While seeking toimmortalize your fameBy the time Galileo finished writing his book about the world systems, just as December 1629 drew to a close,he had established a new closeness with his daughter. Ever a source of love and financial aid to Suor MariaCeleste, as well as the grateful recipient of her labors, he now began to do favors for her that required the skilledwork of his own hands. And she, emboldened either by her recent assistance on the manuscript for the Dialogueor by the maturity of her nearly thirty years, engaged her father with increased confidence. Before too long, thestrength of their mutual affection and deepening interdependence would submit to tests neither one of them couldyet imagine.Having moved into her private room, Suor Maria Celeste found it spacious enough to accommodate a smallparty of sisters at afternoon needlework. The single, small, high window, however, admitted only a dim light,and so she asked Galileo if she might send him the window frames to be refitted with newly waxed linen. “I donot doubt your loving willingness in this matter,” she said of her request, “but the fact that the work is rathermore suited to a carpenter than a philosopher gives me pause.”She also prevailed on him several times to repair the convent’s temperamental clock. He fixed it once when itschime failed to wake the sacristan (who in turn failed to summon the other sisters from sleep to the MidnightOffice) and again whenever it developed a different quirk. “Vincenzio worked on our clock for a few days, butsince then it sounds worse than ever,” she told Galileo on January 21, 1630. “For my part, I would judge thedefect to be in the cord, which, owing to its being old, no longer glides. Still, as I am unable to fix it, I turn itover to you, so that you can diagnose its deficiency, and repair it. Perhaps the real defect was with me, in notknowing the right action to take, which is the reason I have left the counterweights attached this time, suspectingthat perhaps they are not in their proper place; in any event I beseech you to send it back as quickly as youpossibly can, because otherwise these nuns will not let me live.”Galileo’s brother, Michelangelo, had purchased the convent’s portable clock, which stood about two feet tall, inGermany. Like all mechanical timekeepers of its day, this one offered no precision improvement over thesundial, though it did mark time through the dark or the rain and strike the hour aloud.Italians numbered the hours of the seventeenth century from one to twenty-four, beginning at sunset, so that ifSuor Maria Celeste told her father she was “writing at the seventh hour,” she meant she worked far into thenight. And when she reported the death of an ailing nun “at the fourteenth hour” of a November Sunday, the timeindicated was about half past six in the morning.“The clock that traveled back and forth between us so many times now runs beautifully,” Suor Maria Celestesaid in a thank-you note on February 19, “its flaw having been my fault, as I adjusted it improperly; I sent it toyou in a covered basket with a towel, and have not seen either of these since; if you find them by chance aboutyour house, Sire, please do return them.” *As he performed these services, Galileo initiated the rigmarole of licensing and printing his recently completedbook. Since Prince Cesi of the Lyncean Academy intended to publish the Dialogue in Rome, the work wouldhave to undergo censorship there in the Holy City, despite the fact that its author lived in Florence. Galileo, nowalmost sixty-six, planned personally to deliver the manuscript to the relevant authorities at the Vatican. ButRome was a distant country, and an old man risked his life adding wintry weather to the perils inherent in atwo-hundred-mile journey.In February, while Galileo waited for spring, Pope Urban VIII unexpectedly issued a formal salute to his “honestlife and morals and other praiseworthy merits of uprightness and virtue.” With these words Urban gave Galileo aprebend in Pisa—similar but unrelated to the previously granted canonry at Brescia, which had bounced fromVincenzio to Vincenzio and then out of the Galilei family bounds. Rather than accept the Pisan prebend rightaway, however, Galileo tried instead to reclaim the Brescian one, now that its incumbent had died, for his infant
grandson.“I do not think it would be possible to confer this pension on a baby without a dispensation which will be verydifficult to obtain,” Galileo’s old friend Benedetto Castelli counseled him on the matter. (After nearly a year’smaneuvering, Galileo himself emerged as canon of Brescia and canon of Pisa—with a combined annual annuityof one hundred scudi from church revenues. While his clerical posts did not require him to wear a habit orchange his lifestyle, he did have his head shaved in an ecclesiastical tonsure by the bishop of Florence.)Mid-March turned Galileo’s thoughts toward Rome and his impending departure to procure the printing licensefor the Dialogue. His typical devotion to scholarly pursuits at this point raised the usual concerns in Suor MariaCeleste. “And I would not want you, while seeking to immortalize your fame,” she fretted in an April letter, “tocut short your life; a life held in such reverence and treasured so preciously by us your children, and by me inparticular. Because, just as I have precedence over the others in years, Sire, so too do I dare to claim that Iprecede and surpass them in my love for you.”Galileo gathered the whole family, including Vincenzio and the again-pregnant Sestilia, at the convent’s parlorgrille on the morning of April 15 to say good-bye. By May 3, he had arrived at the Tuscan embassy in Rome,where he lodged for the next two months as the guest of Ambassador Francesco Niccolini and his charmingwife, Caterina. Not