CIVIL WAR CIVIL WAR - Florida Division of Historical Resources

||Confederate artillery battery at Pensacola, 1861. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)secessionists celebrated the action, thoughUnionists like former territorial governorRichard Keith Call deplored the act. “Youhave opened the gates of Hell,” he shoutedto his detractors, “from which shall flowthe curses of the damned which shall sinkyou to perdition.”At the time of the state’s secession,Florida militia occupied Federal facilitiesaround the state, taking control of thearsenal at Chattahoochee, Fort Clinchnear Fernandina, and Fort Marion in St.Augustine. In Pensacola, Southern troopsoccupied Fort McRee, Fort Barrancas,and the Pensacola Navy Yard, leavingonly Fort Pickens on Santa Rosa Islandin Federal hands. At the southern end ofthe Florida peninsula, the Union retainedFort Jefferson in the Tortugas and FortTaylor at Key West. These two locationslater proved to be important points forthe Union in enforcing the blockade ofthe Florida coast.During the period from Januarythrough April 1861, tensions rose higheras the sectional crisis deepened withthe secession of seven states and theformation of the Confederate States ofAmerica. For several months in early1861, national attention was focusedon Pensacola, as the possibility existedthat hostilities might erupt there first.Instead the first fighting would occur inCharleston Harbor, with the April 1861bombardment and surrender of FortSumter. Following its surrender, PresidentLincoln called for 75,000 troops tosuppress the rebellion and four additionalstates joined the infant Confederacy.Meanwhile, in Florida, Confederatetroops strengthened their positions inan effort to force the Union troops outof Fort Pickens. No major fighting tookplace, however, until the night of October8-9, when a Confederate force landed onSanta Rosa Island and attacked a Unioncamp. After a brisk engagement they soonwithdrew, with casualties for the twosides numbering about 150. Subsequently,artillery bombardments occurred inNovember 1861 and in January 1862,but no further attempt was made by theConfederates to capture Fort Pickens.In the spring of 1862, followingreverses in the western theater of the war,Confederate troops withdrew from muchof Florida, including Fernandina, St.Augustine, and Pensacola. In March 1862,the Federals occupied Fernandina andSt. Augustine and remained there for theduration of the war, and Jacksonville wasoccupied by the Federals for the first offour times during the war. Pensacola wasabandoned by the Confederates in May1862, and it stayed under Federal controlfor the remainder of the war.The fourth occupation ofJacksonville, in February of 1864, ledto the Battle of Olustee, the largestengagement of the war in Florida. It cameabout as the result of the Union desire toestablish a loyal state government underthe provisions of President Lincoln’s1863 Reconstruction Proclamation, aswell as the desire to occupy the northeastportion of the state to recruit blacktroops and to disrupt Confederate supplyactivities. Union Brigadier GeneralTruman Seymour, with a force of some5,000 soldiers, including several regimentsof black troops, moved west fromJacksonville in mid-February. ConfederateBrigadier General Joseph Finegan, withreinforcements sent from Georgia, metthe invading force with an approximatelyequal number of troops east of Olusteeon February 20, 1864. The ensuing3

||Union Gunboat Mohawk at St. Marks Lighthouse, 1862. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)of some 1,000 men under the commandof Brigadier General William Miller,including cadets from the West FloridaSeminary (present-day Florida StateUniversity) in Tallahassee, defendedthe crossing. More than 600 Unionblack soldiers attacked the Confederatepositions at Natural Bridge on March6, but were repulsed. Following theirdefeat, the Federal land force returnedto the coast. The Union ships were alsounsuccessful in their efforts to reachthe Confederate fort at St. Marks. TheConfederate victory at Natural Bridgehelped ensure that Tallahassee wouldremain the only Confederate capitaleast of the Mississippi River to not becaptured before the war’s close.The Confederacy’s collapse camein the spring of 1865. By that time,Confederate control of Florida waslimited to the interior north andcentral portions of the state. On April1, Governor John Milton committedsuicide at his home near Marianna. Eightdays later, General Robert E. Lee’s Armyof Northern Virginia surrendered atAppomattox in Virginia. Other Floridaunits capitulated with General JosephE. Johnston’s army in North Carolinaon April 26. In May and early June, theremaining Confederate troops in Floridalaid down their weapons.The Civil War impacted not onlyFloridians who served in the military,but those who labored on the homefront as well. Included in this categorywere males too young or old for militaryservice, white females, and the state’sAfrican American population. Whenthe war began, some of the strongestFlorida pro-Confederate “fire-eaters”e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e eFort Pickens. Three days later, PresidentLincoln calls for 75,000 troops to put down 1862the rebellion in the seceded states. January 1-2 A second artillery bombardment takesApril 19 President Lincoln proclaims a blockade of theplace between Union and Confederateseceded states, including Florida.batteries at Pensacola. There are fewcasualties, but some damage is inflictedJuly 21 First major battle of the war is fought nearon Pensacola Navy Yard.Bull Run (Manassas), Virginia. No Floridamilitary units participate, though Floridian January 16 Union naval forces attack Cedar Key,Brigadier General Edmund Kirby Smith isthe western terminus of theprominently involved and is wounded inFlorida Railroad.the battle.March 2-4 Confederate forces evacuate AmeliaOctober 7 John Milton is inaugurated Florida governor.Island, including Fort Clinch, which isthen occupied by Union troops.October 9 A Confederate force, including two companiesof Floridians, lands on Santa Rosa Island, east March 10-11 St. Augustine is evacuated byof Fort Pickens, and attacks the camp of theConfederate forces and occupied by6th New York Infantry Regiment.the Federals.Reinforcements from the fort force the March 12 Jacksonville is occupied by Federal forces.Confederates to withdraw.It will be evacuated the following month.November 22-23 Federal forces at Fort Pickens engage in April 6-7 Battle of Shiloh, Tennessee takes place.a massive artillery duel with ConfederateA Florida battalion participates andbatteries around Pensacola. An estimatedsuffers heavy losses.5,000 cannon balls and shells are firedMay 9-12 Pensacola is abandoned by Confederateduring the bombardment, which damagesforces and occupied by the Union.Pensacola Navy Yard, Fort McRee and thetowns of Warrington and Pensacola.5

||Union soldiers in camp at Jacksonville. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)were women. They produced uniformsand equipment for soldiers, as well asunit flags under which their men wouldfight. Sewing societies continued toprovide such necessities throughoutthe conflict. Their efforts became evenmore important as the war progressedand the Confederate supply systemdeteriorated. Governor Miltonexpressed his gratitude to Floridawomen for their “generous, patriotic,and untiring efforts to clothe ourgallant soldiers.” In addition, womencontributed to the war effort by servingas nurses or matrons in hospitals, inraising money for relief activities, and inmaintaining morale among those in themilitary and at home. They also managedfarms and plantations in the absence ofenlisted husbands, fathers, and sons.Floridians on the home frontsuffered from the constant threat ofUnion occupation. Citizens in Key Westremained under the control of Federalforces throughout the war, while thosein Apalachicola, Cedar Key, Fernandina,Jacksonville, Palatka, Pensacola, St.Augustine, Tampa, and other townsfaced either long-term or occasionaloccupations. Florida civilians facedgrowing shortages of luxury items andmany necessities as well. Salt becameunobtainable from pre-war sources,and Floridians turned to the state’s longcoastline for the boiling of seawater toproduce the vital commodity used inthe preservation of meat. Coffee, whitesugar, and many other foodstuffs werenot available, or could be found onlyat exorbitant prices. The same was truewith clothing, particularly shoes. Varioussubstitutes were resorted to, includingdrinking coffee made with cottonseede e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e eMay 31 Florida troops participate in the Battle July 1-3 Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania takesof Seven Pines, Virginia where theyplace. A brigade of Floridians, consisting of thecapture a Federal artillery battery but2nd, 5th, and 8th Florida Infantry Regiments,suffer heavy casualties.participates and suffers heavy casualties.September 17 Florida troops are engaged at theBattle of Antietam (Sharpsburg),Maryland, the bloodiest single-daybattle of the war. Five days later,President Lincoln issues preliminaryEmancipation Proclamation.September 30-October 13Federal naval and land forces mountan expedition to St. Johns Bluff. Theposition is abandoned by its Confederatedefenders on October 2, and Jacksonvilleis temporarily occupied for a second time.1863January 1March 10Final Emancipation Proclamation issued.Jacksonville is occupied for a third timeby Union forces. It will be evacuated onceagain at the end of the month. Theoccupation forces include Union blacksoldiers, making it one of the earliestoperations involving their use.Several skirmishes will occur in thevicinity during the occupation.September 19-20Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, one of thebloodiest battles of the war, takes place. SevenFlorida units participate and suffer heavy losses.1864February 7 Union forces occupy Jacksonville for thefourth time during the war. This finaloccupation will last until the war’s end.February 20 Battle of Olustee, the largest and bloodiestbattle in the state during the conflict, takesplace. Union forces are defeated and retreatback to their Jacksonville defenses.April 1 The Union transport ship Maple Leaf is sunkin the St. Johns River by a Confederate mine.May 6 Union forces temporarily occupy Tampa andFort Brooke.May 19 Union forces from Fort Myers raid Fort Meade.May 23 Confederate forces under Captain J.J. Dickisoncapture the USS Columbine on the St. Johns River.6

||and making hats and shoes from palmettoleaves and corn shucks.The war most profoundly affectedFlorida’s African American population,which included 61,745 slaves and asmall number of free blacks. Some slavesremained with their owners throughoutthe war, while others fled to Unionoccupiedsections of the state. Manyenlisted in the Union army and navy. Inaddition to forced labor on farms andplantations, the enslaved population wasfrequently impressed by the Confederategovernment for military-related tasks,such as building fortifications. Concernedover possible revolts, white Floridiansmaintained slave patrols during the war. Toensure slave productivity and maintain thesafety of the white population, a provisionof the first Confederate Conscription Actexempted one white male from militaryservice for every twenty slaves. The endof the war and the subsequent passageof the ThirteenthAmendmentbrought freedomto black Floridians,though true social,political, andeconomic equalityproved muchmore elusive.The Unionblockade of the Florida coast also hadan important impact on the state.Upon the war’s outbreak, the U.S.Navy implemented a blockade alongthe southern coast, with the SouthAtlantic and the East Gulf BlockadingSquadrons having jurisdiction overFlorida’s extensive coastline. While thestate had few major ports within itsborders, its numerous coves and baysand its proximity to both Cuba and theBahamas made it a popular location forblockade running, particularly in small,Slaves escaping to a Union blockading vessel off St. Marks, 1862.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)shallow-draft vessels. The blockadeinitially proved porous, but it becamemore successful as the war progressed,with the East Gulf Blockading Squadronalone capturing or destroying 283 vessels.While blockade runners brought inmuch needed medicine, weapons, andequipment, they also wasted preciouscargo space on profitable luxury itemsand contributed to the continuedproduction of cotton, which commandeda high price in Europe, rather than thegrowing of vital food crops.e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e eAugust 17 Union forces are routed by Confederate April 1 Governor John Milton commits suicide at histroops led by Captain J.J. Dickison at thehome near Marianna. Abraham AllisonBattle of Gainesville.becomes acting governor.September 27 Battle of Marianna takes place. Union troops,including elements of the 1st Florida UnionCavalry, rout the Confederate defenders andbriefly occupy the town.1865February 13February 20March 4March 4-5March 6Confederate troops led by Captain J.J.Dickison fight a daylong skirmish with aUnion raiding force at Station Number 4near Cedar Key.A Confederate force mounts an unsuccessfulattack on Union-held Fort Myers.Abraham Lincoln inaugurated for asecond term as president.Union expedition lands near theSt. Marks Lighthouse.Battle of Natural Bridge takes place. Uniontroops are stopped in their attempt tocross the St. Marks River and retreat back toships waiting along the coast. Tallahasseeremains the only Confederate state capitaleast of the Mississippi River to not becaptured until the end of the war.7April 9The Army of Northern Virginia, including theremnants of the Florida Brigade, is surrenderedat Appomattox Court House, Virginia.April 14 President Abraham Lincoln is shot and mortallywounded at Ford’s Theater in Washington,D.C. He dies the following morning.April 26 The Army of Tennessee, including the FloridaBrigade, is surrendered in North Carolina. Thesurrender also includes all Confederate forcesin Florida.May 10 Union Brigadier General Edward McCookenters Tallahassee to accept the surrenderof Confederate forces. A formal transfer ofpower ceremony and announcement of theEmancipation Proclamation takes placeten days later.July 13 William Marvin is appointed provisionalgovernor of Florida.1866April 2 President Andrew Johnson officially proclaimsthe insurrection in Florida and nine otherex-Confederate states to be at an end.

||Confederate cavalry crossing the St. Johns River, from Dickison and His Men.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)Florida’s contributions to theConfederate economy were significant.Beef from the central and southernportions of the state became anincreasingly important source of supplyto Confederate armies, especially duringthe later stages of the war. Federal forcesmade efforts to stop the flow of beefnorthward, while a Confederate “CowCavalry” was established to protect theherds from Union threats. This led toa small-scale, yet vicious “cattle war” insouthern Florida during 1864-1865.Florida’s salt production was essential forcuring the beef and pork used by boththe military and civilian populations.As the war continued, many Floridasaltworks became the target of Unionnaval attacks.Anti-war sentiment increasedduring the course of the war.Conscription, adopted in 1862, provedunpopular and led some Floridians to“lay-out” in remote areas of the state toavoid military service. The impressmentof goods by the Confederate governmentand the adoption of an unpopulartax-in-kind, coupled with inflationand wartime shortages, led to a surgein anti-war or pro-Union sentiment.Consequently, as historian John E.Johns writes, “[b]y the spring of 1865the desire for an end to hostilities wasgeneral throughout the state.”Nevertheless, more than 15,000Floridians served in the Confederatemilitary, most outside the borders ofthe state. Florida regiments took partin virtually all of the major battles ofthe Civil War, in both the eastern andwestern theaters, where separate FloridaBrigades fought valiantly and sufferedheavy casualties. Reflecting the fraternalnature of the conflict, white FloridaUnionists manned two cavalry regimentsand a small artillery battery, and morethan 1,000 African Americans fromFlorida joined the Union army as well.Additionally, numbers of white Unionistsand escaped black slaves served in theFederal naval squadrons that blockadedthe state. High ranking Confederateofficers from Florida included generalsJames Patton Anderson, TheodoreBrevard, William Davis, Joseph Finegan,William Loring, William Miller,Edward Perry, and Edmund KirbySmith, while Stephen Mallory wasSecretary of the Navy. Additionally,several Florida-born officers rose to therank of general in the Union army.The Civil War represented awatershed event and major turningpoint in American history. It endedslavery and the concept of secession, andcemented the dominance of nationalrights and the national government overstates’ rights. Floridians, both white andblack, and male and female, were deeplyaffected by the war. Unionist whiteFloridians celebrated victory, while thepro-Confederate majority accepteddefeat; both groups strove to rebuildtheir lives after the conflict’s end. AfricanAmericans in Florida endured the waryears, rejoiced over emancipation,and faced the Reconstruction yearswith cautious optimism. Though itwould take decades, Florida, the leastpopulous and perhaps least significantConfederate state, eventually emergedfrom the war’s aftermath as a majorpower in the New South.Dr. David J. Coles, ChairDepartment of History, PoliticalScience and PhilosophyLongwood UniversityFarmville, VirginiaUnion soldiers at Fort Marion, St. Augustine, 1865. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)8

||Bay CountyLynn HavenUnion Soldier MonumentMemorial ParkEighth Street and Georgia AvenueFounded by New York developer W. H.Lynn, the community was developed asa home for Union veterans of the CivilWar. Articles in the Union veterans’Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)newspaper, The National Tribune,generated interest in this chance to live inFlorida. The first land offerings occurredin January 1911 and the first building waserected the following March. The LadiesAuxiliary of the GAR received land fromLynn’s company for a GAR hall and acemetery. Dedicated in September 1911,the Lynn Haven Cemetery contains theremains of over 100 Union veterans. In1913, Union veterans began planninga memorial to their fellow soldiers.Underwritten by donations from GARmembers, this statue of a Union soldierwas constructed in 1920 and dedicatedon February 12, 1921, the anniversary ofAbraham Lincoln’s birthday. Resting ona 40-foot high pedestal, this statue facesnorth and is reported to be one of thefirst privately funded Union monumentsin the South not located in a cemetery.Union Soldier Monument, Lynn Haven.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)NORTHWEST REGIONSalt kettle, Oaks By The Bay Park, Panama City.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Panama CityConfederate Salt KettleOaks By The Bay ParkChestnut Avenue and West 9th StreetA major contribution of Florida to theConfederate war effort was the productionof salt. Salt was necessary for preservingmeat and other perishable foods butcould not be imported due to the Unionblockade. Produced by boiling sea waterin iron kettles, massive saltworks wereestablished along St. Andrew Bay duringthe war. This site includes a salt kettleplaced here by the United Daughters of theConfederacy in 1960, a dedication plaque,and an interpretive plaque explaining thehistory of salt-making during the CivilWar. A second salt kettle is on display atthe James R. Asbell Park.St. Andrew Bay SaltworksState Historical MarkerJames R. Asbell ParkWest Beach Drive and Caroline BoulevardThe text of this State Historical Markerreads: Between 1861 and 1865, theSt. Andrew Bay Saltworks, one of thelargest producers of salt in the South,contributed to the Confederate causeby providing salt, fish and cattle forsouthern troops and citizens. A necessarypreservative in those times, salt soldfor as much as $50 per bushel, and wasproduced in wood-fired saltworks onthe perimeter of the West Bay, East Bayand North Bay and Lake Powell (a.k.a.Lake Ocala). An estimated 2,500 men,primarily from Florida, Georgia andAlabama, were exempted from combatduty in order to labor in the saltworks.The salt was transported to Eufaula,Alabama, then to Montgomery, fordistribution throughout the Confederatestates. Because of the importanceof St. Andrew Bay Saltworks to theConfederacy, Acting Master W. R.Browne, commander of the USS Restless,was instructed to commence a seriesof assaults beginning in August 1862.In December 1863, additional Unionattacks occurred, which Confederatehome guards could not resist. Theattacks resulted in the destructionof more than 290 saltworks, valuedby Master Browne at more than$3,000,000. The St. Andrew BaySaltworks employees promptly rebuiltthem, and they remained in operationthrough February 1865.St. Andrew SkirmishState Historical MarkerWest Beach Drive and Friendship AvenueThe text of this State Historical Markerreads: Near this site on March 20, 1863,Confederate soldiers commanded byCaptain Walter J. Robinson repelled alanding by Union sailors led by ActingMaster James Folger of the blockadingvessel USS Roebuck. The 11-man scoutingparty of Union sailors was seeking tolocate a southern civilian vessel nearthe "Old Town" spring, when theywere reportedly ordered to surrender byCaptain Robinson. During the ensuingskirmish, several Union sailors werekilled and wounded as they fled to theirlaunch boat. Quarter, or safe passage, wasrequested by the remaining Union sailorsto retrieve their dead and wounded. TotalUnion casualties were six dead and threewounded. Union sailors buried fourof the deceased on nearby HurricaneIsland, and a fifth sailor was interred bythe Confederate soldiers. No casualtieswere recorded by the Confederate unit,which later became Company A of the11th Florida Infantry Regiment. After theconclusion of the Civil War, the remainsof the Union sailors were removed to thenational cemetery at Fort Barrancas.9

||Escambia CountyPensacolaBy the time of the Civil War, Pensacolawas an important Gulf Coast shippingport and railroad transportation center.It was the southern terminus of theAlabama & Florida Railroad whichran to Montgomery, Alabama, whilethe Pensacola & Mobile Railroad ranfrom the Perdido River to a junctionwith the Alabama & Florida RailroadNORTHWEST REGIONabout 14 miles north of the city. It wasalso a center for commercial lumberingmills and an important military centerwith a large Navy Yard and three forts,Fort Pickens, Fort McRee and FortBarrancas, protecting the entrance to theharbor. The defenses at Fort Barrancasincluded the Advanced Redoubt and theBattery San Antonio or Water Battery.Under pressure from Southern militiaafter Florida’s secession in January 1861,Union forces at Fort Barrancas andPensacola Navy Yard withdrew to theUnion raid on a Florida Confederate saltworks, 1862. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)Saltthe saltworks, with their vulnerableA vital commodity used in the locations along the coastline, becamepreservation of meat and fish, salt the targets of raids by the Union navy.was one of the most important Federal officials complained that theresources produced in Florida for saltmaking operations sprang up againthe Confederacy. The war’s outbreak almost as soon as the raiders had left.brought a blockade of Southern ports Nevertheless, the Union attacks wereby the Union navy and the cutting off so worrisome that Florida Governorof the supply of salt from the North. John Milton made efforts to stationWithin a short period of time the Confederate troops along the coast,price of the commodity had risen to and also authorized the saltmakersan exorbitant level, and Southerners to organize themselves into militarylooked for new sources.companies for defense. Despite theFlorida’s long coastline provided Union raids, the production of the vitalpart of the answer, as seawater could commodity continued until the end ofbe boiled to produce the necessary the war.article. The largest operations were To learn more, see: “The Extent andestablished on the central and Importance of Federal Naval Raids onnorthern Gulf Coast and, by 1863, the Salt-Making in Florida, 1862-1865”main Florida saltworks produced more by Ella Lonn, The Florida Historicalthan 7,500 bushels per day. However, Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1932.more defensible Fort Pickens. They alsoabandoned Fort McRee after disablingits guns and dumping its gunpowderinto the water. After the Unioncommander, Lieutenant Adam Slemmer,refused Southern demands to surrenderFort Pickens, an agreement was reachedbetween Southern senators and PresidentJames Buchanan’s administration. Underthis unofficial “armistice”, Slemmer’sgarrison would not be reinforced and theSouthern forces would not attack FortPickens. This changed, however, withthe firing on Fort Sumter in CharlestonHarbor on April 12, 1861. In September1861, Union troops from Fort Pickensconducted two raids directed at theNavy Yard. The Confederates retaliatedby conducting a night attack against theUnion encampment east of Fort Pickensin October 1861. In the ensuing Battleof Santa Rosa Island, the Confederateforce destroyed the camp of the 6thNew York Volunteers and then withdrewto their boats while fighting off acounterattack from Union troops sentout from Fort Pickens. (See the “Battleof Santa Rosa Island” sidebar for moreinformation.) On November 22-23,1861, Union forces at Fort Pickens andon their warships, the USS Niagaraand the USS Richmond, engaged theConfederates in massive artillery duels.The Navy Yard and Fort McRee wereextensively damaged but casualties wereminimal on both sides. A second artilleryduel on January 1-2, 1862 causedfurther damage to the Navy Yard but fewcasualties. The stalemate continued untilMay 1862, when Confederate troopsrazed the Navy Yard and withdrewfrom Pensacola to reinforce their hardpressedforces in Tennessee. Pensacolaand the surrounding military facilitieswere quickly occupied by Union forces.Pensacola Bay remained securely inUnion control throughout the remainderof the war, serving as a center ofoperations for the Union navy’s WestGulf Blockading Squadron and as a basefor Union army operations into WestFlorida and Alabama.10

||NORTHWEST REGIONFort Barrancas, Pensacola. (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)BarrancasNational CemeteryPensacola Naval Air Station80 Hovey Road850.453.4108www.cem.va.gov/cems/nchp/barrancas.aspIn 1868, the U.S. Navy Yard Cemeteryat the Marine Hospital was transferredto the War Department and designatedthe Barrancas National Cemetery.Sections 1 thru 12 of the cemeterycontain the remains of 1,239 UnionCivil War casualties, as well as theremains of 72 Confederate soldiers. TheUnion dead include troops stationedat Pensacola and bodies removed fromBayou Chico, Gunboat Point and SantaRosa Island in Escambia County, EastPass in Okaloosa County, Apalachicolain Franklin County, St. Andrew Bay inBay County, and Marianna in JacksonCounty. Among the Union dead are 650white Union soldiers, 252 U.S. ColoredTroops, and 337 officers and sailors ofthe Union navy. Other sections of thecemetery also contain the remains ofFlorida Civil War casualties relocatedthere after the war. An example ofthis occurred in 1927 when the U.S.military abandoned the Key West PostCemetery, and its 468 burials, manyof them Union yellow fever casualties,were disinterred and reburied at theBarrancas National Cemetery.Fort BarrancasTaylor Road850.934.2600www.nps.gov/guis/planyourvisit/fortbarrancas.htmOne of three forts designed to protectthe United States Navy Yard, FortBarrancas was completed in 1844 on abluff overlooking Pensacola Bay. Defensesincluded two other major separatemasonry fortifications. The AdvancedRedoubt Battery was constructedbeginning in 1845, approximately onehalf mile inland, to protect the fort fromattack on the land side. The 1797 SpanishBattery San Antonio, or Water Battery,immediately south of the fort on the shoreside, was renovated in 1840. With theelection of Abraham Lincoln as Presidentin 1860, and the secession of Florida inJanuary of the following year, the Uniongarrison abandoned Fort Barrancas infavor of the more defensible Fort Pickenson Santa Rosa Island. Southern forcesoccupied this site at that point andFort Barrancas took part in the massiveartillery duels with Fort Pickens inNovember 1861 and January 1862. Afterthe Confederates abandoned Pensacolain May 1862, Fort Barrancas became animportant base for Union operations intoFlorida and Alabama for the duration ofthe war. Like other masonry fortifications,Fort Barrancas became obsolete with theadvances in artillery and naval armamentsafter the Civil War. Today, Fort Barrancasis a unit of the National Park Service’sGulf Islands National Seashore. A visitorcenter exhibit provides a history of thefort during the Civil War. Two Civil Warera buildings from the Fort BarrancasCantonment, the fort hospital and anofficers quarters, are now located on thegrounds of the Pensacola NavalAir Station.11

||NORTHWEST REGIONFort Pickens, Pensacola. (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Fort PickensSanta Rosa Island850.934.2600www.nps.gov/guis/planyourvisit/fort-pickens.htmCompleted in 1834 on the westerntip of Santa Rosa Island in PensacolaBay, Fort Pickens is the largest of thethree forts constructed to defend thePensacola Navy Yard. When Floridaseceded from the Union in January1861, the Navy Yard and all of thedefensive fortifications on the mainlandside of Pensacola Bay were occupied byFlorida and Alabama troops, but FortPickens on Santa Rosa Island remainedBattle of Santa Rosa Island, 1861. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)Battle of Santa Rosa IslandFollowing Florida’s secession inJanuary 1861, state troops occupiedthe Pensacola Navy Yard, FortBarrancas, and Fort McRee, whileFort Pickens, located on Santa RosaIsland, remained in Union hands.During the spring and summer ofin Union hands. Union troops fromFort Pickens conducted two raidsdirected at the Navy Yard in September1861. In October 1861, at the Battle ofSanta Rosa Island, a Confederate forceof 1,200 men staged a night-time raidagainst the Union encampment east ofFort Pickens. In November 1861 andJanuary 1862, Union forces at FortPickens and on U.S. Navy vessels engagedthe Confederates at Fort McRee andFort Barrancas in massive artillery duels.Responding to a need for troops inTennessee, the Confederates abandonedPensacola to Union forces in May 1862.1861, Confederate troops strengthenedthe fortifications facing Fort Pickens,while Federal officials reinforced the fort’sgarrison. Though expected, no majorfighting took place during the summer.In early October, however, theConfederates began planning a raidagainst Santa Rosa Island. The forceFort Pickens remained in Union controlfor the duration of the war, serving as abase for military operations. Fort Pickensand the Santa Rosa Island battlefield arelocated in the National Park Service’sGulf Islands National Seashore. Guidedand self-guided tours are available at thevisitor center, and interpretive signageis located throughout the fort. A StateHistorical Marker for “Captain RichardBradford” is located at the Santa RosaIsland battlefield in the vicinity of whereCaptain Bradford became the firstConfederate officer from Florida to bekilled in the war.selected for the operation consistedof 1,200 men under the command ofBrigadier General Richard H. Anderson.On the night of October 8, they wereloaded aboard barges and towedacross the bay, landing after midnighton October 9 four miles to the east ofFort Pickens. They had advanced aboutthree miles towards the fort beforeencountering the camp of the 6th NewYork Infantry. The Federals put up a briefresistance before fleeing. Andersoncontemplated an attack on the fortitself, but with daylight approaching andsurprise lost, he ordered a return to theirboats. Federals from the fort skirmishedwith the retreating Confederates. TheUnion forces lost 67 killed, wounded,missing or captured, while theConfederates suffered 87 casualties.To learn more, see: “Battle of SantaRosa Island” by J.L. Larkin, The FloridaHistorical Quarterly, Vol. 37, Nos. 3 & 4,January & April 1959.12

||HistoricPensacola Village850.595.5985www.historicpensacola.orgHistoric Pensacola Village consists of 27historic properties, including:Old Christ Church405 South Adams StreetConstructed in 1832, this churchbuilding was used by Union troops duringthe Federal occupation of Pensacola as ahospital, barracks, and military chapel.T.T. Wentworth Jr.Florida State Museum330 South Jefferson StreetLocated in the restored 1908 Old CityHall building, the Wentworth Museumcontains exhibits on local historyincluding “The Coming of Civil War”exhibit on the first floor and a larger“Pensacolians and the Civil War” exhibiton the second floor with period artifactsand historic photographs. Many of theFlorida Civil War items on display wereobtained from the Civil War SoldiersMuseum in Pensacola which closed after itwas damaged by Hurricane Ivan in 2004.Pensacola Historical Museum115 East Zaragoza StreetLocated across the street from theWentworth Museum in the restored 1881Arbona Building, the museum containsadditional exhibits on local historyincluding “Pensacola in the Civil War” inthe “A Military Town” gallery with periodartifacts and historic photographs.NORTHWEST REGIONHyer-Knowles Mill, Pensacola.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Hyer-KnowlesPlaning MillChimney ParkScenic Highway and Langley Avenuewww.pensapedia.com/wiki/Chimney_ParkConstructed in c.1854 on land ownedby lumber manufacturer and merchantHenry Hyer, the Hyer-Knowles PlaningMill was one of the many lumber millsbuilt in the Pensacola area prior tothe Civil War. In addition to planedlumber, the mill produced shingles andlathe products. During the Confederateevacuation of Pensacola in March 1862,the mill was stripped of its machineryand its buildings burned to preventit from falling into Union hands. Theremnants of a massive thirty-foot brickchimney made of locally manufacturedbrick, which was part of the mill’s steampower plant, are located on the property.In the 1980s, the property was purchasedby the City of Pensacola for use as a park.A State Historical Marker at the parkprovides information on the mill’s history.Lee SquareNorth Palafox Streetwww.pensapedia.com/wiki/Lee_SquareAt this site in 1862, Union forcesconstructed Fort McClellan, anearthenworks fortification, which wasone of a series of defenses along theperimeter of Pensacola. In 1889, theFlorida Square Park was renamed forConfederate General Robert E. Lee. AConfederate monument was erected inthe park by the local Ladies MonumentAssociation in 1891.Wentworth Museum, Pensacola. (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Confederate Monument, Lee Square, Pensacola.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)13

||Pensacola Harbor map, 1861. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)Pensacola LighthousePensacola Naval Air Station850.637.4050www.pensacolalighthouse.orgIn the spring of 1861, Confederateauthorities dismantled and removed thefirst-order Fresnel lens from the 1859Pensacola Lighthouse. During the Unionbombardment of Pensacola in November1861, the lighthouse was struck by severalshells and slightly damaged. After Uniontroops reoccupied the city in 1862,the lighthouse was relit with a smallerfourth-order Fresnel lens in Decemberof that year. The Pensacola LighthouseAssociation provides lighthouse toursand operates the Richard C. CallawayMuseum in the restored 1869 LighthouseKeeper’s Quarters.Pensacola Navy YardPensacola Naval Air Station190 Radford Boulevard850.452.0111Two Civil War era buildings from thePensacola Navy Yard, a storehouseand the combination chapel/armorybuilding, remain on what is now part ofPensacola Naval Air Station. The NavyYard’s brick boundary wall, gatehouses,bulkhead, and wet basin from the CivilWar period also survive. The bulkheadand wet basin originally formed part ofthe Yard’s ship construction and repairfacility. Construction on the Navy YardNORTHWEST REGIONbegan in 1826. In the years leading up tothe Civil War, it became a major facilityfor U.S. Navy shipbuilding, repair, andsupply. In January 1861, Southern troopsfrom Florida and Alabama occupied theNavy Yard. In September 1861, Unionforces from Fort Pickens launched tworaids directed against the ConfederateheldNavy Yard. On September 2, thefirst Union raid destroyed a huge scuttleddrydock which the Confederates hadplanned to refloat and sink in the channel.The raid was accomplished withoutcasualties on either side. The secondUnion raid, on September 14, resultedin the burning of the armed Confederateschooner Judah and the spiking of aConfederate Columbiad gun at thenearby battery. During this raid, Unionforces suffered three dead and thirteenwounded, while Confederate forcessuffered three dead and an undeterminednumber of wounded. In November 1861and January 1862, the Navy Yard sufferedextensive damage when Union forces atFort Pickens and on U.S. Navy vesselsengaged the Confederates in massiveartillery duels. In May 1862, Confederateforces withdrew from Pensacola, in theprocess stripping the Navy Yard of itsvaluable machinery and setting fire tothe facility. Union forces reoccupied theNavy Yard and immediately began to clearaway the rubble and erect new structures.Shortly thereafter, Union Rear AdmiralDavid G. Farragut inspected the Yardand concluded that it could be repairedadequately to serve as a naval depot forhis West Gulf Blockading Squadron. TheSquadron used the Pensacola Navy Yardas an operational base for the remainderof the Civil War.St. Johns Cemetery301 North G Streetwww.stjohnshistoriccemetery.orgIn this cemetery are the graves of 89Confederate dead, including AugustusE. Maxwell, who was elected Senator tothe Confederate Congress in 1862 andserved until 1865; Brigadier GeneralEdward A. Perry, who commandedthe Florida Brigade in the Army ofNorthern Virginia and was Governorof Florida from 1885 to 1889; MajorGeneral Samuel G. French, a divisionalcommander in the Army of Tennessee;and Brigadier General William Miller,the Confederate field commander at theBattle of Natural Bridge.Mallory Gravesite, St. Michael's Cemetery,Pensacola.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)St. Michael’s Cemetery6 North Alcaniz Street850.436.4643www.stmichaelscemetery.orgThis cemetery contains the remains of100 Confederate dead including StephenR. Mallory, Confederate Secretary of theNavy, and Delity P. Kelly, a Confederatearmy nurse who is believed to be the onlyFlorida female to receive a state Civil Warveteran’s pension for military service.14

