«ЗОНАЛЬНАЯ МОДЕЛЬ» ОПИСАНИЯ ГОМЕОСТАЗА © В. А ...

«ÇÎÍÀËÜÍÀß ÌÎÄÅËÜ» ÎÏÈÑÀÍÈß ÃÎÌÅÎÑÒÀÇÀ 247Ðèñ. 1. Ñõåìà êîíòèíóóìà ïîòåíöèàëüíî âîçìîæíûõ ãîìåîñòàòè÷åñêèõñîñòîÿíèé â âèäå ðàçâåòâëÿþùåãîñÿ êàíàëà, àòàêæå äâóõ îáëàñòåé CèD,îäíà èç êîòîðûõ — «êàðìàí» Cñâÿçàíà ñ êîíòèíóóìîì, à äðóãàÿ — ãèïîòåòè÷åñêàÿ D íåñâÿçàíà.Âñå ÷àñòè êîíòèíóóìà çàøòðèõîâàíû, êîîðäèíàòû àäàïòèâíûõ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõïàðàìåòðîâ — óñëîâíûå. Èçîáðàæåíû òàêæå íåáîëüøèå,íå çàêðàøåííûå çîíû, ðàñïîëîæåííûå âíóòðè êîíòèíóóìà, ãäåâ ñèëó òåõ èëè èíûõ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðè÷èí, îðãàíèçì ñóùåñòâîâàòüíå ìîæåò. Íàïðàâëåíèå ïîñòåïåííûõ îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêèõ èçìåíåíèéóêàçàíî ñòðåëêàìè. Íà êàæäîì ýòàïå æèçíè îðãàíèçì ñîâåðøàåòñëîæíûå ïåðåìåùåíèÿ âíóòðè àêòóàëüíî âîçìîæíîé ãîìåîñòàòè÷åñêîéçîíû (îáúÿñíåíèÿ â òåêñòå), êîòîðàÿ ïîêàçàíà òåìíûìñãóùåíèåì. Èçîáðàæåíà ñèòóàöèÿ, êîãäà ðåàëèçîâàííàÿ îíòîãåíåòè-÷åñêàÿ òðàåêòîðèÿ ìîæåò ïîéòè ïî îäíîìó èç äâóõ âîçìîæíûõ ïóòåé— ëèáî ïî âåðõíåìó îòâåòâëåíèþ îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêîãî êàíàëà,ëèáî ïî íèæíåìó. Ïåðåõîä ìåæäó ó÷àñòêàìè AèBïîãåîìåòðè÷åñêèîïòèìàëüíîìó ïóòè íåâîçìîæåí, ãèïîòåòè÷åñêàÿ çîíà Dâëþáîìñëó÷àå ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåäîñòèæèìîé.òàáå îðãàíèçì âñå âðåìÿ äâèãàåòñÿ ïî èíäèâèäóàëüíîéðåàëèçîâàííîé òðàåêòîðèè, íàïîìèíàþùåéêëóáîê, îáìàòûâàþùèé îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêóþ òðàåêòîðèþ.Íåêîòîðûå èç ïåðåìåùåíèé ïîðåàëèçîâàííîé òðàåêòîðèè ñâÿçàíû ñ àäàïòèâíûìè ðåàêöèÿìè,â òîì ÷èñëå â îòâåò íà îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêèéäðåéô, è ïîýòîìó ìîãóò ðàññìàòðèâàòüñÿ êàê, îáðàçíîãîâîðÿ, íåïðåðûâíàÿ áîðüáà ñî «ñìåðòåëüíîé áîëåçíüþ»ïîä íàçâàíèåì îíòîãåíåç. çàêëþ÷åíèå ìîæíî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî èíäèâèäóàëüíàÿðåàëèçîâàííàÿ òðàåêòîðèÿ, ñîñòîÿùàÿ èç íåïðåðûâíûõïåðåìåùåíèé, âûçûâàåìûõ íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ àäàïòèðîâàòüñÿê ìåíÿþùèìñÿ óñëîâèÿì, ëåæèò âíóòðè îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêîãîêàíàëà, êîòîðûé, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, ïðèíàäëåæèòêîíòèíóóìó ïîòåíöèàëüíî âîçìîæíûõ ãîìåîñòàòè÷åñêèõñîñòîÿíèé. Äðåéô ïî êàíàëó ïðîèñõîäèòòîëüêî â îäíîì íàïðàâëåíèè, ÷òî îáóñëîâëåíî íåîáðàòèìûìèèçìåíåíèÿìè îðãàíèçìà â ïðîöåññå åãî îíòîãåíåçà.