05.12.2012 Views

Demographic Side Effects of Selective Hunting in Ungulates and ...

Demographic Side Effects of Selective Hunting in Ungulates and ...

Demographic Side Effects of Selective Hunting in Ungulates and ...

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.

Milner et al. <strong>Demographic</strong> <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Selective</strong> <strong>Hunt<strong>in</strong>g</strong> 47<br />

Sheldon, B. C. <strong>and</strong> S. A. West. 2004. Maternal dom<strong>in</strong>ance, maternal condition,<br />

<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>fspr<strong>in</strong>g sex ratio <strong>in</strong> ungulate mammals. The American<br />

Naturalist 163:40–54.<br />

S<strong>in</strong>clair, A. R. E., S. A. R. Mduma, <strong>and</strong> P. Arcese. 2000. What determ<strong>in</strong>es<br />

phenology <strong>and</strong> synchrony <strong>of</strong> ungulate breed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Serengeti? Ecology<br />

81:2100–2111.<br />

S<strong>in</strong>ger, F. J., <strong>and</strong> L. C. Zeigenfuss. 2002. Influence <strong>of</strong> trophy hunt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />

horn size on mat<strong>in</strong>g behavior <strong>and</strong> survivorship <strong>of</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong> sheep.<br />

Journal <strong>of</strong> Mammalogy 83:682–698.<br />

Smuts, G. L. 1978. <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> population reduction on the travels <strong>and</strong><br />

reproduction <strong>of</strong> lions <strong>in</strong> Kruger National Park. Carnivore 1:61–72.<br />

Solberg, E. J., <strong>and</strong> B.-E. Sæther. 1994. Male traits as life-history variables:<br />

annual variation <strong>in</strong> body mass <strong>and</strong> antler size <strong>in</strong> moose (Alces alces).<br />

Journal <strong>of</strong> Mammalogy 75:1069–1079.<br />

Solberg, E. J., B.-E. Sæther, O. Str<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> A. Loison. 1999. Dynamics <strong>of</strong><br />

a harvested moose population <strong>in</strong> a variable environment. Journal <strong>of</strong><br />

Animal Ecology 68:186–204.<br />

Solberg, E. J., A. Loison, B.-E. Sæther, <strong>and</strong> O. Str<strong>and</strong>. 2000. Age-specific<br />

harvest mortality <strong>in</strong> a Norwegian moose Alces alces population.<br />

Wildlife Biology 6:41–52.<br />

Solberg, E. J., A. Loison, T. H. R<strong>in</strong>gsby, B.-E. Sæther, <strong>and</strong> M. Heim. 2002.<br />

Biased adult sex ratio can affect fecundity <strong>in</strong> primiparous moose<br />

Alces alces. Wildlife Biology 8:117–128.<br />

Squibb, R. C. 1985. Mat<strong>in</strong>g success <strong>of</strong> yearl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> older bull elk. Journal<br />

<strong>of</strong> Wildlife Management 49:744–750.<br />

Stall<strong>in</strong>g, D. H., G. J. Wolfe, <strong>and</strong> D. K. Crockett. 2002. Regulat<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

hunt. Pages 749–791 <strong>in</strong> D. E. Toweill <strong>and</strong> J. W. Thomas, editors.<br />

North American elk. Ecology <strong>and</strong> management. Smithonian Institution<br />

Press, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, D.C.<br />

Stearns, S. C. 1992. The evolution <strong>of</strong> life histories. Oxford University<br />

Press, Oxford, United K<strong>in</strong>gdom.<br />

Stevenson, I. R., <strong>and</strong> D. R. Bancr<strong>of</strong>t. 1995. Fluctuat<strong>in</strong>g trade-<strong>of</strong>fs favour<br />

precocial maturity <strong>in</strong> male Soay sheep. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> the Royal<br />

Society B 262:267–275.<br />

Str<strong>in</strong>gham, S. F. 1983. Roles <strong>of</strong> adult males <strong>in</strong> grizzly bear populations.<br />

International Conference on Bear Research <strong>and</strong> Mangement 5:140–<br />

151.<br />

Swenson, J. E. 2003. Implications <strong>of</strong> sexually selected <strong>in</strong>fanticide for the<br />

hunt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> large carnivores. Pages 171–189 <strong>in</strong> M. Festa-Bianchet <strong>and</strong><br />

M. Apollonio, editors. Animal behavior <strong>and</strong> wildlife conservation.<br />

Isl<strong>and</strong> Press, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, D.C.<br />

Swenson, J. E., F. S<strong>and</strong>egren, A. Söderberg, A. Bjärvall, R. Franzén, <strong>and</strong><br />

P. Wabakken. 1997. Infanticide caused by hunt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> male bears.<br />

Nature 386:450–451.<br />

Taquet, M., J.-P. Ouellet, R. Courtois, <strong>and</strong> C. Laurian. 1999. Does unbalanced<br />

sex ratio <strong>in</strong> adult moose affect calf size <strong>in</strong> the fall? Alces<br />

35:203–211.<br />

Trivers, R. L., <strong>and</strong> D. E. Willard. 1973. Natural selection <strong>of</strong> parental ability<br />

to vary the sex ratio <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>fspr<strong>in</strong>g. Science 179:90–92.<br />

White, G. C., D. J. Freddy, R. B. Gill, <strong>and</strong> J. H. Ellenberger. 2001 Effect<br />

<strong>of</strong> adult sex ratio on mule deer <strong>and</strong> elk productivity <strong>in</strong> Colorado.<br />

Journal <strong>of</strong> Wildlife Management 65:543–551.<br />

Whitman, K., A. M. Starfield, H. S. Quadl<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> C. Packer. 2004.<br />

Susta<strong>in</strong>able trophy hunt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> African lions. Nature 428:175–<br />

178.<br />

Wielgus, R. B., <strong>and</strong> F. L. Bunnell. 2000. Possible negative effects <strong>of</strong> adult<br />

male mortality on female grizzly bear reproduction. Biological Conservation<br />

93:145–154.<br />

Wielgus, R. B., F. Sarraz<strong>in</strong>, R. Ferriere, <strong>and</strong> J. Clobert. 2001. Estimat<strong>in</strong>g<br />

effects <strong>of</strong> adult male mortality on grizzly bear population growth <strong>and</strong><br />

persistence us<strong>in</strong>g matrix models. Biological Conservation 98:293–<br />

303.<br />

Conservation Biology<br />

Volume 21, No. 1, February 2007

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!