||Franklin CountyApalachicolaBy the time of the Civil War, Apalachicolawas Florida’s largest cotton port and thethird largest cotton port on the entireGulf of Mexico coast behind only NewOrleans and Mobile. An active area forblockade running, Union naval vesselsof the Gulf Coast Blockading Squadronbegan closing off the city in June 1861, andmost seaborne commerce was effectivelyhalted during the war. Throughout the war,the Apalachicola vicinity was also an activearea for Confederate salt production.As Confederate forces in the area weresent to other locations in early 1862 andthe city was left almost defenseless, mostof the population fled inland, many ofthem to Ricco’s Bluff some 90 miles upthe Apalachicola River. In April 1862, asmall detachment of Union sailors andmarines from the USS Sagamore and theUSS Mercedita landed at Apalachicola,but withdrew back to their ships afterone night. Although never occupiedpermanently, Union forces periodicallyreturned to the mostly abandoned cityduring the remainder of the war.Chestnut StreetCemeteryAvenue E between 6th and 8th StreetsThis cemetery contains the remains of atleast 76 Confederate soldiers and sailors,including local veterans such as the threeRaney brothers and William Orman, as wellas veterans of Confederate units from otherstates such as Georgia, Texas, and Virginia.A State Historical Marker at the cemeterystates that seven of the Confederate soldiersburied here participated in the Battle ofGettysburg as members of the FloridaBrigade. The cemetery also contains theremains of Union veterans.Orman HouseHistoric State Park177 5th Street850.653.1209www.floridastateparks.org/ormanhouseUsing lumber pre-measured and cutat Syracuse, New York and shipped toNORTHWEST REGIONOrman House, Apalachicola.(Image courtesy of the Florida Park Service)Florida, businessman Thomas Ormanbuilt this house overlooking ScipioCreek and the Apalachicola Riverin 1838. House features incorporatedetails of both Federal and GreekRevival styles. Having arrived froma plantation north of Marianna,Orman quickly gained prominencein Apalachicola as a highly successfulmercantile store proprietor, shippingowner, and cotton merchant. As aConfederate sympathizer, Orman wasarrested and detained for a short timeby Union authorities during the CivilWar. His 26 slaves were freed by Uniontroops and transported to Union-heldKey West. Local lore tells of Mrs. SarahOrman sending warning signals fromthe captain’s walk platform on the roofof the house to Confederate soldiersup river when Union troops were inthe city. It is also reported that a brickoutbuilding on the property served asa hospital during the war. The Ormans’only child, William Thomas, served inthe 1st Florida Infantry as a lieutenant,and after the war as a state legislatorand senator. Ironically, Thomas Ormanwas also arrested and detained byConfederate authorities on suspicion ofUnion sympathies at one point duringthe war when he traveled to Marianna,but was released after Governor JohnMilton intervened on his behalf.Raney House128 Market Street850.653.1700www.apalachicolahistoricalsociety.orgDavid Raney, a newly arrived merchantfrom Virginia, constructed a Federalstylehouse on this site in 1838, andadded Greek Revival features to itaround 1850. During the Civil War,three of Raney’s sons, David, Jr.,Edward, and George, served in theConfederate forces. David Raney, Jr.served in the 1st Florida Infantry andthen as a lieutenant in the ConfederateMarine Corps. He was in command ofthe Marine detachment on the ironcladCSS Tennessee when it was forced tosurrender at the Battle of Mobile Bay inAugust 1864. Captured and imprisonedat New Orleans, he escaped in October1864 and returned to duty. EdwardRaney served in the 2nd FloridaCavalry and George Raney served inthe Confederate infantry. The Raneyparents and their three young daughtersleft Apalachicola when the city wasthreatened by the Union navy and fledto Bainbridge, Georgia. Legend relatesthat the ladies of Apalachicola met inthe Raney House early in the war tosew a unit flag for local troops. Anotherlegend relates that Franklin Countytroops were mustered out of service atthis site at the end of the war. Exhibitsinclude period furnishings, documentsand artifacts, including a collection ofConfederate bonds and currency.Trinity Episcopal Church79 6th Streetwww.mytrinitychurch.orgThis church is believed to be one of thefirst prefabricated buildings in Florida,having been prepared in New York andsent by ship to Apalachicola where itwas assembled in 1837. During theCivil War, it is reported that the churchbell was donated to the Confederatearmy to be melted for cannons, and thechurch carpets and cushions were madeinto army blankets.Union army belt buckle. (Maple Leaf collection, Image courtesy of the FloridaBureau of Archaeological Research and the U.S. Army)Union staff officer’s button. (Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)15

||St. George IslandCape St. GeorgeLighthouseSt. George Lighthouse Park201 East Gulf Beach Drive850.927.7744www.stgeorgelight.orgCompleted in 1852 to replace the earlier1848 lighthouse destroyed during ahurricane in 1851, the lighthouse waslocated at the southern tip of what is nowLittle St. George Island. At the beginningof the Civil War, Confederate authoritiesordered the lighthouse darkened and inJuly 1861 arranged for the removal of thelighthouse lens for safekeeping. The lens andother equipment were taken to Apalachicolaand then moved further inland to prevent itscapture by Union forces. In December 1861,the USS Hatteras, on duty with the GulfNORTHWEST REGIONCape St. George Lighthouse, St. George Island.(Image courtesy of St. George Lighthouse Association)Blockading Squadron, landed a shore partyat the lighthouse and found it abandoned.They used the lighthouse to observeConfederate shipping at Apalachicola, andUnion sailors periodically returned forthis purpose during the course of the war.Pensacola Lighthouse and Confederate camp, 1861. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)LighthousesAt the time of the Civil War, there Keys Lighthouse, and the Pensacolawere 20 lighthouses and one lightship Lighthouse which was damaged duringalong Florida’s shores. In 1861, most an artillery bombardment in 1861. Thecame under Confederate control, St. Marks Lighthouse was the scene ofthough those in the Keys and the much activity. It was shelled in 1862Tortugas remained in Federal hands. and again in 1863, after which a UnionEarly in the war the Confederates landing party set fire to the lighthouse’sextinguished the beacons under their wooden stairs. In 1865, a large Unionmanagement, so as not to be of use force landed there prior to the Battle ofto Union vessels. At Jupiter Inlet, the Natural Bridge and retreated back tokeeper continued to operate the light there after their defeat. After the war,until August 1861, when a group as their lenses were found and otherof Confederate sympathizers took damage repaired, the lighthouses werecontrol and removed its equipment. relit, the last not until 1872, when a newThey then also disabled the Cape lighthouse was built at Dames Point nearFlorida Lighthouse.Jacksonville to replace the lightship.Lighthouses that experiencedTo learn more, see: Florida’ssignificant military activity include the Lighthouses in the Civil War by Neil E.Egmont Key Lighthouse, the Cedar Hurley, Middle River Press, 2007.The lighthouse remained unlit until afterthe war when it was returned to service inAugust 1865. In 2005, shore erosion causedthe lighthouse to collapse into the Gulf ofMexico. Using salvaged material from thecollapsed lighthouse, the Cape St. GeorgeLighthouse was reconstructed in the countypark on St. George Island and reopened forpublic visitation in 2008. Reconstructionof the Keeper’s Quarters for use as thelighthouse museum was completed in 2010.SumatraFort GadsdenApalachicola National ForestForest Road 129-B850.643.2282Sited on the east bank of theApalachicola River on Prospect Bluff,the known military use of this locationdates back to the 1814 construction of aBritish post. After the British withdrew,it was occupied by some 300 blacks,many of them fugitive slaves. Viewed bythe Americans as a haven for runawayslaves, a force led by Colonel DuncanClinch, under orders from GeneralAndrew Jackson, destroyed the “NegroFort” and killed most of the occupantsin July 1816 when a “hot shot” firedfrom a gunboat blew up the fort’smagazine. Recognizing the strategiclocation of this site, General Jacksonlater directed Lieutenant James Gadsdento construct what became Fort Gadsdenat the ruins of the earlier fort. Due tothe significance of the ApalachicolaRiver to area transportation, a companyof Confederate infantry occupied thissite in 1862 as a deterrent to Unionnavy ventures up the river. An outbreakof malaria in July 1863 forced thewithdrawal of the infantry company, buta few Confederate sentries continuedto be stationed at the fort for useas an observation post. In January1865, several Confederate pickets atFort Gadsden were surprised andcaptured by a Union navy raidingparty. The Fort Gadsden site containsinterpretative information in a kioskbuilding and on markers, including aState Historical Marker.16

||Gulf CountyPort St. JoeSt. Joseph SaltworksState Historical Marker1085 Cape San Blas RoadA State Historical Marker for the“St. Joseph Confederate Saltworks”is located just south of the site of amajor Confederate saltworks that hada daily capacity of 150 bushels. Bricksfor its foundations were salvaged fromthe nearby ruins of the City of St.Joseph, which had been abandoneddue to yellow fever and a hurricanestorm surge in the 1840s. In September1862, the Union ship USS King fishershelled the saltworks and sent a landingparty ashore to destroy it. Prior to thebombardment, the ship’s commandernotified the Confederates under a flagof truce of his intentions and directedthem to leave within two hours. TheConfederates left inthe allotted time,taking four cartloadsof salt with them;there were nocasualties.Union Minie ball bullets.(Maple Leaf collection, Image courtesy of the Florida Bureauof Archaeological Research)Battle of MariannaIn late 1863, Brigadier GeneralAlexander Asboth took command atPensacola of the Union’s District ofWest Florida. He increased militaryoperations and, in September 1864,decided to raid the town of Marianna,after receiving reports that it was beingfortified and that Union prisoners wereconfined there.The only force available to defendMarianna consisted of a few cavalry,as well as militia and troops homeon leave. They barricaded the mainstreet entering the town and waitedfor the Union attack, which cameon September 27. The Confederatesstopped the first charge, but Asboth leda second that proved more successful.The Confederate commander ordereda retreat, but many of the militiaNORTHWEST REGIONJackson CountyMariannaBattle of Marianna Monument, Marianna.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)During the Civil War, Marianna was animportant trade center for products grownin the rich agricultural lands of JacksonCounty. The community also servedas a Confederate military center witha training camp, hospital, storehouses,and government stables. In September1864, a mounted Union force of 700troops under the command of Brigadierrefused to abandon their town to theenemy. Fighting continued in the streetsand in a cemetery, with some defenderstrapped in the Episcopal church, whichwas set on fire by the Union troops. Lowon ammunition, the remaining Confederateforces surrendered.When the fighting ended, 10Confederates lay dead or mortallywounded and 16 others wounded, withover 40 captured. Union losses werecomparable with 8 dead or mortallywounded and 19 wounded, includingGeneral Asboth who suffered severearm and facial injuries. By the timeConfederate reinforcements arrived thenext day, the Union force had departed andwas well on its way back to Pensacola.To learn more, see: The Battle ofMarianna, Florida by Dale Cox, Publishedby the author, Expanded Edition, 2011.General Alexander Asboth conducteda raid deep into West Florida from theirbase at Pensacola. In the ensuing Battleof Marianna, the Union force routed theapproximately 300 Confederate defendersconsisting mostly of reserve forces andlocal Home Guard militia in a short butbitter engagement. (See the “Battle ofMarianna” sidebar for more information.)After occupying Marianna and pillagingits buildings, the Union raiders withdrewback towards Pensacola the next day. AState Historical Marker for the “Battleof Marianna” is located on the JacksonCounty Courthouse Square. A secondhistorical marker for the “Site of the Battleof Marianna” erected by the UnitedDaughters of the Confederacy is locatedat the St. Luke’s Episcopal Church. TwoConfederate monuments are also locatedin Marianna. The first was constructedin 1881 and is located on the JacksonCounty Courthouse Square. Thesecond monument was erected by theUnited Daughters of the Confederacyin 1921 in Confederate MemorialPark and commemorates the Battle ofMarianna. Annual Marianna Day CivilWar Reenactments, including a battlereenactment on the original Mariannabattlefield, are held on the last weekendof September.Union Brigadier General Alexander Asboth.(Image courtesy of The National Archives)17

||Davis-West House, ChipolaHistorical Trust Museum403 Putnam Street850.482.3731Constructed in c.1840 for local merchantJohn Davis, it became the home of Dr.Theophilus West upon his marriage toDavis’ widowed daughter in March 1861.In May 1861, Dr. West enlisted in the8th Florida Infantry, and in July 1862was promoted to assistant surgeon. Heserved with the regiment in the easterntheater, and he was with the unit when theConfederate Army of Northern VirginiaAfrican AmericansAfricans have beenassociated with Florida sincethe first Spanish explorationin 1513, with the first knownenslaved Africans beingbrought to the colony in 1528.By the mid-1800s, parts ofFlorida had developed a systemof plantation agriculture similarto the more populous slavestates. This led to an increasein the number of slaves broughtsouthward, primarily to workon the farms and plantations inthe northern part of the state.In 1860, the African Americanpopulation of Florida comprisednearly 45 percent of the state’spopulation. Less than 1,000 free blacksresided in the state, along with 61,745enslaved persons.At the war's outbreak, a few slavesaccompanied their owners into themilitary, serving as body servantsand cooks. A small number of slavesserved as musicians in units likethe St. Augustine Blues. The greatmajority of Florida's slaves remainedon the plantations and farms providing,however unwillingly, the food neededto supply rebel armies. Confederateofficials also impressed slaves to buildfortifications and work on other warrelatedprojects.By early 1862, Union forces hadoccupied most of the populous townsalong the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.These enclaves attracted hundredsNORTHWEST REGIONsurrendered at Appomattox, Virginiain April 1865. In 1996, the house andits antique furnishings were willed to theChipola Historical Trust for use as a meetingcenter and regional history museum.Ely-Criglar HouseHistorical Marker242 West Lafayette StreetErected by the Jackson County HistoricalCommission, this marker is located atthe 1840 Ely-Criglar House. Ely Corner,which adjoined the house, was the sceneof the initial fighting in the Battle ofEmancipated slaves in front of Provost Marshal’s Officein Jacksonville, c.1864. (Image courtesy of The National Archives)of escaped slaves, and their numbersonly increased as the war progressed.Many ships in the East Gulf BlockadingSquadron enlisted escaped slaves intotheir crews, and more than 1,000 blackFloridians joined Union army regiments.Even those slaves who remained inConfederate-held areas became morebelligerent as the war progressed, asthey sensed the Confederacy’s defeatand slavery’s demise. May 20, the dayUnion forces in Tallahassee announcedthe Emancipation Proclamation in 1865,is still celebrated by Florida's blackcitizens as Emancipation Day.To learn more, see: Slavery inFlorida: Territorial Days to Emancipationby Larry Eugene Rivers, University Pressof Florida, 2000.Marianna on September 27, 1864, whenthe attacking Union cavalry charged intothe Confederate cavalry’s line of battle.The first Union charge was driven back,but the second succeeded in forcing theConfederates to withdraw. Despite thefighting on the property, the house itselfescaped major damage. The house isprivately owned and is not open for tours.Holden HouseHistorical Marker217 West Lafayette StreetErected by the Chipola Historical Trust,this marker is located at the 1850 HoldenHouse. The house was the residence ofWilliam E. Anderson who was a brigadiergeneral in the Florida militia before theCivil War. Captured during the Battleof Marianna while serving with theHome Guards, he identified himself as a“brigadier general” and was imprisonedwith other Confederate officers at NewOrleans, Fort Lafayette in New York,and Fort Warren in Massachusetts. Hewas released from the latter prison onJune 26, 1865, after signing an affidavitverifying that he had never held the rankof brigadier general in the service of theConfederacy. The building was brieflyoccupied by Union troops after the Battleof Marianna and presumably looted,but was not destroyed. The house wasalso the post-war residence of Dr. JuliusT. Holden, surgeon of the 6th FloridaInfantry from 1862 until his surrender atDurham Station, North Carolina in April1865. The house is privately owned and isnot open for tours.Riverside CemeteryBertram and Franklin StreetsThis cemetery contains the remains of atleast 42 Confederate veterans, includingDr. Theophilus West, the assistantsurgeon of the 8th Florida Infantry in theArmy of Northern Virginia, and severalsoldiers who participated in the Battleof Marianna. Union casualties from theBattle of Marianna were also buriedhere but their remains were relocatedto the Barrancas National Cemetery atPensacola after the war.18

||St. Luke’s Cemetery4362 East Lafayette StreetThis cemetery was the scene of theculmination of the Battle of Marianna onSeptember 27, 1864, when Union troopsdefeated Confederate forces, consistingmainly of Marianna Home Guard militia,during fighting among the graves. Theadjacent St. Luke’s Episcopal Churchwas burned by Union troops during thebattle. Rebuilt twice after the Civil War,the present church building displays theoriginal pulpit Bible in a glass case which,according to local tradition, was savedfrom the burning church by Union MajorNathan Cutler of the 2nd Maine Cavalry.The cemetery contains the remains of 40Southern officials and soldiers, includingFlorida Civil War Governor John Milton,Confederate District Court JudgeGeorge S. Hawkins, Confederate ArmySurgeon Dr. Julius T. Holden, and severalConfederate soldiers who participated inthe Battle of Marianna.Liberty CountyBristolTorreya State Park2576 NW Torreya Park Road850.643.2674www.floridastateparks.org/torreyaLocated high above the easternbank of the Apalachicola River, aConfederate battery of three pairedgun emplacements located in thepresent-day park property protectedthis vital waterway. Consisting of sixheavy cannons ranging in size from18-pounders to 32-pounders mountedon raised firing platforms and linked byGregory House, Torreya State Park.(Image courtesy of the Florida Park Service)NORTHWEST REGIONcommunication trenches, this batterywas constructed on Battery Bluff (alsoknown as Neal’s Bluff ) in 1863. Theremains of the battery earthworks andconnecting trenches are located along thepark’s bluff walking trail, and the six gunemplacements are marked with signage.Another sign at the site provides a briefhistory of the Confederate battery.The Gregory House, built in 1849,was originally located on the westernbank of the river at Ocheesee Landing.Some of the sailors injured by the boilerexplosion on the Confederate gunboatCSS Chattahoochee in May 1863 werecared for at the house. In 1935, theGregory House was dismantled, movedacross the river and reconstructed atthis site by the New Deal’s CivilianConservation Corps. The house containsperiod furnishings, including the CivilWar era trunk of Captain William T.Gregory, who was a delegate to theFlorida Secession Convention andthen served in the 5th Florida Infantry.Captain Gregory was badly woundedat the Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg),Maryland in September 1862. Afterspending nearly one month in a militaryhospital, he was given a medical furloughto return home and died at his residencein December 1862.Okaloosa CountyFort Walton BeachFort Walton BeachHeritage Park &Cultural Center139 Miracle Strip Parkway Southeast850.833.9595www.fwb.org/index.php/museums.htmlThis city park includes the prehistoricFort Walton Temple Mound, the IndianTemple Mound Museum, and twoearly 20th century historic structures.In April 1861, the local Confederatemilitary unit, the Walton Guards,established Camp Walton at the baseof the massive temple mound andused its top as a post for observing themovement of Union ships in the Gulfof Mexico. In March 1862, troopsConfederate cannon, Fort Walton Beach.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)from Camp Walton skirmished witha landing force of Union sailors atEast Pass (present day Destin). Inthe ensuing fight, the Union forcesuffered two dead and two woundedwhile the Confederate force sufferedno serious casualties. In response, asmall Union force from Fort Pickensshelled Camp Walton from Santa RosaIsland in April 1862. Although campbuildings were destroyed by fire, nocasualties were reported. To defendCamp Walton against future attacks,Confederate General Braxton Bragghad an 18-pounder carronade cannonmoved to the camp from Fort Barrancasin Pensacola. In August 1862, CampWalton was abandoned and the troopssent to the Army of Tennessee as partof the 1st Florida Infantry. The cannonwas disabled and buried in a prehistoricshell mound. Discovered in the 1930s,the artillery piece was first displayedat the nearby Indianola Inn until thehotel burned down in 1962. The cannonwas then moved to the outside of theIndian Temple Mound Museum, whereit is now on display. The museum alsohouses a Civil War exhibit with periodartifacts which is scheduled to be movedto a newly-constructed building at thecenter. Two State Historical Markers for“Fort Walton” and the “Indianola Inn, anIndian Midden Mound, and Civil WarCannons” contain information on thehistory of Camp Walton.19

||Confederate Major GeneralJames Patton Anderson.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)Florida Confederate GeneralsIn addition to Joseph Finegan andEdmund Kirby Smith (see pages 46 and50), a number of other Confederategeneral officers were either born orraised in Florida or closely associatedwith the state.• James Patton Anderson, of Monticello,served as colonel of the 1st FloridaInfantry before being promoted tobrigadier general in 1862 and thenmajor general in 1864. He commandeda division in the Army of Tennessee andalso for a time the District of Florida.• Theodore W. Brevard, of Tallahassee,served as colonel of the 11th FloridaInfantry. In March 1865, he wascommissioned brigadier general, thelast general officer of the war appointedby President Jefferson Davis, andcommanded the Florida Brigade of theArmy of Northern Virginia.• Robert Bullock, of Ocala, served ascolonel of the 7th Florida Infantry inthe Army of Tennessee and for a timecommanded its Florida Brigade. In 1864,he was promoted to brigadier general.• William G.M. Davis, of Apalachicola,served as colonel of the 1st FloridaCavalry. Promoted to brigadier general in1862, he commanded the Department ofEast Tennessee. Davis resigned in 1863and subsequently operated blockaderunners from North Carolina.• Jesse Johnson Finley, of Marianna,served as colonel of the 6th FloridaInfantry. Promoted to brigadier generalin 1863, he commanded the FloridaBrigade of the Army of Tennessee.NORTHWEST REGION• William Wing Loring, a careersoldier raised in St. Augustine, wascommissioned a brigadier general in1861 and major general in 1862. Loringserved in both the eastern and westerntheaters as a division commander.• James McQueen McIntosh, a WestPoint graduate born in Tampa, waspromoted from colonel to brigadiergeneral in 1862. He was killed at theBattle of Pea Ridge (Elkhorn Tavern),Arkansas in March 1862.• William Miller, of Milton, served ascolonel of the 1st Florida Infantry in theArmy of Tennessee. He was promoted tobrigadier general in 1864, commandedthe District of Florida, and was theConfederate field commander at theBattle of Natural Bridge in March 1865.• Edward A. Perry, of Pensacola,became brigadier general in August1862 and commanded the FloridaBrigade in the Army of Northern Virginiauntil 1864. Perry was elected Floridagovernor in 1884.• Francis A. Shoup, of St. Augustine,was appointed brigadier general in1862 and served in both the westernand eastern theaters as an artillery andstaff officer.• Martin L. Smith, chief engineer forthe Florida Railroad, was promotedto brigadier general and then majorgeneral in 1862, and served as chief ofthe Confederate Corps of Engineers.To learn more, see: Generals inGray by Ezra J. Warner, Louisiana StateUniversity Press, 1959.Confederate Major GeneralWilliam Wing Loring.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)20Santa Rosa CountyBagdadWhen the Civil War began, Bagdad wasan important West Florida center for thelumbering and naval stores industries witha large lumber mill complex and a shipyard.In early 1862, the Confederate governmentbegan withdrawing troops from thePensacola Bay area to reinforce their forcesin Tennessee. As part of this evacuation inMarch 1862, a detachment of the 1st FloridaInfantry set fire to the lumber operations andshipyard in order to prevent their falling intoUnion hands. The fire inadvertently spreadout of control and destroyed a number ofadjacent homes. Most of the residents fledto Confederate held areas in the vicinityof Greenville, Alabama. Throughout thewar, Union forces periodically conductedraiding expeditions into Santa Rosa Countyfrom their base at Pensacola. During a seriesof raids in October 1864, Union forcesfought a skirmish with Confederate troopssouth of Bagdad and then briefly occupiedthe community.Bagdad CemeteryPooley Street850.623.9939www.bagdadcemetery.comThis cemetery contains the remains of atleast 15 Confederate and Union militaryveterans. Also buried here is Martin F.Bruce, a partner in the Bagdad shipbuildingfirm of Ollinger & Bruce which, duringthe Civil War, was contracted to build a110-foot gunboat for the ConfederateStates Navy. The vessel never saw service,as it was scuttled during the Confederateevacuation from Bagdad in March 1862 toprevent it from falling into Union hands.Bagdad VillageMuseum & Complex4512 Church Street850.983.3005www.bagdadvillage.orgHoused in the restored c.1886 NewProvidence Missionary Baptist Churchbuilding, the Bagdad Village PreservationAssociation Museum contains exhibits onlocal history including a Civil War exhibitwith period artifacts and photographs.

||Thompson House andCivil War Skirmish StateHistorical Marker4620 Forsyth StreetA double-sided State Historical Marker for“The Thompson House” and the “Skirmishon the Blackwater” provides informationon the c.1847 Thompson House and onthe October 1864 Union raids in the area.The house was the residence of BenjaminW. Thompson, a partner in the lumberingfirm of E.E. Simpson and Company.Two of his sons, Oliver Thompson andBenjamin W. Thompson, Jr., served inthe 1st Florida Infantry which fought inthe western theater, and both were killedduring the war. The Thompson Housewas occupied by Union forces during anOctober 1864 raid on Bagdad and Milton.Lieutenant Colonel Andrew B. Spurlingof the 2nd Maine Cavalry commandedthe Union raiding force which includedthe 1st Florida Union Cavalry, a regimentformed of Southern Unionist refugeesand Confederate deserters. Spurlingwould later go on to receive the Medal ofHonor for his actions during a Union raidat Evergreen, Alabama in March 1865.During a restoration of the house in 1976,two instances of graffiti with drawings andsignatures which had been scratched onthe plaster walls by Union troops and latercovered with wallpaper were uncovered.One message in the drawing room stated“Bagdad Mr. Tompson [sic] SpurlingFirst Fla Cavalry camped in your housethe 26th of Oct 1864.” A similar messagedated October 28, 1864 was uncovered onthe wall of the upstairs cross hall writtenby a different individual. The house isprivately owned but is occasionally opento the public during the Bagdad VillagePreservation Association’s BlackwaterHeritage Tour of Historic Homes.MiltonArcadia Mill Site5709 Mill Pond Lane850.626.3084www.historicpensacola.org/arcadia.cfmFlorida’s largest antebellum industrialcomplex, the Arcadia Mill was the site ofa water-powered business that includedNORTHWEST REGIONa sawmill, lumber mill, gristmill, shinglemill, cotton textile mill, and bucket andpail factory. The facility was in operationfrom 1830 to 1855 when the twostorytextile mill burned. The complexincluded a dam over a quarter of a milelong and about 15 feet high, whichformed a 160-acre man-made pond forholding hewn timber and controllingthe flow of water to the mills. Duringthe Civil War, several skirmishes werefought in the Arcadia Mill area betweenUnion raiders from Pensacola and localConfederate defenders, and a smallConfederate cavalry force frequently usedit as its base. Although the mill facilitieswere abandoned after the 1855 fire, thelarge dam remained and appears to havebeen destroyed by the Confederatesduring the war in order to prevent any useof the site by Union forces. Arcadia Millcontains a visitor center and museum,and an elevated boardwalk through thearchaeological remains.Walton CountyDeFuniak SpringsConfederate Monument100 East Nelson AvenueLocated on the lawn of the countycourthouse, the Walton CountyConfederate monument is apparentlyConfederate Monument, DeFuniak Springs.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Florida’s first stone memorial to theConfederacy. The monument wasoriginally erected in 1871 at the EucheeValley Presbyterian Church by the WaltonCounty Female Memorial Associationat a cost of $250. It was subsequentlymoved to the county seat of Eucheeanna,which was the site of a skirmish duringthe 1864 Union expedition againstMarianna. The monument was finallymoved to DeFuniak Springs after thatcommunity became the new county seatin 1886. The monument lists the namesof 94 Confederate war dead from WaltonCounty. A State Historical Marker for“Florida’s First Confederate Monument”is located on the courthouse grounds.Washington CountyVernonMoss Hill UnitedMethodist ChurchCorner of Vernon and Greenhead RoadsThree Miles Southeast of VernonConstructed in 1857 by church membersand their slaves, the wood-framed MossHill United Methodist Church in theHolmes Valley is an excellent exampleof Florida frontier church architecture.In September 1864, the Vernon HomeGuard under the command of CaptainW.B. Jones, which contained members ofthe Moss Hill Church congregation, wascalled out when a Union force attackedMarianna in Jackson County. Ridingto their neighboring city’s assistance,the Home Guard unit unexpectedlyencountered the Union army columncommanded by Brigadier GeneralAlexander Asboth returning fromMarianna. In the ensuing skirmish knownas the “Battle of Vernon”, the numericallysuperior Union force routed theoutnumbered Home Guard, killing oneConfederate and capturing several more,including Captain Jones. In the Moss HillCemetery adjacent to the church buildingare the remains of at least 20 Confederateveterans including members of theVernon Home Guard. A State HistoricalMarker for “Moss Hill” is located at thechurch site.21

||Alachua CountyArcherCotton Wood PlantationState Historical MarkerState Road 346 (High Street)A State Historical Marker for “David Yuleeand Cotton Wood Plantation” is locatedabout one mile southwest of the locationof Yulee’s plantation. David Levy Yuleewas the developer of the Florida Railroadand was serving as United States Senatorwhen Florida seceded from the Union. Heresigned his Senate seat and returned toFlorida during the Civil War to devote timeto his plantations and his railroad. Afterthe destruction of his Margarita Plantationat Homosassa by Union troops in 1864,Yulee and his family spent the remainderof the war at his Cotton Wood Plantation.Upon the fall of the Confederacy, thebaggage train of President Jefferson Davis,including official documents and the slimremnants of the Confederate treasury,reached Cotton Wood Plantation in May1865. Davis had been captured in Georgiaearlier that month and his baggage traincontents were kept hidden at CottonNORTH CENTRAL REGIONWood Plantation until they were sent tothe stationmaster at Waldo, where theywere seized by Union troops in June 1865.Yulee’s Cotton Wood Plantation home wasdestroyed in the late 1970s or early 1980s.GainesvilleBy the time of the Civil War, Gainesvillewas an important stop on the FloridaRailroad, which ran from Fernandina toCedar Key, for the transportation of cottonand foodstuffs from the region’s richagricultural lands and cattle from SouthFlorida. It was also a center for commerciallumbering mills. During the war, it gainedadded significance as a supply depot for theConfederacy. Gainesville was the scene oftwo military engagements during the CivilWar. In February 1864, a Union force of 50men left their encampment at Sandersonfor Gainesville in an attempt to capture ordestroy railroad trains that were believedto be there. They occupied Gainesvillefor over two days and skirmished with asmall Confederate force before returningto Sanderson after destroying Confederatesupplies. In August 1864, a larger Unionforce of 340 men under the commandof Colonel Andrew Harris enteredGainesville where they were attackedby a Confederate force of 175 mencommanded by Captain J.J. Dickison. Inthe ensuing battle, the Union force wascompletely routed with 200 casualties,the majority of which were captured.The Confederate force suffered lessthan 10 killed or wounded. A doublesidedState Historical Marker for the“First Gainesville Skirmish/Battle ofGainesville” is located on the GainesvilleCity Hall lawn and provides detailson these actions. In 1904, the UnitedDaughters of the Confederacy erected aConfederate monument in Gainesville,which is located on the Alachua CountyAdministration Building grounds.Bailey House StateHistorical Marker1121 NW 6th StreetA State Historical Marker is located atthe c.1850 Bailey House, the home ofJames B. Bailey, a member of the AlachuaCounty Central Committee whichcoordinated local mobilization for theCivil War. During the war, Bailey servedthe Confederacy as Superintendent ofBattle of Gainesville, August 1864, from Dickison and His Men. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)22

