, '. I0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0I.80.90.9 110eUco ....... c:e'"5Q)1010e0.8" ~I~IIu.:..TITI.. . ita~====~j:Jtl ,0.7 T2One divided··shellTwo-tube pass.0.1 0.2 0.31. From Equation 14, tb = 80 +0.6 (40) = 104.2. LMTD <strong>in</strong> the lower tube pass:Hot fluid Cold fluid <strong>Difference</strong> 200 - 104 96 120 - 80 = 40 LMTD = 64R =3.33 X = 0.2Lltm = LMTD X F = 64 X 0.92= 58.93. LMTD <strong>in</strong> the upper tube pass:Hot fluid Cold fluid <strong>Difference</strong>200 - 120 80120 - 104 16LMTD = 39.8R=5.0X=0.167Lltm = LMTD X F =0.882 = 35.14. From Equation 15,(40) (58.9)tb = 80 +58.9 + 35.139.8 )< = 105 0.5 0.6X=(t~- tJ(r,- t 1)5. S<strong>in</strong>ce the calculated value oftb did not match the value used, usethe calculated value <strong>and</strong> go back <strong>to</strong>the start.The f<strong>in</strong>al value of tb is 105.5.6. With the f<strong>in</strong>al value of tb theMID's are:Lower Lltm = 57 <strong>and</strong> upper Lltm= 32.From Equation 16,~".' 40Lltm= = 44.525.5/57 + 14.5/327. F = 44.5/57.6 = 0.773A computer is almost a must <strong>to</strong>calculate the many different po<strong>in</strong>tsrequired for an F chart.A Fortran program can be writtenfor this type of flow. The biggestproblem <strong>in</strong> putt<strong>in</strong>g it on thecomputer is <strong>to</strong> calculate the correctionfac<strong>to</strong>r for divided-flow, onetubepass. When do<strong>in</strong>g it by h<strong>and</strong>,as <strong>in</strong> the above example, use an Fchart. S<strong>in</strong>ce the F chart' was developedby trial <strong>and</strong> error, we donot have an equation for it. There<strong>in</strong>lies the trouble.0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0Solv<strong>in</strong>g Equation .9 for cp0.80.7isn'tpossible by the usual means. Andwithout cp it is impossible <strong>to</strong> calculateF.In the computer program developedby the author, cp is found bytrial <strong>and</strong>' error. To converge on thevalue of cp, use. Equation 17 as afirst approximation:cp=2[ F/(R+O.5) (17)2 - 1.05 X (2 R + 1)After this value is calculated; usethe first derivative method of converg~nce.Fig. 8 is the F chart for one dividedshell <strong>and</strong> two tube passes.The dashed l<strong>in</strong>e extended across thechart shows when the outlet temperatureof the hot side is ~qual <strong>to</strong>the outlet temperature of the coldside. In ,_ compar<strong>in</strong>g this with thenormal one,-shell pass, the low po<strong>in</strong>tis approximately 0.8 while the dividedshell is approximately 0.775.Three F charts for divided-flow,two-tube pass, from two <strong>to</strong> fourTHE OIL AND GAS JOURNAL •SEPTEMBER . 14, 1964113
.\'........ -.....,(" tSplit flow·t. 2 t TI r -,~--I tFig. 9- f2 T2shells <strong>in</strong> series, respectively, maybe obta<strong>in</strong>ed from' the author.Split flow. At times, when a highcorrection fac<strong>to</strong>r is desired, a long. baffle will give <strong>to</strong>o much pressuredrop. In this case split flow can beused. This type of flow is shown <strong>in</strong>Fig. 9.Some of the correction - fac<strong>to</strong>rcharts already developed can beused. By analyz<strong>in</strong>g two dividedflow,one-tube passes <strong>in</strong> series, itcan be seen that it is equivalent <strong>to</strong>a split-flow-shell, two-tube passes.In like fashion, the four dividedshell,one-tube pass can be used fortwo split-flow shells <strong>in</strong> series withtwo tube passes each. If it is desired <strong>to</strong> use more splitflowshells, <strong>in</strong> series, use Equation11. Us<strong>in</strong>g the divided-flow correctionfac<strong>to</strong>rs <strong>in</strong> this manner assumeswe have the same perfect conditionslisted under