~e lafai~ BO trouvent dans un état 9rave, les aojns médicaux roqui~ leur 6ta~trefusés,E. très pr'occupé par dl aut .... es informliltions sm' lea mauvei. trai t.elllents quisont infligés aux d6tonus el qui se sont soldés not.amment par quatre mortson ,envier 1996, , la priaon d'Istanbul,F. a1arm6 d'apprendre que les anciens dépulés d'origine kurde, 6 savo~rLey!e Zonll, "atip Diele, Selim Sadak et Orhall Vogan, n'ont toujours pas étéUb6rés de prison et qu I Us se sont associés Ii la 9rève de la {eillI âlaquelle partioipent d'sutres d6tenuB politiques,.G. estimant que les ~rs6ouUon!l à l'encontJ"ede l'écrivajn Yashar Kemal et du80ciOlo911& Ismail Bosikci, einst Que le traite~cnt ré8ervé aux prisonnierspolitiquee en g6néral, ne sauraient être conCormos aux r~gles reconnues àl'éohelle internationale en lIIaUère de dro,it.1l de l'homme,H. dénonçant les interdiotions de réunion el de maniCestation, los violences,les arrestations el les matrpquBge. par la poUco penClant la conférenceHABITAT n,I. vivement préoccupé par le. fail que M. SoyCettin Kidlkan, président del'ordre deB m&decins de Diyarbakir et militant.des droita do l'h~e, a étécondamn& par une cour do süreté do l'Elal à plus de trois annéesd 1 ellpr1aonnemont sur la base d'accusations que des ~b&ervateurs ontju9éelOfor9ées de toutes piècos;(1) JO C 271 du 17.10.1995, p. 12.g:\PV_SEANCt\P.AOVISOI\ADOPTES\9G-06-20 FR PE 250.1231 6$214

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiJ. pleinement. con8eient dos iucort.H.udes qui pOsent. sur l a scène politiqueturquo après la chute do l'actuel gouvernemont et la démi$sion du pr~ierministre, M. Mosul Yflmae;," invite 1nst-aMent le prochain 90UVC1'tlOment è. s 'cngager à t'oconnaitre et à.outenir le. droHs de l'hommo en Turquie, conformément • la ConvenUoneuropéenne .ur les droits dQ l'hommc, dont cc pay~ est l'un de~ .ignalaires,et i entreprendre de nouveUes réformes U!l~hlalives, substantielles,requises pour prévenir toute at.teinteA oes droits;2. demande au nouveau 90uvornCIDent de décréter une flll101sUe génora1G quigarantira la lib6raUon do lous lOS prisonniers d6clarés coupables enapplication d'uno 16gi618t1on oont.raire au principe de la libertéd'expre8sion et BUX droits de l'ho~e, el à mettre un terme BUk actio~ enjustice en08g6e8 l l'encontro de toutes los porsonnes dont le prOC~B estenoore en cours at renouve110 plus particulièreMent ~o demande de libérerimMédiatement Mme Loyla Zan~ ainSi quo lea troi~ autres d6putés au DEP;3. invite le gouvernement turc à MQtlro fin 0 seB opérations ~ilitBires dansle SU~-88t du pays et. • ontamer dos nêgociaUons aveo l 'onseftlble (lesorvanl8ations kurdes en vuo de dl!bloquer la Iiitualion et de Si achelll1nol' veraun dglellent politique ot paciUque du conflit.;f. demande aux autodt6s turques de reconna1tJ"e lep droits de toua les Kur~e~vivant dans le pays et. i faciliter le rapatrielllent do tous les Kur4esdiplaeés;5. presse le ConBeil d'lnsorjt~ 1. question kurde on Turquie a l'ordre du jourde l'Osel et A rechercher tOU9 les ~oyen8 qui permettronl d'enoourager lesinitiati\res vi81lnt l ré;ler les Que~lions des dl"oits de 1 'hollUlleet desKurdes en Turquie;6. invite instammont le nouveau gouvernement à adopt.er résolument leB me8U~8Qui B' imposent pour met tt-e un termo à I a tOl-lure et è prendre desdispositioN; pour que la CrOix-Rouge internationalo puisse visiter 18.prisons et le8 prisonniers politiques;7. e6Ume qu'un tel ..épris à l'69ard des obUoalions inhérentes au droitinternational et aux loxtes rondamentaux sur les droits de l'homlle .atgravemont incompatible avec l'osprit dans loquel 8 éto conclu l'acco~d 8~rl'union doua.nièr-eentre l'Unioll européenne cl la Turquie, et invite donc leConseil et J Il COlllllh&ion à presser les autorH6s turques d' 00.1r en sorle ql,lEl188 détenus ne soient plu. lDaltrailés el reçoivent des soins médicaux;e. dellAndo I la cOlIIll\isdon do t.enh" 80S eno&geRlontRquant au suivi de lasituation de~ droi ts de l' hommeen Tut"quie, el }' Snvite à lui transut tJ:'edan~ les plus bref. délais le d8Uxi~e rapport intérimaire sur les droitsde l'homme en Turquio;9. charge son Président de translllC~tlre la présente résolution au Conseil, i laCommission, au gouvernement lure, et eux gouvernemenls des ttats membres.66 l'fiE 250" 123 g:\PV Sf~NC~\1>ROV]SOI'ADOPT&S\96-06-20 FR215

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti10(d) n4-07G9, 0791, 08?O arm 08?8/9GRoaoluUon on hUJ!lan :dghl;; iind t.ho s1tuaUon ~n 'J'urkuyThe EurODoan parliaMont,having regard to t..ho human d ght& chuan :includcd in t.he proposal for ClCouncil J{ogulat.ion regarding the implemenlation oC a special financialcoopo~.tion moasure tor Turkey (COM(9S)03B9)',having regard to the Barcelonft Doeleration of which Turkey is & si9natO~1'A. anxious to achieve 900d rQIAtion~ with Turkey, but recalling it& nUMerousprevioU8 resolutions on human r19hts and statements made by the Turktshauthorities prior to the approval of the Customs Un~on, promisingimprov9ment.a,B. deeply concerned at the recenl military operllUons undertaken by tho '1'urkhhanned forcos in Jastorn Turkey and tho rofusal lo attolllpt lo aChie". apeaceful 8ettlenent despite tho dool.ralion of a ce~se£ire by the PKK on 15December 1995,C. whoroBs Kurdiah priaonQrs in many Turkil:h p~i~Qn5 h~ve beon on hunger str"kein protest. agaim:t rcprcs:dvo me.sureS introduood by Mr Mehmet Agar,fo~orly Chief of socurity and subsequently Minister of Justice,o. concerned by reports that lOC!dioaltJ.-ealmenl is being obstructed and that thehealth of vBdous prisonel-s participating in the prisotl hunger strike is nowin grave danger,~. deeply concerned by reporle of ill-trealment 89aincl prisoners which, intoralia, has resulled in {our deaths in January '996 in Istanbul's prison,F. deeply dh:turbed by the bot. lhal the forlllor Hembers of parUament ofKurdish origin, Leyla Zana, lIatip Diele, Selim Sadak and Orhan Dogan h.vestill not been released trom prison, and havo joined the hungor strike byother political prisoner;,C. unable to accept that the prosecutions of tho wriler YaDsr Kamal and thesociolooist Ismail Pesikoi and the lreatmont of political prisoners ingeneral arc compatible with internationally accepted .tandards of humanrights,H. condemning lhe bans on .a~elllbly and demonstration, the violence, tho arreet.sand baton charQO&by the pol ice durin9 the IlABI'J'A'l' II conference,1. concerned that. the preddcml of the Diyarbakir 1II8"1c.1 association .ndcomldttecJ hum8n rights activist, Seyfctlin Kir.ilkan, has been senlenced toover throe years' imprisonment by a state 50curity court, althou9h observersaasums that the charges weTe fabricated,J. taking fully int.o 8COOunt the uncertai nly proveU ing on tho 'J'urk~shpolitical scene following lhe hU of the present Government and theresi9nllHon of the Prime t4inister, fo!rMesut Yilma~,OJ C 27'.17.10.1995, p .. 1i1.216

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti,. Appeals to th~ incolll1nggovorßlll~t lo eommÙ :lUelf to t'ocognbe and upholdhuman ~ights in Turkey, in aoaordanc~ w1th. tho F.uropean Convention on HumanRight. oC wh1ch Turkey ~B a Iiignatory, and to undertake 'further. andsubstantial le9i.lat~ve reiorms Tequired to prevent ttloir infringement;2. Requests the now government to declare ..goneral amnesly desi 900d to •• ourothe releaee of pri.onor~ convioted of olleneos undor lawa in conflict withthe principles of iree spoech and human righls and lo terminate Courtaction. against those .lill on trial, and 1n particular renews its call forthe illllllodiat.e release of Mrs Leyl. ZanB and the three other rnubore of theDEP;3. Calls on the Turki8h Govornmont. to end :i.t~m1 lit.ary operations in the ~Outhpeast of the country and to open n090t~at10ns with all Kurdish Or9ani&.~ionsin ord~r to overcoec tho deadlock and ~ove towards a peacoful politicalsettlemont of the problem;4. Asks th. Turkish authorities to recognisQ the rights of all Kurds withjnTurkey and to raciUtate the return of all displaced Kurds to thoir h~es;S. Prcsse~ the Council to put the Kurdish issue in Turkey on tho agGnda of theOSC£ and to leek other WDY~ to pro.ole iniliativos desi9nod to assi.l inresolving the problema of human ri9hts and the Kurdo in Turke"6. Calls on lhe now 90vernmont to take fi Tm flteps to ond the practice oftorture an~ to make provision {or lhe IntornaHonal Red Cross to Ït:l.&itprisons and political pri~o~.r.;7. Consider~ thal .uch disre9ard of ob119alions with ~ooard to bothinternational law and human rights instruaonte, is eeriously incon81~tentwith the spirit of lhe tU/Turkey Customs Union, and lhere!ore oall~ on thoCounoil and lhe Commi .. ion lo ur98 the TU1°kish Aut.horitio8 to take steps toen.ure th.t ill treatlllent of prhoners Bnd the ob8trucUon or me(Hc,.ltreatment stops;8. Cel18 on the Commission lo llIeetits comm1tments as reoards moniloring thehuman ric;Jhtssituation in Turkey and .sk~ it to forward the second inl:erillreport on hUlIlanrioht. in 'turkey to ParU.ment 88 80011 aliipo.-sible,9. ln.tructs ita President to forward th!a ro.olution to the Council and theCommission, the Government of Turkoy, and lo all Hember Stato governments.60 /I>F. 250.1 '-3 G:\PV_SF.ANC\PROV1SO]\ADOPTES\96-06~20.EN217