||Labor for the Engineers Department ofthe Florida Eastern District. He died whileworking on the fortifications at Baldwin in1864. His eldest son, Casermo O. Bailey,served in both the 7th Florida Infantry inthe western theater and the 9th FloridaInfantry in the eastern theater and was alsowounded at the 1864 Battle of Olustee inFlorida. The house is currently used as aretirement center and is not open for tours.Evergreen Cemetery401 SE 21st StreetThis cemetery contains the remains of atleast 65 Confederate veterans and at leastthree Union veterans. Confederate gravesinclude those of Robert W. Davis, whowas a veteran of the 5th Georgia Infantry,a U.S. Congressman from Florida andMayor of Gainesville in the postwarperiod, and Brigadier General Jesse J.Finley, who commanded Florida troopsin the Army of Tennessee in the westerntheater and was also a U.S. Congressmanfrom Florida in the postwar period. AState Historical Marker for “Jesse JohnsonFinley” is located in the cemetery.NORTH CENTRAL REGIONwere provided shelter at Kanapahabefore proceeding to Jacksonville tosurrender. The Hailes had the unusualhabit of writing on the walls of theirhome, and over 12,500 words, with theoldest dating to the 1850s, are visiblein almost every room and closet of themain house.MathesonMuseum Complex513 East University Avenue352.378.2280www.mathesonmuseum.orgThis complex includes the MathesonMuseum housed in the 1930s AmericanLegion Hall and the 1867 MathesonHouse. The museum contains permanentand temporary exhibits on AlachuaCounty history, including a Civil Warexhibit with documents, photographs andperiod artifacts. The museum also housesa research library and archives with anextensive collection of papers, books,periodicals, maps, photographs, postcardsand other documents.Old Gainesville DepotDepot AvenueA portion of this building wasconstructed in c.1860. It is the onlyremaining Civil War railroad depot fromthe Florida Railroad line which ran fromFernandina to Cedar Key. During theBattle of Gainesville on August 17, 1864,Union troops took up positions alongthe railroad and in the depot, and weredriven out by the Confederate forces. It isone of only three known surviving FloridaCivil War railroad depots, the other twobeing located on the Pensacola & GeorgiaRailroad line.Haile Homestead atKanapaha Plantation8500 SW Archer Road352.336.9096www.hailehomestead.orgThe Thomas Evans Haile family movedfrom Camden, South Carolina to thissite in 1854 to establish a 1,500-acreSea Island cotton plantation which theynamed Kanapaha. Built by enslavedblack craftsmen, the main house wascompleted in 1856. During the CivilWar, Thomas E. Haile served as alieutenant in the 2nd Florida Cavalryand his oldest son, John, enlisted as aprivate. In May 1865, a month after thecapture of Richmond by Union forces,the baggage train of President JeffersonDavis reached Alachua County. Uponhearing that Davis had been captured inGeorgia earlier in the month, membersof the small baggage train guard hid itscontents at David Levy Yulee’s CottonWood Plantation at Archer and soughtparole from Union forces. Two of thesemen, Sid Winder and Francis TrenchTilghman, who left a diary of the events,Florida railroad currency note, 1863. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)Railroadsstate government authorized theAt the time of the Civil War, major taking up of iron from David Levyrailroads in the state included the Yulee’s Florida Railroad to use forFlorida Railroad, which ran from the Lawton to Live Oak connector.Fernandina on the Atlantic to Cedar Yulee mounted a protracted legalKey on the Gulf; the Florida, Atlantic campaign to protect his company’sand Gulf Central, which ran from property. The Confederate governmentJacksonville to Lake City; and the ultimately prevailed and the iron wasPensacola and Georgia, which in 1861 removed from Yulee’s line and usedcompleted a line from near Quincy in the connector. The various delays,to Lake City. Railroad mileage for however, prevented completion untilthe entire state totaled just 433, and March 1865, just one month beforeimportant stretches had not yet been the surrender at Appomattox and farbuilt. Also, the main Florida lines in too late for the railroad to have anthe east had no direct connection with economic or military impact.railroads in Georgia to the north.To learn more, see: “The FloridaIn 1861, construction began on Railroad Company in the Civil War” bya connecting line between Lawton, Robert L. Clarke, The Journal of SouthernGeorgia, and Live Oak, Florida. The History, Vol. 19, No. 2, May 1953.23

||P.K. Yonge Library ofFlorida History,University of FloridaSmathers Library (Library East)352.273.2755http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/spec/pkyonge/index.htmlThe P.K. Yonge Library, in the GeorgeA. Smathers Libraries’ Department ofSpecial and Area Studies, is the state'spreeminent Floridiana collection. Itincludes a diverse array of primarysources, and is the most comprehensiverepository for early Florida newspapers.A core collection consists of the J. PattonAnderson Papers, which document thecareer of Confederate Major GeneralWomenWhile thousands of Floridamen served on battlefields acrossthe South, Florida’s womenperformed a variety of roles on thehome front. At the beginning of theconflict, they sewed uniforms andflags, prepared farewell suppers,and gave parties for departingtroops. The state's femalepopulation also performed variousactivities to raise money for the wareffort, and worked as nurses andmatrons in hospitals establishedboth in and outside the state.They dealt with shortages of mostcivilian products, both essential andluxury. The price of available itemsrose dramatically and the use ofsubstitutes became commonplace.With so many men servingin the Confederate armies,women played a greater role inthe operation and administration offarms and plantations, undertakingmany activities formerly consideredthe responsibility of men. Manyfemale Floridians also endured theoccupation of their towns and farmsby Union soldiers.Women corresponded withtheir loved ones in military service,and faced the possibility that theirhusbands, fathers, sons, and brothersmight never return. "Bereavement",writes historian Tracy Revels, "strippedaway the illusions of rapid, heroicNORTH CENTRAL REGIONJames Patton Anderson, his militarycommand in the West, Georgia, andFlorida, and the fate of his family before,during, and after the war. Holdings alsoinclude his family papers and Civil Warletters related to Florida and Floridians.The Library also contains numerous otherletters, correspondence, diaries, papersand miscellaneous documents relating tothe Civil War in Florida, including theletters of Confederate Secretary of theNavy Stephen R. Mallory, the David LevyYulee Papers, and collections of lettersfrom soldiers both Confederate andUnion. The Library's Florida HistoricalMap Collection contains over 30 maps ofCivil War Florida.Ladies Soldiers Friend Sewing Society,Tallahassee, 1861.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)triumphs. . . . Unidentified remainsand unknown graves tormented manygrieving families. Mourning clotheswere increasingly in short supply, [and]women comforted each other, urgingwidows and orphans to accept death asthe will of God." The war's end broughtsadness and despair for many whiteFlorida women, but undoubtedly forsome a sense of relief.To learn more, see: Grander in HerDaughters: Florida’s Women During theCivil War by Tracy Revels, UniversityPress of South Carolina, 2004.Micanopy/RochelleOak Ridge CemeteryCounty Road 234Between Micanopy and RochelleThis cemetery contains the remains of severalConfederate veterans, including MadisonStarke Perry, Governor of Florida fromOctober 1857 to October 1861. Perry wasa prosperous Alachua County plantationowner and staunch proponent of statesrights. After the election of AbrahamLincoln as President in November 1860,Governor Perry urged the immediatewithdrawal of Florida from the Union andcalled for a convention to consider secession.With the secession of Florida in January1861, Governor Perry’s administrationoversaw the mobilization of Florida militaryunits and authorized the seizure of Federalforts and arsenals in the state. After leavingoffice, Perry served as a colonel in the 7thFlorida Infantry until illness forced hisresignation in 1863. Perry died in March1865 at his plantation home near Rochelle.A State Historical Marker for “MadisonStarke Perry” is located at the cemetery.NewberryDudley FarmHistoric State Park18730 West Newberry Road352.472.1142www.floridastateparks.org/dudleyfarmThis historic state park is a unique remainingexample of a historic Florida farm fromthe mid-1800s. Located on a 333-acre site,this typical early Florida farm is comprisedof 18 original buildings that servedthree generations of the Dudley family.The patriarch, Philip Benjamin Dudley,Sr., acquired this property in 1859 andconstructed a double-pen, dog-trot loghouse before the Civil War. Dudley servedas a captain in the Alachua Rangers, 7thFlorida Infantry beginning in 1862, andlikely saw service in Tennessee during thisperiod. Discharged from the Confederatearmy in 1863 for health conditions,Dudley returned to Florida to operatehis farm property. Artifacts on display inthe park include the 1835 family Bible,which Dudley reportedly carried with himthroughout his Civil War service.24

||WaldoJ. J. Dickison and DavisBaggage Train StateHistorical MarkerState Road 24 in front of Caboose in City ParkA State Historical Marker for “Dickisonand His Men/Jefferson Davis Baggage” islocated in a city park in Waldo. CaptainJohn J. Dickison of the 2nd FloridaCalvary was known as the “SwampFox of the Confederacy” for his skill indefending the interior of Florida fromUnion raids and attacks. His forces oftenbivouacked at Camp Baker south ofWaldo during the war. At the war’s endin May 1865, Dickison and his men wereparoled by Union forces and mustered outof service at Waldo. Also in May 1865,after the contents of Jefferson Davis’baggage train had been hidden on DavidLevy Yulee’s Cotton Wood Plantation atArcher, Yulee had the chests and trunkscontaining the personal effects and paperssent to the railroad agent at Waldo, M. A.Williams, for safekeeping. In June 1865,Union troops of the 34th U.S. ColoredInfantry under the command of CaptainO. E. Bryant found them at Waldo.Captain Bryant confiscated the contentsand sent them to Jacksonville wherethey were examined and then sent on toWashington, D.C.Bradford CountyStarkeCaptain RichardBradford StateHistorical MarkerWest Call and North Temple StreetsIn March 1861, 15 days beforeConfederate batteries began firing on FortSumter in Charleston Harbor, RichardBradford enlisted in the Confederatearmy at Madison. Less than sevenmonths later, Bradford became the firstConfederate officer from Florida to diein the Civil War. Captain Bradford waskilled in October 1861 while leadinghis men of the 1st Florida Infantryduring the Battle of Santa Rosa IslandNORTH CENTRAL REGIONConfederate Captain Richard Bradford.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)near Pensacola. Governor John Miltondelivered the eulogy at his funeral inTallahassee and, in December 1861,signed legislation changing the name ofNew River County to Bradford Countyin his honor.Columbia CountyLake CityDuring the Civil War, Lake City served asan important Confederate transportationand supply depot center. The communitywas the eastern terminus of the Pensacola& Georgia Railroad from Tallahasseeand the western terminus of the Florida,Atlantic & Gulf Central Railroad fromJacksonville. After the February 1864Battle of Olustee, 13 miles to the east,scores of the more severely wounded,both Confederate and Union, weretreated in Lake City hospitals andprivate dwellings. Union prisoners werekept there before being sent to otherlocations and eventually to the prisoncamp at Andersonville, Georgia. A largemonument to the Confederate soldierskilled at the Battle of Olustee, erectedin 1928, is located in the square in frontof the Columbia County Courthouse indowntown Lake City.Lake City-ColumbiaCounty Historical Museum157 SE Hernando Avenue386.755.9096This museum is housed in the restoredc.1870 May Vinzant Perkins House. Thehouse was the postwar residence of JohnVinzant who served as a sergeant in the1st Florida Cavalry which fought in thewestern theater. At the Third Battle ofMurfreesboro, Tennessee in December1864, Vinzant was so badly wounded thathis right leg had to be amputated and helater spent several months as a prisonerof war at a Union camp at Louisville,Kentucky. After the war, Vinzant returnedto Lake City and served as the ColumbiaCounty Clerk of the Circuit Court andCounty Tax Collector. In 1983, the housewas acquired by the Historic PreservationBoard of Lake City and Columbia CountyInc. and the Blue-Grey Army Inc. to serveas their headquarters and as a museum oflocal history. The museum features CivilWar uniforms, weapons, and other periodartifacts and contains a research libraryrelating to the history of Lake City.Battle of Olustee Monument, Lake City.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)25

||Oaklawn CemeteryNW Matthew StreetThis cemetery contains an UnknownConfederate Soldiers Area with thegraves of 155 soldiers who were killedin the Battle of Olustee or who diedin the Confederate hospital in 1864-1865, following the battle. The UnitedDaughters of the Confederacy erected alarge obelisk monument to the unknownsoldiers at the site in 1901, and a smallstone commemorative marker to theConfederate dead is located nearby.A small obelisk monument for NenaMoseley Feagle, the “Last ConfederateWar Widow of Florida” who died in 1985,is also located here. A memorial serviceis held at the cemetery in conjunctionwith the annual Olustee Battle Festival inFebruary to honor those who died, bothConfederate and Union.Gadsden CountyChattahoocheeChattahoochee Arsenal100 North Main Street850.663.7001www.dcf.state.fl.us/facilities/fsh/about.shtmlAlso known as the Mt. Vernon Arsenal(the community’s early name) andthe Apalachicola Arsenal (for thenearby river), the construction of theChattahoochee Arsenal was authorized byCongress in 1832. Completed in 1839, thearsenal consisted of 17 buildings includingofficers quarters, barracks,magazines, business offices anda barn. With the exceptionof the magazines, thebuildings wereenclosed by abrick wall 12feet highand 30Union pipe bowl.(Maple Leaf collection, Image courtesy of the Florida Bureauof Archaeological Research)Gunpowder flask for small revolver.(Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)NORTH CENTRAL REGIONChattahoochee Arsenal building, Chattahoochee.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)inches thick. In early January 1861, asthe Secession Convention was meetingin Tallahassee, Governor Madison S.Perry ordered the seizure of the arsenal inChattahoochee. On January 6, 1861, thelocal Gadsden County military unit, theQuincy Guards, seized the arsenal from aU.S. Army ordnance sergeant and his threeman garrison without violence. At thetime of its capture, the arsenal containedover 5,000 pounds of gunpowder, over173,000 small arms cartridges, 57 flintlockmuskets and one six-pounder cannon withover 300 shot and canisters. Throughoutthe Civil War, the arsenal was a centerof Confederate military activity forregimental musters and training, as well asan arms depot. Following the Civil War,the arsenal was used by the Freedmen’sBureau from 1865 to 1868, and then asthe state’s first penitentiary until 1877when it became the Florida Asylum forthe Indigent Insane. In 1919, it received itspresent name, the Florida State Hospital,and continues to this day in use as a statemental institution. Two of the originalarsenal buildings remain. The officersquarters is now used as the administrationbuilding for the hospital, and a magazinebuilding is being rehabilitated for use as amuseum and conference center.CSS ChattahoocheeMonumentSouth Main StreetThe CSS Chattahoochee was a twinscrewsteam gunboat which was built atSaffold, Georgia, and entered service inthe Confederate navy in February 1863.The vessel patrolled the Chattahoocheeand Apalachicola Rivers and often dockedat the Chattahoochee Arsenal wharf. InMay 1863, the ship suffered a horrificboiler explosion near Blountstown onthe Apalachicola River which killed orseverely scalded many of her crew anddisabled the ship. The dead sailors weretaken to Chattahoochee where they wereburied near the arsenal while the vessel wastaken to Columbus, Georgia for repairs.During the Wilson’s Raid campaign, whenUnion cavalry approached Columbus inApril 1865, the ship was scuttled by theConfederates to prevent her capture. Inthe early 1960s, a 30-foot section of thestern hull and the steam engines wererecovered and are now on display at theNational Civil War Naval Museum inColumbus. In 1994, the United Daughtersof the Confederacy erected a monumentat the sailors’ burial site in Chattahoocheewhich lists the names of the 17 sailors whoperished in the explosion.QuincyConfederate Monument, Quincy.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)During the Civil War, Quincy was thelocation of the Confederate militaryheadquarters for the Middle FloridaDistrict. Quincy also served as aConfederate commissary depot andhospital station with the Episcopalchurch, county courthouse, QuincyAcademy and private homes used asmake-shift medical centers after theBattles of Olustee and Natural Bridge.In 1884, a Confederate monumentwas erected in Quincy by the GadsdenCounty Ladies Memorial Association onthe Gadsden County Courthouse Square.26

||A.K. Allison House215 North Madison Street850.875.2511 or toll-free 1.888.904.2511www.allisonhouseinn.comConstructed in 1843, this house was theresidence of Abraham K. Allison, theFlorida Senate President who becameacting governor on April 1, 1865, afterGovernor John Milton committedsuicide. Allison resigned the office onMay 19, 1865, was arrested by Federalauthorities, and in June was sent toFort Pulaski, Georgia where he wasimprisoned for several months alongwith other Confederate officials. Allisonwas also a delegate to the 1861 FloridaSecession Convention and participatedin the Battle of Natural Bridge with thestate militia. The house is now operatedas a bed and breakfast inn.Smallwood-White HouseState Historical MarkerCorner of West Kingand North Madison StreetsA doubled-sided State Historical Markerfor “The White House/PleasantsWoodson White” contains details onthis house which was constructed in1843 and remodeled to its presentappearance in 1856. During the CivilWar, this house was the residence ofPleasants W. White who served as amajor in the Confederate army andas the Chief Commissary Officer forFlorida. It was in the latter role thathe issued the “White Circular” in1863 appealing for desperately neededfoodstuffs for the Confederate army. Thedepth of need for Florida foodstuffs andother supplies felt by the Confederatearmy was revealed to Union authoritieswhen the circular found its way intotheir hands. Some contemporaries andhistorians believed that it influencedthe Union’s decision to mount a majorexpedition in Florida in 1864, whichculminated in the Battle of Olustee.The house also served as the meetingplace for the Ladies Aid Society whichsupported the Confederate causewith Mrs. Emily White as the chieforganizer and president. Among theiractivities, this group of women tendedto the injured and dying soldiers whoNORTH CENTRAL REGIONwere brought to Quincy following theBattles of Olustee and Natural Bridge.The house is currently used as a churchparsonage and is not open for tours.Soldiers Cemetery, Quincy.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Soldiers Cemetery inEastern Cemetery344 East Jefferson StreetThis cemetery was established early inthe Civil War for Confederate soldierswho had no family in Quincy and weretoo far from home for their bodies tobe returned to their families. Located inthe cemetery, a State Historical Markerfor the “Soldiers Cemetery” providesinformation on the Civil War in Quincy,as well as the cemetery.The Quincy AcademyState Historical Marker303 North Adams StreetA State Historical Marker is locatedat the building constructed in 1851 tohouse the Quincy Academy, a privateeducational institution for children ofGadsden and surrounding counties.During the Civil War, the building wasused as a Confederate military hospital.The building is now used as a churchcommunity outreach facility.Western CemeteryKing StreetThis cemetery contains the remains oflocal Confederate soldiers and officials,including Dr. Thomas Y. Henry, thegrandson of Revolutionary War patriotPatrick Henry, a delegate to the FloridaSecession Convention and the Directorof Confederate Medical Services for27West Florida. Also buried here is EdwardC. Love, who was a delegate to theFlorida Secession Convention and one offive commissioners (the most prominentbeing David Levy Yulee) appointed byActing Governor Allison to negotiatewith Federal authorities on behalf ofFlorida at the end of the war. Amongthe Confederate veterans buried here isWilliam T. Stockton, a lieutenant colonelin the 1st Florida Cavalry. Stockton wascaptured at the 1863 Battle of MissionaryRidge in Tennessee and spent theremainder of the war as a Union prisonerof war at Johnson’s Island in Ohio untilhis release in August 1865.Hamilton CountyWhite SpringsAfter the Union occupation of northeastFlorida coastal regions in 1862, manyresidents of coastal communities fledinland to Confederate-held areas of thestate. A number of these refugees cameto White Springs, and the communitybecame known as the “Rebel Refuge.”Confederate Lieutenant Robert W. Adamsof White Springs.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)Riverside CemeteryAdams Memorial DriveThis cemetery contains the remains oflocal Confederate soldiers, includingRobert W. Adams who served as a firstlieutenant with the 5th Florida Infantryin the eastern theater including the Battleof Gettysburg, and later spent six monthsas a prisoner of war in a Union facility.After the war, Adams returned to WhiteSprings where he became a prosperousmerchant and community leader, andserved in the Florida Senate.

||Jefferson CountyLloydDuring the Civil War, Lloyd was animportant stop on the Pensacola &Georgia Railroad, which ran from LakeCity to Gee’s Turnout near Quincy, forthe transportation of Confederate soldiersand war materials as well as cotton andfoodstuffs from Middle Florida’s richagricultural lands. After the February1864 Battle of Olustee, some woundedConfederate soldiers were unloaded atthe Lloyd Railroad Depot and treated ina make-shift hospital by local women inat least one private residence, the c.1855Lloyd-Bond House. Two of their patientsdied and are buried on nearby Bondfamily land.Lloyd Railroad DepotState Road 59 and Lester Lawrence Roadhttp://gulfwindnrhs.org/Lloyd%20Depot.htmOne of the stations on the Pensacola& Georgia Railroad, the c.1858 LloydDepot was a center for trade andtransportation in Jefferson County,including military usage for Confederatesoldiers and war materials. It is one ofonly three known surviving Florida CivilWar railroad depots.NORTH CENTRAL REGIONConfederate soldier William Denhamof Monticello.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)MonticelloDuring the Civil War, Monticello’sfunction as a supply center was basedon the rich Middle Florida agriculturallands of Jefferson County whichproduced cotton and foodstuffs, andon its manufacturing facilities. It wasthe site of a small shoe factory, a smallwoolen factory, and the Southern RightsManufacturing Association’s cotton millwhich was the state’s only cloth mill.Located a little over a mile east of theLloyd Railroad Depot, Lloyd. (Image courtesy of David Ferro, Gulf Wind Chapter, National Railway Historical Society)community, the cotton mill was knownas the Bailey Cotton Mill for WilliamBailey, a Jefferson County planter andthe major organizer and investor in themill. It provided cloth, yarn, and threadto the Confederate commissary. Duringthe war, Bailey refused to profiteer fromthe inflated prices caused by the Unionblockade, and materials produced inthe mill were sold to the Confederategovernment at the lowest possible rates.As a result, in the summer of 1864, Baileyand Florida Governor John Milton wereable to convince the central Confederategovernment not to seize the cotton milland its products as they had done withother manufacturing facilities. A spurof the Pensacola & Georgia Railroadwas extended to Monticello in 1861.A Confederate monument was erectedin Monticello by the Ladies MemorialAssociation in 1899 on the north lawn ofthe Jefferson County Courthouse.Old City and RoselandCemeteriesNorth Waukeenah and East Madison StreetsEstablished in 1827, the Old CityCemetery is the oldest of Monticello’scemeteries, while the adjacent Roselandcemetery was established about 1850.These cemeteries contain the remainsof local Confederate soldiers andofficials, as well as some soldiers whowere brought to Monticello and diedthere after being wounded at the Battleof Olustee. Among the Confederateveterans buried here is William S.Dilworth, a prominent Monticelloattorney who was a delegate to theFlorida Secession Convention and servedas a colonel in the 3rd Florida Infantry.At one point early in the war, ColonelDilworth commanded all troops in theMilitary District of East and MiddleFlorida. In May 1862, Colonel Dilworthand his unit were transferred out ofFlorida and the regiment served in thewestern theater until the end of the war,although Dilworth himself returned toMonticello in July 1864 on extendedsick leave. Another Confederateveteran buried here is Samuel Pasco,who served in the 3rd Florida Infantryand was captured at the 1863 Battle28

||of Missionary Ridge in Tennessee. Hespent the remainder of the war in aUnion prison camp in Indiana beforebeing paroled in 1865 as a sergeant. Inthe postwar period, Pasco was a statelegislator and United States Senator;Pasco County, Florida was named in hishonor in 1887. Also buried here is SmithSimkins, a lawyer and the first sheriff ofJefferson County, who manufactured saltfor the Confederacy at various pointsalong the county’s Gulf Coast. Simkinswas also one of the four members of theFlorida Executive Council which met in1862 to develop the state’s war policies.Palmer FamilyGraveyard andPalmer-Perkins House625 West Palmer Mill RoadOwned by the City of Monticello,this cemetery is located adjacent tothe c.1836 Palmer-Perkins House.Among those buried here is Dr. ThomasM. Palmer who was a delegate to theFlorida Secession Convention andwas appointed by Governor Milton asNORTH CENTRAL REGIONsurgeon to the 2nd Florida Infantry. In1862, he was appointed by GovernorMilton as superintendent and director ofthe new Florida Hospital established inan old tobacco warehouse in Richmond,Virginia. At the end of 1863, the FloridaHospital was closed and Florida militarypatients were assigned to Florida wardsat Howard’s Grove Hospital nearRichmond, where Palmer served assurgeon-in-charge until the end of thewar. The house was most recently used asa bed and breakfast inn.Leon CountyTallahasseeAfter Florida was ceded by Spain tothe United States in 1821, Tallahasseewas designated the capital of the newterritory in 1824. Florida became a statein 1845 and, by the beginning of theCivil War, Tallahassee was a small butprosperous city in the center of MiddleFlorida’s cotton plantation system, andan important transportation center.The community was the northernterminus of the Tallahassee Railroad,the state’s first rail line, which ran toSt. Marks and the western terminus ofthe Pensacola & Georgia Railroad whichran to Lake City. During the Civil War,the Pensacola & Georgia Railroad wasextended westward to four miles east ofQuincy at Gee’s Turnout. Tallahasseewas threatened with invasion in March1865 when a Union force landednear the St. Marks Lighthouse andproceeded north toward the city. Theinitial objective was the capture of theblockade running port of St. Marksto the south, but Union commandersbelieved that a victory there couldlead to the subsequent capture ofTallahassee and perhaps Thomasville,Georgia. The Union advance washalted at the Battle of Natural Bridgenear Woodville about ten miles southof Tallahassee. In one of the lastConfederate victories of the war, theUnion force was compelled to retreatback to the coast. Tallahassee remainedthe only Southern state capital east ofthe Mississippi River not to be capturedby the Union during the Civil War.Militia and Home GuardDuring the Civil War, Florida militiaand home guard companies, comprisedprimarily of individuals either too old ortoo young, or otherwise unable to serve inthe regular military, took an active role ina number of battles and campaigns.The origins of the militia in Floridadate from the Spanish period, makingit the oldest in the present-day UnitedStates. When Florida left the Union,volunteer units occupied Federalinstallations in the state. Most of thesevolunteers were eventually mustered intoConfederate units, leaving the state militiasystem in a shambles and, in early 1862,it was disbanded.In 1864, the Confederate Congressauthorized a new reserve force thatled to the formation of the 1st FloridaReserves, which served until the war’send. In December, the state legislaturepassed the first militia law in two years,placing all males between 16 and 65in state service. At this stage of thewar, however, it appears unlikely thatany formal organization of these mentook place. Consequently, at late-warengagements like Marianna and NaturalBridge, the militia and home guardcompanies that took part were informal,"Cow Cavalry" Florida Home Guard skirmish with Union cattle raiders.(Artist: Jackson Walker, Image courtesy of the Legendary Florida Collection)ad hoc organizations. Nonetheless,they fought and sometimes died indefense of their state.To learn more, see: Florida’s Army:Militia/State Troops/National Guard,1565-1985 by Robert Hawk, PineapplePress, Inc., 1986.29

||Bellevue (Murat House), Tallahassee Museum.(Image courtesy of the Tallahassee Museum)Bellevue (Murat House)3945 Museum Drive850.576.1636www.tallahasseemuseum.orgNow located at the Tallahassee Museum,the c.1840 Bellevue plantation house wasmoved in 1967 from its original locationon Jackson Bluff Road in Tallahassee. From1854 until 1867, Bellevue was the homeof Catherine Murat, great grandnieceof George Washington and the widowof French prince Achille Murat, whowas a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.Murat was an ardent supporter of theConfederacy. Local tradition holds that,in January 1861, from the grounds of theCapitol building, she fired a cannon whichannounced that Florida had seceded fromthe Union. She was an active participantin the local Soldiers Aid Society whichsupported the Confederate cause.An important part of the war’s homefront, these societies often met severaldays a week in members’ homes to sewclothing for soldiers, and received officialrecognition from the state governmentthrough legislative appropriations topurchase materials. Murat is reported tohave provided food from her plantation forwounded Confederate soldiers receivingcare in Tallahassee. The Bellevue Plantationexhibit at the Tallahassee Museum alsocontains the reconstructed kitchen houseand a reconstructed slave cabin.Brokaw-McDougallHouse329 North Meridian Street850.891.3900www.talgov.com/parks/cc/brokaw.cfmConstructed in c.1856, this house was theresidence of Peres B. Brokaw, a TallahasseeNORTH CENTRAL REGIONbusinessman andpolitical leaderwho served as thecaptain of a localmilitia unit, the LeonCavalry. A supporterof secession,Brokaw led histroops in torchlightdemonstrationsduring the January1861 FloridaSecession Convention, and served as acaptain in the 2nd Florida Cavalry duringthe Civil War.Florida Historic Capitol400 South Monroe Street850.487.1902www.flhistoriccapitol.govRestored to its 1902 appearancein 1978-1982, the Old State Capitolbuilding still retains at its core theoriginal 1845 brick building. The FloridaSecession Convention convened at thislocation and, on January 10, 1861, votedto secede from the Union. As Florida’sCivil War capitol, Governor John Miltonmaintained his office at this site, and thebuilding saw service as soldiers’ quartersand an armory. On May 20, 1865, UnionBrigadier General Edward McCook’sforces formally raised the United Statesflag over the Florida Capitol building,Florida Historic Capitol, Tallahassee.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)30signifying Florida’s official surrender.A new capitol building was built in the1970s, and the restored Old State Capitolbuilding opened in 1982 as a museum.It is now home to the Florida LegislativeResearch Center & Museum. Exhibitsfeature images, documents and militaryartifacts from the Civil War includingan 1863 Union mountain howitzerwith a gun carriage, and a replica of theflag believed to have been raised at theCapitol by General McCook. In 1881, amonument to Leon County Confederatesoldiers was erected on the west side of theCapitol by a group of local women. In 1923,the monument was moved to its presentlocation at the building’s northeast corner.Florida State UniversityLibraries SpecialCollections and Archives,Strozier Library116 Honors Way850.644.5211www.lib.fsu.edu/specialcollectionsThe University Libraries’ SpecialCollections Department containsa variety of manuscript materialrelating to Florida in the Civil War.The collections include period letters,diaries, memoirs, family papers, officialdocuments and correspondence,Confederate paper money, and othermiscellaneous related items.Fort HoustounOld Fort DriveAlso known as the Old Fort, thisearthen fortification is the only remnantof a number of earthworks constructed toprotect Florida’s capital during the CivilWar. Probably constructed beginning inlate 1864, the fort was sited on a hill in thesoutheast portion of the city on plantationproperty belonging to Edward Houstoun,and later by his son Patrick who commandeda Confederate artillery battery at the Battleof Natural Bridge. Due to their defeat atNatural Bridge, Union soldiers failed toreach Tallahassee to test this bulwark. In1943, the property was donated to the Cityof Tallahassee. A State Historical Marker for“Old Fort Park” marks this good example ofCivil War earthworks.