Ôîðìà è òîïîëîãèÿ êàíàëà ìîæåò áûòü òàêîâà,÷òî ðåàëèçàöèÿ íåêîòîðûõ ïåðåìåùåíèé ìåæäó åãîðàçíûìè ÷àñòÿìè ïî íàèêðàò÷àéøèì ïóòÿì îêàçûâàåòñÿíåâîçìîæíîé, ïîñêîëüêó äëÿ ýòîãî òðåáóåòñÿ ëèáîâûõîä çà ïðåäåëû êàíàëà, ëèáî âîçâðàò ê îíòîãåíåòè-÷åñêè áîëåå ðàííèì ñîñòîÿíèÿì. Ïîýòîìó îäíè íàïðàâëåíèÿïåðåìåùåíèÿ íà îïðåäåëåííûõ ýòàïàõ îíòîãåíåçàîêàçûâàþòñÿ âïîëíå äîïóñòèìûìè, â òî âðåìÿêàê äðóãèå ìàëîâåðîÿòíûìè èëè äàæå íåâîçìîæíûìè.Óñëîâíî ýòî òàêæå èçîáðàæåíî íà ðèñ. 1. Èíîãäà, íàíåêîòîðûõ ýòàïàõ îíòîãåíåçà âîçìîæíî âåòâëåíèå òðàåêòîðèè.Ýòî îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî îðãàíèçì îïðåäåëåííîãîâîçðàñòà ìîæåò ñ êàêîé-òî âåðîÿòíîñòüþ «âûáðàòü»ëèáî îäèí, ëèáî äðóãîé ïóòü ðàçâèòèÿ, ÷òî äàâíî èçâåñòíîèç èññëåäîâàíèé íà ïîïóëÿöèîííîì óðîâíå [12,21]. Ñêàçàííîå õîðîøî èëëþñòðèðóåò ïðèìåðû âîçíèêíîâåíèÿðàçëè÷íûõ æèçíåííûõ ôîðì íåêîòîðûõîáùåñòâåííûõ íàñåêîìûõ, íàïðèìåð ìóðàâüåâ, ó êîòîðûõõàðàêòåð ïèòàíèÿ ëè÷èíîê è óñëîâèÿ ñðåäû, âêëþ-÷àÿ îêðóæàþùèé ãîðìîíàëüíûé ôîí, ïðåäîïðåäåëÿþòíåîáðàòèìûå ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå è ôåíîòèïè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿîðãàíèçìà è ñîîòâåòñòâåííî äàëüíåéøèé ðîëåâîéðåïåðòóàð.Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ðàçìåð çîíû, âíóòðè êîòîðîé ôàêòè-÷åñêè âîçìîæåí ãîìåîñòàç, â òå÷åíèå æèçíè ëþáîãîîðãàíèçìà âàðüèðóåò. Çäåñü ñëåäóåò ñäåëàòü óòî÷íåíèå.Ïîä ãðàíèöàìè óïîìÿíóòîé âûøå ïîòåíöèàëüíîâîçìîæíîé çîíû îðãàíèçìà ìû áóäåì ïîäðàçóìåâàòüèìåííî «ïðåäåëüíî-äîïóñòèìûå» íàñëåäñòâåííîñòüþçíà÷åíèÿ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïàðàìåòðîâ. Ïðèáëèæåíèåê íèì, õîòÿ è âîçìîæíî, íî íå ïðè ëþáûõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâàõ(íàïðèìåð, ñïîñîáíîñòü ïåðåíîñèòü ãèïîêñèþ óîñëàáëåííîãî îðãàíèçìà ñíèæåíà). Ôàêòè÷åñêè æå âêàæäûé èç ìîìåíòîâ æèçíè àäàïòèâíûå ñïîñîáíîñòèîðãàíèçìà ëåæàò â áîëåå óçêîé çîíå, êîòîðóþ ìû áóäåìíàçûâàòü àêòóàëüíî âîçìîæíîé ãîìåîñòàòè÷åñêîéçîíîé. Íà ðàçìåð è äðóãèå îñîáåííîñòèïîñëåäíåé âëèÿþò ñàìûå ðàçíûå ôàêòîðû, âêëþ÷àÿ õàðàêòåðïèòàíèÿ è óñëîâèÿ ñðåäû îáèòàíèÿ â ðàññìàòðèâàåìûéïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè, à ó âûñøèõ æèâîòíûõ,èìåþùèõ îáû÷íî áîëåå òîíêóþ ðåãóëÿöèþ, ïëþñ êòîìó — ñîöèàëüíûé ñòàòóñ è ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîå ñîñòîÿíèå.