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - A~entefronte Pmse-A.F.P. - A~entefronte Presse-A.F.P. - A~entefronte Presse-A.F.P. - A~en(efrome Presse-A.F.P. - A~entefronte Presle-A.F.P. - A~entefronte Presse-A. F. P . A. F . P.'FRS0303 4 l 0340 TUR /AFP-XM04Turquie-~llrdesArrestation de près de 70 membres d'un parti pro-kurdeANKARA, 25 juin (AFP) - Près de 70 membres, dont une trentaine decadres, du Parti de la Démocratie du Peuple (HADEP) ont été arrêtés à lasuite d'un congrès de cette formation pro-kurde, a indiqué mardi unprocureur de la Cour de Sûreté de l'Etat d'Ankara (DGMA), Nuh Mete Yuksel.Un précédent bilan annoncé lunditrentaine de cadres de ce parti.faisait état de .l'arrestation. .d'uneParmi les cadres arrêté~, figurent le président du HADEP, Murat Bozlak,quatre vice-présidents, le secrétaire général et environ 25 autresresponsables.Ils avaient été arrêtés alors qu'ils quittaient la salle du congrès oùle drapeau turc avait été jeté et remplacé par l'emblême du Parti desTravailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK, séparatiste, en rébellion armée contreAnkara),' et un portrait sur tissu du chef du PKK, Abdullah Ocalan, dit"Apo".L'enquête ouverte dès dimanche soir à propos de ce congrès sepoursuivait dans le cadre des lois sur "outrage au drapeau turc","propagande séparatiste" et "aide à l'organisation séparatiste" (PKK), aprécisé le procureur, cité par l'agence Anatolie."De nombreux documents appartenant à l'organisation séparatiste ont étésaisis lors de perquisitions dans les locaux du HADEP", a ajouté leprocureur. Il a acusé le HADEP "de poursuivre ses activités parallèlement àcelles du PKK" et "d'être la branche politique du PKK". .Par ailleurs, l'homme qui avait jeté la drapeau turc lors du congrès,Omer Doyuran, a été arrêté lundi soir à Yalova (nord-ouest) et c'est "unmembreOguz.du HADEP", a déclaré mardi le gouverneur de cette province, SuleymanCet ac'e a causé une vague de protestations en Turquie et desorganisal~ons, universités et syndicats ont publié des déclarations pour"le condamner".Dans le communiqué final du congrès, le HADEP a "présenté ses regrets"face à cet acte.

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiL'Humanité - 22 JUIN 1996Attentats meurtriers,en TurquieHuit personnes ont été tuées et dix-neuf autres ont été blesséesdans deux attentats à main armée hier soir à Diyarbakir,chef-lieu du sud-est anatolien à majorité kurde, et à Istanbul,ont rapporté des chaînes de télévisions turques.SEPT personnes ont trouvéla mort et quinze autresont été blessées dans unattentat à main armée, attribuépar les autorités à des rebellesdu Parti des Travailleurs du Kurdistan(PKK, sépllfatiste), dansun parc à 15 km de Diyarbakir,selon les mêmes sources. Ungroupe de rebelles kurdes ont tirésur une centaine cre personnesqui dînaient dans un restauranten plein air, a affirmé untémoin oculaire, Savas Donmez,responsable de la chaîne de télévisionprWé8locale, Soz-Tv.Trois enfants et une femmeenceinte figurent parmi les victimesde l'attentat, a affirméM. Donmez. les blessés ont été'hospitalisés à Diyarbakir et les,forces de l'ordre ont déclenchéune opération pour retrouver lesassaillants.le PKK mène une rebellionarmée depuis 1984'contre Ankarapour créer un Etat indépendantkurde dans le sud-est ana-,tolien à majorité kurde à lafrontièr~ avec la Syrie, l'Irak et~Ir&n. Cett~ rébellion et les QPérationsde représaIlles de liarméeturque onUait près 22.000morts en 12 ans.A Istanbul, 'Œi !'terroriste n aété tué et quatrè, policiers ontété blessés lors d'un attentat àmain armée contre un groupede policiers patrQuiliant près dubâtiment qui abrite les locaux del'organisation locale à Kagithanedu Parti de la Juste Voie (DYP,

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetilibération - 25 juin 1996L!axe Ankara-Jérusalem contreDamas et TéhéranLamanifestationd'unitéofferte par les dirigeantsarabes lors de leur réunion,au Caire, a sans doutemoins troublé Benyamin Netanyahouqu'il ne l'a laissécroire.D'abord parce qu'il a de.bonnes raisons de douter de la .pérennité d'un rapprochementavant tout tactique. Etensuite parce qu'il disposepour la suite des événementsd'un atout qui pourrait se révélerde poids.Cet atout, qui inquiète pratiguement-1oùs les dirigeantsarabes, à l'exception du roi deJordanie, a été légué bien involontairementà Netanyahoupar un Shimon Pérès quicomptait bien l'utiliser lui-même.Ce sont en effet l'ancienPremier ministre et ses collaborateursqui, en février dernier,avaient reçu dans le plusgrand secr(':tle chef d'état -majoradjoint de. Turquie et.avaient .con~l~. !lvec Ankara-Tamorce d'qbparienariat stratégique.En vertu de cet accord,qui n'avait été rendu publicque quelques jours avant ladernière intervention israélienneau Lipan, chaque paysouvrait sori.~ce aérien ainsique cèrtains 'de ses aéroports,en principe aux seules finsd'entraînement, aux appareilsmilitaires dé l'autre: Depuis, a-t-on appris, des facilités analoguesconcerneraient égalementlesnavires de guerre.Cet accord, bien sill, a reçu labénédiction" de Washington,mêmesi les responsables américainsn'ont guère été prolixessur le sujet pour ne PélSdonnerl'impression de remettre auPAR JACQUES AMALRICgoût du jour feu le Pacte deBagdad, sorti en 1955del'imaginationbdtannique pourcontrer l'influence soviétiquedans la région (1). Il ne s'agissaitpas cette fois-ci, p01,lrlesEtats-Unis, de contrer l'expansionnismesoviétique 01,1 rusSe,mais de consolider un disposi~tif destiné à dissuader l'Iran etl'Irak de Saddam Hussein et àfaire pression, si nécessaire,surla Syrie. Peu de temps avant laconclusion de l'accord israéloturc,Washington avaitd'ailleurs obtenu du roi de Jordanie,qui venait de signer lapaix avecJérusalem, le droit debaser des appareils dans leroyaume. Des avions quis'ajoutaient à ceux d~jà sta-.tionnés en Arabie saoudite, auKoweit, dans les Emiratsarabes et à Oman.Le partenariat israélo-turc aconstitué un coup très durpour Hafez el Assad, qui s'estretrouvé pris en tenailles parses deux ennemis. Ce fut aussiune mauvaise nouvelle pourl'Egypte, qui vit dans l'affaireune réduction de son statut de.gardienne du processus depaixproche-orienW. Même sila dépendance financière duCaire à l'égard de Washingtoninterdit à Moubarak de manifestertrop ouvertement sonmécontentement de voir se réveillerlessuccesseursdes Ottomans.L'accord constituait enrevanche un vrai succès pourShimon Pérès, qui pouvait leprésenter comme un renforcementde la sécurité d'Israëldontl' aviation avait ainsi accèsà la frontière nord de la Syrieainsi qu'à l'espace aérien ira-nien. C'était enfin un coup demaître de la part des dirigeantsquatre années de blocages, detensions, voire de dérives enet militaires turcs. Soudain, ils .forme d'affrontements et dese trouvaient en meilleure positionpour exiger de Damasrecours systématique au terro-.risme. C'est bien pourquoiun contrôlecombattantsplus strict deskurdes du PKK,Hafez elAssad a faitle d~place-'inent du Caire où il était certainbasés en territou:~synen. Et nede. trouver une oreillepas se laisser impressionnerpar lesprotestations syriennesconcernant tant l'anneJcionducomplaisante, à condition des'en tenir, dans un premiertemps, au registre de l'hommeSandjak d'Alexandrette (2) .depaix outragé pour avoir cruque l'utilisation des eaùx de naguère aux promesses américano-israéliennes.l'Euphrate pour de gigan-.Et c'esttesques travaux d'irrigation àpartir du barrage Atatürk.pourquoi, également, il a acceptéde donner I:apparence.L'échec de Shimon Pérès et d'une réconciliation avec un.Yasser Arafat au bord du,A l'heure où llM gouffre. L'avenir du pactedirigeants arablM ébauché par Jérusalem etAn-'. . kara soulève enfin deux ques- :atbwhent leur tions:les Etats-Unis vont-ils.unité l