||Jacksonville, Pensacola& Mobile RailroadCompany Freight Depot918 Railroad Avenuewww.trainweb.org/usarail/tallahassee.htmConstructed in c.1858, a second storywas added to the building by 1885. Thisdepot was one of the stations on thePensacola & Georgia Railroad and acenter for trade and transportation inLeon County, including the transport ofConfederate soldiers and war materials.Local tradition holds that the depotbasement was used for the storage ofConfederate munitions. It is one of onlythree known surviving Florida Civil WarGovernor Madison Starke Perry.(Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)Florida Governors in theCivil WarAs the Civil War began, the governorof Florida was Madison Starke Perry ofthe Democratic Party. A South Carolinanative, Perry settled in Alachua County inthe 1840s, where he operated a plantationand became active in politics. In 1857, heran against the American Party candidatefor governor and won. Following PresidentLincoln’s election, Perry asked thelegislature to convene a secessionconvention, which in early January 1861voted overwhelmingly for disunion. Perryguided the state during the critical periodin which it left the Union and joined thenew Confederate States of America. Hisprimary goals were the occupation ofU.S. government facilities in the state, theestablishment of relations with the centralgovernment, and organization of thestate’s defenses.NORTH CENTRAL REGIONrailroad depots. In 1869, the Pensacola& Georgia Railroad was purchased by,and consolidated with, the Jacksonville,Pensacola & Mobile Railroad.Knott House Museum301 East Park Avenue850.922.2459www.museumoffloridahistory.com/about/sitesFirst occupied by Tallahassee attorneyThomas Hagner and wife CatherineGamble, evidence suggests that free blackGeorge Proctor constructed this housein 1843. With the surrender of GeneralRobert E. Lee’s Army of NorthernVirginia and General Joseph E. Johnston’sAfter leaving the governorship, Perryhelped organize the 7th Florida InfantryRegiment and, despite the fact that he hadno prior military training or experience,was elected its colonel. The unit served inEast Tennessee throughout Perry’s tenurein command, though it experienced littlecombat until later in the war. The formergovernor resigned in June 1863 andreturned home to Alachua County. He tookno further active role in the war and died athis plantation in March 1865.For most of the Civil War, thegovernor of Florida was John Milton ofthe Democratic Party. Milton was born inGeorgia in 1807 and moved to Florida inthe 1840s, where he operated a plantationin Jackson County. He also became activein politics, serving in the state legislatureand leading the Florida delegation at the1860 Democratic convention. Later thatyear, Milton defeated his ConstitutionalUnionist opponent in the gubernatorialelection, and remained governor-elect for afull year. When finally assuming the dutiesof governor in October 1861, Milton faced avariety of problems arising from the war.Early in his term, Milton's politicalopponents moved to limit the governor'sauthority, establishing an executive councilto share power with the governor. He alsofaced a crisis when Confederate authoritieswithdrew most of the troops defendingFlorida, leading to the abandonment ofparts of the state. Other issues facingMilton included the depletion of theArmy of Tennessee in April 1865, Uniontroops arrived in Tallahassee on May 10.Brigadier General Edward M. McCook,commander of the Union force, brieflyused this home as his headquarters. OnMay 20, 1865, McCook announcedPresident Lincoln’s EmancipationProclamation from the house, declaringfreedom for all slaves in the north Floridaarea. This event is commemorated eachMay 20 with a reenactment ceremony atthe Knott House Museum. The house isinterpreted to the period of the Knottfamily occupancy, 1928-1965, and areplica of McCook’s headquarters flag ison display.state's finances, conscription, a growingUnionist sentiment in some areas, and theimpressment of supplies by Confederateauthorities. Though an ardent Southernnationalist, Milton criticized this seizureof property. Worn down by his duties anddespondent over the imminent collapse ofthe Confederacy, Milton committed suicideon April 1, 1865.With Milton’s death, Senate PresidentAbraham K. Allison of Quincy assumed theoffice of governor and presided over thestate during the Confederacy’s collapse.He resigned the office on May 19, 1865,was arrested by Federal authoritiesshortly afterward, and in June 1865was imprisoned at Fort Pulaski, Georgiafor several months along with otherConfederate officials. Upon his release, hereturned to Quincy, where he died in 1893.To learn more, see: The FloridaHandbook, 2009-2010 by Allen Morris,Peninsular Publishing Company, 2009.Governor John Milton.(Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)31

||Meginnis-Munroe House125 North Gadsden Street850.222.8800www.lemoyne.orgConstructed in 1854, this house wasmoved southward on logs in 1903 toits present location, and is currently thehome of the LeMoyne Center for theVisual Arts. During the Civil War, thehouse was used as a temporary hospitalfor Confederate soldiers wounded at theFebruary 1864 Battle of Olustee.Museum ofFlorida HistoryR.A. Gray Building500 South Bronough Street850.245.6400www.museumoffloridahistory.comThe Museum of Florida History collects,preserves, exhibits, and interpretsevidence of past and present cultures inFlorida. As the state history museum, itfocuses on artifacts unique to the roleFlorida has played in America’s history.A permanent Civil War exhibit includesselected military arms, soldier's personalitems, home front artifacts, and originalFlorida unit flags. Highlights include:the flag of the Apalachicola Guards madeby women early in the war, uniformsworn by Florida officers, the sword froma Floridian killed at the Battle of Shiloh,a slave impressment document fromAlachua County, a howitzer and mortar,NORTH CENTRAL REGIONthe folding desk used by a Florida Unionunit commander, a Confederate-madecavalry saber from Olustee, surgeonskits, a Union revolver found hidden ina wall of an old St. Augustine inn, andthe flag of the 5th Florida Regimentcarried at the Battle of Gettysburg.More information about the Civil Warin Florida is found in the permanentexhibits section of the Museum’s website.Old City CemeteryMartin Luther King Jr. Boulevard betweenCall Street and Park Avenue850.891.8711www.talgov.com/pm/occhist.cfmEstablished by the Florida TerritorialCouncil in 1829, this is the oldestpublic cemetery in Tallahassee, and wasacquired by the City of Tallahassee in1840. The cemetery contains both aConfederate soldiers section in the easternhalf and a Union and Reconstructionsoldiers section in the western half.At least 186 Confederate soldiers areburied in the cemetery with at least 55in the Confederate section, and therest throughout the cemetery in familyplots. Notable among the Confederateveterans is Colonel David Lang, whocommanded the Florida Brigade at theBattle of Gettysburg and the surrenderat Appomattox. In the postwar period,he served as the Adjutant General of theFlorida State Militia. A State HistoricalMarker for “Major General David Lang”marks his gravesite. At least 72 Unionsoldiers, both black and white, are buriedhere, with at least 37 buried in the Unionsoldiers section, and the rest buriedthroughout the cemetery. It is said thatsome casualties from the 1865 Battle ofNatural Bridge are buried in the Unionsection, although at least some of theirremains appear to have been movedand reinterred in 1868 in the NationalCemetery at Beaufort, South Carolina.Among the Union veterans buried in thiscemetery is Major Edmund C. Weekswho commanded the 2nd Florida UnionCavalry, a regiment of Florida Unionistsand Confederate deserters which operatedout of Fort Myers and Cedar Key.State Archives ofFlorida/State Libraryof FloridaR.A. Gray Building500 South Bronough Street850.245.6600http://dlis.dos.state.fl.us/libraryThe Florida Collection in the State Librarycontains one of the most comprehensiveholdings of Floridiana in the state.Books, manuscripts, maps, memorabilia,newspaper articles, and periodicals areamong the 60,000 items in the collection.The State Archives of Florida is thecentral repository for state governmentdocuments. It is mandated by state law tocollect, preserve, and make available forresearch the historically significant recordsof the state, as well as private manuscripts,local government records, photographs,and other materials that complementthe official state records. Found in thiscollection are Confederate PensionApplication Files, the Ordinance ofSecession, correspondence, family papersand other valuable resources related to theCivil War in Florida. An online “Guide toCivil War Records at the State Archives ofFlorida” identifies and describes the manystate, federal, and private Civil War recordshoused at the State Archives of Florida.The State Library’s Florida PhotographicCollection contains many images relatedto this period of Florida history, and areavailable to view through their website.Museum of Florida History, Tallahassee. (Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)32

||St. Johns EpiscopalChurch CemeteryM.L. King Boulevard and West Call StreetEstablished in 1840, this cemeteryis the burial place for many of LeonCounty’s most prominent families.Among those buried here is TheodoreW. Brevard, who raised a PartisanRanger Battalion at the beginning ofthe war that became part of the 11thFlorida Infantry. In March 1865,Brevard was commissioned a brigadiergeneral, the last general officer ofthe war appointed by ConfederatePresident Jefferson Davis. He wascaptured at the Battle of Sailor’sCreek, Virginia in April 1865 withhalf of the remnants of the FloridaBrigade. Also buried here is CaptainPatrick Houstoun, who commandeda Confederate artillery battery at theBattle of Natural Bridge; William D.Bloxham, who organized an infantrycompany from Leon County in 1862,commanded it throughout the CivilWar and served two separate terms asGovernor of Florida in the postwarperiod; and David S. Walker, who wasappointed Governor of Florida byPresident Andrew Johnson in 1865 andgoverned the state during the first threeyears of Reconstruction.Tallahassee-St. Marks HistoricRailroad State Trail850.245.2052www.dep.state.fl.us/gwt/guide/regions/panhandleeast/trails/tallahassee_stmarks.htmThe first railroad chartered by the Floridaterritorial government in 1831, the LeonRailway Company became the TallahasseeRailroad Company in 1834, and wasthe first rail line to begin constructionin the state. In 1837, the route betweenTallahassee and the port of St. Markswas completed. The railroad served theConfederacy during the Civil War in thetransportation of troops, supplies, andmunitions between Tallahassee, CampLeon, Camp Simkins, and St. Marks.Perhaps its greatest contribution came inMarch 1865, with the quick transport oftroops from Tallahassee south to defensiveNORTH CENTRAL REGIONpositions at Natural Bridge. This timelyarrival of men played a crucial role inthe Confederate defeat of the invadingUnion force. In the 1980s, the rail line wasabandoned and purchased by the Stateof Florida. The segment between CapitalCircle and St. Marks became Florida’s firststate rail trail.The Grove100 West 1st Avenue850.245.6300http://flheritage.com/groveConstructed in the 1830s, this house was theresidence of Richard Keith Call, two-timeFlorida Territorial Governor and an ardentUnionist who openly and strongly opposedsecession. When informed in January 1861by jubilant secessionists that Florida hadwithdrawn from the Union, Call is said tohave prophetically replied, “You have openedthe gates of Hell, from which shall flowthe curses of the damned which shall sinkyou to perdition!” Call died in 1862 at TheGrove and was buried in the family cemeterybehind the house. His daughter, EllenCall Long, remained at The Grove duringthe Civil War while her son, Richard CallLong, served in the Confederate 2nd and5th Florida Cavalry. In 1883, she publishedher historical memoir, Florida Breezes, whichprovides unique details of antebellum andCivil War events in Florida. Owned by theState of Florida, the property is undergoingrestoration, and is scheduled to open to thepublic as an educational center and historymuseum in late 2012.Union Bank219 Apalachee Parkway850.599.3020www.cis.famu.edu/BlackArchives/BlackArchivesAtUnionBank/index.htmlCompleted in 1841, the Union Bank isFlorida's oldest surviving bank building.Chartered in 1833 as a planter's bank fromwhich plantation owners could borrowagainst their land and slave holdings,it served as Florida’s major TerritorialPeriod bank. Crop failures, the SecondSeminole War, and unsound bankingpractices led to the failure of the bank in1843. The building reopened in 1868 asthe National Freedman's Saving and TrustCompany, serving emancipated slavesand refugees until 1874. Relocated to itspresent site from its original location nearthe southwest corner of Adams Streetand Park Avenue in 1971, the restoredbuilding opened in 1984 as a museum.Now operated by Florida A&M Universityas a satellite facility of the SoutheasternRegional Black Archives Research Centerand Museum, the collection includesslavery-related artifacts and a rare State ofFlorida Civil War bond.The Call-Collins House, “The Grove”, Tallahassee. (Image courtesy of the Florida Division of Historical Resources)33

||Battle of Natural Bridge Monument,Natural Bridge Battlefield.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Battle ofNaturalBridgeIn February1865, BrigadierGeneral JohnNewton, Unioncommanderof the Districtof Key Westand Tortugas,proposed anoperation tocapture theUnion Brigadier GeneralJohn Newton.(Image courtesy ofthe State Archives of Florida)small port of St. Marks, located on theGulf coast south of Tallahassee. Theplan was to land Union forces near theSt. Marks Lighthouse, while a navalforce ascended the St. Marks River toattack Fort Ward, a small Confederatefortification located there. If successful,it might have led to a movement tocapture the Florida capital itself.The expedition consisted ofnine blockading ships, a number oftransport vessels, and approximately1,000 soldiers. The land forces weremade up of elements of the 2nd and99th U.S. Colored Infantry Regiments,and the dismounted 2nd Florida UnionCavalry. The troops began landingon March 4, 1865. The next day theyNORTH CENTRAL REGIONWoodvilleNatural BridgeBattlefield HistoricState Park7502 Natural Bridge Road850.922.6007www.floridastateparks.org/naturalbridgeIn March 1865, a Union force ofapproximately 1,000 troops, includingtwo regiments of U.S. Colored Troops,under the command of Brigadier GeneralJohn Newton, landed in the vicinityof the St. Marks Lighthouse for anexpedition against the blockade runningport of St. Marks and Fort Ward whichprotected it. Union commanders likelyhoped that a victory there would leadin turn to the capture of Tallahasseeand possibly Thomasville, Georgia. Theskirmished with Confederates at EastRiver Bridge and at Newport Bridge,where they hoped to cross the St. MarksRiver. Confederate Major General SamuelJones had sent what troops he couldmuster under Brigadier General WilliamMiller to resist the invasion.Unable to cross at Newport, Newtonlearned of another point located oversix miles to the north at Natural Bridge.Leaving the 2nd Florida Union Cavalry atNewport, he marched the black regimentsto Natural Bridge. But the Confederates,using cavalry scouts, had anticipated themove. When the Federals arrived beforedaybreak on March 6, they found rebelforces already in position, with additionalreinforcements steadily arriving. TheConfederate defenders included infantryreserves,regular artilleryand cavalryunits, andassorted militia,along with adetachment ofcadets from theWest FloridaSeminary(present-dayFlorida StateUniversity). TheConfederatesConfederate BrigadierGeneral William Miller.(Image courtesy ofthe State Archives of Florida)Union advance was halted at the Battleof Natural Bridge near Woodville, about10 miles south of Tallahassee, by a hastilyassembled Confederate force of some1,000 men. The Confederate troops werea mixture of active duty troops and statemilitia, under the overall command ofMajor General Samuel Jones and on thebattlefield by Brigadier General WilliamMiller. Included among the Confederatetroops was a small company of cadetsfrom the West Florida Seminary, thepredecessor to today’s Florida StateUniversity. After their repulse by theConfederates, the Union troops retreatedback to the coast for evacuation totheir vessels. (See the “Battle of NaturalBridge” sidebar for more information.)In 1911, the United Daughters of theConfederacy (UDC) established aset up their troops in a large crescentshapedline with converging fieldsof fire aimed at the crossing. TheSoutherners had a six-to-threeadvantage in cannons and held thehigh ground. During the day theFederals made several attempts tocross Natural Bridge, but were drivenback by Confederate fire. Newton thenwithdrew his troops a short distance,where they repulsed an ill-advised butlimited Confederate counterattack.Unable to cross the St. Marks, heordered a retreat back to the coast. TheUnion navy, meanwhile, had also beenunsuccessful in its efforts to ascend theSt. Marks River. The Navy did, however,award Medals of Honor to the six whitesailors who manned their howitzersat Natural Bridge while serving withthe Army expedition. Union casualtiestotaled 21 killed, 89 wounded and38 captured or missing, while theConfederates suffered 3 killed and atleast 23 wounded. The victory at NaturalBridge kept St. Marks and Tallahassee inConfederate hands until the conclusion ofthe war two months later.To learn more, see: The Battleof Natural Bridge, Florida: TheConfederate Defense of Tallahasseeby Dale Cox, Published by the author,Expanded Edition, 2010.34

||committee to acquire title to the NaturalBridge Battlefield, and a land surveywas commissioned. A portion of thebattlefield was subsequently donated tothe UDC which constituted the initialarea of the present-day Natural BridgeBattlefield Historic State Park. In 1921,the Florida Legislature appropriatedfunding to assist the UDC in theconstruction of a monument at the site,and in 1922 a dedication ceremony washeld at the completed monument. In2000, a granite marker was installedbehind the monument which lists theConfederate and Union soldiers whowere killed in the battle or later died fromtheir wounds. The UDC managed theproperty until 1950, when title to thesix-acre site was transferred to the Stateof Florida. In 1970, the state acquiredadjacent property of three more acres, andin 2009 an additional 55-acre parcel ofthe battlefield was acquired. Interpretivesignage at the site describes the battleevents. The Battle of Natural BridgeReenactment, one of the largest suchevents in Florida, is held annually at thepark in early March.Union regiment reenactors,Natural Bridge Battlefield.(Image courtesy of Bruce Graetz, Museum of Florida History)NORTH CENTRAL REGIONCivil War-era cannon at Cedar Key Museum State Park. (Image courtesy of the Florida Park Service)Levy CountyCedar KeyAt the beginning of the Civil War, CedarKey was an important transportationcenter as a Gulf port city, and as the westernterminus of the Florida Railroad fromFernandina. During the war, the CedarKeys area was an active center for blockaderunning and salt production. In January1862, a Union landing party from the USSHatteras entered the town and destroyedthe railroad depot and other buildings, therailroad wharf, railroad cars, several vessels,and the abandoned Confederate defenses.Most of the Confederate troops stationed atCedar Key had been sent to Fernandina justdays before in anticipation of a Union attackthere. A small force of 23 men from the 4thFlorida Infantry was left to defend thetown, and 15 of them were taken prisonerwhile attempting to flee in a ferryboat;the remainder escaped. The town wasblockaded by Union naval vessels of theEast Gulf Blockading Squadron for thenext two years. By 1864, Union forces hadestablished a permanent military presencein the town and it became a base forconducting raids into the interior. Duringa return from one such raid in February1865, a Union force of nearly 400 menfrom the 2nd U.S. Colored Infantry andthe 2nd Florida Union Cavalry under thecommand of Major Edmund C. Weekswas attacked by a Confederate forceof 145 men from several Florida unitscommanded by Captain J.J. Dickison atStation Four on the outskirts of CedarKey. After a daylong fight, the Union forcewithdrew back into Cedar Key. Casualtyreports differed, with Major Weeksreporting that he had lost 5 killed, 18wounded and 3 taken prisoner and that theConfederates suffered at least 2 dead, whileCaptain Dickison reported total Unioncasualties of 70 and Confederate losses ofjust 5 men wounded.Cedar Key HistoricalSociety Museum609 2nd Street352.543.5549www.cedarkeymuseum.orgLocated in the c.1871 LutterlohBuilding, this museum contains anextensive collection of historic CedarKeys photographs, documents and areaartifacts. Displays include Civil Warobjects such as an inscribed wooden gravemarker from Seahorse Key of a Unionsailor who was killed in action in the area.Cedar Key MuseumState Park12231 SW 166th Court352.543.5350www.floridastateparks.org/cedarkeymuseumThis state park contains the relocated1890s St. Clair Whitman House and amuseum building with exhibits featuringhistoric images and period artifactson the history of the Cedar Keys area,including a Civil War exhibit. Two CivilWar 24-pounder cannons, originally fromSeahorse Key, and a Confederate salt kettleused for boiling sea water to produce saltare displayed on the museum grounds. Priorto its destruction during a Union raid inOctober 1862, the Cedar Keys saltworkshad 60 kettles that could produce 150bushels of salt per day.35

||Old Island Hotel373 2nd Street352.543.5111www.islandhotel-cedarkey.comThis building was constructed just priorto the Civil War in c.1859-1860 as theParsons and Hale General Store. Duringthe Civil War, one of the store owners,Captain John Parsons who had largeproperty holdings at Bayport, raised andcommanded two independent HomeGuard companies from HernandoCounty for the defense of the regionagainst Union raids. By the time of theUnion occupation of Cedar Key, bothstore owners, Parsons and Francis Hale,had fled the city and the building isbelieved to have been confiscated for useas a Union barracks and warehouse. Thebuilding is now operated as a bed andbreakfast inn.Seahorse KeyCedar Keys LighthouseCedar Keys National Wildlife Refuge352.493.0238http://cedarkeys.fws.govThe Cedar Keys Lighthouse wasconstructed in 1854 on Seahorse Keyunder the supervision of LieutenantGeorge G. Meade, who, in 1863, wouldcommand the Union Army of thePotomac at the Battle of Gettysburg.After the start of the Civil War in 1861,Confederate troops from the 4th FloridaInfantry established a gun battery ofthree cannons on Seahorse Key, andthe lighthouse lens was removed byConfederate authorities. In January 1862,the USS Hatteras was sent from the Unionfleet at Key West to conduct a raid onthe Cedar Keys. In addition to attackingCedar Key and Depot Key, the raiderslanded at Seahorse Key, which had beenevacuated by the Confederate troops, anddisabled the guns there to render themuseless. In February 1862, a second Unionwarship, the USS Tahoma, returned tothe area, shelled the gun emplacements onSeahorse Key, and sent ashore a landingparty, which found the island againabandoned. In March 1863, Union sailorsfrom the USS Fort Henry established asignal station at the lighthouse to keepNORTH CENTRAL REGIONwatch for any Confederate shipping inthe area. Seahorse Key was also usedto house Confederate prisoners andUnionist refugees fleeing Confederatecontrol during the remainder of the war.The lighthouse is currently used by theUniversity of Florida as a Marine ScienceLaboratory, but is open to the publicwhen the Cedar Keys National WildlifeRefuge holds open houses on SeahorseKey. Associated with the lighthouse is asmall cemetery where four Union sailorsare buried, two of whom were killed inaction while the others died from illnessand an accident. The remains of the gunbattery are next to the graveyard in asmall wooded area, and a brick powdermagazine built during the Civil War isstill standing adjacent to the lighthouse.Madison CountyMadisonConfederate Monument, Madison.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)During the Civil War, Madison wasan important stop on the Pensacola &Georgia Railroad for the transportation ofConfederate soldiers and war materials aswell as cotton and foodstuffs from MiddleFlorida’s rich agricultural lands. SeveralConfederate camps for the mustering andtraining of soldiers were located in thevicinity of Madison. In 1852, the MadisonShoe Factory was constructed 10 mileswest of the town. It was the state’s largestleather factory and annually produced11,000 pairs of shoes, as well as wagonharnesses and other leather goods, for theConfederate government.Four Freedoms ParkRange and Base StreetsErected in 1909 by the United Daughtersof the Confederacy, a Confederatemonument is located in ConfederateSquare in Four Freedoms Park. A plaqueplaced on the monument by the Sons ofConfederate Veterans around 2005 liststhe names of soldiers in units formed inMadison County who were “Killed inAction” and “Died in Service.” The parkalso includes a monument erected in 1996which is dedicated to the former slaves ofMadison County.Oakland CemeteryCounty Road 158This cemetery contains the remains ofat least 15 Confederate veterans andone Union veteran. Also buried hereis John C. McGehee, a prosperousMadison County plantation owner andstaunch proponent of states rights whowas a delegate to the Florida SecessionConvention in January 1861. He waschosen as president of the Conventionand presided over its passage of theOrdinance of Secession. A StateHistorical Marker for “John C. McGehee”is located at the cemetery.Oak Ridge Cemetery601 NW Washington StreetThis cemetery contains the remains ofat least 105 Confederate soldiers andveterans. This includes the ConfederateSection of the cemetery, which contains31 graves with markers but no names. AState Historical Marker at the site for the“Madison Oak Ridge Cemetery” and aplaque on the cemetery’s brick speaker’splatform state that these 31 graves are theremains of Confederate soldiers killed atthe Battle of Olustee.36

||Treasures of MadisonCounty Museum andMadison CountyGenealogical Library200 SW Range Avenue850.973.3661www.treasuresofmadisoncounty.comLocated in the restored 1890s W.T.Davis Building, these organizationspromote the cultural heritage ofMadison County through artifact,photographic, and genealogicalcollections. In their collections arecopies of historic photographs, CivilWar letters, and a journal from MadisonCounty Confederate veterans.Wardlaw-Smith-Goza House103 North Washington Street850.973.9432www.nfcc.edu/community-programs/wardlaw-smith-goza-conf-centerProminent Madison Countycitizen, Benjamin F. Wardlaw, beganconstruction of this house in 1860.The home served as a temporaryhospital for Confederate and Unionwounded following the Battle ofOlustee in February 1864. In May 1865,Confederate Secretary of War John C.Breckenridge is reported to have spentthe night here during his successfulescape to Cuba while fleeing from Unionforces at the end of the war. This historichouse is presently used as a conferencecenter by North Florida CommunityCollege. Tours are available.NORTH CENTRAL REGIONSuwannee CountyLive OakSuwannee RiverState Park20815 County Road 132386.362.2746www.floridastateparks.org/suwanneeriverIn 1863, Confederate troopsconstructed earthenwork fortificationson a high bluff overlooking thejunction where the WithlacoocheeRiver joins the Suwannee River, aportion of which is preserved in thisstate park. These earthworks wereconstructed to protect the railroadbridge crossing the Suwannee River atthe town of Columbus, a vital link inthe cross-state transportation of troopsand supplies. Destruction of this keybridge was one objective of the Unionexpedition into Florida in February1864, which culminated in their defeatat the Battle of Olustee. The bridge wasnot threatened again for the durationof the war. The only extant remnant ofthe town of Columbus is the ColumbusCemetery which is also located withinthe park boundaries. The Confederateearthworks in the park can be viewedfrom a wooden walkway along thefortification. Interpretive signageprovides information on historic siteswithin the park.Taylor CountyPerryTaylor CountySaltworks StateHistorical MarkerUS Highway 19 and County Road 361Five miles south of PerryWith its 50-mile coastline and shallowcoastal waters, Taylor County was a majorcenter for Confederate salt productionduring the Civil War. Locations forsaltworks in the region includedJonesville (present-day Adams Beach), themouth of Blue Creek, the Aucilla RiverSlough, the mouth of the FenhollowayRiver, and Horseshoe Bay. The ruggedterrain and sparse population of TaylorCounty made it a haven for Florida andGeorgia Unionists and Confederatedeserters who often joined together inarmed bands and assisted Union forces inraiding the saltworks. During one such raidin February 1864, Union sailors from theUSS Tahoma were assisted by nearly 100of these men in destroying large saltworksdescribed as being seven miles in extent.The raiders destroyed 6,000 bushels of salt,390 salt kettles, over 280 buildings, andnumerous other salt-making equipmentand supplies. Additionally, over 1,000cattle, mules, horses and wagons werecaptured and given to the Unionist anddeserter band by the Union commanderas the sailors returned to their ship.Despite the Union raids, salt-makingoperations continued in Taylor Countyfor the duration of the war.Confederate earthworks, Suwannee River State Park. (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)37

||Wakulla CountyCrawfordvilleWakulla HistoryMuseum & Archives24 High Drive850.926.1110www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~flwchsOperated by the Wakulla CountyHistorical Society, the museum andarchives are located in the 1949Old Wakulla County Jail building.The museum contains an exhibit onRoderick Donald McLeod, who servedin the Confederate army’s 7th InfantryRegiment, Georgia Reserves andmoved to Wakulla County after thewar. McLeod became very active in theUnited Confederate Veterans (UCV),the largest organization of Confederateveterans of the Civil War. The exhibitcontains his Florida UCV memorabilia,documents, and memorabilia belongingto his daughter Martha McLeod whowas very active in the United Daughtersof the Confederacy.St. MarksFort Ward, San Marcosde Apalache HistoricState Park148 Old Fort Road850.925.6216www.floridastateparks.org/sanmarcosBeginning in 1678, the Spanish built twowooden forts at the confluence of the St.Marks and Wakulla Rivers. In 1739, theybegan the construction of the permanentstone fort of San Marcos de Apalache.After General Andrew Jackson capturedthe Spanish strong point in 1818 andSpain subsequently ceded Florida to theUnited States in 1821, American troopsintermittently occupied the fort, whichthey called Fort St. Marks. In 1857-1858,a federal marine hospital was constructedfor the care of yellow fever victims. By thetime of the Civil War, the fort had beenabandoned. Confederate forces occupiedthe site in 1861, strengthened it withearthworks and artillery batteries, andrenamed it Fort Ward. The fort providedNORTH CENTRAL REGIONOchlockonee River skirmish, 1863. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)protection for both the small blockaderunning port of St. Marks and the townof Newport, which contained a foundryand several mills. A small Confederatesteamer equipped with two cannons, theCSS Spray, assisted in the area’s defense.Throughout the Civil War, the regionwas an active area for blockade runningand salt production, and the Union navyhad blockaded St. Marks since 1861. InJuly 1863, a Union navy expedition insmall boats had attempted to move upthe St. Marks River to capture Fort Wardand the CSS Spray, but withdrew whenspotted by Confederate pickets. In March1865, a much larger Union expeditionwith a major objective of capturing St.Marks and Fort Ward met with defeatat the Battle of Natural Bridge. FortWard remained in Confederate controluntil the end of the war when in May1865 both the fort and the CSS Spraysurrendered to a Union officer. Theproperty was acquired by the State ofFlorida in 1964 for use as a park facility.A visitor center and museum, constructedon the foundation of the 1850s marinehospital, provides interpretation withexhibits and artifacts. An interpretivetrail includes the Confederate earthworksand the highest point on the site, theConfederate powder magazine.St. Marks LighthouseSt. Marks Wildlife RefugeCounty Road 59850.925.6121www.fws.gov/saintmarks/lighthouse.htmlConstructed in 1842 to replace an earlier1831 structure which was threatenedby erosion, the St. Marks Lighthouse islocated at the mouth of the St. MarksRiver on Apalachee Bay. After Floridaseceded fromthe Union inJanuary 1861,the Confederatescontinued tooperate thelighthouse untilmid-1861, whenauthoritiesdetermined thatit could not besecured against theUnion navy, and removed the lens forsafekeeping. In June 1861, Confederateforces erected a small artillery batteryabout 50 yards from the lighthousewhich they named Fort Williams,and used the lighthouse for lookoutpurposes. In June 1862, Union navyships shelled the lighthouse and sentashore a landing party, which destroyedthe evacuated Fort Williams and burnedthe lighthouse keeper’s quarters. Nocasualties were reported for either side.In July 1863, the Union navy shelledthe lighthouse again, and a landingparty set fire to the wooden stairs ofthe lighthouse to prevent it from beingused as a lookout post. In March 1865,approximately 1,000 Union troopslanded in the vicinity of the lighthousefor an expedition against Newport, St.Marks and Fort Ward, which culminatedin the Battle of Natural Bridge. Afterbeing repulsed by the Confederateforces, the Union troops retreatedback to the lighthouse area where theyreboarded their transport vessels. Thelighthouse was relit with a new fourthorderFresnel lens in January 1867.St. Marks Lighthouse. (Image courtesy of JV Marani)38

||NORTHEAST REGIONBattle of Olustee Reenactment. (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Baker CountyOlusteeOlustee BattlefieldHistoric State ParkU.S. Highway 90386.758.0400www.floridastateparks.org/olusteebattlefieldhttp://battleofolustee.orgAt the Battle of Olustee on February 20,1864, Confederate soldiers turned backa Union thrust through Florida in thestate’s largest Civil War battle. UnionBrigadier General Truman Seymour,with a force of approximately 5,000soldiers, including a large number ofU.S. Colored Troops, moved west fromJacksonville in mid-February with theaim of disrupting supplies from Floridato the Confederate armies and returningFlorida to the Union in time for the1864 Presidential election. ConfederateBrigadier General Joseph Finegan, withreinforcements sent from Georgia byGeneral Pierre G. T. Beauregard, met theinvading force with an approximatelyequal number of troops east of Olustee.The ensuing bloody engagement was aclear Confederate victory, with Unionsoldiers retreating back to Jacksonville.(See the “Battle of Olustee” sidebar formore information.)In 1899, the Florida Legislatureauthorized the erection of a monumentat Olustee in recognition of the 1864Confederate victory. In 1909, three acresof the battlefield were donated to theState of Florida, making it the oldest unitin the current Florida State Parks system.In 1912, with state funding assistance, alarge monument was constructed at thesite. The dedication ceremony drew over4,000 participants, including many CivilWar veterans. Smaller monuments werelater erected near the main monument bythe United Daughters of the Confederacyfor Confederate Brigadier GeneralsJoseph Finegan, probably in the 1930s,and Alfred H. Colquitt in 1936. In1991, a large granite cross monumentwas erected atthe battlefieldcemetery in honorof the Union deadof Olustee. TheOlustee BattlefieldMemorial wasadministeredby the UnitedDaughters of theConfederacy until1949 when theFlorida Board ofParks and HistoricMemorials, theforerunner oftoday’s Florida ParkService, assumedresponsibility forit. The Florida ParkService managesan additional 688adjacent acres ofthe battlefieldowned by the U.S.Forest Service asBattle of Olustee Monument, Olustee Battlefield.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)39part of the Olustee Battlefield HistoricState Park. The park’s visitor centercontains exhibits with Civil War artifactsand interpretive panels that tell thestory of the Battle of Olustee. A milelonghiking trail through the battlefieldcontains interpretive signs that describethe events of the battle. The annual Battleof Olustee Reenactment, the largest CivilWar reenactment in the state, is heldduring the second weekend in Februaryat the park. A Civil War Expo also takesplace here annually in September.