Èñïîëüçóÿ ââåäåííóþ òåðìèíîëîãèþ, ìîæíî ñêàçàòü,÷òî ëþáîé îðãàíèçì â òå÷åíèå æèçíè ïåðåìåùàåòñÿïî ñëîæíîé èíäèâèäóàëüíîé òðàåêòîðèè, êîòîðàÿíàõîäèòñÿ âñåãäà âíóòðè îáåèõ çîí — ïîòåíöèàëüíîéè àêòóàëüíîé, îêðóæàÿ êàê êëóáîê èëè ñãóùåíèå öåíòðãîìåîñòàòè÷åñêîãî àòòðàêòîðà [4]. Ïðè ýòîì èíäèâèäóàëüíàÿðåàëèçîâàííàÿ òðàåêòîðèÿ, â îòëè÷èå îò îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêîéòðàåêòîðèè ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîãî îïòèìóìà,îïèñûâàåò ðåàëüíûå èçìåíåíèÿ ñîñòîÿíèÿ îðãàíèçìà,è îáû÷íî ñâÿçàíà ñ ñîáûòèÿìè, ïðîèñõîäÿùèìè â áîëååìåëêîì âðåìåííîì ìàñøòàáå, íåæåëè îíòîãåíåòè-÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ.Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïî àíàëîãèè ñ ýâîëþöèîííîé ýêîëîãèåé,ìû ïðåäëàãàåì ñëåäóþùóþ ñõåìó: ïðåäîïðåäåëåííûéíàñëåäñòâåííîñòüþ êîíòèíóóì ïîòåíöèàëüíîâîçìîæíûõ ãîìåîñòàòè÷åñêèõ ñîñòîÿíèé — ñâîåãîðîäà «ëèöåíçèÿ» [17] âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ ïîòåíöèàëüíûåîíòîãåíåòè÷åñêèå êàíàëû, íî ìîæåò òàêæå ñîäåðæàòüíåêèå äîïîëíèòåëüíûå îáëàñòè.  êàæäûé ìîìåíòæèçíè îðãàíèçì íàõîäèòñÿ âíóòðè ïîòåíöèàëüíî âîçìîæíîéãîìåîñòàòè÷åñêîé çîíû, êîòîðàÿ ïîñòåïåííîäðåéôóåò ïî êàíàëó â ïðîöåññå îíòîãåíåçà. Åñëèîòâëå÷üñÿ îò ñðàâíèòåëüíî ìåäëåííûõ åå èçìåíåíèé âïðîöåññå îíòîãåíåçà, òî íåòðóäíî âèäåòü, ÷òî â êàæ-

«ÇÎÍÀËÜÍÀß ÌÎÄÅËÜ» ÎÏÈÑÀÍÈß ÃÎÌÅÎÑÒÀÇÀ 249ðèÿ âíóòðè çîíû ìîæåò áûòü î÷åíü ñëîæíîé (îñîáåííîåñëè ðàññìàòðèâàòü åå íà êîðîòêèõ èíòåðâàëàõ âðåìåíè).Íåáîëüøèå, ñëó÷àéíûå âàðèàöèè óñëîâèé ñðåäû âïðåäåëàõ îáëàñòè òîëåðàíòíîñòè íå ïðèâîäÿò êôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèì ïåðåñòðîéêàì îðãàíèçìà è èçìåíåíèþàêòóàëüíî âîçìîæíîé çîíû. Èíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ,åñëè ýòè èçìåíåíèÿ èìåþò äëèòåëüíûé è îäíîíàïðàâëåííûéõàðàêòåð, èç-çà ÷åãî òðàåêòîðèÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííîíàõîäèòñÿ â êàêîé-òî îäíîé ÷àñòè çîíû. ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïðîèñõîäèò òî, ÷òî ïðèíÿòî íàçûâàòüïðèâûêàíèåì èëè àäàïòàöèåé îðãàíèçìà ê òèïè÷íûìíà ýòîì ýòàïå æèçíè óñëîâèÿì. Àêòóàëüíî âîçìîæíàÿãîìåîñòàòè÷åñêàÿ çîíà â ïðîöåññå àäàïòàöèèïîñòåïåííî ìåíÿåò ôîðìó è ðàçìåð â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñõàðàêòåðîì ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ èçìåíåíèé, íåîáõîäèìûõïðè ñëîæèâøèõñÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâàõ.  