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiWEDNESDAY,JUNE26,1996Turkish Dailv NewsThe European Union-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee meeting started yesterday at the Turkish Grand National Assembly after a three-year periodof suspension. TON Cengiz UysalHuman rights dominate EU-Turkey relationshipAt meetings of EU-Turkey JointParliamentary Committee, EUrepresentatives emphasizesituation of human rights in TurkeyTurkish Daily NewsANKARA- The European Union-TurkeyJoint Parliamentary Committee meeting whichstarted yesterday in Ankara showed that humanrights dominate relations between Turkey andthe EuroIJeanUnion and Greece, as well as economicaiô problems.These meetings were broken off by theTurkish side three years ago after the condemnationby the European Uruon of Turkey for thearrests of pro-Kurdish Democracy Party (DEP)deputies. At the opening ceremony in theTurkish Grand National Assembly, co-chainnanof the committee, Kahramanmara~ DeputyMehmet Saglam, said that in Turkey iliere was ageneral impression that the European Unionwas badly informed about the realities ofTurkey anô that those who are hostile to Turkeytried to fill this gap.He said that last year' s changes in theConstitution and the criminallaw were importantand a step forward on the path of improvingdemocracy. Another co-chairman of the committee,French parliamentarian Rene EmilePiquet, said that the aim of the meeting was anexchange of views and that the European delegationfiad come to listen to Turkey's problems.He told the assembled parliamentarians thatEurope carefully watcheà the developments indemocracy' in Turkey but still had some doubtsabout human rights and democracy.Turkish Foreign Minister Emre Gönensaysaid that Greece used its position as a memberof the European Union in order to prevent thedevelopments of the relationship betweenTurkey and the union. He pointed out that thedialogue mechanisms between Turkey andGreece had broken down after Greece became afull member, a situation which he called"thought-provoking."He saià that the problems between Greeceand Turkey were historical and serious. "Greeceis neglecting even the existence of some ofthese problems. But it wants to find solutions toproblems chosen by itself, problems which ithas selected," Gönensay added.He reminded his au'could not accept violencein any form, terronst or not, as a means ofimproving human rights. He added that hewanted to believe that the European Unionshared this stance."I would like to emphasize that s~gestionswhich are advising the changing of the historicalstate structure of Turkey, are considered asinterference and cannot be accepted byTurkey," the foreign minister said.On the question of economic aid to Turkey aspart of the customs union deal, Gönensayasserted Turkey's rights to the funds, which arecurrently being blOCKedby Greece. He warnedthat unless economic cooperation materialized,the custom union would become nonsense andpublic opinion in Turkey would start to askquestions about the partnership with the union.Italian Ambassador to AnKara MichelangeloPisani said that economic aid was an indispensablepart of the custom union agreement.SpeaKing on behalf of Italy, which holds thecurrentterm presidency of the European Union,he said that ~urope understood tfie violenceattacks against Turkey but stressed that thestruggle against these attacks should be carriedout WIthinthe framework of law.European Union representative Michael Lakesaid that democracy and human rights needed toimprove in Turkey. The afternoon sessions ofthe committee were closed to the press. In thesemeetings the main subjects were the customunion, the intergovernmental conference andTurkey's economic situation. The meetings fin-Ish today.221

-:=. " ~_._~_Revuet!I!:Isse-Pre.u~ -.-.=Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-~asin Özetibeyond"trom drugs and extortIOn. But the matter goes=-."this. Today there are around 200 people'-~ "-" involved in this complex operation ofMED-TV's in~ c::LJ.=.• Europe. All of this also requires sophisticated know-< "loO. how that does not come readily, and from just any-~ where," the official talking to the lDN said.z ~----- .e'"It is impossible, therefore, to think that unless~ "-" .., there was some substantial help coming from some-...=where that this can all be gotten together. We knowthe sYI!lpathe~ic local authorities in Europe that are'provIdIng aSSIStance. But the help needed goes far _,beyond this," he added, not wanting to clarify ther-~ ., -.-. 'im£licati.on ofhis r~marks.~ '- ~ SpeCIfic countnes, when confronted by us say, ~ " they can not preyent MED- TV broadcasts because222~~ theX are unable. to track its source," he said.(IIIIIIIIIII, But every Urne they say this now, we give them~ By Semih D. tdiz a file. We also go beyond this. Before they woulded ment to violence, racism and separatism, cannot be,and a U.S. satellite is being currently used. Bowmg allowed in transboundary broadcasting. Unhappy asCI:J to pressure from Turkey, and no doubt at the same many European countnes may be over this, they_ . .time concerned that it may be pinned down as aiding have had to go along with it because 0fPosing It'-~'-~S=~ •=.. • and abetting a terrorist organization, France woul~ fall contrary to their own nationa critena,",Telecom refused to renew MED-TV's transponder hesaJd... .. :lease when it expired. . He recalled the.MED- TV subsequently contracted another restrictions there aretransponder from a Portuguese company. This com- today on carryingpany, whose name officials do not want to reveal at reports on TV in Great-e ~ '-, its• " • this point, is only allowing MED- TV to use the Britain which promote-.-. '''empty spaces" in its own broadcasting to broadcast the point of view of thep,rograms. Irish Republican Army.-....c~.Just to kick-start such a network one needs $25 (IRA), and the "gag-.~ :million. Obviously the PKK can raise this money ging_order" that e~sted

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetion Sinn Fein leaderGerry Adams until.recently, whereby hisremarks could not begiven in his own voice."The Adams casealone demonstrated.that they will go to theextent that they can toprevent certain broadcasts.If they [md theycannot do this fully,then they will try and interfere with the flow of.these broadcasts as much as they can, even Ü thisinvolves a ridiculous situation where you are carryinga man's words but giving it with someone else'svOIce."The authorities in Ankara are well aware thatmuch of their sleuthing and the files they presentwill probably not have any immediate impact onEuropean governments, even if these expose andembarrass them."But we want them to know that we are not justsitting back an.d ,sw~llowing all, this. We are alsoc~nfident that dislike It as th~y IDIght,they will deft-Mely c~me around to our vIew eventually, becausenot dOIDg so would mean having themselvesexposed to the extent that it is no longer comfortable,"the official talking to the lDN saldo"For example, most European governments had ad~p antipathy to Turk~y's trying to, eguate terrorismwith the concept of 'gross' hwnan rights violation.'They wanted to see terrorism as a commoncrime and nothing else. Whereas we were saying,'No, terrorism is not a common crime but the grossestof human rights violations because it deprivesinnocent civilians of their most basic right, namelythe right to live'," he said."We also argued that nationalliberation movementsand terrorism must be differentiated becausethere are norms adopted at the U.N. concerning lib- .eration movements.The inevitability of adopting our very clear and,coherent position on this score is evidenced by thefact that today international organizations, such asthe United Nations and Nato, have come around toofficially acknowledging that terrorism represents aviolation of human rights.This concept we are confident will spread to otherinternational organizations in time," he added. Hewent on to explain that as a country that has had tolive with terrorism, and especially terrorism that isfed from outside the country, Turkey has taken thelead in having a judicial fraInework, in this modemday scourge, bemg drawn up at the internationallevel."Our experience, and the strides we have made inthis r~spect, w~e~ taken against the backdrop of.the'growmg pamc ID Europe over the connectIOnbetween organized crime and terrorism, is ensuringthat thingS are going our way, even Ü it is going totake some European governments time to realizethis," this official add~.Iraq says it may buy food from TurkeyTurki.fh Daily News administration before and during the and future governments, deal with coun-ANKARA- Iraq has said that it wants embargo," it said. tries and companies on the basis of theirto buy food product from southeastern Several Western companies have lined stands towarlf the embargo," the govern-Turkey as part of an oil-for-food deal up to sell goods to Iraq, according to the ment newspaper al-Jumhouriya said.with the Umted Nations. statement. One example, it saId, is a "Major and important contracts will beA statement from the Iraqi Embassy in recent exhibition where a total of 28 granted to friends."Ankara said that the Baghdad administra-. Sr.anish companies displayed agricultur- Iraq hopes an apment on partial oiltion was keen to meet its food needs a, commercIal and industrial products. sales It sIgned wllhthe United Nationsfrom Turkish companies. "A similar exhibition was organized br, last month willlead to the lifting of theIt said Iraq purchased 300,000 metric companies from the Czech Republic. ' crippling sanctions imposed after ittons of flour from Turkey last year, Also, the embassy said, two separate invaded Kuwait in 1990. The deal allowsadding that Turkey had been its third trade missions from India and the Iraq to sell $2 billion worth of oil overlargest trade partner prior to the U.N. Russian Federation visited Baghdad to six months to pay for food and medicineembargo. Trade volume between Turkey seek deals. Recently, Iraq said It would under U.N. monitoring. Al-Jurnhouriyaand Iraq was around $3 billion in 1989. grant major trade contracts only to com- said companies of big countries such asThe embassy said Iraq would give pri- panies and countries which stood by the United States and Japan "would beority to "friends" when selecting suppli- Baghdad against U.N. trade sanctions mistaken if they thought the quality ofers. "It is im~ossible to ignore those im~sed in 1990. their products and their low prices.wouldcountries whIch supported the Iraqi Iraqi people, including their current induce Iraqis to deal with them."223