||Battle of OlusteeFought on February 20, 1864, theBattle of Olustee (also known as theBattle of Ocean Pond) was the largestCivil War engagement in Florida. Politicaland military considerations both played arole in the campaign’s origins. Republicanleaders hoped to see a loyal Floridagovernment returned to the Union underthe terms of President Lincoln's 1863Reconstruction Proclamation, and tosend delegates to the 1864 Republicanpresidential convention. Major GeneralQuincy Gillmore, commanding the UnionArmy's Department of the South, hopedto prevent the flow of supplies to theConfederate armies and obtain recruitsfor the Union army's black regiments.About 6,000 troops were selected for theoperation, with Brigadier General TrumanSeymour in direct command. Theyoccupied Jacksonville on February 7, andover the next several days mounted raidsinto the interior.The Confederate commander of theDistrict of East Florida was BrigadierGeneral Joseph Finegan, with onlyabout 1,500 troops. He called forreinforcements, which eventually broughtthe number of defenders to more than5,000, and built a strong defensiveposition east of Lake City at Olustee.While the Confederates prepared, theFederal commanders bickered overtheir next movement. Seymour waspessimistic, believing that an advanceon Lake City was not possible and thatUnionist sentiment in Florida was lessthan the Federals had been led to believe.NORTHEAST REGIONGillmore ordered that defensive works beconstructed and that no advance be madewestward without his consent. He thenleft Florida, returning to his headquartersin South Carolina. Seymour's confidencesoon returned; he wrote that he nowintended to advance to the SuwanneeRiver to destroy a railroad bridge there.Gillmore dispatched an officer to stopthe movement, but the Battle of Olusteeoccurred before he arrived.Early on February 20, Seymour's armyleft Barbers Station for Lake City. WhenFinegan learned of the enemy's approach,he ordered his cavalry to draw the Federalstowards his defenses. The fighting to theeast intensified, however, and Finegan sentout additional troops to assist those alreadydeployed. By mid-afternoon the skirmishinghad escalated into a major battle. WhileUnion Colonel Joseph Hawley positionedhis brigade, a wrong command was givenand one unit fell into confusion and quicklyfell apart. This directed Southern attentionMap of the Battle of Olustee (Ocean Pond). (Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)1894 Lithograph of the Battle of Olustee. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)towards an untried black regiment, whichoccupied the Union left. It held the line fora time, suffering more than 300 casualtiesbefore retreating. With the destructionof Hawley's Brigade, Brigadier GeneralAlfred Colquitt, in direct command of theConfederate attack, ordered a generaladvance. Seymour deployed anotherbrigade to stop it, which stabilized thelines for a time.The fighting during this phase ofthe battle was particularly severe. TheConfederates captured several Unionartillery pieces and threatened to flankthe Federal infantry. By late afternoon,Seymour realized the battle was lostand sent forward his last reserves, the35th U.S. Colored Infantry and the 54thMassachusetts, to protect a withdrawal.Many wounded and a large amountof equipment had to be abandoned.In the battle's aftermath, bands ofSouthern troops killed or mistreatedsome of the black Union soldiers left onthe field. Fortunately for the Federals,the Confederate pursuit was poorlyconducted, enabling most of their forceto escape. The Federals suffered 1,861killed, wounded, and missing in the battle,while rebel casualties numbered 946.The Olustee defeat ended Union effortsto organize a loyal Florida governmentin time for the 1864 election, thoughthey did maintain their presence aroundJacksonville for the remainder of the war.To learn more, see: ConfederateFlorida: The Road to Olustee by William H.Nulty, University of Alabama Press, 1990.40

||SandersonSanderson Camp StateHistorical MarkerU.S. Highway 90The text of the State Historical Markerfor the “Camp at Sanderson” reads:This site was used by both Union andConfederate soldiers as a camp duringthe campaign of 1864. The camp wasused as a Confederate supply depot butit was abandoned on February 9, 1864.From the 9th to the 13th, it was held byFederals and used as a base for raids onLake City and Gainesville. On February20 the site was used by Federals attackingOlustee. In the retreat from Olustee thecamp again fell into Confederate hands.Clay CountyGreen Cove SpringsMagnolia SpringsCemeteryHaven AvenueIn 1864, Union forces establisheda strongpoint at Magnolia, a smallcommunity on the west bank of the St.Johns River, and used it as a base forconducting raids into the surroundingcountryside. This cemetery contains theremains of at least 10 Union soldiers,including casualties from an October1864 skirmish following a raid onMiddleburg. In 2011, a 6-foot tall obeliskmonument honoring Civil War soldierswas dedicated at the cemetery.MiddleburgIn October 1864, a small Union forceof 55 men of the 4th MassachusettsCavalry conducted a raid on Middleburgfrom their strongpoint at Magnolianear Green Cove Springs. The raidersburned warehouses and other buildings,and looted the remaining houses andbusinesses. Captain J.J. Dickison,commander of Confederate forces in thearea, was notified of the raid and rushedto intercept them on their return toMagnolia. Near Halsey’s Plantation, theConfederate force engaged the UnionNORTHEAST REGIONraiding party and routed them withheavy casualties in a skirmish knownas the “Battle of Big Gum Creek.” TheUnion forces reported losses of 29killed, wounded and captured, whilethe Confederate report claimed slightlyhigher Union casualties of 33 to 35.The Confederate report stated that theyhad suffered no casualties but only lostseveral horses.Clark-Chalker House3891 Main StreetSignage in front of this house notesthat it is the oldest extant residence inClay County. Built in c.1835 for U.S.Army Captain Michael Clark, the housewas purchased in 1859 by William S.Bardin, who served as a sergeant with theConfederate 1st Florida Reserves duringthe Civil War. His son, George N. Bardin,is reported to have served in a HomeGuard unit. The Clark-Chalker Housewas looted during the October 1864Union raid on Middleburg but was notburned as many other buildings were. Thehouse was the post-war home of Albert S.Chalker, who married Bardin’s daughterin December 1865. During the Civil War,Chalker served in the 2nd Florida Cavalryunder Captain J.J. Dickison, and at onepoint in the war served under BrigadierGeneral Joseph Finegan as a courierbetween Middle Florida and the mouth ofthe St. Johns River. The house is privatelyowned and is not open for tours.Duval CountyJacksonvilleBy the time of the Civil War, Jacksonvillewas an important port city whichdominated the St. Johns River routeinto the interior of East Florida. It wasalso the eastern terminus of the Florida,Atlantic & Gulf Central Railroad whichran to Lake City, and was a center forcommercial lumbering mills. As such,it quickly became a focus for Unionmilitary activities and was occupied onfour separate occasions. The first Unionoccupation occurred in March 1862,but the forces withdrew the followingmonth. The second occupation by Uniontroops lasted four days in October1862 and a third occupation lastedfor 19 days in March 1863. The finalUnion occupation began in February1864, when Jacksonville was seized foruse as the base for a major expeditioninto Florida which culminated in theBattle of Olustee. After their defeat,the Union forces retreated back toJacksonville where they fortified the cityand remained until the end of the warin 1865. During this final occupation,Jacksonville was used as a base forconducting numerous Union raids alongthe St. Johns River and into East Florida.Union Signal Tower at Jacksonville, 1864.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)41

||Camp Milton HistoricPreserve1175 Halsema Road South904.630.3516www.campmilton.comDesigned and constructed in early1864 at the direction of ConfederateGeneral Pierre G. T. Beauregard afterthe Battle of Olustee, Camp Miltonserved as the eastern headquarters forConfederate forces in Florida. With theconstruction of three miles of earthen andwood breastworks along the west bankof McGirts Creek, Beauregard plannedthis bastion to prevent Union advancesfrom Jacksonville to the west toward theConfederate supply center and railhead atBaldwin. This camp, named for Florida’sCivil War Governor John Milton, housedas many as 6,000 Confederate infantryand 1,500 cavalry troops in early 1864,but many of them were soon transferredto other theaters of the war. SeveralNORTHEAST REGIONskirmishes were fought in the vicinity ofCamp Milton and, in June 1864, a Unionforce from Jacksonville of some 2,500 mentemporarily occupied Camp Milton afterthe outnumbered Confederate troops hadwithdrawn. After destroying much of thecamp, the Union force withdrew back toJacksonville, and Camp Milton was againoccupied by Confederate troops. CampMilton has been described as “one of themost significant [preserved earthworks] sitesassociated with the Civil War in Florida.”Managed by the City of Jacksonville, theCamp Milton Historic Preserve provideseducational programming through thesite’s Learning Center, which displays CivilWar artifacts found on and around CampMilton. Numerous interpretive panelsthroughout the site explain its history.The Road to Olustee Living HistoryWeekend is an annual event held at the sitein advance of the annual February OlusteeBattle Reenactment.Confederate artillery battery on St. Johns Bluff, 1862. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)with his officers and then ordered theabandonment of the position. Duringthe hasty withdrawal the Confederatesabandoned much equipment, includingthe bluff’s artillery and ammunition.In the aftermath, Federal forcesoccupied Jacksonville for a short period.It also opened the St. Johns River toincursions by Union gunboats. A courtof inquiry exonerated Hopkins, statingthat the force at his disposal had beeninadequate to defend the position. Still,the events reflected no credit on theConfederacy, and opened northeastFlorida to future Union occupations.To learn more, see: “MilitaryOperations on the St. Johns,September-October 1862 (Parts I &II)” by Edwin C. Bearss, The FloridaHistorical Quarterly, Vol. 42, Nos. 3 & 4,January & April 1964.St. Johns BluffIn early September 1862,Confederate Brigadier General JosephFinegan ordered the constructionof an artillery battery at St. JohnsBluff, downriver from Jacksonville.The Federals quickly learned of theConfederate presence and theirgunboats engaged in several artilleryduels with the Confederate defenders.On September 30, four Union transportsleft their base in South Carolina forthe St. Johns River with about 1,500troops. Union gunboats moved upriverin support of the land forces, whichwere to attack the Confederatepositions from the rear. The advanceof this powerful force unnerved theConfederate defenders. LieutenantColonel Charles Hopkins, commanderat St. Johns Bluff, held a meetingConfederate Monument, Jacksonville.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Confederate Monument117 West Duval StreetLocated in Hemming Plaza, themonument was erected in 1898 andpaid for by Charles C. Hemming, awealthy banker and Confederate veteran.Hemming had joined the JacksonvilleLight Infantry in 1861, fought in thewestern theater, and was captured atthe Battle of Missionary Ridge in 1863.He escaped to Canada from where heparticipated in spying expeditions onUnion fortifications in the Midwest, andeventually returned to the 3rd FloridaInfantry in North Carolina where heended the war as a sergeant-major. Tohonor Hemming for his donation, theCity of Jacksonville changed the name ofthe monument site from St. James Park toHemming Park in 1899.42

||Evergreen Cemetery4535 Main Street904.353.3649www.evergreenjax.comThis cemetery contains the remainsof over 250 Civil War veterans, bothConfederate and Union. Amongthe notable Floridians are CaptainJohn J. Dickison of the 2nd FloridaCavalry, who was known as the“Swamp Fox of the Confederacy” forhis skill in defending the interior ofFlorida from Union raids and attacks;Lieutenant Colonel William Baya, whocommanded the 8th Florida Infantryat the Battle of Gettysburg ; James M.Baker, who served as a Senator fromFlorida in the Confederate Congressfrom 1862 to 1865 and for whomBaker County is named; Dr. Abel S.Baldwin, the chief surgeon for theConfederate Military District of EastUnion Soldier Monument, Evergreen Cemetery,Jacksonville.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)NORTHEAST REGIONFlorida and for whom the Town ofBaldwin in Duval County is named;Union Captain John F. Bartholf, anofficer with the 2nd U.S. ColoredInfantry during their Florida service;and Ossian B. Hart, a prominentUnionist who openly opposed Florida’ssecession and was Governor of Floridafrom 1873 to 1874. About 1905,the United Confederate Veteranserected a granite marker in thecemetery in honor of Dickison. Alsoin the cemetery, and very unusualfor a Southern cemetery, is a largesculptured monument of a Civil WarUnion soldier erected in 1891 by theGrand Army of the Republic, a Unionveteran’s organization.Jacksonville HistoricalSociety ArchivesJacksonville University2800 University Boulevard North904.256.7271www.jaxhistory.comIncorporated in 1929, the JacksonvilleHistorical Society’s purpose is tofoster and promote appreciationof the history of Jacksonville andnortheast Florida. To this end, thesociety promotes the collection,preservation and presentation ofmaterials pertaining to the area’shistory. The society maintainsarchives at the Swisher Libraryof Jacksonville University, with acollection that includes letters, diaries,and photographs related to the CivilWar, as well as historical minutes ofthe Mary Martha Reid Chapter of theUnited Daughters of the Confederacy,Florida’s first UDC Chapter. Access tothe collection is by appointment.Mandarin Museum andHistorical Society11964 Mandarin Road904.268.0784www.mandarinmuseum.netwww.mapleleafshipwreck.comThe mission of the Mandarin Museum& Historical Society is to preservebuildings, artifacts and sites relatedto the history of Mandarin and itsresidents. A highlight of the collection43is the Maple Leaf exhibit. Leased tothe Union Army by private investors,this 181-foot side-wheel paddlesteamer served the Union occupiers ofJacksonville as a transport vessel on theSt. Johns River. It was during one suchtrip on April 1, 1864, after deliveringmen and horses to Palatka, that thevessel blew up and sunk off MandarinPoint, the victim of a Confederatemine. Many years of archaeologicalwork has yielded numerous artifactswhich serve to depict the everydaylife of Civil War soldiers. Exhibitsinclude artifacts from the Maple Leaf,a scale model of the vessel, video ofthe salvage operations, and other CivilWar objects. Edwin C. Bearss, ChiefHistorian Emeritus of the NationalPark Service, described this wreckas “unsurpassed as a source for CivilWar material culture” and “the mostimportant repository of Civil Warartifacts ever found and probably willremain so.” The Mandarin Museum islocated at the Walter Jones HistoricalPark, a site that represents a typical1800s Mandarin household andfeatures a restored 1875 farmhouse andan 1876 barn.Maple Leaf exhibit, Mandarin Museum,Jacksonville.(Image courtesy of Sarah Miller, Florida Public Archaeology Network)

||Mary Martha Reid.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)Mary Martha ReidMary Martha Reid became knownduring the Civil War for her workas matron of the Florida Hospital inRichmond. Soon after the outbreakof the war, Reid’s son was serving ina Florida regiment in Virginia. Whilehis presence undoubtedly contributedto Reid’s decision to assist in theestablishment of a hospital for theFlorida troops in Virginia, the need forsuch a facility had become evident asthe large number of sick and woundedflooded the Confederate capital during thefirst year of the war. Floridians donatedmoney and material to supply thehospital, and the state provided additionalfunding. During its first year, it treatedmore than 1,000 patients and maintaineda remarkably low death rate.Confederate officials closed theFlorida Hospital in December 1863.Reid subsequently worked at Howard’sGrove Hospital near Richmond. In1864, her son fell mortally wounded atthe Battle of the Wilderness, and thegrieving mother supervised his burial.Reid continued her work until the end ofthe war, fleeing the capital on the sametrain that carried President JeffersonDavis from the city. In recognition of herwork, the Florida legislature passed anact in 1866 granting her $600 annually.She died in Fernandina in 1894.To learn more, see: “Mary MarthaReid (1812-1894)” by David J. Coles,in Women in the American Civil War,edited by Lisa Tendrich Frank, ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2008.NORTHEAST REGIONMonument to the Women of the Confederacy,Jacksonville.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Monument to the Womenof the Confederacy956 Hubbard StreetIt was during a 1900 Florida reunion ofthe United Confederate Veterans (UCV)that serious discussion of the possibilityof a memorial to the Women of theConfederacy developed, and in 1901 theFlorida Division of the UCV formallyresolved to build such a monument.Dignan Park in the City of Jacksonvillewas selected as the monument site andUCV members raised $12,000, almosthalf the purchase price, with the Floridalegislature providing the balance. Theproject got underway with the contractingof one of the nation’s leading sculptors,Allen Newman. Construction on the45-foot high rotunda began in July 1912.The installation of Newman’s sculpturestook place in mid-1915, and the formaldedication occurred in October 1915.Also in the park is a historical markererected by the Sons of ConfederateVeterans commemorating the May1914 national reunion of Confederateveterans which drew an estimated 70,000visitors to Jacksonville, including 8,000veterans, many of whom camped in tentsin Dignan Park. To commemorate theevent, the City of Jacksonville changedthe park name to Confederate Park inOctober 1914.44Museum of Scienceand History1025 Museum Circle904.396.7062www.themosh.orgwww.mapleleafshipwreck.comThe Museum of Science and Historystrives to increase the knowledgeand understanding of the naturalenvironment and history of Jacksonvilleas well as northeast Florida. An exhibit onthe Union transport Maple Leaf featuresan informational video/slide show, artifactsrecovered from the vessel’s wreckage, andan accurate scale model of the ship. Theexplosion of a Confederate torpedo (asunderwater mines were referred to at thetime) sank this 181-foot paddle-wheelvessel in the St. Johns River at MandarinPoint on April 1, 1864. Archaeologicalwork began on the Maple Leaf in 1988.More than 3,000 individual artifactshave been recovered since that time. AState Historical Marker for the “Sinkingof the Maple Leaf” is located across theSt. Johns River from the museum at theNorthbank Riverwalk.Museum ofSouthern History4304 Herschel Street904.388.3574www.museumsouthernhistory.comThis museum, established in 1975 bythe Kirby Smith Camp 1209, Sons ofConfederate Veterans, displays andinterprets artifacts relating to the CivilWar era. Visitors will find exhibits onmilitary and civilian life during theCivil War. A 6,000 volume researchlibrary includes both period and laterpublications on the subject of theAmerican Civil War.Old City CemeteryEast Union Street between Washington &Cemetery Streetswww.metrojacksonville.com/article/2007-apr-a-walk-through-history-old-city-cemeteryThis cemetery contains the remains ofapproximately 220 Confederate veterans,including Brigadier General JosephFinegan who commanded Confederateforces at the Battle of Olustee and latercommanded the Florida Brigade in

||Old City Cemetery, Jacksonville.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)the Army of Northern Virginia; andCaptain Francis P. Fleming of the 2ndFlorida Infantry and 1st Florida Cavalrywho commanded a volunteer companyat the Battle of Natural Bridge andwas governor of Florida from 1889 to1893. One section of the Confederateplot contains the remains of thosewho resided at the Jacksonville OldConfederate Soldiers and Sailors Home,and contains a historical marker withinformation about the home erected bythe Sons of Confederate Veterans. TheJacksonville home for aged and disabledConfederate veterans was in operationbetween 1893 and 1938, when the lastveteran died.NORTHEAST REGIONof abandoned property owned by Floridarebels for nonpayment of taxes. In April1864, Sammis was one of the Floridadelegates to the Republican Conventionin Baltimore which renominatedAbraham Lincoln for President. Thehouse is privately owned and is not openfor tours.Yellow Bluff FortHistoric State ParkNew Berlin Road904.251.2320www.floridastateparks.org/yellowbluffConstruction of a Confederatefortification at this site began in thesummer of 1862 as part of GeneralRobert E. Lee’s coastal defense networkfor the Confederacy. The Yellow Blufffort served a key role in defendingJacksonville from Union forces, as didthe fortification at St. Johns Bluff acrossthe St. Johns River (near present-dayFort Caroline National Memorial). Thefortifications at Yellow Bluff consistedof earthworks and an artillery battery.In October 1862, a major Federalexpedition against Jacksonville of morethan 1,500 soldiers, backed by severalgunboats, resulted in Union troopsoccupying both Yellow Bluff and St.Johns Bluff, after the forced evacuationof the sites by the outnumberedConfederates. (See the “St. Johns Bluff ”sidebar for more information.) As theUnion troops evacuated Jacksonvilleafter several days, and then returnedagain in 1863 and 1864, the YellowBluff fort changed hands several times.During the final Union occupation ofJacksonville beginning in February 1864,and lasting until the end of the war, asignal tower was erected by the U.S. ArmySignal Corps at the Yellow Bluff fortand various regiments of U.S. ColoredTroops prepared the site against possibleConfederate attack. A commemorativemonument to the Confederate defendersof Jacksonville, erected by the UnitedDaughters of the Confederacy in 1950, islocated at the site.Sammis PlantationHistorical Marker200 Garrison AvenueErected by Old Arlington, Inc., thismarker is located a short distance fromthe c.1850 Sammis House. The housewas the residence of John S. Sammis,a prominent Unionist who, in 1862,was forced to flee Jacksonville untilFebruary 1864 when Union forcesoccupied the city for the fourth and finaltime. In 1863, Sammis was appointed amember of the Direct Tax Commissionfor Florida and took up his post inFernandina. The Commission wascreated to implement the Direct TaxLaw for the assessment and taxing of allreal properties in areas under Federalcontrol and, in some instances, the saleCivil War earthworks at Yellow Bluff Fort, Jacksonville.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)45

||Nassau CountyFernandina BeachBy the time of the Civil War, Fernandina(the word Beach was added to the city’sname in 1947) on Amelia Island wasFlorida’s principal east coast port with adeep-water harbor and the eastern terminusof the Florida Railroad which ran acrossthe state to Cedar Key. In March 1862, aUnion fleet of some 26 vessels under thecommand of Navy Flag Officer Samuel F.DuPont arrived at Fernandina from its baseat Port Royal, South Carolina. Confederatetroops had been withdrawn in the face ofthis overwhelming Union force and bothFernandina and nearby Fort Clinch werecaptured without violence. Most of thecommunity’s residents also fled the island forConfederate held areas in the interior. Forthe remainder of the war, Fernandina was acenter of operations for the Union navy’sSouth Atlantic Blockading Squadron, arest center for Union troops, and a basefor Union raiding expeditions into theadjacent areas of Florida and Georgia.Various Union regiments and detachmentsof troops were stationed on AmeliaIsland through the course of the war, andoccupied abandoned homes and otherbuildings in Fernandina. Fernandina alsobecame a haven for Unionist refugees andescaped slaves from Florida and Georgia.NORTHEAST REGIONUnion boat attacked by Confederate snipers near Fernandina. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)Amelia Island Lighthouse215½ Lighthouse Circle904.277.7350www.fbfl.us/index.aspx?NID=474Constructed in 1839 using materialstaken from the former 1820 CumberlandIsland Lighthouse in Georgia, theAmelia Island Lighthouse is the oldestexisting lighthouse in Florida. In June1861, Confederate authorities orderedthe lighthouse to be darkened and itslighting apparatus removed. The lens andother lighthouse equipment was shippedin November 1861 on the FloridaRailroad to Waldo for safekeepingand then, in October 1864, moved toMadison. After the Union occupationof Amelia Island in March 1862, Federalmilitary authorities recommended thatthe lighthouse be relit and, in 1864,the lighthouse was again operational.In 2001, the lighthouse was transferredfrom the U.S. Coast Guard to the Cityof Fernandina Beach, which offers publictours of the site.Amelia Island Museumof History233 South 3rd Street904.261.7378www.ameliamuseum.orgFounded in 1975, the Amelia IslandMuseum of History is located in therestored 1938 Old County Jail building.The museum contains exhibits on thehistory of Nassau County including adual exhibit that examines the Civil Waron Amelia Island, as well as the impacton Florida of David Levy Yulee and hisFlorida Railroad. The Jaccard ResearchLibrary, a repository of images, letters,maps and other documents relating toNassau County history, is available forresearch purposes.Confederate Brigadier GeneralJoseph Finegan.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)Joseph FineganJoseph Finegan was one of sixIrish-born generals in the ConfederateArmy. Little is known of his earlylife, or when he arrived in America,though he eventually settled inFernandina, partnering with David Yuleein the operation of the Florida Railroad,which linked Fernandina with CedarKey. Finegan attended the SecessionConvention and, when the war began,commanded the Fernandina Volunteers.In April 1862, Finegan was promotedto brigadier general, and assumedcommand of the District of Middle andEast Florida. Later the district was divided,with Finegan exercising authority over thearea east of the Suwannee River. Early inFebruary 1864, Federal forces mountedtheir largest invasion of Florida. To meetthis threat, Finegan consolidated hisscattered troops and, with reinforcementsfrom Georgia, constructed entrenchmentsnear Olustee, east of Lake City. Theensuing Battle of Olustee on February 20resulted in a resounding Confederatevictory with the Union force retreatingback to Jacksonville.In May 1864, Finegan tookreinforcements to Virginia and assumedcommand of the Army of NorthernVirginia's Florida Brigade. In March1865, suffering from exhaustion, heresigned and returned to Florida. Afterthe war, Finegan spent one term in theFlorida legislature, and then moved toSavannah before returning to Florida,where he died in 1885.To learn more, see: “JosephFinegan: Fernandina’s ConfederateGeneral” by Charles Litrico, AmeliaNow, Fall 1998. (Also availableonline at: www.amelianow.com/fall98finegan.htm)46

||Bosque BelloCemetery1320 North 14th StreetThis cemetery containsthe remains of bothConfederate and UnionCivil War veterans,including Confederate navyLieutenant Edward J.K.Johnston, who died of illnesswhile in a Union prisonerof war (POW) camp at FortWarren, Massachusetts in1863. Due to post closings,the Federal governmentmoved his grave three timesin New England with hislast resting place at FortDevens, Massachusetts. In2002, he was reinterredin the Bosque Bello Cemetery inhis hometown. It is believed thatLieutenant Johnston was the lastConfederate POW buried in NewEngland to be returned to the South.First Presbyterian Church19 North 6th Street904.261.3837www.1stpres-fb.com/history.htmConstructed in 1859, this church wasused as a military barracks for Uniontroops during the Federal occupation ofFernandina and later as a primary schooloperated by the Freedmen’s Bureau forteaching freed slaves. It is reported thatUnion troops planned to confiscatethe church bell to melt it down forarmaments, but that a Union officer,Major W.B.C. Duryee, intervened andprevented its dismantling.Florida House Inn22 South 3rd Street904.491.3322 or toll-free 1.800.258.3301www.floridahouseinn.comConstructed in 1857 by the FloridaRailroad Company, it is among the state’soldest surviving tourist hotels. Duringthe Federal occupation of Fernandina,the house was occupied by Union troopsfor officers quarters. The house is nowoperated as a bed and breakfast inn.NORTHEAST REGIONThe Peninsula Newspaper printed in Union-occupied Fernandina, 1864.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)Fort Clinch State Park2601 Atlantic Avenue904.277.7274www.floridastateparks.org/fortclinchConstruction of Fort Clinch began in1847, and today it is considered one ofthe best preserved 19th century fortsin the nation. Sited on the northerntip of Amelia Island, this fort providedprotection for the deep-water port ofFernandina. In January 1861, as Floridaprepared to secede from the Union,Florida militia seized Fort Clinch fromits lone Federal fort keeper and twolaborers. While under Confederatecontrol, additional cannons from FortMarion in St. Augustine were sent toFort Clinch and the fortserved as a safe haven forblockade runners. In late1861, General Robert E.Lee, then commandingthe Department of SouthCarolina, Georgia andFlorida, personally inspectedConfederate defenseson Amelia Island, and inFebruary 1862 authorizedtheir evacuation because ofthe Union’s superior navalforces. The withdrawalhad not been completedwhen, in March 1862,a large Union invasionflotilla approached AmeliaIsland and forced a hastyevacuation of Fort Clinchby the remaining Confederate troops.Union forces occupied the fort fromthat point until the end of the CivilWar, and at least 14 different Unionregiments were stationed there during thewar. Fort Clinch was declared surplusgovernment property and sold to localFernandina developers in 1926. In 1935,the property was purchased by the Stateof Florida. Visitor center exhibits tell thefort’s history, and Fort Clinch park staffand volunteers in Civil War uniformsprovide living history programmingon a daily basis. Larger reenactmentsoccur on the first full weekend of eachmonth during the “First WeekendUnion Garrisons”, and also during“Confederate Garrison” events.Fort Clinch, Fernandina Beach. (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)47

||NORTHEAST REGIONMerrick-Simmons House102 South 10th StreetAfter the Union occupation ofFernandina in 1862, this c.1860 housewas used as a hospital for Uniontroops. In June 1863, the propertypassed to the ownership of ChloeMerrick in a tax sale of abandonedConfederate properties and sheowned it until 1865. Merrick hadarrived in Fernandina from Syracuse,New York in late 1862 as the agentfor the National Freedman’s ReliefAssociation of New York, and hadhelped establish a Freedman’s Schoolin Fernandina’s Episcopal Church,where she taught freed slaves. In 1863,she also established and organizedthe Fernandina orphanage in theabandoned home of ConfederateBrigadier General Joseph Finegan,which was also purchased in a taxsale. After the war, Merrick marriedHarrison Reed, who was Governor ofFlorida from 1869 to 1873. A GreatFloridian 2000 plaque for ChloeMerrick is located on this house. Thehouse was most recently used forcommercial offices and is not openfor tours.Williams House103 South 9th Street904.277.2328 or toll-free 1.800.414.9258www.williamshouse.comConfederate President Jefferson Daviswas a friend of the Williams familyand was a guest in this c.1856 house.It is reported that some of his personaleffects were stored in theWilliams House duringthe Civil War. After theFederal occupation of thecity in 1862, the Williamsfamily fled to Waldo, andthe house was used byUnion troops as officersquarters. The adjacentc.1859 Hearthstonebuilding on the WilliamsHouse property was usedas an infirmary for Uniontroops. The house is nowoperated as a bed andbreakfast inn.Confederate Monument, Palatka.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Putnam CountyPalatkaDuring the Civil War, severalConfederate military camps were locatedin the Palatka area, including a numberin the vicinity of present-day RavineGardens State Park. However, afterUnion gunboats gained control of theSt. Johns River in 1862, most residentsof Palatka abandoned the city andresettled in nearby Orange Springs andFlorahome. Throughout 1862, whileraiding plantations alongthe St. Johns River, Uniongunboats periodicallylanded at Palatka, whichthey found mostlydeserted. However,in March 1863, anattempted landingat Palatka by Unionsoldiers from tworegiments of U.S.Colored Troops was repulsed by the 2ndFlorida Cavalry under the command ofCaptain J.J. Dickison. Dickison reportedthat the Union force had suffered 20to 30 casualties of dead and woundedwhile the Confederates suffered oneman wounded. In March 1864, a strongUnion force commanded by ColonelWilliam Barton occupied Palatka wherethey moved into deserted buildings anderected earthworks surrounding thetown. Several skirmishes were foughtbetween Union pickets and Confederateforces around Palatka until April 1864when the Federal force evacuated thecity. In July 1864, Palatka was againoccupied by a strong Union forcewhich skirmished with Confederatetroops until August 1864, when theFederal troops abandoned Palatka forthe duration of the war. In 1924, aConfederate monument was erected inPalatka by the United Daughters of theConfederacy on the Putnam CountyCourthouse lawn.Bronson-MulhollandHouse100 Madison Street386.329.0140www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~flpchs/virtual_tour.htmThe Bronson-Mulholland House wasconstructed in 1854 by United StatesDistrict Judge Isaac Bronson. After hisdeath in 1855, his widow SophroniaBronson remained at the house untilthe outbreak of the Civil War when shereturned to her former home in NewYork. During the war, the vacant housewas occupied by Confederate soldiersand, during the Federal occupationsof Palatka, used as quarters by Uniontroops. After the war, in 1866, aFreedman’s School, supported by theNew York branch of the Freedmen’sUnion Commission for teaching freedslaves, was opened in the house byCharlotte J. Henry, a friend of SophroniaBronson. Acquired by the City ofPalatka in 1965, the house is operated bythe Putnam County Historical Society asa museum of local history.Union army officer’s vest and Civil War-era telescope.(Images courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)48

||Fort ShannonOfficers Quarters110 Madison Street386.329.0140Believed to have been constructed inc.1842 as a part of the Seminole Warera Fort Shannon, the building was inprivate ownership by the time of the CivilWar. It was used as a military barracks byUnion troops during their occupations ofPalatka. Originally located at 224 North1st Street, the building was relocated toits current site adjacent to the Bronson-Mulholland House in 1984 as part ofthe Putnam County Historical Society’shistoric museum complex. Operatedby the Society as the Putnam HistoricMuseum, this building contains exhibitcases of Civil War period objects.St. Mark’sEpiscopal Church200 North Main Street386.328.1474http://stmarkspalatka.net/history.aspxConstructed in 1854, this is the oldestchurch in Palatka. During the Federaloccupations of Palatka, the church was usedas a military barracks for Union troops. AState Historical Marker at the site providesinformation on the church’s history.Westview CemeteryCrill Avenue and Osceola StreetThis cemetery contains the remains of at least49 Confederate veterans, including CaptainWinston J.T. Stephens of the 2nd FloridaCavalry who was killed during a skirmishat Cedar Creek west of Jacksonville in1864, and Colonel Hubbard L. Hart, anassistant quartermaster and the owner oftwo steamboats which were used by theConfederacy to transport supplies. Alsoburied here is James O. Devall, a delegateto the Florida Secession Convention andthe owner of the General Sumpter, thefirst steamboat built in Palatka. In March1864, the General Sumpter was capturedby the Union gunboat USS Columbinein Lake George south of Palatka with allits officers and crew. The cemetery alsocontains the remains of at least 20 Unionveterans including at least 11 soldiers ofthe U.S. Colored Troops.NORTHEAST REGIONSkirmish at Braddock’s Farm near Welaka in 1865, from Dickison and His Men.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)UnionismWhile most Floridians supportedsecession in 1860-1861, a numberstill exhibited a lingering loyalty to theUnited States. As the war progressed,anti-war and pro-Union sentiment inthe state increased. Some may haveoriginally opposed secession, whileothers became demoralized anddisenchanted with Confederate policies.Conscription alienated many, as did theImpressment Act, which authorized thegovernment’s seizure of food and othergoods. Widespread shortages and longcasualty lists added to the discontent.As anti-war and pro-Unionsentiment increased, some Unionistsfled to the protection of Federal militaryforces. Others hid in remote areas ofthe state, their numbers augmentedby deserters who grew in numberas the war progressed. In addition tothe white population, large numbersof Florida slaves, with no loyalty tothe Confederacy, likewise fled to theprotection of Union forces.The strongest example of militantUnionism in Florida was the formationof the 1st and 2nd Florida UnionCavalry Regiments, which served inthe Federal army. These units took partin numerous skirmishes during 1864-1865. Though not all Florida Unionistsdemonstrated their opposition to theConfederacy to that extent, it appearsobvious that, while many FloridiansLieutenant Frederick Jost, 1st FloridaUnion Cavalry.(Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)remained loyal to their new nationuntil the final surrender, others hadlong since abandoned the causeand looked to the Union victory withsatisfaction or relief.To learn more, see: “Deprivation,Disaffection, and Desertion inConfederate Florida” by John F. Reiger,The Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol.48, No. 3, January 1970.49