longitud<strong>in</strong>al baffle.When you have split flow <strong>and</strong>four or more tube passes, then thepreviously mentioned charts obta<strong>in</strong>ablefrom' the author can be used,one for a s<strong>in</strong>gle shell, <strong>and</strong> one fortwo shells.Author Dale L. Gulley lives at2714 S. 75th E. Ave., Tulsa, Okla.References1. Kern, D. Q., "Process Heat Transfer":McGraw-Hill, 1950.2. McAdams, "Heat Transmission": Thirdedition, McGraw-Hill, 1951.3. St<strong>and</strong>ards of TEMA: Fourth edition,1959.4. Bowman, R. A., "Mean-<strong>Temperature</strong><strong>Difference</strong> Correction <strong>in</strong> Multipass Exchangers":Ind. <strong>and</strong> Engr. Chern., 28, 1936, pp.541-544.5. Gulley, D. L., "Use Computers <strong>to</strong> SelectExchangers": Petroleum Ref<strong>in</strong>er, 39,1960, pp. 149-156.6. Fischer, F. K., "Mean - <strong>Temperature</strong><strong>Difference</strong> Correction <strong>in</strong> Multipass Exchangers":Ind. <strong>and</strong> Engr. Chern., 30, 1938, pp.377-383.7. Whister, A. M., "Correction for HeatConduction Through Longitud<strong>in</strong>al Baffle ofHeat Exchanger": Trans. ASME, 69, 1947,pp. 683-685.8. Gulley, D. L., "Make This CorrectionFac<strong>to</strong>r Chart <strong>to</strong>· F<strong>in</strong>d Divided Flow ExchangerMTD":Petro/Chem Eng<strong>in</strong>eer, July1962, pp. 143-145.. 9. Gardner, K. A., "Mean <strong>Temperature</strong><strong>Difference</strong> <strong>in</strong> Multipass Exchangers": Ind.<strong>and</strong> Engr. Chern., 33, 1941, pp. 1495-1500.AcknowledgmentTo Western Supply Co. for use of itselectronic computer <strong>and</strong> <strong>to</strong> Paul Buthodfor mathematical assistance.BOOKSGUIDE DU PETROLE ET DELA PETROCHIMIE (Petroleum <strong>and</strong>Petrochemical Guide). 1964 annualedition. Published by Editions O. Lesourd,252 Faubourg Sa<strong>in</strong>t-Honore,Paris 8, France. Price 100 francs.(Franco 104.20 francs.)The 34th annual edition of this outst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>gdirec<strong>to</strong>ry came off the press<strong>in</strong> Paris <strong>in</strong> May. It conta<strong>in</strong>s more than1,000 pages of names <strong>and</strong> addressesof oil, petrochemical, <strong>and</strong> service companies,plus phone numbers, personnel,company relationships, <strong>and</strong> otherdata.Here, briefly, is an outl<strong>in</strong>e of thisuseful book:Part 1. Oil. This list<strong>in</strong>g gives detailson adm<strong>in</strong>istrative <strong>and</strong> professionaloil groups, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g memberships.It lists French oil companiesaccord<strong>in</strong>g <strong>to</strong> their functions, i.e., exploration<strong>and</strong> production; transportation<strong>and</strong> s<strong>to</strong>rage; eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g, ref<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g,import<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> distribution; lube oils;<strong>and</strong> natural gas <strong>and</strong> products.Part 2. Petrochemicals <strong>and</strong> plasticmaterials. Here you will f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>in</strong>formationon various French petrochemicalcompanies <strong>and</strong> organizations, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>gnames <strong>and</strong> titles of companyofficials.Part 3. Oil <strong>and</strong> petrochemical market.This <strong>in</strong>Cludes names of companies<strong>and</strong> other <strong>in</strong>formation on firmsdo<strong>in</strong>g bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>in</strong> the Common Market<strong>and</strong> the OECD countries, as wellas North Africa :;tnd the