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Ba..fin ÖzetiWill HADEP besatisfied if ourdemocracy fails?There are already some people in. Western Europe who feel that Turkishreaction to .the "flag incident" duringthe weekend convention of the pro..Kurdish People's Democracy Party (HADEP)is blown out'of proportion ... A groupofKurdish separatist militants tore down theTurkish flag at the convention and threw iton the floor to the applause of the crowd ...What these people do not seem to realizeis that the people of this land have deepaffection and respect for their crescent andstar which represents the dignity andintegrity of this nation for more than 2,000years. The Turkish flag is the symbol of ourcenturies old heritage which no one candeny. Thus we Turks, hold our flag as asacred symbol and never toy around with it.Unlike in some Western countries we do notmake clothes of our flag or tolerate peoplemaking underwear'from them ... Somepeople have tried todownplay Sunday's editorialincident as a provocati.on.They feltsome misguidedyoung militantKurds had tried toexploit the atmosphereat the convention.Yet, thiswas well plannedand executed andwas 'not a spontaneous.action.Everyo'ne at thatconvention hallknew full well thatthe Kurdish terroristgroup PKK waspreparing to hijackthe convention.taken.Yet, no precautions. .wereWhen the young militants tore down theTurkish flag from the top of a sports hall theconvention crowd, including the HADEP delegatesapplauded the incident. HADEPChairman Murat Bozlak, who was addressingthe convention, simply failed to react tothe inCident which occurred before his veryeye's and simply continued with his speech ...The convention chairmanship appealed tothe officials to once again hang the Turkish.flag but this call was shouted down by boos...The fact that HADEP officials later madea party declaration apologizing to the publicfor the incident hardly defused the publicanger. HADEP spokesrqe~,hav~ conde~~dthe incidentsaying "we'hav.è. to show respeCt:to'the flags of others ..." That seems to soundthat they do not regard our flags as their'sbut are trying to tolerate our flag ... This isunacceptable. HADEP won 4.17 percent ofthe votes in the Dec. 24, 1995 election. It wasthe leading party in southeastern Anatoliabut could not win in any province simplybecause it could not pass the 10 percentthreshold to become eligible to win parliamentaryseats ... But in the provinces ofDiyarbaktr and Hakkari, the total votes wonby all other parties could not add up to thevotes of HADEP. In the provinces of Mardin,Van, Batmanand I(tdtr, HADEP was thenumber one party while in Siirt, Tunceli,~lrnak and Mu~ it was number two.The election results legitimized HADEPand it was expected that the party wouldbecome the voice of the suffering people ofsoutheastern Anatolia and thus become astrong force in the Turkish political arena ...Yet, instead of this HADEP allowed thePKK to dominate its convention and losevital points in the ey~ p(the public. All thishas served to strengthen the hands of thosewho say democracy has failed in Turkey.Before the 1980 coup, the Islamists had ere.ated an incident in Konya where theyrefusèd to show respect to the nationalanthem, which is yet another sacred thing inTurkey. The generals frequently referred tothis incident after the coup as one of the reasonswhy they decided to take over power.The flag incident seems to remind some pea-. pIe of those days.The democrats of this country should notfall into such traps. HADEP and the PKKmay not want democracy in Turkey becausethey may feel they can further their aimsunder a more authoritarian rule. Yet, theyhave to remember that this may not be. the.case. They have fueled Turkish nationalistsentiment in Turkey. People are puttÜ1g upflags all dYer the nation to show their solidarity.This should be an appropriate messageto all concerned ...Editor's note:We have ordered Turkishflags hung in all Turkish Daily News officesin Ankara.We have also hung a large flag atthe Cafe Daily News in Ankara to show ourrespeçt to the crescent and the star andprotest the Sunday incident.224

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiHADEP's move to become amass party hits huge obstacleHADEP aims to be the party that bringsa non-military, political solution to theKurdish problem in the Southeast.However, after Sunday's congress itmay fmd it difficult to stay legalBy Erdinç ErgençTurkish Daily N~sISTANBUL- The 2nd Congress of the People'sDemocracy Party (HADEP), held in Ankara lastSunday to complete the restructuring it had startedafter the Dec. 24, 1995 elections, generated greatcontroversy when the Turkish fla~ was tom downand replaced by the PKK flag. This event led to ahuge outcry from many groups but which dismissedby party representatIves as one of sabotage orprovocation.After the events, none of the Turkish press tookinto consideration HADEP' s restructuring. Thisdetail, perhaps as important as the ~ag event itself,went unremarked. It has been chumed that somepoliticians who ,are unpopular, du~ to ~e governmentcrisis have found a way wIth this event todraw the att~ntion of the public elsewhere.The congress ended with the detention ofHADEP Chairman Murat Bozlak and some partyofficials. Later, three delegates to the congress weremurdered when their convoy was attacked as theywere returning to Kahramanmaras. A bomb attackon the party's Izmir headquarters. also followed ..After a1I this chaos, HADEP IS perhaps entenngthe most important period of its msto1'Y,.J:lADEP,which is aiming to undertake a new ffilSSlonconcerningthe Kurdisb problem, bad completed itsreconstruction after the elections with this congress.But these events bave brought the party, the fo~of its type founded, near to the danger of bemgclosed down. .HEP, ÖZDEP, DEP and HADEPHADEP, founded after the closure of thePeople's Labor Party (HEP), tbe Freedom andDemocracy Party (ÖZDEP) and the DemocracyParty (DEP) by the Constitutional Court, has as itscentral policy aim, solving the Kurdish problem.One difference from its predecessor parties is that ithas labelled itself a Turkish party far more than theothers, and has tried to act accordingly. Even iftbese activities have been none too successful,HADEP has expressed itself as a potential ally forother opposition parties.HADEP, which claims to act as the mouthpieceof the Kurdish people, is on tbe left-wing 01 thepolitical spectrum. Being a left-wing party is asmuch an obligation as a voluntary

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetiing in the detention fparty chairman Murat. Bozlak and many party members, as the destructionof HADEP's role in the peace negotiations. Theyclaim that these events following each other were.nothing but a plot that was planned beforehand.Aiming for a seat atthe negotiating tableHADEP wanted to put an end to the isolationistpolicy that was submitted by this congress. Itunderstood that they were not able to express themselveswell enough to the masses, and also that theywere not able to reflect their opinions concerningsubjects such as democracy, women and workers.Some circles within the party, claiming thatHADEP.couldn't be well organized due to domesticproblems within the frame of the Labor Peace Bloc,.said that by becoming a mass party, with a pluràlist.approach, they wanted to reach a level that not onlyincluded the left-wing but all sections of society,including Islamists and groups that aim to changethe existmg order. At the congress, those who weresupporting this approach and those who wereopposed to it strongly expressed their own opinions.The restructuring penod that started after Dec.24, 1995 election was m reality undertaken in thename of party consensus and the understariding thatHADEP needed to look for wider platforms for the. resolution of the Kurdish pr.o~lem. ~it~ thèrestructuring process, the party n~ Itself.of Its Ideologicalimage, and transform~d Itself 1ß~0.a.platformbringing togethe.r dlffe~ent dlVlslOns.Although this was conSIdered, ID a way, as anexpansion, it was seen within the party.~ a narro~ing.The administration, seen as a coalitIon of YaI'!-ous groups, is now seen as a platform where I~d!-viduals can exist independently from groups, diVIsionsand ideologies. This reform, considered bysome as a reflection of the exclusion of the hammerand sickle from the flag of the PKK in 1995, alsobrought about some disquiet in party ranks. Thespeech of party officials at the last congress ofHADEP, bringing together various divisions,proved this clearly. The party's former vice-secretary,Abdullah Saygm, complaining about the narrowingof the party, said that he won't take part inthe administration anymore with his friends butwould continue to work as an ordinary member.Party assembly member Enver Karahanaddressed the circles aiming to see the party as aTurkish party and said that HADEP's policy shouldbe revised so that they are accepted as a Kurdishparty. .Murat Bozlak was the only candidate for thechairmanship of the party. But the most importantthing was the election of party assembly and disciplinecommittee members. The elections, that wereboycotted by some, ended with the reformers winninga mandate to turn the party into a mass-based.organization. HADEP, preparing a good showcase. for the peace negotiations table, is now waiting to.sit at the table.However, the future of the party now depends onthe steps authorities may take in light of the recentevents.Police nab ofTendersÎnHADEP congress outrageTurkish Daily NewsANKARA- As the aftershocksof the flag disrespect incident atthe weekend congress of the pr

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - A~emeFronrePrelse-A.F.P. - A~enreFronrePrelle-A.F.P. - A~enreFromePrelle-A.F.P. - A~enreFronŒPrelle-A.F.P. - A~enreFromePr€\le-A. EP. - A~emeFronrePres\e-A.F.P.A.F.P.FRS0397 4 l 0369 TUR /AFP-IE23Turquie-Kurdes-EuropeAnkara appelle les députés européens à réviser leur jugement sur le PKKANKARA, 26 juin (AFP) - La Turquie a appelé mercredi les députéseuropéens à réviser leur jugement sur le PKK (parti des Travailleurs duKurdistan), en rébellion armée contre Ankara, après un attentat, revendiquépar ce mouvement séparatiste, qui a fait huit morts samedi dernier àDiyarbakir.Le porte-parole du ministère des Affaires étrangères Omer Akbel a dit"regretter que cet attentat ait eu lieu trois jours après que des députésmembres de six groupes différents du parlement européen eurent soutenu uneproposition prévoyant un accroissement de la pression sur la Turquie pourque celle-ci ouvre un dialogue avec le PKK et remette en liberté lesterroristes"."La Turquie invite les députés européens ayant soutenu cette propositionà refléchir une fois de plus si leur attitude (...) sert les valeursdémocratiques et la suprématie du droit", a dit M. Akbel, lors d'un pointde presse.Selon un bilan cité par M. Akbel, huit personnes, dont une femmeenceinte et deux enfants, ont été tuées et 11 autres blessées dansl'attentat à main armée perpétré par cinq rebelles du PKK à Diyarbakir,chef-lieu du sud-est anatolien à majorité kurde.Les assaillants avaient ouvert le feu sur une centaine de personnes quidînaient dans un restaurant en plein air appartenant à une chaîne detélévision privée locale, Soz-Tv, situé dans un parc à une quinzaine de kmde Diyarbakir."Ce n'est que le dernier des nombreux attentats semblables du PKK quivisent à terri fer les gens innocents et à affaiblir la position des forcesde l'ordre. Le PKK a revendiqué la responsabilité de cette atrocité", aajouté le porte-parole.Il a qualifié de "regrettable" que cet attaque armée, "qui a créé uneirritation dans l'opinion publique turque, n'ait pas eu d'écho dans lesmédias étrangers".Le PKK mène une rebellion armée depuis 1984 contre Ankara pour créer unEtat indépendant dans le sud-est anatolien à majorité kurde à la frontièreavec la Syrie, l'Irak et l'Iran.Cette rébellion et les opérations de représailles de l'armée turque ontfait quelque 22.000 morts en 12 ans.CE/hc/dfg eafAFP /AA1234/261319 JUN 96A.F.P. - A~enceFrancePrme-A.F.P. - A~enceFrancePre\se-A.F.P. - A~en