||St. Johns CountySt. AugustineFounded by the Spanish in 1565,St. Augustine is the nation’s oldestcontinuously occupied European cityand port. Between 1672 and 1695, theSpanish constructed a massive coquinafort at St. Augustine, the Castillode San Marcos, which was renamedFort Marion by the Americans afterSpain ceded Florida to the UnitedStates in 1821. On the eve of Florida’swithdrawal from the Union in earlyJanuary 1861, under orders fromGovernor Madison S. Perry, statemilitia seized the fort without violence.During the first year of the CivilWar, several Confederate blockaderunners operated out of the port ofSt. Augustine. Confederate forcesoccupied St. Augustine until March1862 when they withdrew from thecity to prevent civilian casualties asUnion warships approached. Manyof the city’s residents also fled toConfederate held areas in the state’sinterior. Union forces occupied St.Augustine, and strengthened thedefenses at Fort Marion and otherareas around the city. For the durationof the war, St. Augustine was underEdmund Kirby SmithThe highest ranking Floridian inConfederate military service wasEdmund Kirby Smith. Born in St.Augustine in 1824, he graduatedfrom West Point and fought in theMexican War. In 1861, Smith resignedhis commission and joined theConfederate army. Quickly rising tothe rank of brigadier general, Smithwas wounded at the First Battle of BullRun (Manassas). In the fall of 1861,he earned promotion to major generaland the following spring was put incommand of East Tennessee and tookpart in the invasion of Kentucky.Despite a relatively undistinguishedcareer to this point, Smith waspromoted to lieutenant generalNORTHEAST REGIONUnion control and was used mainlyas a rest center for Union troops. St.Augustine also became a haven forUnionist refugees and escaped slaves.Nearly 150 local African Americanswere recruited for service in the 21st,33rd, and 34th U.S. Colored Infantryregiments. Although the Confederatesnever directly attacked the garrisonat Fort Marion, Confederate forcesunder the command of Captain J.J.Dickison occasionally skirmished onthe outskirts of the city with Uniontroops sent out to gather firewood.One such skirmish in March 1863resulted in the capture of five Unionsoldiers. A second and larger skirmishin December 1863 resulted in sixUnion soldiers killed or woundedand 24 taken prisoner, while theConfederates reported no casualties.Arrivas House46 St. George Street904.825.5033http://staugustinegovernment.com/your_government/PurposeofHT.cfmConstructed in c.1740, this house wasthe residence of Paul Arnau, the St.Augustine Collector of Customs andSuperintendent of Lighthouses. InJanuary 1861, Confederate authoritiesordered the St. Augustine Lighthouseand placed in command of the vastDepartment of the Trans-Mississippi,the region west of the Mississippi River.He was criticized by some for inactionduring the Vicksburg campaign, and foroveremphasizing operations in Arkansasand Missouri at the expense of Louisiana.Nonetheless, President Davis promotedSmith to full general and, as the warprogressed, he maintained such autonomythat the region became known as “KirbySmithdom.” He went into exile in Mexicoat the war’s end before returning to theUnited States. When Smith died in 1893,he was the last surviving full general ofthe Confederacy.To learn more, see: General EdmundKirby Smith, C.S.A. by Joseph H. Parks,Louisiana State University Press, 1954,reprint 1982 Southern Biography Series.to be darkened. Arnau oversaw itsdarkening, and the later removal of itslighting apparatus. Arnau also orderedthat the lighting apparatus at the CapeCanaveral Lighthouse be removed,and is believed to have organized thegroup that, in August 1861, removedthe lenses and machinery from theJupiter Inlet Lighthouse and wreckedthe lighting mechanism on the CapeFlorida Lighthouse. Elected mayor ofSt. Augustine in November 1861, Arnauresigned that post in March 1862 ratherthan surrender the city to the Unionnavy. After the Union occupation ofthe city, Arnau was arrested and takenaboard the USS Isaac Smith. He wasreleased after lighting mechanisms fromthe St. Augustine and Cape CanaveralLighthouses, as well as other lighthouseequipment which he had stored at hishouse, were returned to the Union navy.Dummett House(St. Francis Inn)279 St. George Street904.824.6068 or toll-free 1.800.824.6062www.stfrancisinn.comOwned by Confederate LieutenantGeneral William J. Hardee, this c.1791house was the residence of his sister-in-lawAnna Dummett, an ardent ConfederateConfederate General Edmund Kirby Smith.(Image courtesy of the Library of Congress)50

||NORTHEAST REGIONFort Marion, Castillo de San Marcos National Monument, St. Augustine. (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)supporter, who raised the widowedHardee’s four children there while heserved as Commandant of Cadets at WestPoint and then later as a Confederatecorps commander in the western theater.In 1864, Hardee was placed in commandof the Military Department of SouthCarolina, Georgia, and Florida, wherehe opposed Sherman’s March to the Sea.After the war, in 1866, Anna Dummettbecame the first president of the St.Augustine Ladies Memorial Associationand led the effort to raise funds forthe erection of the city’s Confederatemonument. The house is now operated asa bed and breakfast inn.Fort Marion,Castillo de San MarcosNational Monument1 South Castillo Avenue904.829.6506www.nps.gov/casaFor protection of their interests in LaFlorida, the Spanish began constructionof Castillo de San Marcos in 1672.Constructed of coquina quarried onnearby Anastasia Island, the fort is theonly surviving 17th century militarystructure in the United States. AfterSpain ceded Florida to the United Statesin 1821, the Americans changed thename of the Castillo to Fort Marion in1825. On the eve of the Civil War, theU.S. military presence had largely beenwithdrawn from St. Augustine and FortMarion’s caretaker garrison consisted ofone ordnance sergeant. As the SecessionConvention was meeting in Tallahassee inearly January 1861, Governor Madison S.Perry ordered the seizure of Fort Marion.On January 7, 1861, state militia fromSt. Augustine and Fernandina seizedthe fort without violence. During theremainder of 1861, a number of artillerypieces were removed from Fort Marionto reinforce Confederate troops at FortClinch near Fernandina, the St. JohnsBluff, and outside the state. Confederateforces occupied Fort Marion until March1862, when they evacuated St. Augustine.Union forces occupied the abandonedFort Marion, strengthened its defenses,and remained at the fort for the duration51of the war. No Confederate attempt wasmade to retake the fort. In 1933, FortMarion was transferred from the WarDepartment to the National Park Service,and, in 1942, the fort’s name was restoredto Castillo de San Marcos.Government House48 King Street904.825.5079www.staugustinegovernment.com/visitors/gov-house.cfmOn March 11, 1862, a small Unionlanding party under the command ofNaval Commander C. R. P. Rogersproceeded to the Government House,the seat of local government constructedin the early 1700s. There, CommanderRogers informed the St. Augustine CityCouncil of the terms of surrender for thecity. After the Federal occupation of thecity, the building was used as a militarybarracks, a hospital and a theater forUnion troops. The building containsa museum with a Civil War exhibitcontaining period artifacts and historicphotographs of St. Augustine.

NORTHWEST REGION(pages 9-21)Bay County• Union Soldier Monument• Confederate Salt Kettle• St. Andrew Bay Saltworks State Historical Marker• St. Andrew Skirmish State Historical MarkerEscambia County• Barrancas National Cemetery• Fort Barrancas• Fort Pickens• Historic Pensacola Village• Hyer-Knowles Planing Mill• Confederate Monument, Lee Square• Pensacola Lighthouse• Pensacola Navy Yard• St. Johns Cemetery• St. Michael’s CemeteryFranklin County• Chestnut Street Cemetery• Orman House Historic State Park• Raney House• Trinity Episcopal Church• Cape St. George Lighthouse• Fort GadsdenGulf County• St. Joseph Saltworks State Historical MarkerJackson County• Battle of Marianna Historical Markers• Confederate Monument• Battle of Marianna Monument• Davis-West House• Ely-Criglar House Historical Marker• Holden House Historical Marker• Riverside Cemetery• St. Luke’s CemeteryLiberty County• Torreya State ParkOkaloosa County• Fort Walton Beach Heritage Park& Cultural CenterSanta Rosa County• Bagdad Cemetery• Bagdad Village Museum & Complex• Thompson House and Civil War SkirmishState Historical Marker• Arcadia Mill SiteWalton County• Confederate MonumentWashington County• Moss Hill United Methodist ChurchNORTH CENTRAL REGION(pages 22-38)Alachua County• Cotton Wood Plantation State Historical Marker• Battle of Gainesville State Historical Marker• Confederate Monument• Bailey House State Historical Marker• Evergreen Cemetery• Haile Homestead at Kanapaha Plantation• Matheson Museum Complex• Old Gainesville Depot• P.K. Yonge Library of Florida History,University of Florida• Oak Ridge Cemetery• Dudley Farm Historic State Park• J. J. Dickison and Davis Baggage TrainState Historical Marker|Bradford County• Captain Richard Bradford State Historical MarkerColumbia County• Battle of Olustee Monument• Lake City-Columbia County Historical Museum• Oaklawn CemeteryGadsden County• Chattahoochee Arsenal• CSS Chattahoochee Monument• Confederate Monument• A.K. Allison House• Smallwood-White House State Historical Marker• Soldiers Cemetery in Eastern Cemetery• The Quincy Academy State Historical Marker• Western CemeteryHamilton County• Riverside CemeteryJefferson County• Lloyd Railroad Depot• Confederate Monument• Old City and Roseland Cemeteries• Palmer Family Graveyard and Palmer-Perkins HouseLeon County• Bellevue (Murat House)• Brokaw-McDougall House• Florida Historic Capitol• Confederate Monument• Florida State University Libraries SpecialCollections and Archives, Strozier Library• Fort Houstoun• Jacksonville, Pensacola & MobileRailroad Company Freight Depot• Knott House Museum• Meginnis-Munroe House• Museum of Florida History• Old City Cemetery• State Archives of Florida/State Library of Florida• St. Johns Episcopal Church Cemetery• Tallahassee-St. Marks Historic Railroad State Trail• The Grove• Union Bank• Natural Bridge Battlefield Historic State ParkLevy County• Cedar Key Historical Society Museum• Cedar Key Museum State Park• Old Island Hotel• Cedar Keys LighthouseMadison County• Confederate Monument, Four Freedoms Park• Oakland Cemetery• Oak Ridge Cemetery• Treasures of Madison County Museum andMadison County Genealogical Library• Wardlaw-Smith-Goza HouseSuwannee County• Suwannee River State ParkTaylor County• Taylor County Saltworks State Historical MarkerWakulla County• Wakulla History Museum & Archives• Fort Ward, San Marcos de ApalacheHistoric State Park• St. Marks LighthouseNORTHEAST REGION(pages 39-53)Baker County• Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park• Sanderson Camp State Historical Marker54E S C A M B I A|S A N T A R O S ABagdadPensacola10O K A L O O S AW A L T O NClay County• Magnolia Springs Cemetery• Clark-Chalker HouseDuval County• Camp Milton Historic Preserve• Confederate Monument• Evergreen Cemetery• Jacksonville Historical Society Archives• Mandarin Museum and Historical Society• Monument to the Women of the Confederacy• Museum of Science and History• Museum of Southern History• Old City Cemetery• Sammis Plantation Historical Marker• Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State ParkNassau County• Amelia Island Lighthouse• Amelia Island Museum of History• Bosque Bello Cemetery• First Presbyterian Church• Florida House Inn• Fort Clinch State Park• Merrick-Simmons House• Williams HousePutnam County• Confederate Monument• Bronson-Mulholland House• Fort Shannon Officers Quarters• St. Mark’s Episcopal Church• Westview CemeterySt. Johns County• Arrivas House• Dummett House (St. Francis Inn)• Fort Marion, Castillo de San MarcosNational Monument• Government House• Llambias House• Loring Memorial• Markland (Anderson House)• Confederate Monument, Plaza de la Constitucion• San Lorenzo Cemetery• Segui-Kirby Smith House• St. Augustine Historical Society• St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum• St. Augustine National Cemetery• St. Francis Barracks• Tolomato CemeteryCENTRAL REGION(pages 56-58)Marion County• Confederate Monument• Marshall Plantation State Historical Marker• Silver River Museum & EnvironmentalEducation Center• Orange Springs Community Church and CemeteryOrange County• Confederate Monument• Greenwood CemeteryOsceola County• St. Cloud Heritage Museum

J A C K S O NH O L M E SMarianna||W A S H I N G T O NB A YC A L H O U NPanama City10QuincyG A D S D E NL E O NJEFFERSONTallahasseeW A K U L L AL I B E R T YT A Y L O RMadisonM A D I S O NH A M I L T O NC O L U M B I AS U W A N N E ELake CityU N I O N10B A K E RN A S S A UDUVAL95Fernandina BeachJacksonvilleG U L FF R A N K L I NL A F A Y E T T EB R A D F O R DC L A YST. JOHNSSt. AugustineApalachicolaPolk County• Oak Hill Cemetery• Polk County Historical Museum• Fort Meade Historical Museum• Confederate MonumentSeminole County• Geneva CemeteryCENTRAL EAST REGION(page 59)Brevard County• The Florida Historical SocietyVolusia County• De Leon Springs State Park• New Smyrna Museum of History• Old Fort ParkCENTRAL WEST REGION(pages 60-65)Citrus County• Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins Historic State Park• The Old Courthouse Heritage MuseumHernando County• Confederate Monument• May-Stringer House• Bayport ParkHillsborough County• Egmont Key Lighthouse• East Hillsborough Historical Society Museum• Confederate Monument• Fort Brooke Battery• Oaklawn Cemetery• Tampa Blockade Runners andBattle of Ballast Point Historical Markers• Woodlawn CemeteryPinellas County• Greenwood Cemetery• Miranda Home State Historical MarkerSOUTHWEST REGION(pages 66-69)Hendry County• Fort Thompson State Historical MarkerLee County• Fort Myers Attack State Historical Marker• Monument to U. S. Colored Troops• Southwest Florida Museum of HistoryManatee County• Confederate Monument• Curry Settlement Homes• First Manatee County Courthouse• Manatee Burying Ground Cemetery• Manatee County Historical Records Library• South Florida Museum• Gamble Plantation Historic State ParkD I X I ECedar KeyGILCHRISTL E V YPINELLASSt. Petersburg55275C I T R U SH E R N A N D OP A S C OBradentonSOUTHEAST REGION(pages 70-76)Miami-Dade County75A L A C H U AGainesville75H I L L S B O R O U G HTampaM A N A T E E• Cape Florida Lighthouse• City of Miami Cemetery• Union MonumentMonroe County• Fort Jefferson• Union Monuments• East and West Martello Towers• Fort Zachary Taylor Historic State Park• Hemingway House• Key West Cemetery• Key West Lighthouse• “Key West Oldest House”• Mallory Homesite Historical Marker• Naval Base Key WestPalm Beach County• Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse• Woodlawn CemeteryS A R A S O T AM A R I O NOcalaS U M T E RPalatkaP U T N A M4H A R D E EL A K EBartowP O L KD E S O T OC H A R L O T T EFt. MyersL E EKey WestF L A G L E ROrlandoS E M I N O L EH I G H L A N D SG L A D E SH E N D R YC O L L I E RV O L U S I AO R A N G EO S C E O L A95O K E E C H O B E EM O N R O ENew Smyrna BeachB R E V A R D75I N D I A N R I V E RB R O W A R D95ST. LUCIEM A R T I NP A L M B E A C HM I A M I - D A D E95MiamiJupiter

||Marion CountyOcalaConfederate Monument2601 SE Fort King StreetThis monument was erected in 1908 bythe United Daughters of the Confederacybeside the Marion County Courthousein the downtown Ocala Public Square.Although a new larger county courthousewas constructed in 1965 and thenexpanded in 1991, the monumentremained in front of the courthouse until2007 when another expansion resulted inits relocation to a nook on the building’ssouth side. In August 2010, it was movedto the Ocala-Marion County VeteransMemorial Park.Marshall PlantationState Historical MarkerSharpe’s Ferry Roadat Ocklawaha River BridgeEast of OcalaA State Historical Marker for the “MarshallPlantation Site” is located a short distancesouth of the sugar plantation of Jehu FosterMarshall. From South Carolina, Marshallestablished his Florida plantation in 1855.At the outbreak of the war, Marshallreturned to his native state to serve asCENTRAL REGIONUnveiling of Confederate Monument at Ocala, 1908. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)colonel in Orr’s 1 st South Carolina Rifles,and was killed at the Battle of Second BullRun (Second Manassas) in August 1862.Under the supervision of his widow, theplantation continued to supply syrup andsugar to the Confederacy. In March 1865,an expedition of U.S. Colored Troopsfrom Jacksonville moved south intoMarion County to raid area plantations.The Marshall Plantation and sugar millwere destroyed. The Ocala Home Guardmilitia attacked the raiding force as theywere leaving the plantation, and a runningskirmish was fought to the OcklawahaRiver. The Union force withdrew acrossthe river and set fire to the bridge, blockingCaptain J.J. Dickison, 2nd Florida Cavalry.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)John Jackson DickisonThe most prominent Confederatepartisan leader in Florida, the legendaryCaptain J.J. Dickison helped maintainConfederate control over north-centralFlorida during the war’s later years.When the war began, Dickison served inthe Marion Artillery before recruiting amounted company that became part ofthe 2nd Florida Cavalry. From 1863 untilthe war’s end, Dickison defended Florida’sinterior against attacks from the Unionoccupiedcoast. To loyal Confederates hisexploits reached near mythic proportions.In the spring of 1864, Dickisoncaptured the Union outposts at Welakaand Saunders, and then ambushed andforced the surrender of the Union gunboatUSS Columbine at Horse Landing.In August 1864, he drove off a Unioncavalry force that had briefly occupiedGainesville, inflicting nearly 200casualties. Early in 1865, Dickisonskirmished with Federal forces atBraddock’s Farm, where he shot andmortally wounded the commander ofthe enemy detachment. He then movedhis force to the Gulf coast to meetanother Federal threat, skirmishingwith the Federals at Station Number 4.While Dickison’s efforts ensured thatthe interior of Florida remained inConfederate hands, he could do nothingto delay the inexorable collapse of theConfederacy, and he surrendered hiscommand at Waldo on May 20, 1865.To learn more, see: J.J. Dickison:Swamp Fox of the Confederacy by JohnJ. Koblas, North Star Press of St. Cloud,Inc., 2000.56

||the pursuit by the Home Guard. Theskirmish resulted in the death of two ofthe Home Guard and two others mortallywounded. The Union force suffered twodead and four wounded. Once acrossthe river, the Union force attacked theHolly Plantation and then headed forthe Federal garrison at St. Augustine.The 2nd Florida Cavalry, under thecommand of Captain J.J. Dickison,pursued the Union force to St. Augustineforcing them to abandon the propertythey had seized during the raid. Each fall,the Ocklawaha River Raid Reenactment,including battle reenactments and otheractivities, commemorates the event atthe Florida Carriage Museum & Resortin Weirsdale.Silver River Museum& EnvironmentalEducation Center1445 NE 58th Avenue352.236.5401www.marion.k12.fl.us/district/srm/index.cfmThis museum is located within theSilver River State Park and is operatedby the Marion County School Districtin cooperation with the park. The“American Civil War in Marion County”exhibit case features period objects,including a small iron cannon and anumber of artillery projectiles, along withsoldiers’ equipment.Orange SpringsOrange SpringsCommunity Churchand CemeteryState Road 315 and Church Street352.546.5952Constructed in c.1852, the land forthe church and cemetery was donatedby local businessman John W. Pearson,who also donated the materials for thechurch’s construction. During the CivilWar, Pearson organized, equipped andcommanded the “Ocklawaha Rangers”,a unit of local residents, which fought atthe Battle of Olustee and later becamea company in the 9 th Florida Infantry.Pearson’s machine shop in OrangeSprings also manufactured artillery andrefurbished firearms for the ConfederateCENTRAL REGIONmilitary. While serving as lieutenantcolonel, Pearson was severely woundedat the Battle of Globe Tavern, Virginiain August 1864. While en route back toOrange Springs the following month, hedied in Georgia from his wounds, andwas buried there. Local tradition holdsthat the Orange Springs CommunityChurch served as a Confederate hospitalduring the war. The cemetery contains theremains of both Confederate and Unionsoldiers, and a memorial monument forPearson is located there.Orange CountyOrlandoConfederate MonumentLake Eola Park195 North Rosalind AvenueDedicated in 1911 by the UnitedDaughters of the Confederacy, thisGeorgia marble monument was erectedin memory of the soldiers, sailors, andstatesmen of the Confederacy. The ladiesof the local UDC chapter amassed $2,500for this memorial by sponsoring manystrawberry and ice cream festivals. FloridaAttorney General Park Trammell, wholater became governor, was the speaker forthe dedication.Originallyplaced at theintersectionof CentralBoulevardand MagnoliaAvenue, it wasmoved to itspresent locationin 1917 toresolve a traffichazard issue.Confederate Monument, Orlando.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Greenwood Cemetery1603 Greenwood Street407.246.2616www.cityoforlando.net/greenwoodEstablished in 1880 and purchased by theCity of Orlando in 1892, this cemeterycontains both Confederate and Unionsections. Over 100 Confederate veteransand nearly 100 Union veterans are interredin the cemetery. Among the Confederateveterans is William H. Jewell, who servedin the 21 st Mississippi Infantry and lateron the staff of Lieutenant General WadeHampton, and, in the postwar period, asa Florida legislator and Mayor of Orlandofrom 1907 to 1910. The Union section ofthe cemetery contains a monument erectedby the Grand Army of the Republic, aUnion veteran’s organization.Osceola CountySt. CloudSt. CloudHeritage Museum1012 Massachusetts Avenue407.957.7587www.stcloudheritagemuseum.comLocated in the 1922 Veterans MemorialLibrary, the museum contains exhibitson the history and founding of thiscommunity. St. Cloud’s history is linkedclosely with the Grand Army of theRepublic (GAR), the largest organizationof Union veterans of the Civil War. Whilesearching for a setting in which to locatea Union veteran’s retirement colony, theSeminole Land and Investment Companyacquired 35,000 acres of land here in1909. Lured by the favorable climate,GAR members purchased 25 x 150’ lotsfor $50, sight unseen. Sleeping on cotsin old army tents while they built theirhomes, the community had a populationof more than 2,000 within a few years,and in 1911 the Florida legislaturegranted a charter of incorporation. In1914, the Grand Army of the RepublicMemorial Hall was constructed at 1101Massachusetts Avenue as a memorialto Union army veterans, and today isconsidered one of the best preservedGAR halls in the country. The museum’scollections include early colony records,names and obituaries for the more than350 Union veterans interred in Mt. PeaceCemetery, and GAR memorabilia, as wellas numerous images and objects from thecity’s early history.57

||Brevard CountyCocoaThe FloridaHistorical Society435 Brevard Avenue321.690.1971www.myfloridahistory.orgFounded in 1856 in St. Augustine, theprimary mission of the Florida HistoricalSociety is to collect, preserve, andpublish materials relating to the historyof Florida and its peoples. After a periodof inactivity during the Civil War andReconstruction, it resumed operation in1902. The society publishes the FloridaHistorical Quarterly and maintains theLibrary of Florida History, an extensivecollection of historical documents, maps,and photographs. The collection containsnumerous Civil War documents, includingthe papers of Captain Francis P. Flemingof the 2nd Florida Infantry and 1st FloridaCavalry and Florida governor from 1889to 1893, and the papers of Mary MarthaReid who served as the matron of theFlorida Hospital in Richmond, Virginia.Volusia CountyDeLeon SpringsDe Leon SpringsState Park601 Ponce de Leon Boulevard386.985.4212www.floridastateparks.org/deleonspringsIn April 1864, a Union army expeditionof almost 1,000 men from the 17thConnecticut Infantry, the 75th OhioMounted Infantry, and the 35th U.S.Colored Infantry, under the commandof Brigadier General William Birney,moved into Volusia County to disruptConfederate supply lines and destroysupply sources. One of the objectivesof Birney’s Raid was Spring GardenPlantation (now De LeonSprings State Park)CENTRAL EAST REGIONwhere three cotton gins and a gristmillwith four grinding stones for producingcorn meal had been constructed. Themill and gins were all powered byan undershot water wheel suppliedby a large natural spring. The Unionsoldiers destroyed the plantation andthe gristmill machinery was throwninto the spring. The water wheel wasreconstructed in 1999 and is now part ofa restaurant at the park.New Smyrna BeachDuring the Civil War, New Smyrna (theword Beach was added to the city’s namein 1947) was an active area for blockaderunning and salt production. Severalmilitary actions took place there. In March1862, a Union navy raiding force from theUSS Penguin and the USS Henry Andrewwas attacked at the Old Stone Wharf byConfederate soldiers of the 3rd FloridaInfantry. The Union force suffered eightkilled, several wounded and three takenprisoner. The Confederate force reportedno casualties. An escaped slave who hadguided the Union force was also capturedand hanged. In July 1863, the Unionnavy returned to New Smyrna when theUSS Oleander and the USS Beauregardquietly slipped into the Indian River andanchored opposite the town. In whatthe Confederates considered retaliationfor the earlier Union defeat, the Unionships shelled the community and thensent a landing force ashore to burn thosebuildings which had escaped the shelling.After destroying large quantities of cottonand several vessels to prevent their capture,the community’s residents fled to thenearby woods. In May 1864, a columnof Union troops under the command ofBrigadier General William Birney enteredNew Smyrna during an expedition intoCentral Florida. They captured twoschooners there, the Fannie and the Shell,loaded with cotton and ready to runthe blockade.New SmyrnaMuseum of History120 Sams Avenue386.478.0052Located in the restored 1925 OldPost Office building, the museum’sPerimeter Gallery contains exhibits onlocal history, and includes Civil Warartifacts. The museum also contains theSheldon Research Library consisting ofdocuments, books, periodicals, maps,and photographs relating to the historyof New Smyrna Beach.Old Fort Park200 Block of Sams Avenue386.424.2175www.cityofnsb.com/index.aspx?nid=129This city park contains massivecoquina stone ruins known locallyas the “Old Fort” but which aremost likely the remnants of an 18thcentury British period residentialor commercial structure. In the1850s, a large wooden hotel withabout 60 rooms was constructed byJohn and Jane Sheldon on top ofthe old coquina foundation. Duringthe Union navy’s bombardment ofthe community in July 1863, theSheldon Hotel was destroyed bythe explosion of gunpowder thathad been stored in the cellar. Afterthe Civil War, the Sheldon familyreturned to New Smyrna and rebuilttheir hotel on top of the ruins. Thehotel remained standing until 1896when it was torn down.Imported European-made musket andConfederate canteen.(Images courtesy of the Museum of Florida History),Union brass spurs. (Maple Leaf collection, Image courtesyof the Florida Bureau of Arhaeological Research and the U.S. Army)59

||Citrus CountyHomosassaYulee Sugar Mill RuinsHistoric State ParkState Road 490352.795.3817www.floridastateparks.org/yuleesugarmillDavid Levy Yulee, one of Florida’s firstUnited States Senators and the firstJewish member of that body, operateda 5,100-acre plantation on this site.Constructed in 1851 using expensiveCENTRAL WEST REGIONmachinery shipped down from NewYork, the Yulee Sugar Mill operateduntil 1864, supplying sugar, syrup andmolasses to Confederate troops duringthe Civil War. After Florida secededfrom the Union, Yulee resigned hisSenate seat and remained in Floridauntil the end of the war. In May1864, Union troops destroyed Yulee’sMargarita Plantation home and hisstockpile of supplies at Homosassa, butfailed to locate and destroy the mill.The mill, however, was abandoned anddid not resume operations. Imprisonedat the end of the war for his supportof the Confederacy, upon his releaseYulee returned to his Florida railroadinterests. The park contains the ruinsof the once-thriving sugar plantation,including the steam boiler, crushingmachinery, and large cooking kettles.InvernessThe Old CourthouseHeritage Museum1 Courthouse Square352.341.6488www.cccourthouse.orgFormed in 1963, the Citrus CountyHistorical Society, Inc. exists to "preserveand further the knowledge of the historyand pre-history of Citrus County andnearby areas" and, since 1985, has beenlocated in the restored 1912 Old CitrusCounty Courthouse. In the local historygallery, the museum contains an exhibiton the role of Citrus County in the CivilWar. The exhibit includes interpretationof Florida in the Civil War, local HomeGuard units, blockade runners, DavidLevy Yulee’s sugar mill, and the burningof the Yulee plantation home byUnion troops.Yulee Sugar Mill, Homosassa. (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)David Levy Yulee, U.S. Senatorfrom Florida.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)David Levy YuleeThe first Jewish member of theUnited States Senate, David LevyYulee was a major political andeconomic figure in mid-nineteenthcentury Florida. Born David Levy inthe Virgin Islands in 1810, his familyeventually settled in Florida. He servedin the Florida Territorial LegislativeCouncil, was a delegate to the 1838Constitutional Convention, and servedas territorial delegate to the U.S.Congress. In 1845, he became oneof the new state’s first senators. Hismarriage in 1846 probably contributedto his conversion to Christianity andsurname change to Yulee. In additionto politics, Yulee operated a sugarplantation, and became active inrailroad development, particularly thebuilding of the Florida Railroad.Yulee resigned from the Senatefollowing Florida’s secession in 1861.His sugar mill at Homosassa suppliedsugar, syrup and molasses to theConfederacy until May 1864, whenUnion forces burned his MargaritaPlantation home and the mill ceasedproduction. He held no political officein the Confederacy, and spent muchtime and effort fighting the stateand Confederate governments overthe impressment of his agriculturalproducts and the seizure of iron fromhis rail line. Imprisoned by Unionauthorities at Fort Pulaski, Georgia fora time after the war, he returned toFlorida and attempted to rebuild hiseconomic interests. He died in 1886.To learn more, see: “David L.Yulee, Florida’s First Senator” by LeonHuhner, in Jews In the South, editedby Leonard Dinnerstein and Mary DalePalsson, Louisiana State UniversityPress, 1973.60