Middle East.Part 4. . This <strong>in</strong>cludes a general<strong>in</strong>dex (Petrole-Chimie-Telephone) ofoil, chemical, <strong>and</strong> supply <strong>and</strong> equipmentcompanies. The list<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>cludenames of adm<strong>in</strong>istra<strong>to</strong>rs, direc<strong>to</strong>rs,heads of departments, <strong>and</strong> technicalpersonnel. This section <strong>in</strong>volves morethan 3,000 namees of oil personnel.In addition <strong>to</strong> the basic guide, youmay subscribe <strong>to</strong> the monthly supplementswhich keep the book up <strong>to</strong> date.Price of the monthly supplements is20 francs per. year.FEDERAL TAX TREATMENTOF INCOME FROM OIL ANDGAS. By Stephen L. McDonald.Brook<strong>in</strong>gs Institution, 1775 MassachusettsAve. N.W., Wash<strong>in</strong>g<strong>to</strong>n, D.C.163 pages. Paper $2, cloth $3.50.This is a summary of a symposiumon oil-depletion tax provisions heldby a group of professional economistsat Brook<strong>in</strong>g Institution. Bulk of thevolume is a background paper prepared<strong>in</strong> advance by Stephen L. McDonald of University of Texas. Therema<strong>in</strong>der is a summary of conferencediscussion.The volume is perhaps the best recentstatement of views of economistson percentage depletion <strong>and</strong> expens<strong>in</strong>gof <strong>in</strong>tangible drill<strong>in</strong>g costs. It outl<strong>in</strong>esthe his<strong>to</strong>ry of these provisions<strong>and</strong> describes their application <strong>in</strong> variousproduc<strong>in</strong>g situations <strong>and</strong> their effectson the petroleum <strong>in</strong>dustry.It discusses the theories, justifications'<strong>and</strong> criticisms of these tax provisionsfrom the st<strong>and</strong>po<strong>in</strong>t of differentialrisk, the wast<strong>in</strong>g asset ofpetroleum resources, conservation, nationalsecurity, <strong>and</strong> capital-ga<strong>in</strong>s taxation.Conclusions are that reduction ofpercentage rates would tend <strong>to</strong> raiseprices <strong>in</strong> the long run, but this mightbe offset by competition, greater- efficiency,<strong>and</strong> reduction <strong>in</strong> rental bonuses.Increased revenue <strong>to</strong> the U.S.Treasury could vary from a very li~t1e<strong>to</strong> $2 billion annually' depend<strong>in</strong>g onhow the <strong>in</strong>dustry operated.The book notes that it considerseconomic aspects only, not other fac<strong>to</strong>rs<strong>in</strong> public policy.NEW GUIDE TO MORE EFFECTIVE WRITING IN BUSINESSAND INDUSTRY. By Robert Gunn<strong>in</strong>g.Published by Industrial EducationInstitute, 221 Columbus Ave.,Bos<strong>to</strong>n 02116. 358 pp. $12.50.This book gives you ideas <strong>to</strong> improveeveryth<strong>in</strong>g you write.These are techniques <strong>and</strong> formulasyou can app~y at once <strong>to</strong> every writ<strong>in</strong>gproblem.Step-by-step guidance is given fororganiz<strong>in</strong>g thoughts <strong>and</strong> putt<strong>in</strong>g themdown on paper, gett<strong>in</strong>g ideas across,writ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>to</strong> get the action you want,how <strong>to</strong> do a better job of writ<strong>in</strong>g,<strong>and</strong> how <strong>to</strong> write faster.Note: The Oil <strong>and</strong> Gas Journal ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>sa book department. Write <strong>to</strong> the Book Department,PO Box 1260, Tulsa, Okla. 74101,for copies of the book list. Often books reviewedhere may be purchased from thissource.114 THE OIL AND GAS JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 14, 1964
Change language