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA. F.P. ....,.,.Agen(eFron!e Presse - A.F. P. - Agen!e Fron!e Presse - A.F. P. - Agen!e Fron,e Presse- A. F. P. - Agen(! Frome PreSle- A.F. P. - Agen(! Fron,e PreSle- A.F.P. - Agen,e Fron!e Prme-FRS070a,3- l 0279 TUR !AFP':''RS-48Turquie-~Jrdes-IrakFin de l'opération turque dans le nord de l'Irak: 45 rebelles kurdestuésANKARA, 27 juin (AFP) - L'opération lancée jeudi par l'armée turquecontre le PKK dans le nord de l'Irak a pris fin, faisant 45 tués chez lesrebelles kurdes, a rapporté l'agence Anatolie.Cette incursion contre les rebelles du Parti des Travailleurs duKurdistan (PKK, séparatiste), a été menée avec la participation de 3.500hommes de l'armée, a ajouté l'agence.L'opération, appuyée par des hélicoptères d'attaque Cobra, a pris finsans que les troupes turques aient subi de pertes. Les unités turques sesont retirées en territoire turc, selon l'agence.Une source militaire interrogée, à Ankara en fin de matinée avait estiméle nombre de troupes participant'à cette opération à 5 à 6.000 hommes etn'avait donné aucune précision sur sa durée.Les troupes avaient pénétré en territoire irakien dans des zones situéesau sud de la région turque de Semdinli, près de la frontière avec l'Irak eti'Iran.Elles étaient appuyée~ par 250 "protecteurs de village" (milicienspro-gouve~nementaux armés par l'Etat) et de forces spéciales formées pourla lutte contre le PKK, selon Anatolie., De telles opérations de l'armée turque, destinées à chasser lesmilitants du PKK du nord de l'Irak, sont fréquentes. La précédente dataitd'il y a deux semaines.Le nord de l'Irak, région montagneuse, est utilisé par le PKK comme basearrière pour lancer des attaques en territoire turc. Il profite ,pour cefaire du vide d'autorité régnant dans la région, qui échappe au contrôle deÉagdad depuis la fin de la guerre du Golfe en 1991.CE/hc/stbtfFRS0253 3 l 019a TUR /AFP-OS24Turquie~Kurdes-Iraklead ,, Nouvelle opérätîon 'turque dans le nord de l'IrakAN~, 27 juin (AFP) '- Des troupes turques ont lancé jeudi une nouvelleopéra~ion dans le nord de l'Irak contre le Parti des Travailleurs duKurdi,stan (PKK, séparatiste), a-t-on indiqué de source militaire à Ankara.Une unité de commandos formée de 12 bataillons, soit 5 à 6.000 hommes,appuyés par des hélicoptères Cobra, ont lancé cette opération au sud de lalocalité turque de Semdinli, en territoire irakien, a précisé cette source,interrogée par l'AFP., Les troupes turques sont également appuyées par 250 "protecteurs de'village" (miliciens pro-gouvernementaux armés par l'Etat) et de forcesspéciales formées pour la lutte contre le PKK, a indiqué de son côtél'agence Anatolie.Elles ont pénétré en territoire irakien dans les zones de Butine,Ispindari, Sipe, Edilbi et Meros, situées au sud des vilages turcs deKocyigit, Umurlu, Yesilova, Ormancik et Meselik dans la région de Semdinli,a précisé l'agence.De telles opérations de l'armée turque, destinées à chasser lesmilitants du PKK du nord de l'Irak, sont fréquentes. La précédente dated'il y a deux semaines.CE/hc/nj tfAFP /AA1234/271055 JON 96228

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - A~eO(eFrontePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~eO(eFran[ePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~emeFrarle Pre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enleFramePre\\e-A.F.P. - A;en(e Fran(ePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enŒFramePre\\e-A.F.P.A.F.P.FRS0433 4 I 0381 TUR /AFP-QA38Turquie-Egypte-SyrieL'Egypte prête à jouer un rôle entre la Turquie et la Syrie, selon M.MoussaANKARA, 27 juin (AFP)Moussa a indiqué que sonrésolution des problèmes- Le ministre égyptien des Affaires étrangères'Amrpays était "prêt" à jouer un rôle pour laturco-syriens, dans une interview au quotidienturc Hurriyet."Les problèmes entre la Turquie et la Syrie ne pourront être surmontésque par un dialogue (...) Nous sommes conscients des problèmes entre lesdeux pays. Nous sommes prêts à jouer un rôle pour leur résolution", a ditM. Moussa, qui n'utilise toutefois pas le mot de médiation.La Turquie accuse la Syrie de soutenir la rébellion du parti desTravailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK, séparatiste) et d'abriter des maquisards duPKK sur son sol, dont leur chef, Abdullah Ocalan, qui réside généralement àDamas ou dans la Bekaa libanaise sous contrôle syrien.La Syrie accuse pour sa part la Turquie de lui rationner l'eau del'Euphrate à l'aide de barrages construits dans le cadre d'un grand projetd'irrigation et ~e production d'énergie électrique, ce qu'Ankara dément.Les relations\tu~co-syriennes se sont encore détériorées après lasignature en février d'un accord de coopération militaire entre la Turquieet Israël. Damas estime que cet accord le vise, malgré les démentisd'Ankara. ."Tout pacte engendre d'autres pactes semblables", a dit M. Moussa danscette interview, .à propos de l'accord turco-israélien. Cet accord aégalement suscité une vive réaction de l'Irak et de l'Iran, frontaliers dela Turquie.Celle-ci affirme que l'accord ne constitue pas un pacte et qU'elle estcontre la formation de blocs au Proche-Orient."Pour dissiper les doutes qui pèsent sur l'accord, le mieux que laTurquie puisse faire c'est le rendre public", a ajouté le ministreégyptien.Lors d'une visite début mai à Ankara, M. Moussa s'était déclarésatisfait des explications des autorités turques à propos de l'accord maisplus tard il l'avait dénoncé.L'accord prévoit notamment des vols d'entraînement des avions de combatdes deux pays dans l'espace aérien de l'autre, une coopération entre lesindustries de défense et des échanges d'information et de personnel.Ankara affirme qu'il n'est dirigé contre aucun pays.CE/hc/dfg eafAFP /AA1234/271326JUN 96A.F.P. - ~ence FrancePresse-A.F.P. - ~nce FrancePres\e-A.F.P. - A~nce FrancePresse-A.F.P. - ~nle FranIePres\e-A.F.P. - ~nce FrancePresse-A.EP. - A~lIle FrancePreße-229

Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiCOURRIERINTERNATIONAL27 JUIN - 3 JUILLET 1996' ..~::::J...-(1),'ca~Ē~o(J(J~caCI).!!(1)...ṯ:CI))(.::::J(1)+:it:(1)oṯ:(JCI)(1)CI)::::Jo-~ca...(1)œ-(1)...::::JC""C...o(J::.::~Q.::::J"CCI)(1)"E::::J~CI)(1)-.~Eoc:o-::::JcaCI)....!!(1)(J t:"C-.~ca (1)t: '5::::J 0(1) CI)::::JC"t:.urcaEcac(1)::::JC"CI)...o~ .', ,,"." ::;:>,'., ~,---