||Hernando CountyBrooksvilleIn July 1864, a Union force of 240soldiers from the 2nd U.S. ColoredInfantry and 2nd Florida UnionCavalry landed near Bayport andadvanced towards Brooksville to destroyConfederate supplies. For a week, theUnion force raided Hernando Countyplantations in the area surroundingBrooksville, skirmishing on severaloccasions with Confederate Home Guardtroops, before falling back on Bayport.There, the Union troops boarded navalvessels for the return trip to their postat Fort Myers with several Confederateprisoners, contraband slaves, and capturedcotton and livestock. In 1916, the UnitedDaughters of the Confederacy erected aConfederate monument in Brooksvilleon the lawn of the Hernando CountyCourthouse.May-Stringer House601 Museum Court352.799.0129www.hernandohistoricalmuseumassoc.comConstructed in 1856, the May-StringerHouse was the postwar residence of FrankE. Saxon who served in the “HernandoWildcats” unit of the 3rd Florida Infantryand was badly wounded at the Battle ofPerryville, Kentucky in October 1862.Today, the house is the home of theHernando Heritage Museum, whichcontains over 11,000 Hernando Countyartifacts. Artifacts in the museum’s “WarRoom” include items from the CivilWar. The Hernando Historical MuseumAssociation sponsors the annual CivilWar Brooksville Raid Reenactment onthe third weekend of January, one of thelargest such events in Florida.Spring HillBayport Park4140 Cortez RoadDuring the Civil War, the portcommunity of Bayport was an active areafor blockade running. In April 1863,an expedition of Union sailors in sevenlaunches and cutters entered the harborCENTRAL WEST REGIONConfederate Monument, Brooksville.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)where six blockade runners were in port.Four of these vessels fled into the bayouwhere they grounded on the banks whilea fifth vessel, the Helen, was burned bythe raiding force. As the Union boatsarmed with howitzers headed for the sixthvessel, a schooner loaded with cotton,they exchanged fire with the Confederatebattery of two cannons at Bayport andConfederate riflemen along the shore.Before they reached the Confederatevessel, it burst into flames, presumably toprevent its capture, and the Union forcewithdrew. The Union force suffered onewounded while the Confederate losseswere one killed and three wounded. InSeptember 1863, a Union force of severalships returned to Bayport to destroy ablockade runner, but the Confederates setfire to it and to a cotton warehouse beforethe Union navy could attack. A historicalmarker at Bayport Park discusses the CivilWar history of Bayport. The Confederatecannon battery site can still be seen ona wooded point north of the pier atBayport Park. In 2009, the Florida PublicArchaeology Network began a projectto document and map Confederateshipwrecks at Bayport. Hernando Past, alocal historic preservation society, plansto install interpretive kiosks on the CivilWar at Bayport Park.Hillsborough CountyEgmont KeyEgmont Key LighthouseEgmont Key State Park727.893.2627www.floridastateparks.org/egmontkeyThe present Egmont Key Lighthousewas constructed in 1858 to replacethe earlier 1848 lighthouse. Early inthe Civil War, Confederate authoritiesordered that the lighthouse lens andother equipment be removed forsafekeeping. In August 1861, they wereremoved to Tampa, and then, in April1862, to Brooksville. In November1861, Union naval forces occupiedEgmont Key and, for the remainderof the war, used the island as a base ofoperations for the East Gulf BlockadingSquadron. They constructed severalstructures near the lighthouse and agun battery on the shore facing Tampa.The lighthouse was used by Unionforces as a watchtower for locatingConfederate blockade runners. In1864, a hospital for 30 patients wasalso constructed. Throughout thewar, Egmont Key served as a stagingarea for Union raids and attackson Tampa and present-day PinellasCounty. By February 1862, EgmontKey was also being used as a refuge forrunaway slaves and Florida Unionistsfleeing Confederate persecution, andfor housing Confederate prisoners.Nearly 200 refugees reportedly stayedon the island in 1863 while awaitingtransport to Union-held areas. Acemetery was established just south ofthe lighthouse for the Union sailorswho died while on duty there, the greatmajority from yellow fever. In 1909,their remains were moved to the St.Augustine National Cemetery as partof the nationwide effort to consolidatemilitary burials. During World War II,the top portion of the lighthouse wasremoved and replaced with a modernbeacon on a concrete deck.61

||Plant CityEast HillsboroughHistorical Society Museum605 North Collins Street813.757.9226www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~flqgbac/ehhs.htmlLocated in the restored 1914 PlantCity High School building, the EastHillsborough Historical Society isdedicated to the preservation of thehistorical and cultural heritage of PlantCity and eastern Hillsborough County.The Society maintains a museum andthe Quintilla Geer Bruton ArchivesCenter which contains an extensivecollection of books, census records,newspapers and other documents, aswell as historic photographs. On thebuilding’s grounds is a Confederate“Cow Cavalry” unit monument erectedin 2007 by the United Daughters of theConfederacy. Formed to defend Floridacattle herds from Union raiders, thenames of area residents who served inthe unit are listed on the monument.TampaDuring the Civil War, Tampa was anactive area for Confederate blockaderunning and salt production, andwas blockaded by Union vesselsthroughout the war. Several militaryactions also took place there. OnJune 30-July 1, 1862, Tampa wasshelled by the Union gunboat USSSagamore after Confederate forcesrefused an ultimatum to surrender.The Confederates returned fire fromtheir battery at Fort Brooke but theUnion gunboat was out of range.Little damage was done to Tampa orFort Brooke, and no casualties werereported. On October 16-17, 1863,Tampa and Fort Brooke were againshelled by the Union gunboats USSTahoma and USS Adela as a cover for aUnion raiding force which burned twoblockade runners in the HillsboroughRiver. As the raiders attempted toreturn to their ships on October 18,they were attacked at Ballast Pointby a Confederate force and, after asharp skirmish with casualties on bothCENTRAL WEST REGIONsides, withdrew to their vessels. Beforeleaving the area, the Union navy sentanother raiding party to destroy alarge salt making facility at the headof Tampa Bay near the east end ofthe present-day Courtney CampbellCauseway. On May 6-7, 1864, a Unionforce of several hundred men fromthe 2nd U.S. Colored Infantry, 2ndFlorida Union Cavalry, and Unionnavy occupied Tampa after most of theConfederate defenders were withdrawnto reinforce the hard-pressed army inVirginia. After taking some prisoners,capturing a sloop loaded with cotton,and destroying the Fort Brooke battery,the Union forces returned to theirships. Union forces continued to raidTampa Bay area saltworks throughoutthe remainder of the war.Confederate Monument, Tampa.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Confederate MonumentPierce StreetOriginally located on the groundsof the Old Hillsborough CountyCourthouse, the monument waserected in 1911 by the UnitedDaughters of the Confederacy. In1952, the monument was moved to itscurrent location upon the completionof the new courthouse building. ACity Historical Marker for “Memoriain Aeterna, 1911 – HillsboroughCounty’s Confederate Monument”is located a few steps away from themonument and provides informationon its history.Fort Brooke BatteryUniversity of Tampa813.253.3333www.ut.edu/historyMounted in Plant Park are two CivilWar 24-pounder cannons, whichwere originally part of a Confederatebattery at Fort Brooke. In 1891, whileconstructing the Tampa Bay Hotel,Henry B. Plant had the cannonssalvaged from the Fort Brooke siteand relocated to the hotel grounds.Originally established in 1824,Fort Brooke was located on the eastbank of the Hillsborough Riverwhere it flows into HillsboroughBay. At the beginning of the CivilWar, Confederate troops occupiedFort Brooke to protect Tampa andthe surrounding areas from Unioninvasion and to facilitate the blockaderunners departing and enteringTampa. The fort was bombarded byUnion warships in June-July 1862and in October 1863. In May 1864,Union forces temporarily occupiedTampa and captured Fort Brooke.Before departing, they destroyed thefort, disabled its 24-pounder cannons,and hauled away its smaller cannons.Today, nothing remains of FortBrooke, the main area of which isunder the Tampa Convention Center.62

||USS Sagamore Shell Monument,Oaklawn Cemetery, Tampa.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Oaklawn Cemetery606 East Harrison StreetThis cemetery contains the remains ofover 60 Confederate veterans, includingMajor John T. Lesley who organized thelocal Confederate company, the “SunnySouth Guards”, at the outbreak of thewar. Lesley later served as a companycommander of the “Cow Cavalry”which defended Florida cattle herdsfrom Union raids. Also buried in thecemetery is businessman James McKay,Sr. who was Tampa’s most active CivilWar blockade runner. He also served ascommissary officer of the Fifth FloridaDistrict responsible for supplying theConfederate armies with South Floridacattle. His son, James McKay, Jr., servedas a captain in the Florida “Cow Cavalry”and is also buried in this cemetery. Thecemetery contains several small Civil Warmonuments. A small marble marker atthe grave of Darwin B.Givens states that,as a small boy, he alerted Tampa of the1864 Union invasion with the cry “thedevils are coming.” A small stone markernotes that an 8-inch shell landed in thecemetery during the bombardment ofTampa by the USS Sagamore on June30-July 1, 1862. Another small stonemarker was erected in 1975 by the UnitedDaughters of the Confederacy in memoryof the Confederate soldiers and sailorsinterred here, and another was placed herefor Union soldiers by the Daughters ofUnion Veterans.CENTRAL WEST REGIONCattle and Cow CavalryIn the years prior to the Civil War,cattle raising had developed into asignificant industry in southern Floridaand, by 1862, it was estimated thatFlorida had more than 650,000 headof cattle. In 1863, Pleasants WoodsonWhite was appointed the commissaryofficer for the state. One of his goalswas the acquisition of cattle to feed theConfederacy’s armies, especially afterthe capture of Vicksburg cut off thesupply of cattle from Texas. In an effortto protect the Florida herds against Unionforces, the Confederate governmentformed the 1st Florida Special CavalryBattalion, popularly known as the CowCavalry, in 1864.That year, small-scale Union raids todisrupt cattle supplies became commonin south Florida, and expeditions werelaunched to the Peace River Valley andthe cattle-driving center of Fort Meade.Emboldened, Union forces also attackedTampa and Fort Brooke. In February1865, the Cow Cavalry launched anattack on the Union post at Fort Myers.While unsuccessful, the attack did leadto the post’s evacuation the followingmonth. By then, however, the cattledriving season had ended for the yearTampa Blockade Runnersand Battle of BallastPoint Historical Markers1101 West Sligh Avenue, and Corner ofBayshore and Gandy BoulevardsA City Historical Marker for “UnionRaiders Burn Tampa BlockadeRunners” and a County HistoricalMarker for “Battlefield” tell the storyof the Hillsborough River Raid andthe ensuing Battle of Ballast Point.In October 1863, as the Unionvessels USS Tahoma and USS Adelabombarded Fort Brooke and Tampa, araiding party of 106 sailors with twolocal Unionist guides commanded byActing Master Thomas Harris landedat Gadsden Point and made their waynorthward. In the Hillsborough Rivernear present-day Lowry Park, theylocated two blockade runners owned63Jacob Summerlin, Confederate “Cattle King.”(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)and the war was nearly over. The hopeof Florida beef feeding large numbers ofConfederates had not been fulfilled.To learn more, see: “Cow Cavalry:Munnerlyn’s Battalion in Florida, 1864-1865” by Robert A. Taylor, The FloridaHistorical Quarterly, Vol. 65, No. 2,October 1986.by James McKay, Sr. The Scottish Chiefand the Kate Dale were burned bythe Union raiders, along with the 167bales of cotton on them. They alsotook seven Confederate prisoners.The Confederates set a third vessel,the A.B. Noyes, on fire to prevent itscapture. The raiders then proceededto Ballast Point where they wereattacked by 40 Confederate troopscommanded by Captain John Westcottof the 2nd Florida Infantry Battalionas they embarked to return to theirships. In the ensuing skirmish, theUnion force suffered three dead, tenwounded, and five taken prisoner whilethe Confederates lost six killed and anundetermined number of wounded. In2008, underwater archaeologists fromthe Florida Aquarium in Tampa locatedthe remains of the Kate Dale in the

||Hillsborough River near Lowry Park,and in 2009 the remains of the ScottishChief were located further down river.An exhibit at the Florida Aquariumon local Civil War shipwrecks is in theplanning stages.CENTRAL WEST REGIONUnion Monument and Union graves,Woodlawn Cemetery, Tampa.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Florida Brigade in theWestern TheaterIn April 1862, the 1st FloridaBattalion fought in the Battle of Shiloh,where it suffered heavy casualties.In the aftermath of that battle, a new1st Florida Regiment was established,consisting of the survivors of the FloridaBattalion and six new companies.Soon other Florida regiments weresent to reinforce the Confederate armyin Tennessee, including the 3rd, 4th,6th, and 7th Florida Infantry and the1st Florida Cavalry. They took partin the 1862 Confederate invasionof Kentucky, with the 1st and 3rdRegiments being heavily engaged atthe Battle of Perryville in October. AfterPerryville, the 1st and 3rd Regimentswere consolidated together and, alongwith the 4th Regiment, suffered heavycasualties in the subsequent Battle ofStones River (Second Murfreesboro),Colt Navy Revolver with Florida and Confederate currency.(Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)Woodlawn Cemetery3412 Ola AvenueThis cemetery contains side by side plotsof Confederate and Union veteranseach with their own monument. TheConfederate monument was erectedin 1913 by the United ConfederateVeterans and lists the names of the30 veterans buried there. The Unionafter which they participated in the Siegeof Jackson.In September 1863, the Florida troopsfought with the Army of Tennessee ininflicting a severe defeat on the Federals atthe Battle of Chickamauga. After this battle,the various Florida units were mergedinto a single Florida Brigade, commandedby Brigadier General Jesse Finley. Theythen took part in the unsuccessful siegeof Chattanooga and the Confederatedefeat at the Battle of Missionary Ridge.In 1864, they defended Atlanta andparticipated in the Tennessee Campaignand the disastrous Battles of Franklin andNashville. The remnants ended the warin North Carolina in the spring of 1865,surrendering just 351 survivors.To learn more, see: “By the NobleDaring of Her Sons: The Florida Brigadeof the Army of Tennessee” by JonathanSheppard, Ph.D. dissertation, FloridaState University, 2008. Available online at:monument was erected by the GrandArmy of the Republic’s Woman’sRelief Corps, and is surrounded by 21marked veterans’ graves. Among theUnion veterans buried elsewhere inthis cemetery are two Medal of Honorrecipients, one from the Battle ofGettysburg and the other from the Siegeof Vicksburg.http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08232008-104040/ (Pendingpublication, University of AlabamaPress, 2012)Corporal Seaborn Tiller, 6th Florida Infantry.(Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)64

||Hendry CountyLaBelleFort Thompson StateHistorical MarkerState Road 80A State Historical Marker is locatedat the site of Fort Thompson, whichwas constructed in the late 1830s onthe Caloosahatchee River for use as amilitary supply post during the SecondSeminole War. During the Civil War, theConfederates used this area to raise cattleand, in January 1864, a Union scoutingexpedition from Fort Myers skirmishedwith Confederate pickets at this site. InFebruary 1865, Fort Thompson was usedas the staging area for the Confederate“Cow Cavalry” forces who conductedan unsuccessful attack on Fort Myers.Captain Francis Asbury Hendry, who hadled a company of Confederate troops inthe February 1865 attack on Fort Myers,acquired the property after the war, in1879. He established a cattle ranch there,and a town soon grew along its westernboundary. By the early 1900’s, the formerfort site had become the cattle and citrustown of LaBelle.Lee CountyFort MyersEstablished by the U.S. Army in 1850as a military supply post, Fort Myersbecame the principal base for militaryoperations into the Big Cypress Swampduring the Third Seminole War of1855-1858. With the end of the warin 1858, the post was abandoned. InDecember 1863, a small Union forceoccupied Useppa Island, and in January1864 Union troops reoccupied FortMyers as a base of operations for raidsinto the interior to disrupt Confederatecattle supplies and to provide a refugefor escaped slaves, Confederate deserters,and Unionist refugees. In response, theConfederate government establisheda military unit to defend Florida cattleherds composed of South Floridaresidents, known as the “Cow Cavalry.”After a series of destructive Union raidsSOUTHWEST REGIONSeminolesIn the first60 years of thenineteenth century,the Seminole Indiansfought three warsagainst Americanexpansion intotheir territory. Afew Seminoles,led by Tiger Tailand the aged SamJones, remained insouth Florida at theoutbreak of the CivilWar. A concern at thetime was that theremaining Indiansmight create unrestalong the southernfrontier. In the latterpart of 1862, falserumors circulated that the Seminoles hadmurdered several settlers in the PeaceRiver Valley.A state agent met with Sam Jonesin 1863 and became convinced that theSeminoles planned to take no part inthe fighting. At another meeting in early1864, the Indians again proclaimed adesire for neutrality, but at about thesame time another group visited UnionoccupiedFort Myers. Likely they hopedto maintain good relations with bothsides. A dubious claim made duringlaunched from Fort Myers in 1864 andearly 1865, a force of Confederate “CowCavalry” attacked the post in February1865. The attack was repulsed with lightcasualties for both sides. Despite theConfederate failure to capture the post,Union authorities evacuated Fort Myersin March 1865, and temporarily movedsome of the troops to Punta Rassa beforecompletely withdrawing from the area.Fort Myers AttackState Historical MarkerBetween Southwest Florida Museum ofHistory & Lee County LibraryA State Historical Marker for “TheAttack On Fort Myers” contains detailson the Confederate attempt to captureCaptain Francis A. Hendry (center left, standing) with group ofSeminole Indians, post Civil War. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)this period was that more than 60Seminoles had enlisted to serve in aConfederate company. Nothing morewas heard of this unit and it most likelynever actually existed. The end of thewar came in the spring of 1865, andtrue to their word the Seminoles hadnot become involved in the conflict.To learn more, see: “UnforgottenThreat: Florida Seminoles in the CivilWar” by Robert A. Taylor, The FloridaHistorical Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 3,January 1991.Fort Myers. On February 20, 1865, aConfederate force of some 275 men ofFlorida's "Cow Cavalry" commandedby Major William Footman launchedan attack with one artillery piece onthe Union garrison at Fort Myers. TheUnion force, with two cannons, consistedof approximately 250 men of the 2ndFlorida Union Cavalry and the 2ndU.S. Colored Infantry commanded byCaptain James Doyle. After surprisingand attacking Union pickets and alaundry detail outside the fort, MajorFootman demanded the surrender ofthe fort. The demand was refused and,after a lengthy skirmish, the Confederateforces withdrew under cover of darkness.Casualties on both sides were light.66

||Monument toU. S. Colored Troops2100 Edwards DriveInstalled in 2000, the Civil War’s “2ndRegiment Infantry, U. S. ColoredTroops” monument is dedicated to theblack Union soldiers who defended theFederal post at Fort Myers against theConfederate attack in February 1865.A single black soldier standing at easewith his rifle before a wall with a gaterepresents the gateway to freedom fromslavery. Also known as the “Sgt. Clayton”statue for the ton of clay required tosculpt the bronze figure, the monument islocated in Fort Myers’ Centennial Park.Union Black Soldiers Monument, Fort Myers.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)SOUTHWEST REGIONSouthwestFlorida Museumof History2301 Jackson Street239.321.7430www.swflmuseumofhistory.comHoused in the former 1924 AtlanticCoastline Railroad Depot, the Museumcontains exhibits on the history ofFort Myers and Southwest Florida, anextensive local artifact collection, andan archival collection with photos,maps, and other documents available forresearchers. Civil War activity in the areaAfrican AmericanMilitary Units in FloridaDuring the Union occupationsof Jacksonville, Florida slaves andfree blacks flocked to the protectionof the Northern military. Many weresent to Beaufort, South Carolina,where three black regiments wereeventually organized, with morethan 1,000 recruits coming fromFlorida. Abolitionist Thomas WentworthHigginson led the 1st South CarolinaColored Infantry Regiment on a raid upthe St. Mary's River in January 1863,the first use of black troops in Florida.Two months later, the 1st and 2nd SouthCarolina Colored Infantry Regimentslanded at Jacksonville, occupying thetown for several weeks.In the 1864 Olustee campaign,black regiments, including the 8thand the 35th U.S. Colored Infantry,and the famed 54th MassachusettsInfantry, comprised a largepercentage of the Union force,with the latter two units protectingthe defeated Union army as itretreated to Jacksonville. Black unitsparticipated in subsequent militaryoperations in Florida, including theexpedition to Marianna, the skirmishat Station No. 4, and the defenseof Fort Myers. The last operationof significance was the St. MarksUnion ManhattanPocket Revolver.(Image courtesy of theMuseum of Florida History)is interpreted through exhibits featuringperiod artifacts and a scale model of theFebruary 1865 Confederate attack on theFederal post at Fort Myers.expedition of March 1865, in whichthe 2nd and the 99th U.S. ColoredInfantry played a major role in theengagement at Natural Bridge.To learn more, see: “They FoughtLike Devils: Black Troops in FloridaDuring the Civil War” by DavidJ. Coles, in Florida’s Heritage ofDiversity: Essays in Honor of SamuelProctor, Sentry Press, 1997.Private Robert J. Jones, 54th MassachusettsInfantry Regiment. Reported as woundedand missing at the Battle of Olustee andpresumably died while a prisoner.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)67

||First Manatee County Courthouse, Bradenton.(Image courtesy of the Manatee County Historical Commission)Manatee CountyBradentonIn August 1864, Union naval forcesraided the Village of Manatee (nowknown as Bradenton) and destroyeda large saw and grist mill owned byJohn Curry and others. Later thatsame month, Union soldiers of the2nd U.S. Colored Infantry landed atthe Village of Manatee and occupiedthe town for several weeks. In 1924, aConfederate monument was erected inBradenton by the United Daughters ofthe Confederacy on the grounds of theManatee County Courthouse.Curry Settlement Homes1300 Block of 4th Avenue East941.746.2035www.reflectionsofmanatee.comOriginally from Key West, John W.Curry relocated his family to Manateein 1860 and constructed several housesclose to the Manatee Mineral Springbefore and following the Civil War.During the Civil War, Curry sold anumber of vessels to the Confederacyfor use as blockade runners, and heand other family members served inthe local Home Guard militia. Oneof his sons, Samuel G. Curry, servedin the 7th Florida Infantry and theConfederate navy, including serviceon the gunboat CSS Chattahoocheeon the Apalachicola River. One ofthe Curry houses was used by Uniontroops as officers quarters duringSOUTHWEST REGIONtheir 1864 occupation of Manatee,while the infantry encamped on theCurry property. At the end of the war,Curry played a major role in assistingConfederate Secretary of State JudahP. Benjamin during his flight throughthe area to England. Two of the CurrySettlement Homes are in the process ofbeing restored for public interpretation.First ManateeCounty Courthouse1404 Manatee Avenue East941.749.7165www.manateeclerk.com/historical/ManateeVillage.aspxConstructed in 1860, this small woodframed building is believed to be theoldest remaining county courthousebuilt for that purpose in Florida.During the Civil War, the courthouseserved as the political and judicialcenter of Manatee County which atthat time also included present-dayCharlotte, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee,Highlands, and Sarasota Counties.Throughout the war, the ManateeCounty Commission met at thecourthouse in emergency sessions todistribute available food and moneyto families whose male members wereserving in the Confederate militaryor who had died while in the service.In 1975, the courthouse buildingwas relocated to the Manatee VillageHistorical Park where it was restored andopened as part of the Park’s exhibitionon Manatee County pioneer life.Manatee BuryingGround Cemetery15th Street EastThis cemetery contains the remains ofat least ten Confederate veterans andofficials including three delegates to theFlorida Secession Convention - EzekielGlazier, James G. Cooper, and Dr. JohnC. Pelot, as well as at least three Unionveterans including Brigadier General JohnRiggin who served as an aide to GeneralUlysses S. Grant. Also buried here isblockade runner Captain Frederick Trescawho, after the fall of the Confederacy,played a major role in aiding ConfederateSecretary of State Judah P. Benjaminevade capture and escape throughsouthwest Florida to the Bahamas andthen to England in 1865. Anotherblockade runner who assisted Benjaminin his escape, Archibald McNeill, isbelieved to be buried here in an unmarkedgrave. A State Historical Marker for thecemetery is located at the site.Manatee CountyHistorical RecordsLibrary1405 4th Avenue West941.741.4070www.manateeclerk.com/historical/HistoricalLibrary.aspxLocated in the restored 1918 CarnegieLibrary building, the library containsgovernmental records dating back to 1855.County historical records, some of theCivil War era, are available to researchers,including deed books, marriage licenses,probate files, court records, CountyCommission minute books, maps, soldiersand sailors discharge books, and recordsregarding the marks, brands andnumbers of cattle shippedand sold in the area.Pocketwatch carried by a Confederate soldier.(Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)Union sunglasses. (Maple Leaf collection, Image courtesy ofthe Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research and the U.S. Army)68

||SOUTHWEST REGIONCivil War exhibit at South Florida Museum, Bradenton. (Image courtesy of the South Florida Museum)South Florida Museum201 10th Street West941.746.4131www.southfloridamuseum.orgThe museum’s “River Heritage Hall”presents information about the 19thcentury history of the region. Anexhibit case of Civil War artifactsfeatures an Enfield rifle-musket and aUnion naval cutlass. A separate exhibiton medical history includes an ivoryhandledCivil War period surgeon’s kitthat was found in the attic of an oldhouse in Tallahassee in 1929.EllentonGamble PlantationHistoric State Park3708 Patten Avenue941.723.4536www.floridastateparks.org/gambleplantationMajor Robert Gamble began a 3,500-acresugar plantation on this site in 1844, andconstructed the Gamble Mansion anda sugar mill of brick and tabby between1845 and 1856. The Gamble family soldthe plantation in 1858, and in the springof 1862 the Confederate governmentexpropriated the plantation from its newGamble Plantation, Ellenton. (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Louisiana-based owners. Blockade runnerCaptain Archibald McNeill became thecaretaker of the plantation, and lived inthe mansion until 1873. In August 1864,a Union navy raiding force destroyed theGamble Plantation sugar mill but left themansion untouched. With the collapse ofthe Confederacy, Confederate Secretary ofState Judah P. Benjamin fled to ManateeCounty in May 1865 during his eventualescape to England. Captain McNeillassisted Benjamin in eluding the Federaltroops, and Benjamin was hidden brieflyat the Gamble Mansion before escapingFlorida by boat. In 1925, the UnitedDaughters of the Confederacy purchasedthe Gamble Mansion, which had falleninto a state of neglect and disrepair, alongwith 16 acres. In 1926, they donatedthe Gamble Mansion to the State ofFlorida for use as the Judah P. BenjaminConfederate Memorial, but continued tomanage it until 1949. Twenty additionalacres including the sugar mill ruins werepurchased by the state in 2002. The onlysurviving antebellum plantation housein South Florida, the Gamble Mansionis decorated with period furnishings. Aseparate visitor center museum containsexhibit materials on the history of theplantation. The park also contains aUnited Daughters of the Confederacy(UDC) records and archives building, asmall granite monument to Confederateveterans erected by the UDC in 1937,and the c.1885 Patten House operated bythe UDC.69

||SOUTHEAST REGIONMiamiCity of Miami Cemetery1800 NE 2nd Avenue305.579.6938www.miamigov.com/Parks/pages/park_listings/cemetery.aspFounded in 1897, Miami’s oldestcemetery contains the remains of atleast 66 Confederate veterans and27 Union veterans. A Confederatemonument erected by the UnitedDaughters of the Confederacy andsurrounded by Confederate graves islocated in a traffic circle near the centerof the cemetery. Originally erected in1913 at the Dade County Courthousegrounds and dedicated the followingyear, the monument was relocatedto this cemetery when a new countycourthouse was constructed in 1927.The monument was heavily damagedin a subsequent hurricane, most likelyin 1935, when its spire portion wasbroken off and never replaced. A StateHistorical Marker for the “Miami CityCemetery” is located at the site andprovides information on its history.Cape Florida Lighthouse, Key Biscayne. (Image courtesy of the Florida Park Service)Miami-Dade CountyKey BiscayneCape Florida LighthouseBill Baggs Cape Florida State Park305.361.5811www.floridastateparks.org/capefloridaTo protect shipping in the hazardousStraits of Florida, Congress authorizedthe construction of the Cape FloridaLighthouse in 1822. The first lightingoccurred on December 17, 1825. InJuly 1836, an Indian attack in theearly months of the Second SeminoleWar resulted in heavy damage to thetower. Rebuilt in 1846, the tower washeightened to 95 feet in 1855 under thedirection of Lieutenant, later General,George Meade, the Union commanderat the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863.With the advent of the Civil War,Confederate sympathizers overwhelmedthe lighthouse keeper in August 1861,damaged the central prism, and removedthe reflector, rendering the lamp toodim for visibility by ships. In April 1862,a group of carpenters accompanied bytroops of the 47th Pennsylvania Infantrywere sent to repair the lighthouse byUnion authorities. With their limitedresources, they found the damage to betoo extensive to repair, and the lighthouseremained darkened for the duration of thewar. Lighthouse service was restored onApril 15, 1866. Service was discontinuedin 1878.Confederate Monument, Miami City Cemetery.(Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)70

||Union Soldier Monument, Woodlawn ParkCemetery, Miami.(Image courtesy of Sarah Nohe, Florida Public Archaeology Network)Union Monument3260 SW 8th StreetLocated in Woodlawn Park Cemetery,this sculptured monument of a Unionsoldier, which is very unusual for aSouthern cemetery, was dedicated by theGrand Army of the Republic (GAR),a Unionveteran’sorganization,in 1939. Itis believedto be thesouthernmostlocationof a GARmonument inthe country.Union veterans reunion ribbon andMiami Union Monument medal, 1930s.(Images courtesy of Frederick Gaske, Historic Preservation Services)SOUTHEAST REGIONFlagsDuring the Civil War, flags servedas important symbols of the twowarring political entities, but also hadthe practical application of marking thepositions of units on the battlefield.When Florida seceded from theUnion, “The Ladies Of Broward’sNeck” from Duval County presented asecession flag they had made for theoccasion that proclaimed: THE RIGHTSOF THE SOUTH AT ALL HAZARDS!Another secession-era flag, raised overFort Barrancas and the Pensacola NavyYard, was a copy of the United Statesflag, except that the canton contained asingle large star. Later in 1861, GovernorPerry chose a new state flag design, butit does not appear to have been flownand no example survives.In its short history, the ConfederateStates of America adopted a number offlags. The First National flag, or Stars andBars, was adopted in 1861. Early in thewar, flags of this design were presentedby women to local companies of Floridavolunteers. Some companies, however,received unique banners. Perhaps themost well-known example is that ofSt. Augustine’s Florida IndependentBlues, defiantly inscribed: ANY FATEBUT SUBMISSION. As companies wereorganized into regiments and sentoutside the state to fight, the companyflags were replaced by regimental flags.Desiring a distinctive emblemfor the use of troops in the field, theConfederate military adopted thefamous battle flag bearing stars ona blue St. Andrews Cross on a red5th Florida Infantry Regiment flag.(Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)field. Most Florida regiments carriedvarious examples of this banner,usually square-shaped but sometimesrectangular, and some emblazonedwith the unit’s number and battlehonors. Regiments at times had toreplace their flags; some were battledamaged,retired from service andsent to the governor, while otherswere captured. At Gettysburg, twoFlorida regiments lost their colors,with the 2nd Florida Infantry’s silkpresentation flag being capturedas the unit advanced in support ofPickett’s Charge.In 1863 the Confederate Congressadopted the “Stainless Banner”. Onlyone Florida unit flag of this SecondNational pattern is known to exist, aninscribed banner of the consolidated1st and 4th Florida Regiment.In March 1865, the Confederategovernment adopted the ThirdNational flag. One known example ofthis pattern is that of the 5thFlorida Cavalry Battalion,inscribed with battle honorsfor the Battles of Olusteeand Natural Bridge.To learn more, see: “BattleFlags of Florida Troops inConfederate Service” byDaisy Parker, Apalachee,No. 3, 1948-1950.1st and 4th Florida Regiment(consolidated) flag.(Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)71

||Fort Jefferson. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)Monroe CountyGarden KeyFort JeffersonDry Tortugas National Park305.242.7700www.nps.gov/drtoConstruction on the “Gibraltar of theGulf,” Fort Jefferson, began in 1846 atthe western end of the Florida Keys toprotect the Florida Straits. The largest allmasonryfort in the Western Hemisphere,construction on the fort continued forSOUTHEAST REGION30 years until after the advent of rifledcannon made the 8-foot thick wallsobsolete. With the threat of Florida’ssecession from the Union in late 1860, thesuperintending engineer for constructionat Fort Jefferson, Captain MontgomeryC. Meigs, called for reinforcements toprevent its seizure by Southern militia. Inresponse, the gunboat USS Mohawk wassent from Key West in November 1860to discourage any seizure attempts. InJanuary 1861, after Florida had secededfrom the Union, a force of 66 men of the2nd U.S. Artillery arrived at Fort Jeffersonfrom Boston, and the fort was securedfor the Union. In May 1861, Meigs waspromoted to brigadier general and servedas the Quartermaster General of theUnion Army during the Civil War. For theremainder of the Civil War, Fort Jeffersonserved as an important Union militarypost and a military prison. At one point,it was home to some 2,000 occupants,including soldiers, their families, laborers,and prisoners. In July 1865, Fort Jeffersonreceived its most infamous prisoners whenfour men convicted for conspiracy in theassassination of President Lincoln wereimprisoned there, including Dr. SamuelMudd, the Maryland physician who hadset the broken leg of John Wilkes Booth.During a yellow fever outbreak in 1867,after the prison doctor died, Dr. Muddrisked his life to provide treatment to hisjailers and the soldiers of the fort. Duelargely in part to this life-saving service,President Andrew Johnson pardonedMudd in 1869. As one of the most remoteparks in the national parks system, FortJefferson is accessible only by boat andseaplane which depart from Key West, 70miles away.BlockadeAdapting an element of GeneralWinfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan” fora Federal victory, President AbrahamLincoln declared a blockade of theConfederate states in April 1861.Secretary of the Navy Gideon Wellesestablished several squadrons toblockade the Confederate coastline.Created in early 1862, the East GulfBlockading Squadron (EGBS) hadresponsibility for the blockade of theFlorida peninsula from Cape Canaveralon the Atlantic coast to St. AndrewBay in the Gulf of Mexico. In northeastFlorida, Fernandina became a centerof operations for the South AtlanticBlockading Squadron after its captureby Union forces in March 1862. After itsrecapture in May 1862, the PensacolaNavy Yard served as an important depotfor the West Gulf Blockading Squadron.The EGBS captured or destroyedover 280 blockade-runners valued atmore than $7 million, heavily damagedthe sugar and salt-making industriesalong the Florida coast, provided havenfor Unionist refugees and escaped slaves,conducted raids, and participated incombined operations with Union armyforces. EGBS vessels were generallystationed at St. Andrew Bay, St. Joseph'sBay, Apalachicola, St. Marks, Cedar Key,Tampa Bay, Charlotte Harbor, Jupiter Inlet,and Indian River. Some also patrolled thenorthern coast of Cuba and the northernBahamas. The squadron headquarterswas at Key West, which was also hometo the prize court where capturedblockade runners were condemned andsold at auction.To learn more, see: Blockaders,Refugees & Contrabands: Civil Waron Florida’s Gulf Coast, 1861-1865 byGeorge Buker, University of AlabamaPress, 1993.Union blockading vessels at Tampa Bay, 1864. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)72