èòîãå îíàçàíèìàåò èíîå ìåñòî ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïåðâîíà÷àëüíûìïîëîæåíèåì. Òî æå ñàìîå ìîæíî íàáëþäàòü ïðè äëèòåëüíûõñïîðòèâíûõ èëè èíûõ ñïåöèàëüíûõ òðåíèðîâêàõ[26]. Åùå îäíó èëëþñòðàöèþ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïåðåñòðîåê,ïðè êîòîðûõ àêòóàëüíàÿ ãîìåîñòàòè÷åñêàÿçîíà ñóùåñòâåííî ñìåùàåòñÿ, äàåò ìåòîä «ñòóïåí÷àòîéàêêëèìàòèçàöèè» íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ. Íàïðèìåð,â ñëó÷àå áåëîìîðñêèõ ìîëëþñêîâ ñ ïîìîùüþ íåñêîëüêèõïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûõ, ïîëíîñòüþ çàâåðøåííûõàêêëèìàòèçàöèé (èõ íàçûâàþò èíîãäà «ñòóïåí÷àòûìè»)óäàëîñü ïîëó÷àòü íåòèïè÷íûå ôîðìû, ñïîñîáíûåóñïåøíî ñóùåñòâîâàòü â ýêñòðåìàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ îêîëîãðàíèö âûæèâàåìîñòè [27].Ïðîöåññ àäàïòàöèè óñëîâíî èçîáðàæåí íà ðèñ. 2.Íåáîëüøèå ñäâèãè àêòóàëüíî âîçìîæíîé ãîìåîñòàòè-÷åñêîé çîíû, à òàêæå âàðèàöèè åå ðàçìåðîâ, ïîñòåïåííîïðèâîäÿò ê ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåîáðàòèìîìó ïåðåìåùåíèþçîíû âíóòðè îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêîãî êàíàëà. Áûñòðûéâàðèàíò ê èñõîäíîé çîíå, à òàêæå ñêà÷êîîáðàçíûå ïåðåõîäûê äðóãèì â ïðèíöèïå äîïóñòèìûì çîíàì (îäíàèç òàêèõ ãèïîòåòè÷åñêèõ çîí ïîêàçàíà íà ðèñ. 2 ïóíêòèðîì)ìàëîâåðîÿòíû, ïîñêîëüêó äëÿ ýòîãî òðåáóþòñÿäëèòåëüíûå, íàïðàâëåííûå è ñîãëàñîâàííûå èçìåíåíèÿâñåãî êîìïëåêñà àäàïòèâíûõ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïàðàìåòðîâè óñëîâèé ñðåäû. Äàííàÿ ñõåìà èëëþñòðèðóåòòàêæå òî îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî, ÷òî èçìåíåíèÿ àêòóàëüíîéãîìåîñòàòè÷åñêîé çîíû ìîãóò èíîãäà âîñïðèíèìàòüñÿêàê ïðèíöèïèàëüíî íåîáðàòèìûå, õîòÿ íà äåëå òàêîâûìèÿâëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî òå, êîòîðûå ñâÿçàíû ñ íåîáðàòèìûìîíòîãåíåòè÷åñêèì äðåéôîì âíóòðè êàíàëà.Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ãîâîðÿ î ñóùåñòâåííîì, ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîìè ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåîáðàòèìîì èçìåíåíèè àêòóàëüíîâîçìîæíûõ ãîìåîñòàòè÷åñêèõ çîí ó æèâîòíûõ, â÷àñòíîñòè ó âûñøèõ ïîçâîíî÷íûõ, à òàêæå î âîçìîæíîñòè«âûáîðà» èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ òðàåêòîðèé ðàçâèòèÿâ òå÷åíèå æèçíè, íå ñëåäóåò äóìàòü, ÷òî ýòî ïðîèñõîäèòòîëüêî íà ðàííèõ ýòàïàõ îíòîãåíåçà èëè ïðèïàòîëîãèè. Ðàçóìååòñÿ, èíâàðèàíòû è æåñòêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêèãîìåîñòàçà â ñëó÷àå ëþáîé èíäèâèäóàëüíîéòðàåêòîðèè ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ, íî àäàïòèâíûå ìîãóò ñóùåñòâåííîâàðüèðîâàòü â çàâèñèìîñòè îò îáðàçà æèçíèîðãàíèçìà. Êàê ýòî îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ íà ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîìóðîâíå è ê êàêèì ïîñëåäñòâèÿì ýòî ìîæåò ïðèâîäèòü— î÷åíü èíòåðåñíûå è âàæíûå âîïðîñû, êîòîðûåìû ñîáèðàåìñÿ îáñóäèòü â ñëåäóþùåé ñòàòüå.Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû[1] Áèîëîãè÷åñêèé ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü. Ì., 1989.[2] Ôèçèîëîãèÿ ÷åëîâåêà /Ïîä ðåä. Â. Ì. Ïîêðîâñêîãî,Ã. Ô. Êîðîòüêî. Ì., 2001.[3] Áàóýð Ý. Òåîðåòè÷åñêàÿ áèîëîãèÿ. Ì.; Ë., 1935. Íîâîåèçäàíèå: ÑÏá., 2002.[4] Ëåâ÷åíêî Â. Ô. Ýâîëþöèÿ áèîñôåðû äî è ïîñëå ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ÷åëîâåêà (ìîíîãðàôèÿ). ÑÏá., 2004.[5] Õëåáîâè÷ Â. Â. Óðîâíè ãîìåîñòàçà / Ïðèðîäà. ¹ 2. 2007.[6] Àíîõèí Ï. Ê. Áèîëîãèÿ è íåéðîôèçèîëîãèÿ óñëîâíîãîðåôëåêñà. Ì., 1968.[7] Ïàñòóõîâ Þ. Ô., Ìàêñèìîâ À. Ë., Õàñêèí Â. Â. Àäàïòàöèÿê õîëîäó è óñëîâèÿì ñóáàðêòèêè: ïðîáëåìû òåðìîôèçèîëîãèè.Ìàãàäàí, 2003.[8] Õëåáîâè÷ Â. Â. Óðîâíè ãîìîéîòåðìèè è ãîìîéîîñìèè èâåðîÿòíûå ïðè÷èíû, èõ îïðåäåëÿþùèå / Æ. îáù. áèîë.2005. Ò. 66. Ñ. 344—348.[9] Õàððèñîí Äæ., Óàéíåð Äæ., Òýííåð Äæ., Áàðíèêîò Í.,Ðåéíîëäñ Â. Áèîëîãèÿ ÷åëîâåêà. Ì., 1979.[10] Waddington C. H. Canalization of development and the inheritanceacquired characters / Nature. 1942. V. 150.N. 3811. P. 563—565.[11] Ãàëë ß. Ì. Àäàïòèâíûå ìîäèôèêàöèè è åñòåñòâåííûéîòáîð (ýâîëþöèîííî-áèîëîãè÷åñêîå íàñëåäèå Å. È. Ëóêèíà)/ Âåñòíèê ÂÎà è Ñ, 2005. Ò. 9. Ñ. 534—539.[12] Waddington C. H. Principles of development and differentiation.New York, Macmillan, 1966.[13] Âîëüêåíøòåéí È. Â. Áèîôèçèêà. Ì., 1981.[14] Øèøêèí Ì. À. Ýâîëþöèÿ êàê ýïèãåíåòè÷åñêèé ïðîöåññ/ Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ïàëåîíòîëîãèÿ. Ò. 2. Ì. 1988.Ñ. 142—169.[15] Íàòî÷èí Þ. Â. Íåêîòîðûå ïðèíöèïû ýâîëþöèè ôóíêöèéíà êëåòî÷íîì, îðãàííîì è îðãàíèçìåííîì óðîâíÿõ(íà ïðèìåðå ïî÷êè è âîäíî-ñîëåâîãî ãîìåîñòàçà) /Æ. îáù. áèîë. 1988. Ò. 49. Ñ. 291—303.[16] Îðáåëè Ë. À. Îñíîâíûå çàäà÷è è ìåòîäû ýâîëþöèîííîéôèçèîëîãèè / Ýâîëþöèîííàÿ ôèçèîëîãèÿ. ×. 1. Ë.,1979. Ñ. 12—23.[17] Ëåâ÷åíêî Â. Ô., Ñòàðîáîãàòîâ ß. È. Ñóêöåññèîííûåèçìåíåíèÿ è ýâîëþöèÿ ýêîñèñòåì (íåêîòîðûå âîïðîñûýâîëþöèîííîé ýêîëîãèè) / Æ. îáù. áèîë. 1990. Ò. 51.Ñ. 619—631.[18] Ïèàíêà Ý. Ýâîëþöèîííàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ. Ì., 1981.[19] Ñòàðîáîãàòîâ ß. È., Ëåâ÷åíêî Â. Ô. Ýêîöåíòðè÷åñêàÿêîíöåïöèÿ ìàêðîýâîëþöèè / Æ. îáù. áèîë. 1993.Ñ. 389—407.