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özetisont avalées par la lutte contre le terrorisme: 18 000 de nos concitoyensy ont déjà perdu leur vie. Le facteurPKK pèse aussi sur la politique internationalede la Thrquie. Et tout celaprend sa source en 8.rrie."Voilà bien un parallèle très intéressantdans les propos de Sabanci etd'Öymen. Car, par exemple, mêmel~ prolongation de la mission ProvideComfort [les forces alliées stationnéesdans le sud de la Thrquie depuisla guerre du Golfe, dont la présenceest soumise à l'autorisation du Par:lement turc tous les six mois) estencore à mettre en rapport avec la-Syrie,à cause de l'implication du PKK'dans toute la situation [au Kurdistan).Le diagnostic concernant la Syrieest juste. Et il n'est pas seulementpartagé par notre chancellerie etSakip Sabanci. Les Etats-Unis, Israël,la Jordanie et même le Japon font lemême diagnostic. Les organisationsqui menacent la sécurité d'Israël-leHamas et le Hezbollah - ont pignonsur nI{' à Damas. Chacune y possèdeune représentation officielle. Di~organisations terroristes qui cher- 'chent à créer des troubles en Jordaniesont alimentées par la Syrie.Damas n'hésite pas non plus, tout ennous regardant droit dans les yeux,à ouvrir des camps d'entraînementau PKK, à lui fournir de l'ai!Ïe logis-THURSOÄ Y. JUNE 27.1996tique, des ànnes et clé l'argent.Face à cette situation, la Thrquieest toujours restée jusqu'ici dans laposition du quémandeur. Pour la premièrefois, le gouvernement d'Ankaraentreprend aujouÏ'd',hui unepolitique différente. Tout d'abord, ila fait parvenir une note diplomatique'à la Syrie pour lui demander officiellementl'extradition d'AbdullahÖcalan. En échange, Ankara prometà Damas d'établir des relations économiquesde grande enver~. Uneproposition qui corrobore celled'autres pays, comme les Etats-Unisle Japon et les membres de l'Unio~européenne, qui font pression sur laSyrie, lui promettant de redresser sonéconomie si elle cesse de soutenir leterrorisme. Ainsi, pour Damas, l'alternativedevient simple : soit lémaintien de la terreur avec son corol~laire la misère, soit la croissance,mais en abandonnant la voie du terrorisme.Et que l'on ne' s'imagine pasqu'il ne s'agit que de promesses. Car,sous la cape, on montre aussi lebâton. C'est ainsi qu'il faut interprétèrle récent accord de coopérationmilitaire signé par Ankara avec Israël.[voire/n° 289du 15 mai 1996J.Actuellement, le malaise de Damasaugmente. D'autant que, malgrétoute sa superbe, la puissance militairesyrienne est considérablement'affaiblie. ses stocks d'imnes, ànciensproduits soviétiques, sont de plus en'plus obsolètes. La Syrie ne peutmême plus mener des guerres éclairsde courte durée. Tout cela montreque Damas se met de plus en plus le'dos au mur.Tel est le vaste cadre général danslequel il faut replacer la prolongation[le 18 juin dernier) de la mission d~Provide Comfort. En effet, cette forceest certes utile pour le moment, dansla mesure où elle empêche uneattaque éventuelle de Saddam Husseincontre les Kurdes du nord del'Irak et leur fuite massive vers laThrquie. En revanch~ fa b~se alliéede Zakho [au nord de l'Irak] sert deparapluie sécuritaire aux Kurdes decette région. Ceux-ci n'ont ainsi plusbesoin de la Turquie. Sans cettenécessité, ils ne surveillent plus lePKK,qui opère le long de la frontière.Dans cette' optique, la présence deProvide Comfort est néfaste. La solution? Il faudrait que la base desforces alliées soit transférée de Zakhoà l'intérieur de nos frontières - àSilopi, par exemple •. Il faut lier à laTurquie la sécurité des leaders autonomisteskurdes irakiens, Barzani ouTalabani. Avant la fm de juillet, ilfaudraiten arriver là.•GOner; Civaoglu• Actuellement, la base de Provide Comforten Thrquie se trouve à Incirlik (voir carte).Turkisb Daily NewsHADEP accuses the mediaof provoking hatredTurkish Daily News1STANB UL- The Istanbul branch of the PeoplesDemocracy Party (HADEP) held a press conferenceyesterday at which it was said that the partywas respectful of the moral values of all peopleand ~atlOns and ~id not approve of the teanngdown of the Turkish flag at their last general congresson the weekend. While stating that it did notapprove of the actions by radicals at their congressit claimed that HADEP couldn't be blamed forthese actions and indeed that there was a conspiracyagainst the party,At the press conference HADEP officialsaccused State television channels, private TORTTV. and, the media in. general of provoking ultranaUonalism. The officIaIs also remInded journalistsof the ~ttacks on the party in which three peoplewe~ killed and of the bombing of party offices inlZffilf and Ankara, events that have received lessattention in the ~edia than the flag incident.HAI?EP officIals expressed their'disquiet at thedetentIOn of party executives and attacks onLabour Party supporters. Officials of the partyalsoco~emned the behavior and the intolerance of thepollce t~wards democratic actions. The partyemphasIzed that they would continue to fightagamst nationalism and defend the moral values ofthe people.231

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - A~enœfronce Presle-A.F.P. - A~enœfrome Prme- A.F.P. - A~enœfronœ Presse-A.F.P. - A~enœfronœ Presse- A.F.P. - A~enœfronœ Presse- A.F.P. - A~enœfronœ Presse-A.F.P.A.F.P.FRS0734 4 I 0421 TUR /AFP-BV46Turquie-Iran leadL'armée turque dément un raid d'hélicoptères dans le nord-ouest del'IranANKARA, 28 juin (AFP) - L'état-major des armées turques à Ankara adémenti vendredi les informations faisant état d'une attaque d'hélicoptèresturcs qui, selon l'agence officielle iranienne IRNA;--a fait six morts et 16blessés dans un village kurde du nord-ouest de l'Iran, a rapporté l'agenceAnatolie.Selon des sources à l'état-major citées par Anatolie, aucune opérationtransfrontalière n'a été menée par la Turquie en territoire iranien.Toutefois, elles ont affirmé que les forces turques avaient ouvert lefeu "en territoire turc" contre des "terroristes" (terme officiel désignantles rebelles kurdes du PKK) qui tentaient de s'infiltrer depuis l'Iran.Ces sources ont souligné que les opérations menées contre les rebellesdu Parti des Travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK, séparatistes kurdes deTurquie) en territoire turc avaient un caractère de routine et qu'aucunproblème n'existait entre l'Iran et la Turquie dans ce domaine, selonl'agence.L'agence IRNA avait annoncé vendredi que six membres d'une tribu nomadedu nord-ouest de l'Iran ont été tués et seize autres blessés mercredi pardes tirs de trois hélicoptères turcs qui avaient pénétré dans l'espaceaérien iranien.Le ministère iranien des affaires étrangères a élevé une "forteprotestation" et "réclamé une. explication rapide" aux autorités turques àla suite de cet incident, avait ajouté IRNA. -La presse turque rapportait vendredi qu'un millier de Kurdes iraniensavaient manifeste violemment jeudi devant le consulat général de Turquie àOroumyieh (nord-ouest de l'Iran).Selon la presse, les manifestants ont brulé des drapeaux turcs et lancédes pierres, causant des dégâts mineurs à l'immeuble du consulat, lors de.cette manifestation qui serait donc intervenue au lendemain de l'attaquedes hélicoptères turcs.-Selon Anatolie, l'ambassadeur de Turquie à Téhéran Mithat Balkan ademandé aux autorités iraniennes de prendre des mesures pour assurer laprotection du consulat d'Oroumyieh.L'armée turque mène régulièrement des opérations contre les militantsarmés du PKK, dans le sud-est de la Turquie, à proximité des frontièresirakienne et iranienne,ainsi que dans le nord de l'Irak où les rebelles.trouvent refuge.Les relations irano-turques traversent une phase de tension depuisplusieurs mois, à la suite notamment de l'accord militaire signé en févrierdernier entre la Turquie et Israël.KG/hc/phvtfAFP /AA1234/281655 JUN 96A.F.P. - A~encefronce Prelle-A.F.P. - Agencefronte Prem-A.F.P. - Agencefranœ Presle-A.F.P. - Agencefronce Prelse-A.F.P. - A~encefroncePrme-A.F.P. - AgencefroncePrelse-232

Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P.A.F.P.FRS0369 3 I 0270 TUR /AFP-XM91Turquie-Iran leadAttaque d'hélicoptères turcs en Iran: l'état-major turc pas au courantANKARA, 28 juin (AFP) - L'état-major des armées turques a .déclarévendredi n'être pas au courant de tirs d'hélicoptères turcs contre unvillage iranien, qui ont fait 6 morts et 15 blessés mercredi selon l'agenceofficielle iranienne IRNA."Nous n'avons aucune information pour l'instant", a déclaré leporte-parole de l'état-major, le colonel Kemal Ay, interrogé par l'AFP àAnkara.Selon IRNA, le ministère iranien des Affaires étrangères a "élevé uneforte protestation" et "réclamé une explication rapide" aux autoritésturques à la suite de cet incident, qui a eu lieu dans le nord-ouest del'Iran, en pays kurde, à quelque 25 km au nord-ouest d'Oroumyieh.La presse turque rapportait vendredi qu'un millier de Kurdes iraniensavaient manifesté violemment jeudi devant le consulat général de Turquie àOroumyieh.Les manifestants ont brulé des drapeaux turcs et lancé des pierres,causant des dégâts mineurs à l'immeuble du consulat, lors de cettemanifestation qui serait donc intervenue au lendemain de l'attaque deshélicoptères turcs.L'armée turque mène régulièrement des opérations contre les militantsarmés du Parti des Travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK, séparatiste) dans lesud-est de la Turquie, à proximité des frontières irakienne et iranienne,ainsi que dans le nord de l'Irak où les rebelles trouvent refuge.Elle en a mené une jeudi en territoire irakien mais la région visée nesemble pas correspondre au lieu où s'est déroulée l'attaque deshélicoptères selon IRNA.KG/hc/dfgt.fraAFP /AA1234/281238 JUN 96A.F.P. - &gellleFrolllePresse-A.F.P. - Igeln FroncePresse-A.F.P. - A~ FroncePresse-A.F.P. -Igeace FranœPresse-A.F.P. -Agence FroncePresse-A.F.P. - AgellleFroln Presse-233

othe store you're bound to have some,china knocked over. But you get theimpression that some of these new con-.-gressmen do not hear the sound of crashingchina. ~', Washington has relentlessly pushed a:policy of containment and economiC:embargo against Iran since last year;when President Bill Clinton banned,trade and prohibited U.S. companies~:from purchasing Iranian oil. 'U.S. officials say the government inTehran is seeking weapons of mass deoRevue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiINTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE, FRIDAY, JUNE 28, 1996Washington and Bonn CollideonHow Bestto Deal. WithJran IBy Rick AtkinsonWasflington Post Service,BONN ~ As se,enthrOl,lghAri1ericaneyes, Iranis a pariah state, one that sanctions internationalterrorism, opposes a comprehensive' peace in theMiddle East and seeks to build a nuclear arsenal.'Such outlaw behavior, U.S. policymakers insist,should be repaid with contempt, isolation andworld sanctions.As seen through German eyes, Iran is indeedmisguided and dangerous, if not the monolithictheocracy often demonized by Washington.Yet, as a large, strategically located 'country,with vast oil réserves, Bonn says, Iran should notbe ostracized but rather engaged willi economi.c;benefits as well as tough talk. .These divergent views have become a thorn ontheTOsebnsh of U.S.-German relations, the oneprickly issue that is the subject of public exasperationand private acrimony.Moreover, officials in Washington and Bonnbelieve the disagreement could soon escalate into'something uglier i(the U.S. government pressesahead with a proposed law to impose sanctions onforeign companies that trade with Iran or Libya.'.':PIe trade debate has taken a really nasty turnin the last several weeks," an American offidâlsaid. "The Europeans don't like sanctions. They'don't like any of this stuff." ,,'It' s the one issue, " he added, "where there' sconflict between us and the Germans."'Klaus Becher, an analyst at the German Society'for Foreign Policy said, "There seems to be a very'clear confrontation coming."Legislation adopted unanimously by the U.S.'House of Representatives this month - similar toa bill passed by the Senate last winter - would:impose sanctions on foreign companies undercertain conditions if they invested more than $40million in Iran's oil industry.'The proposai follows other trade developmentsthat have triggered alarm in Bonn and other,European capitals, including a new U.S. law thatpenalizes foreign companies continuing to tradewith Cuba in defiance of a U.S. embargo.Leaders of the 15-nation European Union,"meeting in Italy last weekend, voiced "deepconcern" at the U.S. actions and reserved theright to retaliate in defense of European interests.The brewing quarrel is likely to be discussed at theGroup of Seven meetings in Lyon, as Europeanllovemments make clel!r to the lJn~~ed_States their'dismil}' at efforts by Washington to imposeits policy toward Iran on others."That would have enormous ramifications,"said a senior German official."That's what we 're really worriedabout. We see a certain lack of com-''munication between the U.S. Congressand the outside world. Forexample, wehaven't seen a U.S. congressional del-, egation in Bonn in two years.""The United States is ahuge fell,ow,"he added, "and when he turns around in,struction while undeiwriting terrorist at~tacks against Israel and a vendetta of:killings against political foes living inexile.': The most notorious of those killings is ,likely to make headlines again in coming,weeks when a German court is expectedto render a verdict in the trial of anIranian and four Palestinians accused otmurdering a Kurdish separatist leaderand three aides in à Berlin restaurant in'il992., Prosecutors contend that thosekillings, like those of dozens of others or:Iranian expatriates, were ordered by a:Tehran government that brooks no dis-'sent.The German federal prosecutor issued,,an arrest warrant in March for Ali Fal-,lahian, head of the Iranian Ministry of:Intelligence and Security, on suspicion,of having ordered the attack. The unprecedentedwarrant drew Iranian de-,'nunciations and threats of reprisal.Given such alleged violations ofGer-,man sovereignty, U.S. officials consider:BonIl' s approach to Iran to be, morallyquestlonabîë àn