||Key WestBy the time of the Civil War, Key Westwas Florida’s second largest city withan economy based largely on maritimeactivities including wrecking, or marinesalvage activity, on ships wrecked on thenearby Florida Reef. Due to its strategiclocation astride the Caribbean and deepchannels which provided protectedanchorage, the United States militaryConfederate Secretary of StateJudah P. Benjamin.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)End of War and Escapeof Confederate OfficialsThe surrender of General RobertE. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia onApril 9, 1865 set in motion events thatled to the conflict’s conclusion. Newsreached Florida about a week later,followed shortly by word of PresidentLincoln’s assassination. Shocking asthese events were, Lee’s capitulationhad not included Confederate unitsin Florida. Major General Sam Jones,who commanded Confederate forces inthe state, initially called for continuedresistance. He soon learned, however,that General Joseph E. Johnston wasnegotiating the surrender of his Armyof Tennessee as well. The provisions ofJohnston’s April 26 surrender includedthe capitulation of Confederate troopsin Florida. Union Major General JamesWilson ordered Brigadier GeneralEdward McCook of his commandSOUTHEAST REGIONhad maintained a presence on the islandsince 1822. In 1845, construction beganon a massive brick fortification to protectthe harbor. It was named Fort ZacharyTaylor in 1850. In January 1861, afterreceiving word that Florida had secededfrom the Union, the small U.S. Armyforce stationed in Key West under thecommand of Captain James M. Brannanmoved into Fort Taylor and strengthenedits defenses. Reinforcements under theto proceed from Macon, Georgia tooccupy Tallahassee and receive thesurrender there. McCook arrived in thecapital on May 10, with a final transferof power ceremony taking place onMay 20. Not until June did the finalConfederates in the southern part of thepeninsula capitulate.Another aspect of the war’s endwas the escape of various Confederateofficials who hoped to reach safetyin Cuba or the Bahamas by travelingthrough Florida. Secretary of StateJudah P. Benjamin eluded his pursuersby traveling down the Florida Gulf coastand staying at the Gamble Mansion onthe Manatee River before reaching Cuba.Meanwhile another group, includingConfederate Secretary of War John C.Breckinridge, likewise reached safetyin Cuba. Confederate Attorney GeneralGeorge Davis hid out in the state forseveral months before attemptingpassage to the Bahamas in a small boat.Unsuccessful, he was forced into KeyWest, where he surrendered.To learn more, see: “The Surrenderof Tallahassee” by James P. Jones andWilliam Warren Rogers, Apalachee, No.6, 1963-1967. And: Flight Into Oblivionby AlfredJackson Hanna,Louisiana StateUniversity Press,1999 (reprint of1938 edition,with forward byWilliam C. Davis).Union Brigadier General Edward M. McCook.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)command of Major William H. Frencharrived in March 1861, and, in May 1861,Major French placed Key West undermartial law. Key West had been securedand remained in Union possessionthroughout the Civil War. It served asan important supply base and navalfueling depot. The headquarters of boththe U.S. Navy’s East Gulf BlockadingSquadron and the U.S. Army’s Districtof Key West and Tortugas were locatedin Key West during the war. Nearly 300captured Confederate blockade runnerships were brought before the Key Westprize court to be condemned for sale atauction. To bolster the city’s defenses,construction was begun on two additionalfortifications, the East and West MartelloTowers, in 1862.Civil War MonumentsUnion MonumentGreene and Whitehead StreetsLocated in Clinton Square Park, thisobelisk monument was erected in 1866by the Navy Club of Key West, in honorof the Union troops who died whilestationed at Key West during the war. It isbelieved to be the oldest extant Civil Warmonument in the state, and one of theoldest in the country.Union Yellow Fever Monument1500 Block of Truman AvenueLocated in Bayview Park, the monumentwas erected by the State of New Yorkfollowing the Civil War, in memory ofthe men of the 90th and 91st New YorkInfantry who perished in Key West in1862, mainly from yellow fever.East and WestMartello TowersEast Martello Tower3501 South Roosevelt Boulevard305.296.3913www.kwahs.com/martello.htmWest Martello Tower1100 Atlantic Boulevard305.294.3210www.keywestgardenclub.comIn 1862, the Union military beganconstruction on two fortifications,known as the East and West MartelloTowers, on the south shore of Key West73

||SOUTHEAST REGIONFort Zachary Taylor, Key West. (Image courtesy of the Florida Park Service)to provide defensive support to FortZachary Taylor. The West MartelloTower was built about one and one-halfmiles east of Fort Taylor, and the EastMartello Tower is located two mileseast of the West Tower. Constructioncontinued throughout the Civil Waryears. The masonry work was substantiallycompleted by the end of the war, but theouter works were never finished and noarmament was installed. The wartimedevelopment of rifled artillery renderedsuch masonry fortifications obsolete,and by 1866 construction of the originalplans was suspended. In 1947, thestructures were declared surplus by theU.S. Army and sold to Monroe County,which later leased East Martello to theKey West Art & Historical Society andWest Martello to the Key West GardenClub. East Martello is operated as amuseum with a large collection of KeyWest artifacts, historical records, andmilitary memorabilia including Civil Warobjects. At West Martello, a permanenthorticultural exhibit on the groundsis maintained by the Garden Club. Ofthe two fortifications, the East MartelloTower has retained more of its Civil Warappearance and has essentially survivedin the form of its original construction,while the West Martello Tower wasmodified by the military during theSpanish American War and later periods.Fort Zachary TaylorHistoric State ParkSouthard Street305.292.6713www.floridastateparks.org/forttaylorwww.forttaylor.orgSited to protect the strategic harbor atKey West, construction of Fort ZacharyTaylor began in 1845 some 1,200 feetoffshore from the city. After Floridaseceded from the Union in January1861, U.S. Army Captain James Brannanmoved his troops from the city into thefort to prevent its seizure by Floridamilitia. For the remainder of the war,Fort Taylor served as an importantUnion military post, and by 1865 wasarmed with approximately 150 cannonsof varying sizes. Fort Taylor continuedin service as an army post until 1947when it was decommissioned by theU.S. Army, and was then utilized by theU.S. Navy as a storage facility. In themid 1960’s, the U.S. Navy depositeddredging fill at the fort, connecting it tothe mainland. In 1968, excavations of thecasements unearthed many of the originalarmaments from the fort. Recovereditems included numerous cannons,gun cradles, carriages, a desalinizationplant, and more than 1,000 cannonballsand projectiles. Today, Fort Taylor isconsidered to have the largest collectionof Civil War era cannons in the UnitedStates, with others still buried in thecasements. In 1976, the U.S. Departmentof the Interior transferred Fort Taylor tothe State of Florida for use as a state parkfacility. The park is the site of the annualKey West Civil War Heritage Daysfestival in February, with Confederateand Union reenactors participating inpublic events and activities, including asea battle with schooners.Hemingway House907 Whitehead Street305.294.1136www.hemingwayhome.comConstructed in c.1850, this house was theresidence of prosperous businessman AsaF. Tift, a delegate to the Florida SecessionConvention who fled to Georgia after theoccupation of Key West by Union forcesin 1861. With his brother Nelson Tift ofAlbany, Georgia, Asa Tift designed andfinanced the construction of Confederateironclads during the Civil War includingthe CSS Mississippi at New Orleans andthe CSS Atlanta at Savannah, Georgia.74

||Key West Cemetery701 Passover Lane305.292.8177www.keywestcity.com/egov/docs/1158849616888.htmFounded in 1847, this cemetery containsthe remains of numerous Civil War armyand navy veterans, both Confederateand Union, with many buried in specialveterans sections. Among the Confederateveterans buried here is Captain HenryMulrennan who commanded “The KeyWest Avengers”, a company formed frommen who fled Union-held Key West. Theunit first served in the Confederate CoastGuard at Tampa and later in the 7thFlorida Infantry in the western theater.After being captured and held in a Unionprison camp in New York, Mulrennanreturned to Key West and was electedmayor in the postwar period.Key West Lighthouse938 Whitehead Street305.294.0012www.kwahs.com/lighthouse.htmThe present Key West Lighthouse wasconstructed in 1847 to replace the earlier1825 lighthouse destroyed by the hurricaneof 1846, and was an important navigationalaid during the Civil War. Due to the quickaction of Union forces in securing KeyWest, the lighthouse did not go dark in1861 as most Florida lighthouses did,although the 79-year-old lighthousekeeper, Barbara Mabrity, was suspected ofbeing a Confederate sympathizer. In 1864,the 82-year-old Mabrity was removedfrom her job, after she refused to retire,for being disloyal to the Union. She hadheld the position since 1832 when shereplaced her husband as keeper when hedied. The lighthouse and the adjacent1886 lighthouse keeper’s quarters are nowoperated as a museum by the Key WestArt & Historical Society.“Key West Oldest House”322 Duval Street305.294.9501www.oirf.org/museum.htmConstructed in c.1829 and moved to itscurrent location in c.1836, this house wasthe residence of Francis Watlington, whoserved as a lieutenant in the ConfederateSOUTHEAST REGIONNavy Squadron at Mobile, Alabama,including service on the gunboat CSSGaines and the ironclad ram CSSTennessee. He surrendered and wasparoled in May 1865.Mallory HomesiteHistorical MarkerFront and Whitehead StreetsLocated in Clinton Square Park, thismarker was erected by the HistoricalAssociation of Southern Florida near thesite of where the Mallory family homestood from 1839 to 1895. Stephen R.Mallory was serving as United StatesSenator when Florida seceded from theUnion in 1861. He resigned his Senateseat and was appointed ConfederateSecretary of the Navy, a position heheld until the end of the war. His son,Stephen R. Mallory, Jr., was raised in thehouse and later owned it. During theStephen MalloryStephen Mallory of Key Westserved as Confederate Secretary ofNavy from 1861 until 1865, the onlyindividual to serve in the same cabinetposition throughout the existenceof the Confederacy. A U.S. Senatorbefore the war, Mallory promotedthe establishment of a naval baseat Key West, introduced bills toconstruct maritime hospitals at severalFlorida locations, and supported theconstruction of new warships. Mallorysupported secession, but hoped to avoidwar. Before resigning his senate seatin January 1861, he helped negotiate atruce between U.S. and Southern forcesat Pensacola. He returned to Florida,but the following month ConfederatePresident Jefferson Davis selected himas Secretary of the Navy.Aware that the Confederacy couldnot match the Union navy ship for ship,Mallory promoted the use of commerceraiders and ironclad vessels, as wellas submarines, underwater mines,and heavy rifled cannon. At war’s end,Mallory evacuated Richmond withPresident Davis, remaining with theCivil War, Mallory, Jr. served in both theConfederate army and navy. The propertywas acquired by the U.S. Navy in 1895.Naval Base Key WestThe U.S. Navy first established a navalbase at Key West in 1823 for thesuppression of piracy in the CaribbeanSea and the Gulf of Mexico. During theCivil War, Key West was the headquartersof the U.S. Navy’s East Gulf BlockadingSquadron, which had responsibility forthe blockade of the Florida peninsulafrom Cape Canaveral on the Atlanticcoast to St. Andrew Bay in the Gulf ofMexico. Surviving buildings used by theUnion navy during the Civil War include:United States Marine Hospital401 Emma StreetDesigned by Robert Mills, designer of theWashington Monument, this buildingwas constructed in 1845 and was used fortreatment of Union military personnelConfederate Secretary of Navy Stephen Mallory.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)president’s party until early May 1865,when he resigned to return to Florida. Hewas imprisoned by Federal authoritiesuntil March 1866. Subsequently hepracticed law in Pensacola, never againholding public office. He died in 1873.To learn more, see: Stephen RussellMallory, A Biography of the ConfederateNavy Secretary and United StatesSenator by Rodman L. Underwood,McFarland & Company, 2005.75

||including victims of the yellow feverepidemics which swept Key West duringthe Civil War.Clinton Square Market291 Front StreetConstructed in 1856-1861, this building wasused by the Union navy as a coal depot andstorehouse for its vessels on blockading duty.Palm Beach CountyJupiterJupiter Inlet Lighthouse500 Captain Armour’s Way561.747.8380www.lrhs.orgThe Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse is theoldest surviving structure in Palm BeachCounty. Designed by then-LieutenantGeorge Gordon Meade, who would latercommand the Union Army at the Battleof Gettysburg, it was completed and lit onJuly 10, 1860, after a six year constructionperiod. Determining the light to be ofuse to Union ships and a detriment totheir cause, Confederate sympathizerstook control of the lighthouse in August1861. They removed lamps and burnersfrom the light, and buried the equipment.Throughout most of the war, JupiterInlet was an active area for Confederateblockade running and, by the end of thewar, Union blockading ships had capturedor sunk over 50 Confederate boats inand around the inlet. The Union navyalso sent numerous raiding expeditionsinto the area. In the summer of 1862,Union sailors landed and broke into theJupiter Inlet Lighthouse and confiscatedjournals and other lighthouse records. InFebruary 1863, another Union raidingforce uncovered the hidden lighthouseapparatus and brought it to Key West,but the lighthouse remained darkenedfor the duration of the war. The JupiterInlet Light returned to operation in June1866. The lighthouse is now part of theJupiter Inlet Lighthouse and Museumcomplex operated by the LoxahatcheeRiver Historical Society. Located in arestored World War II barracks building,the museum contains exhibits on localhistory, including the Civil War.SOUTHEAST REGIONWest Palm BeachWoodlawn CemeteryU.S. Highway 1In a roundabout at its center, thiscemetery contains a Confederatemonument erected by the UnitedPensionsIn 1885, theFlorida legislaturepassed one of thefirst true pensionlaws in the South,authorizingpayments toConfederateveterans unfit towork as a result ofwounds. An 1887revision authorizedpensions to currentstate residentswho had served inunits from otherConfederate states,greatly increasingthe numberof pensioners.The legislaturenext authorizedpensions to thewidows of veteranswho had beenkilled or died ofwounds. Eventually,pension rulespermitted widowswho had marriedtheir husbandsdecades after thewar to receivepensions. By 1910, Florida had 5,905veterans and widows on its pensionrolls, and paid out $644,606 in benefits.The last surviving veteran pensionerwas William A. Lundy, who claimedservice in the Alabama Home Guard.During the last years of his life, Lundyreached celebrity status as one of thelast Confederate veterans, althoughrecent research casts strong doubton his service claim. His death in1957 ended 72 years of benefits toDaughters of the Confederacy in1941. Also buried in this cemeteryare approximately 30 Union veterans,including Willmon Whilldin of the6th New Jersey Infantry who wasmayor of West Palm Beach in thepostwar period.Florida Confederate Widow’s Pension Claim, 1909.(Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)Confederate soldiers. The number ofwidows dwindled until April 1985,when Nena Feagle of Columbia Countydied, marking the end of a century ofwelfare provided by Florida to Civil Warveterans and widows.To learn more, see: “FloridaConfederate Pension ApplicationFiles,” State Library & Archives ofFlorida. Available online at: http://www.floridamemory.com/collections/pensionfiles76

||Florida Monument, Chickamauga Battlefield,Georgia. (Image courtesy of the National Park Service)GEORGIAFlorida Monument,ChickamaugaLaFayette RoadChickamauga & Chattanooga NationalMilitary Park706.866.9241www.nps.gov/chchFought on September 19-20, 1863, theBattle of Chickamauga was one of thebloodiest battles of the Civil War, withnearly 35,000 Union and Confederatecasualties. Seven Florida unitsparticipated in the battle and sufferedover 550 dead, wounded, missing orcaptured. The large Florida Monument atthe battlefield was constructed in 1912-1913, and was dedicated in May 1913during the twenty-third National UnitedConfederate Veterans Reunion held atnearby Chattanooga, Tennessee.MISSISSIPPIFlorida Monument,VicksburgSouth Confederate AvenueVicksburg National Military Park601.636.0583www.nps.gov/vick/historyculture/floridamemorial.htmErected by the Florida Division of theUnited Daughters of the ConfederacyOUT-OF-STATE SITESin 1954, the Florida Monument islocated on former national park propertywhich was later deeded back to the Cityof Vicksburg. This granite monolithmonument commemorates the service ofthe three Florida regiments in GeneralJoseph E. Johnston’s Army of Relief whichwas unable to break the Union siege ofVicksburg in 1863.PENNSYLVANIAFlorida Monument,GettysburgWest Confederate AvenueGettysburg National Military Park717.334.1124www.nps.gov/gettAt the Battle of Gettysburg, the FloridaBrigade (comprised of the 2nd, 5th, and8th Florida Infantry Regiments), underthe command of Colonel David Lang,participated in the heaviest fightingof July 2 and 3, 1863, including anadvance in support of Pickett’s Charge.The monument states that of the 700men in the Florida Brigade, 445 werekilled, wounded, or captured. A morerecent study concludes that the FloridaBrigade started with 739 men andsuffered 343 casualties. Either way, theFlorida Brigade suffered among thehighest percentage of casualties of anyFlorida Monument, Gettysburg Battlefield,Pennsylvania. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)Confederate brigade at Gettysburg. TheFlorida Monument was dedicated onJuly 3, 1963; the 100th anniversary ofthe Florida Brigade’s assault to assistPickett’s Charge. An iron marker withinformation on the Florida Brigade atthe Battle of Gettysburg was erectedon West Confederate Avenue in 1902by the Gettysburg National MilitaryPark Commission, and then replacedwith a larger bronze marker in 1910.A second Florida Brigade iron markerwas erected by the Commission onEmmitsburg Road.TENNESSEEFlorida Monument,Franklin1345 Carnton LaneMcGavock Confederate Cemetery615.794.0903http://carnton.orgMaintained by the United Daughtersof the Confederacy, the McGavockConfederate Cemetery is believed to bethe largest privately held Confederatecemetery in the United States. It containsthe remains of nearly 1,500 Confederatecasualties from the November 1864 Battleof Franklin, buried by state, includingmembers of the Florida Brigade. TheFlorida section contains a monument and4 gravesites. Approximately 5-foot tall,the Florida shaft monument was erectedin the late 19th century.VIRGINIAFlorida Monument,Winchester305 East Boscawen StreetMount Hebron Cemetery540.662.4868www.mthebroncemetery.org/stonewall.htmlLocated in the Stonewall ConfederateCemetery section of the Mount HebronCemetery, the Florida plot containsan obelisk monument in front of themarked graves of 38 Florida Confederatesoldiers. It was erected in 1902 bythe Florida Division of the UnitedDaughters of the Confederacy.77

||Printed ResourcesBrown, Canter Jr.Tampa in Civil War and Reconstruction.Tampa, FL: University of Tampa Press, 2000.Buker, George.Blockaders, Refugees & Contrabands: CivilWar on Florida’s Gulf Coast, 1861-1865.Tuscaloosa, AL: University of AlabamaPress, 1993.Davis, William W.The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida.1913. Reprint edition. Gainesville, FL:University of Florida Press, 1964.Dickison, Mary Elizabeth.Dickison and His Men: Reminiscences ofthe War in Florida.1890. Reprint edition. Gainesville, FL:University of Florida Press, 1962.Driscoll, John K.The Civil War on Pensacola Bay, 1861-1862.Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company,Inc., 2007.Florida Humanities Council.The Civil War: When Florida “Opened Upthe Gates of Hell.” Special Issue of Forum:The Magazine of the Florida HumanitiesCouncil. Volume 34, Number 1, Spring 2010.Hartman, David W.and David J. Coles, compilers.Biographical Rosters of Florida’s Confederateand Union Soldiers, 1861-1865.Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot PublishingCompany, 1995.Holland, Keith V., Lee Manley,and James W. Towart, editors.The Maple Leaf: An Extraordinary CivilWar Shipwreck.Jacksonville, FL: St. Johns ArchaeologicalExpeditions, Inc., 1993.Johns, John E.Florida During the Civil War.Gainesville, FL: University of FloridaPress, 1963.Martin, Richard A., and Daniel L. Schafer.Jacksonville's Ordeal by Fire: A CivilWar History.Jacksonville, FL: Florida PublishingCompany, 1984.SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYNulty, William H.Confederate Florida: The Road to Olustee.Tuscaloosa, AL: University of AlabamaPress, 1990.Pearce, George F.Pensacola During the Civil War: AThorn in the Side of the Confederacy.Gainesville, FL: University Press ofFlorida, 2000.Proctor, Samuel, editor.Florida a Hundred Years Ago.Tallahassee, FL: Florida State Library,1960-1965. (Day by day listing of eventsin Civil War Florida.)Revels, Tracy J.Grander in Her Daughters: Florida’sWomen During the Civil War.Columbia, SC: University of SouthCarolina Press, 2004.Rivers, Larry Eugene.Slavery in Florida: Territorial Daysto Emancipation.Gainesville, FL: University Press ofFlorida, 2000.Schafer, Daniel L.Thunder on the River: The Civil War inNortheast Florida.Gainesville, FL: University Press ofFlorida, 2010.Schmidt, Lewis G.The Civil War in Florida: A Military History.4 vols. in 6 pts. Allentown, PA: Publishedby the author, 1989-1992.Shofner, Jerrell H.Nor Is It Over Yet: Florida in the Era ofReconstruction, 1863-1877.Gainesville, FL: University Press ofFlorida, 1974.Soldiers of Florida in the SeminoleIndian, Civil and Spanish-AmericanWars. Prepared and published under theauspices of the Board of State Institutions,1903. Reprint edition. Macclenny, FL:Richard J. Ferry, 1983.Taylor, Paul, editor.Discovering the Civil War in Florida:A Reader and Guide.Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, Inc., 2001.Taylor, Robert A.Rebel Storehouse: Florida in theConfederate Economy.Tuscaloosa, AL: University of AlabamaPress, 1995.Winsboro, Irvin D. S., editor.Florida’s Civil War: Explorations intoConflict, Interpretations and Memory.Cocoa, FL: The Florida Historical SocietyPress, 2007.Wynne, Lewis N. and Robert A. Taylor.Florida in the Civil War.Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2001.Please see sidebarsfor additional printed sources.Internet Web SitesA Guide to Civil War Recordsat the State Archives of Floridawww.floridamemory.com/collections/civilwarguideCivil War FloridaJim Studnicki, Webmasterwww.civilwarflorida.comDestination: Civil WarFlorida Public Archaeology Networkwww.flpublicarchaeology.org/civilwarFlorida in the Civil WarState Library & Archives of Floridawww.floridamemory.com/onlineclassroom/floridacivilwarFlorida in the Civil War, 1861-1865Museum of Florida Historywww.museumoffloridahistory.com/exhibits/permanent/civilwarThe Civil War in FloridaDale Cox, Authorwww.exploresouthernhistory.com/cwflorida.htmlThis Day in Florida History: Civil War,1861-1865Florida Historical Societywww.myfloridahistory.org/library/flahistory/civilwar78

||PageArchives59 Florida Historical Society Library30 Florida State University Libraries43 Jacksonville Historical Society Archives68 Manatee County Historical Library24 P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History32 State Archives of Florida/State LibraryBattlefields34 Natural Bridge Battlefield39 Olustee Battlefield12 Santa Rosa Island (See Fort Pickens)Cemeteries20 Bagdad11 Barrancas National (Pensacola)47 Bosque Bello (Fernandina)15 Chestnut Street (Apalachicola)70 City of Miami23 Evergreen (Gainesville)43 Evergreen (Jacksonville)58 Geneva57 Greenwood (Orlando)65 Greenwood (St. Petersburg)75 Key West41 Magnolia Springs (Green Cove Springs)68 Manatee Burying Ground (Bradenton)58 Oak Hill (Bartow)36 Oakland (Madison)26 Oaklawn (Lake City)63 Oaklawn (Tampa)36 Oak Ridge (Madison)24 Oak Ridge (Near Micanopy)44 Old City (Jacksonville)32 Old City (Tallahassee)28 Old City & Roseland (Monticello)29 Palmer Family Graveyard (Monticello)18 Riverside (Marianna)27 Riverside (White Springs)27 Soldiers/Eastern (Quincy)53 San Lorenzo (St. Augustine)53 St. Augustine National14 St. Johns (Pensacola)33 St. Johns (Tallahassee)19 St. Luke’s (Marianna)14 St. Michael’s (Pensacola)53 Tolomato (St. Augustine)27 Western (Quincy)49 Westview (Palatka)64 Woodlawn (Tampa)76 Woodlawn (West Palm Beach)INDEXChurches47 First Presbyterian (Fernandina)21 Moss Hill United Methodist (Vernon)13 Old Christ Church (Pensacola)57 Orange Springs Community49 St. Mark’s Episcopal (Palatka)15 Trinity Episcopal (Apalachicola)Forts11 Fort Barrancas and Advanced Redoubt47 Fort Clinch16 Fort Gadsden (earthworks)30 Fort Houstoun (Old Fort, earthworks)72 Fort Jefferson12 Fort Pickens51 Fort Marion (Castillo de San Marcos)73 & 74 Fort Zachary Taylor andMartello Towers38 Fort Ward (San Marcos de Apalachee, ruins)45 Yellow Bluff Fort (earthworks)Government Buildings (Museums)68 First Manatee County Courthouse30 Florida Historic Capitol51 Government House, St. AugustineHistoric Houses27 A.K. Allison House (Quincy)50 Arrivas House (St. Augustine)30 Bellevue/Murat House (Tallahassee)30 Brokaw-McDougall House (Tallahassee)48 Bronson-Mulholland House (Palatka)41 Clark-Chalker House (Middleburg)68 Curry Settlement Homes (Bradenton)18 Davis-West House (Marianna)50 Dummett House/St. Francis Inn(St. Augustine)47 Florida House Inn (Fernandina Beach)49 Fort Shannon Officers Quarters (Palatka)69 Gamble Plantation (Ellenton)23 Haile Homestead (Gainesville)74 Hemingway House (Key West)31 Knott House Museum (Tallahassee)75 Key West Oldest House52 Llambias House (St. Augustine)52 Markland/Anderson House(St.Augustine)61 May-Stringer House (Brooksville)32 Meginnis-Monroe House (Tallahassee)48 Merrick-Simmons House (Fernandina)36 Old Island Hotel (Cedar Key)15 Orman House State Park (Apalachicola)15 Raney House (Apalachicola)7953 Segui-Kirby Smith House(St. Augustine)33 The Grove (Tallahassee)37 Wardlaw-Smith-Goza House (Madison)48 Williams House (Fernandina)Historical Markers22 Bailey House (Gainesville)22 Battle of Gainesville (see city text)17 Battle of Marianna (city text)25 Captain Richard Bradford (Starke)22 Cotton Wood Plantation (Archer)18 Ely-Criglar House (Marianna)66 Fort Myers Attack66 Fort Thompson (LeBelle)18 Holden House (Marianna)25 J.J. Dickison/Davis Baggage Train(Waldo)75 Mallory Homesite (Key West)56 Marshall Plantation (Ocala)65 Miranda Home (St. Petersburg)27 Quincy Academy45 Sammis Plantation (Jacksonville)41 Sanderson Camp9 St. Andrew Bay Saltworks (Panama City)9 St. Andrew Skirmish (Panama City)17 St. Joseph Saltworks (Port St. Joe)63 Tampa Blockade Runners/Ballast Point37 Taylor County Saltworks (Perry)21 Thompson House/Skirmish onBlackwater (Bagdad)27 White House/P.W. White (Quincy)Lighthouses46 Amelia Island70 Cape Florida16 Cape St. George36 Cedar Keys61 Egmont Key76 Jupiter Inlet75 Key West14 Pensacola53 St. Augustine38 St. MarksMilitary Buildings26 Chattahoochee Arsenal75 Naval Base Key West14 Pensacola Navy Yard53 St. Francis Barracks

||Monuments68 Bradenton (see city text)61 Brooksville (city text)77 Chickamauga, GA26 CSS Chattahoochee21 DeFuniak Springs67 Fort Myers (Black soldier)77 Franklin, TN22 Gainesville (city text)77 Gettysburg, PA42 & 44 Jacksonville (2)73 Key West (2) (Union)25 Lake City (city text)58 Lakeland9 Lynn Haven (Union soldier)36 Madison17 Marianna (2) (city text)71 Miami (Union soldier)28 Monticello (city text)34 Natural Bridge56 Ocala39 Olustee57 Orlando48 Palatka (city text)13 Pensacola26 Quincy (city text)52 St. Augustine (2)30 Tallahassee (Histotic Capitol)62 Tampa77 Vicksburg, MS77 Winchester, VAINDEX(continued)Museums46 Amelia Island Museum of History20 Bagdad Village Museum35 Cedar Key Historical Society Museum35 Cedar Key Museum State Park62 East Hillsborough Historical Museum58 Fort Meade Historical Museum25 Lake City-Columbia County Museum43 Mandarin Museum23 Matheson Museum32 Museum of Florida History44 Museum of Science and History44 Museum of Southern History59 New Smyrna Museum of History60 Old Courthouse Heritage Museum13 Pensacola Historical Museum58 Polk County Historical Museum57 Silver River Museum69 South Florida Museum67 Southwest Florida Museum of History53 St. Augustine Manucy Museum57 St. Cloud Heritage Museum37 Treasures of Madison County Museum13 T.T. Wentworth Museum33 Union Bank (Black Archives)38 Wakulla History Museum/ArchivesParks21 Arcadia Mill Site (Milton)61 Bayport Park (Spring Hill)42 Camp Milton (Jacksonville)59 DeLeon Springs State Park24 Dudley Farm (Newberry)19 Fort Walton Beach Heritage Park13 Hyer-Knowles Planing Mill (Pensacola)9 Oaks by the Bay (Panama City)59 Old Fort Park (New Smyrna Beach)62 Plant Park/Ft. Brooke Cannons(Tampa)52 Plaza de la Constitucion(St. Augustine)37 Suwannee River State Park (Live Oak)19 Torreya State Park (Bristol)60 Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins (Homosassa)Railroads28 Lloyd Railroad Depot23 Old Gainesville Depot31 Pensacola & Georgia Depot(Tallahassee)33 Tallahassee-St. Marks Railroad TrailIndex note: A number of these siteshave components that could be listedunder more than one heading. Forsimplicity, sites are listed once under theirprimary feature.Artifact PhotographyRay StanyardBagdad VillagePreservation AssociationMichael JohnsonCity of OrlandoRichard ForbesDonald PriceFlorida Association of MuseumsMalinda HortonFlorida Division ofHistorical ResourcesDavid FerroSharyn HeilandSusanne HuntMarie C. IvoryFlorida Division of State LandsDr. Joe KnetschFlorida Historic CapitolAndrew EdelACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFlorida Park ServiceEllen AndrewsMark KnapkeMartha RobinsonPhillip WerndliFlorida Public Archaeology NetworkDr. William LeesFlorida Supreme Court LibraryErik RobinsonManatee County Historical CommissionJoe KennedyCathy SlusserMarine Archaeological CouncilSteven SingerMuseum of Florida HistoryBruce GraetzKieran OrrOrange County Regional History CenterJeff Grzelak80Reflections of ManateeTrudy WilliamsResearch HistorianSidney JohnstonState Archives of FloridaDr. R. Boyd MurphreeN. Adam WatsonSt. Augustine Historical SocietyCharles TingleySt. Augustine Lighthouse & MuseumKathy FlemingSt. Cloud Heritage MuseumRoger HeipleTreasures of Madison CountyWilliam Bunting, Sr.United Daughters of the ConfederacyPatricia SchnurrWakulla County Historical SocietyDr. Madeleine Hirsiger-Carr

Map of Union Military Operations in Florida during the Civil War. (Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)Back Cover: Confederate unit reenactors, Natural Bridge Battlefield. (Image courtesy of Bruce Graetz, Museum of Florida History), Confederate Cavalry Guidon (flag) of the “St. Johns Rangers”,Company B, 2nd Florida Cavalry. (Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History), Fort Marion, Castillo de San Marcos National Monument, St. Augustine. (Image courtesy of the Florida Division ofHistorical Resources), Union regiment reenactors, Olustee Battlefield. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida), Union Army Colt Revolver. (Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History),Florida Three-Dollar Bill, 1864. (Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)

Florida Civil War Heritage TrailFlorida Department of StateDivision of Historical Resources500 South Bronough StreetTallahassee, Florida 32399-0250800.847.7278www.flheritage.comH