[20] Ëàáàñ Þ. À., Õëåáîâè÷ Â. Â. Ôåíîòèïè÷åñêîå îêíî ãåíîìàè ïðîãðåññèâíàÿ ýâîëþöèÿ / Ñîëåíîñòíûå àäàïòàöèèìîðñêèõ îðãàíèçìîâ. Ë., 1976. Ñ. 4—25.[21] Levchenko V. F., Khartsiev V. E. «The Life Demon» andautoregulation of evolutionary process / Intern. J. Comp.Anticipatory Systems (Belgium). 2000. V. 10. P. 31—44(ñì. òàêæå http://www.evol.nw.labs/lab38/levchenko/articles/).[22] Ëîðåíö Ê. Ãîä ñåðîãî ãóñÿ. Ì., 1984.[23] Ìàê-Ôàðëåíä Ä. Ïîâåäåíèå æèâîòíûõ. Ïñèõîáèîëîãèÿ,ýòîëîãèÿ è ýâîëþöèÿ. Ì., 1988.[24] Âîëîâè÷ Â. Ã. ×åëîâåê â ýêñòðåìàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ ïðèðîäíîéñðåäû. Ì., 1980.[25] Ñîðîêèí Î. Ã., Óøàêîâ È. Á. Âîçìîæíîñòè è ïåðñïåêòèâûèñïîëüçîâàíèÿ îöåíêè àäàïòàöèîííîãî ïîòåíöèàëàâ ïðàêòè÷åñêîé ìåäèöèíå / Ýêîëîãèÿ ÷åëîâåêà.2005. ¹ 10. Ñ. 1—8.[26] Õëåáîâè÷ Â. Â. Àêêëèìàòèçàöèÿ æèâîòíûõ îðãàíèçìîâ.Ë., 1981.Ïîñòóïèëà 5 III 2008

250 Â. À. ÊÎÒÎËÓÏÎÂ, Â. Ô. ËÅÂ×ÅÍÊΫZONAL MODEL» OF DESCRIPTION OF HOMEOSTASIS© V. A. Kotolupov* and V. F. Levchenko*** Center of Systemic Medicine, Vipava, Slovenia;** Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry. Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, RussiaABSTRACTIn this work, peculiarities of functioning of living organisms, which are connected with the functionof maintenance of homeostasis, are discussed. Many authors wrote about homeostasis, however from position,as a rule, of some particular concrete disciplines; this prevented from combining the already existingfacts and concepts in terms of the common approach explaining physiological processes occurring inthe organism as the integral system. Specifically, the insufficient attention, in our opinion, was paid to homeorhesisand analysis of such aspect of maintenance of homeostasis as use by the organism of multifunctionalpossibilities of organs and other structural-functional components. In this work, an attempt is madeat compensating this gap: a new, «zonal» model of description of homeostasis is proposed, the alreadyknown regularities of functioning of living systems are considered, and their list is supplemented. In ouropinion, this can promote solution of general problems of physiology and medicine and allows better understandingof organization of processes in living organisms. Besides, in terms of our approach, it is easierto explain some physiology changes occurring in the process of evolution.Key words: homeostasis, homeorhesis, adaptation, homeostatic zone.