~ ~'"~;p~Q:~ ~.Turkisb Daily NewsSATURDAY, JUNE 29. 1996:3!~I;p~...,Sim Saklk'SakIk blames media after being arrestedSaklk had said during a 1V program that people who ask for respectfor their flag should show respect for the flags of others. This statementwas seen as promoting separatism by the State Security CourtTurkish Daily NewsANKARA- The Ankara State SecurityCourt (DGM) ordered the arrest on Thursdayof Sim Saklk, who was taken into custody bythe police for comments he made on a pnvate- TV channel after last Sunday's controversial;j~ HADEP congress., '"".\ Saklk had said during a TV program that:j people who ask for respect for their flagshould show respect for the flags of others.This statement was seen as promoting separatismby the DGM.His comments stemmed from events thatoccurred last Sunday at the HADEP conventionin Ankara. Masked youths tore down theTurkish flag and hoisted up the KurdistanWorkers' Party (PKK) fla,gand pictures of itsleader, Abdullah "Apo" Ocalan. Hundreds ofparticipants shouted pro-rebel slogans. Afterthe incIdent, leading party members, includingHADEP Chairman Murat Bozlak and otherdelegates, were taken into custody after policesurrounded the hall.He said that those people are trying to leadTurkey into darkness, when in fact, there wereothers promoting brotherhood. As a result hesaid that the media agencies responsible formisconstruing events should be the ones ontrial, not him.Ankara DGM prosecutor Nuh Mete YükselSome HADEP officials were still being has asked for a pri~o~ term of three years andquestioned on charges of separatism and a fi~e ~f.TL 300 mtll~on for Saklk, on chargesinsulting the Turkish flag. HADEP leader of ~nctttng separ~ttsm, ~n offence underMurat Bozlak and his aides, as well as three ArtIcle 8 of the Antt-Terronsm La,,:.people believed to be directly involved in tear- Saklk was one of the deputIes of the109 down the flag were detained earlier in the Democracy Party - a predecessor to HADEPweek. - sentenced to 15 years in jail in 1994 forThree HADEP delegates were killed in an links with pro-Kurdish militants, but was laterambush by unknown attackers as they were released.returning to Kahramanmara~ after the con- HADEP was formed in 1994. The predecesgress.sors of HADEP - the People's Labor PartySpeaking to journalists after his court hear- and the Democracy Party - had been bannedjng, Saklk deDled all the accusations made by by the Constitutional Court for alleged linksthe court. with the PKK. Some pro-Kurdish politiciansSaklk also said that his actions at the had been expelled from Parliament, and someHADEP congress were entirely misconstrued were sentenced to jail terms on charges of sepbysome media organizations. He said that as aratism. .soon as he saw that the Turkish flag was cut The incidents occurring at the HADEP condownhe ~arned the p~y council and protes~- gress sparke~ nationwide reactions. Enormoused by leavlOgthe me~tlOg. He charged that h.'s 30. ft.. TurkIsh flags fluttered from publicstateme,nts were dIstorted by some media bUlldlDgs, apartment balconies and shopsS?U~ces10 Turkey who use theIr pen as a gun, throughout the country on Wednesday, in anaImlOg to provoke people to shoot each other. outpouring of nationalist fervor.~ ~~.~1~~'"~

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Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çap"ê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiTurkish Dairy News SATURDAY,JUNE29,1996 •U.N. Weapons Inspector Rolf Ekeus warned Turkey to be aware of Iraq's weaponsarsenal.UN weapons inspectorwarns Turkey against IraqEkeus still believes that Iraq loadedsome of its weapons on to trucksand hauled them elsewhere beforethe inspectors arrivedTurkish Dail\' NewsANKARA- Rolf Ékeus, the U.N.inspector who is investigating Iraqiweapons, warned Turkey against IraqdUrIng a one-day working visit toAnkara.Some doubts have arisen in the internationalarena about Turco-Iraqi ties,which some feel to be close. On theother hand, Ekeus believes that Iraq stillpossesses significant quantities ofweapons. It has been speculated thatthese weapons could be used againstTurkey, Israel or Iran.Ekeus also wants the Kirkuk-Yumurtahk pipeline to be used for thetransport of oil products, but this idea isnot favored by Turkey. Under the oilfor-foodagreement Iraq reached withthe United Nations in May, Iraq wasal10wed to export oil and oil productsworth $2 billIOn e\'er\' six months, inorder to buy food and' medicine. Someof its exports and imports will pass viaTurkey by trucks.Ekeus stil1 belines that Iraq loadedsome of its weapons on to trucks andhauled them elsewhere before theinspectors arri\'ed."1 presented information on recentdevelopments and long-term prospectsfor solving the outstanding problems,"Ekeus told reporters after bis three-hourmeeting with Forei£II Ministry DeputyUndersecretary Ali tm'gan.Some analysts speculate that Ekeuswants to establish a monitoring systemfor Iraq's exports and imports viaTurkey. "Iraq IS still. accordmg to ouranalysis, concealing some importantcomponents and weapons and also concealingimportant documents explainingtheir program," Ekeus told reporters onMonday.237

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin Özeti,Islamic Party FormsCoalition in TurkeyCiller Will Be Deputy Minister;Tough Parliament VoteAheadBERLIN - in a move that representeda sharp break with 73 years ofsecular nile in '(urkey, the leader of thatcountry's Islamic party forged a coalitionFriday that could, make himprime minister within a few days.The party leader, Necmettin Erbakan,said he had agreed to form a coalitiongovernment with former Prime Minister, Tansu Ciller, who would serve as deputyprime minister and foreign minister.President Suleyman Demirel approvedthe new government after meetipgwith Mr. Erbakan late Friday.,. I have very good news for you, ' , Mr.Erbakan said after emerging from hismeeting with the president. "A newgovernment has bet'n formed."The coalition must now win a vote ofconfidence in Parliament. Mr.Erbakan's Welfare Party and Mrs.Ciller's True Path Party hold a majorityof seats in the 550-seat Parliament.Some True Path deputies, howev~r,have hinted that they might vote againstthe coalition because they cannot bearthe idea of helping to bring an Islamicgovernment to power.Secularism and' pro-Western foreignpolicies have been fundamental principlesof the modern Turkish state sinceits founding in 1923. Mr. Erbakan haschallenged those principles, suggestingthat he favors Turkish withdrawal fromNATO and closer ties with Iran and withmilitant Islamic groups like Hama~"which is waging guerrilla war against.Israel. ' ,"We will set up an Islamic United,Nations, an Islamic NATO and an Is"lamic version of the European Union," .Mr. Erbakan vowed in a campaignspeech in December. "We will createari,Islamic currency."Turkey's resolutely secular military,however, would look with great dis~., favor on moves that would turn the:::countrY away from the West. Anti);officers have seized power three tinie.,.since 1960 when they disapproved ,ofelected governments. .:...Mr. Erbakan's party received j~t21.38 perc~nt of the vote in Decemberrs,national election, meaning that nearly 1\0:percent of voters supported secularistcandidates. Because of splits amon~ oth-238er parties, however, Mr.-Erbakan's totalwas enough to put him in first place.Mrs. Ciller's decision to join a £o~'alition with Mr. Erbakan was startling in,view of her resolutely secular ideals:,She is an American-educated economistwho only a few months ago warned tha(a government led by Mr. Erbakàn would"bury the country in darkness."Not a single one of the 158 members,'of Parliament from Mr. Erbakan 's partyis female. He has said that Turks" do notwant to be represented b-y women. "Mrs. Ciller is fighting several cor-,ruption charges, and has refused to ex~ 'plain what she did with $6.5 million thatshe withdrew from a seCret government.fund shortly before leaving office lastyear. The new coalition would not onlygive her a chance to hold a measure ofpower, but could also win her enoughsupport in Parliament to head off furtherinvestigations of her finances., Turkey has been without a stable government,since~eptember, when. Mrs:Following are some of the key po-', sitions of Turkey' s Welfare Party:Military: Supports an "Islamic• NATO." Opposes Turkey's military.training pact with Israel, and pposestheU.S.-led allied force that provides air shel-'ter to Iraqi Kurds from a Turkish base.Trade: Reassess Turkey' s customsunion with European Union. Has calledfor an Islamic ••common market."Rights: Maintain.' current constitu-:tion, but condemns barring female studentsfrom wearing head shawls., Currency: Advocates an Islamiccurrency.,Finance: Maintains that interest ratesare a violation of Islam.Attack condemned on Turkishconsulate-general in UrumiyeTurkish Daily NewsANKARA- Pro-Kurdish activists onThursday attacked the Turkish Consulate inUrumiye, Iran, the semi-official Anatolianews agency reported from Tehran.The attack occurred after Iranian claimsthat Turkish helicopters had bombedKurdish inhabited areas in the northwest ofIran on Wednesday.It was claimed that six Kurds, fivewomen and one child, were killed and ISwounded.The Tehran government summoned the,Turkish ambassador to protest the raid.The office of the Chief of General Staffon Friday refuted the claims saying thattheTurkish army fired upon retreatmg PKKmilitants as they fled mto Iran. The officesaid that this was just a normal operation." About a thousand pro-Kurdish activistsgathered around the consulate in Urumiyewhere they threw stones. No-one was hurtin the incidents .. ,Ciller's govermilent colilipsed arter twoyears. After the December elections, Mrs. :..Ciller formed a coalition with another ~center-right leader, Mesut YiImaz. It col-: =lapsed after just three months amid bitter ~,recriminations between the two partners.. Q\They support similar policies, but their, C'lintense personal rivalry made it Ïrn-. ~possible for them to work together"and: ;Jpaved the way for Mr. Erbakan's rise. ~Mr. Erbakan, 70, is a German-edu.; ~cated engineer who has been active in~

ẓ .....::J'"';)oM--Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiIrak: l'ONU se hâte lentementLe diplomate irakien qui avait signé le 20 mai à l'ONU l'accord «pétrole contre nourriture»est revenu en fin de semaine à New York pour présenter formellement un plan dedistribution de vivres élaboré par Bagdad, considéré comme essentiel dans la mise enœuvre de l'arrangement qui tarde à s.econcrétiser.MAbdel Amir al-Anbarita déclaré "espérer"que le plan de distributionde vivres, qui comprendsept annexes, serait viteapprouvé par le secrétairegénéral de l'ONU, M.Boutros Boutros-Ghali.Celui-ci étant actuellementen Europe, M. AI-Anbari aété reçu par M. ChinmayaGharekhan, conseiller politiquedu secrétaire général,a indiqué un porte-paroledes Nations unies. Selon M.AI-Anbari, M. Gharekhan adit "ne pas être en mesure"de se prononcer immédiatement.Il n'est pas exclu que lesEtats- Unis et la Grande-Bretagne, membres permanentsdu Conseil de sécurité,examinent à la loupe ladernière version du planélaboré par l'Irak, notammentles propositions relativesà la distribution desvi vres dans les troisprovinces du nord (à majoritékurde) qui ont leur"spécificité", estiment desdiplomates occidentaux.L'accord "pétrole contrenourriture" autorise l'Irak,toujours soumis à des sanctionsinternationales, àexporter des quantités limitéesde brut, notammentafin d'acheter des vivrespour sa population, sous lasupervision des Nationsunies.Outre l'approbation du plande distribution, M. Boutros-Ghali doit également ouvrirun compte séquestre dansune banque où seraientgérés les fonds du pétrole(deux milliards de dollarsautorisés tous les six mois).Selon des diplomates occidentaux,M. Boutros-Ghalia déjà opté en faveur de laBanque nationale de Paris(BNP), qui dispose d'unesuccursale à New York. Leporte-parole de l'ONU n'ani confirmé ni démentil'information, affirmantqu'une décision seraitannoncée lorsquel'ensemble du dossier seraitbouclé.De son côté, le Comité dessanctions de l'ONU contrel'Irak (Comité 661), quiregroupe les 15 paysmembres du Conseil desécurité,. a apparemmentprogressé dans la très lenteélaboration des "modalitésd'application accélérée" del'accord "pétrole contrenourriture".Premièresexportations en juillet?M. AI-Anbari, représentantde l'Irak à l'UNESCO(Paris), s'est déclaré "troublé"par les retards enregistrésau sein du Comité661, qui a tenu pas moinsde "26 réunions" depuis le20 mai. "Certains essaientde réécrire" la résolution986 ayant ouvert la voie àl'accord "pétrole contrenourriture", a-t-il affirmé.Selon des sources européennes,les procéduresd'application accélérée del'accord pourraient êtreadoptées la semaineprochaine. Parmi lesderniers points de blocagefigure la question descontrôleurs qui seraientchargés d'approuver lescontrats pétroliers à l'ONU.On parle de trois ou quatrepersonnes (un Français, unAméricain, un Norvégien et'un Russe, Washingtonayant des réticences quant àun Russe), selon cessources. Le mécanismed'approbation des contratsserait rapide (24 à 72heures), la question étant desavoir si les décisions descontrôleurs seraient souverainesou s'il pourrait yavoir intervention des délégationsdu Conseil de sécurité.Les diplomates demeurentprudents quant à la dateexacte de reprise effectivedes exportations pétrolièresirakiennes, interrompuesdepuis six ans. Les plusoptimistes osent espérerque le pétrole commenceraà être écoulé avant finjuillet.L'accord "pétrole contrenourriture" a visiblementsubi le contrecoup de larécente épreuve de forceautour des inspections de laCommission spéciale del'ONU chargée du désarmementde l'Irak (UNSCOM).R.F.A.F.P. - A~emeFronŒPre\\e-A.F.P. - A~emeFrontePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enŒFramePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enteFrontePresse-A.F.P. - A~enŒFromePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~emeFramePre\\e-FRSb320 2 I 0183 TUR /AFP-GV15Turquie-KurdesM. Erbakan promet de lever l'état d'urgence dans le sud-estANKARA, 29 juin (AFP) - Le nouveau premier ministre turc NecmettinErbakan s'est engagé samedi à lever progressivement l'état d'urgence envigueur dans le sud-est de la Turquie, théatre de la rébellion armée duParti des Travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK, séparatiste)."L'état d'urgence sera levé progressivement dans la régio~ et le conceptde fraternité sera développé avec des mesures destinées à améliorer la vieéconomique et sociale", a déclaré M. Erbakan dans une conférence de presse."Mais la lutte de l'Etat contre le terrorisme séparatiste se poursuivraavec toute sa vigueur", a-t-il ajouté.Le prédécesseur de M. Erbakan, Mesut Yilmaz, avait lui aussi promis delever progressivement l'état d'urgence en vigueur dans dix provinces deliest et du sud-est, mais n'avait pas commencé à le faire.L'état d'urgence donne des pouvoirs très étendus aux autorités et auxforces de sécurité et cette situation a donné lieu à de nombreusesaccusations de violations des droits de l'Homme.HC/dfg eafAFP /AA1234/291325 JUN 96239

Revue de Presse-PressReview-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Basin ÖzetiA.F.P. - A~enceFroncePre\se-A.F.P. - A~enceFroncePresse-A.F.P. - A~enceFrontePres\e-A.F.P. - A~emeFroncePres\e-A.F.P. - A~enceFromePre\\e-A.F.P. - A~enteFromePresse-. .A.F.P.A.F.P.FRS0223.4 I 0357 TUR /AFP-LD95Turqlde-Kurdes1.128" rebelles kurdes tués par l'armée turque en six moisANKARA, 30 juin (AFP) - Au total 1.128 rebelles du Parti desTravailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK, séparatiste), en rébellion contre Ankara,ont été tués en six mois par l'armée turque lors d'opérations militaires etde combats, a rapporté dimanche l'agence semi-officielle Anatolie.'De janvier à fin juin J.996.,83 membres des forces de l'ordre turques,dont des "protecteurs de village" (ndlr: miliciens pro-gouvernementauxarmés par l'Etat) ont trouvé la mort lors de ces opérations et accrochagesarmés, a indiqué Anatolie.Selon l'agence, 124 militants armés du PKK se sont rendus aux forces desécurité turques, 104 autres ont été capturés et 14 blessés lors de combats.dans l'est.et le sud-est anatolien, à majorité kurde, où le PKK mène unerébellion armée contre Ankara depuis 1984.Une' importante quan'cité d' armes et de munitions, dont deslance-roquettes, des grenades, des mines et plus de 20.000 balles, ainsique447 kg d'opium ont été saisis dans différentes zones du sud-estanatolien, toujours selon la même source.La rébellion du PKK, qui 'vise à créer un Etat indépendant kurde dans lesud-est anatolien, ainsi que les opérations de représailles de. l'armée, ontfait en 12 ans près de 22.000 morts, civils, militaires, rebelles etpoliciers.L'armée turque, qui ne reconnaît pas le cessez-le-feu déclaré'unilatéralement le 15 décembre dernier par le chef du PKK, Abdullah Ocalan,;dit "Apo", poursuit ses opérations quasi-quotidiennes contre les maquisardskurdes, soit en territoire turc, soit en territoire irakien frontalier.. Les rebelles utilisent le nord de l'Irak comme base arrière pour lancerdes attaques en territoire turc. Pour ce faire, ils profitent du vided'autorité régnant dans cette région, qui échappe au contrôle de Bagdaddepuis la fin de la guerre du Golfe en 1991.L'armée turque a'intensifié ses opérations contre les maquisards du PKK,notamment depuis le début avril, sur les territoires turc et irakien, tuantprès de 865 rebelles, selon les bilans annoncés par les autorités.CE/sgtfAFP /AA1234/30~439 JUN 96A.F.P. - A~en'e FroncePresse-A.F.P. - A~en'e FrontePresse-A.F.P. - A~en'eFron,ePre\se-A.F.P. - A~en(eFron,! Pr!sse-A.F.P. - A~en'eFron,ePresse-A.F.P. - A~en(eFron,ePrme-240