only did Galileo enjoy their hospitality, but he also prized their connections at the Vatican:Her Ladyship the Ambassadress was a close cousin to the Dominican father Niccolò Riccardi, who controlledthe Roman licensing of books. Technically Pope Urban, as bishop of Rome, owned this and all other ecclesiasticpowers pertaining to the stewardship of the city. But since the pope’s diocese encompassed the world, hedelegated most local affairs to his cardinal vicar, and the censorship of books to his master of the Sacred Palace.Father Riccardi bore this important title, although his cousins at the embassy affectionately called him “FatherMonster”—a nickname he had earned from King Philip III of Spain, in recognition of his imposing physicalproportions and mental prowess.Galileo could not have handpicked a more favorable judge than Father Riccardi. The man came from a fineFlorentine family closely allied with the Medici, and he had greeted Galileo’s previous work, The Assayer, witha gush of admiration. “Besides having found here nothing offensive to morality,” Father Riccardi stated in TheAssayer’s imprimatur in 1623, “nor anything which departs from the supernatural truth of our faith, I haveremarked in it so many fine considerations pertaining to natural philosophy that I believe our age is to beglorified by future ages not only as the heir of works of past philosophers but as the discoverer of many secretsof nature which they were unable to reveal, thanks to the deep and sound reflections of this author in whose timeI count myself fortunate to be born—when the gold of truth is no longer weighed in bulk and with the steelyard,but is assayed with so delicate a balance.”Ambassador Niccolini nevertheless took a grim view of the road ahead. He sent word to the grand duke inFlorence that he expected trouble because of Galileo’s numerous, vociferous enemies, particularly among theJesuits, who were already criticizing both the premise of the new book and its author. Reliable rumors ranthrough Rome, alleging how the Dialogue explained the tides by the motion of the Earth. Theologians naturallyfrowned on such a notion.Father Riccardi read the book himself. He also deputized a fellow Dominican with expertise in mathematics toscrutinize the text and report back to him. Meanwhile, Galileo facilitated a friendship by correspondencebetween his elder daughter and his kind hostess, Caterina Riccardi Niccolini, for he saw Her Ladyship theAmbassadress as a potential patroness for the sisters of San Matteo.“The Mother Abbess sends her regards to you, Sire,” Suor Maria Celeste wrote at the end of May,and reminds you of what she told you in person: that is, if chance should offer you the opportunitythere in Rome to obtain some charitable help for our Monastery, to please extend yourself in thiseffort for the love of God and for our relief; although I must add that truly it seems an extraordinarything to ask of people living so far away, who, when doing a good deed for someone, would preferto favor their own neighbors and compatriots. Nonetheless I know that you know, Sire, by bidingyour time, how to pick the perfect moment for implementing your intentions successfully; andtherefore I eagerly encourage you in this endeavor, because indeed we really are in dire need, and if
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Includes bibliographical references
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In Galileo’s TimeFlorentine Weigh
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Galileo found himself lionized as a
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[ II ]This grand bookthe universeTh
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Galileo’s father had opposed the
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set of silken bed-hangings,” he h
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Medici.“If, Most Serene Prince,
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Florentine court. Cosimo I of glori
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daughter-in-law not worthy of her a
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Galileo staged a debate with a phil
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encounter any difficulty having the
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Two New Sciences.Galileo would late
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New Sciences to have assisted Galil
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under surveillance by the Holy Offi
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S. M. CelesteHere she was rushing t
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actual prison of the Holy Office. F
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notwithstanding the fact that I mys
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The memoryof thesweetnessesWhile Ga
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When Viviani died childless in 1703
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1581 Galileo enrolls at University
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1687 Newton’s laws of motion and
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WEIGHTS, MEASURES,CURRENCYWEIGHTlib
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Coyne, G. V., M. Heller, and J. Zyc
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Goodwin, Richard N. The Hinge of th
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Salmon, William. Salmon’s Herbal.
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[V] In the very face of the sun“I
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The passages from Galileo’s “Re
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Niccolini’s letter, “I reiterat
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The condolence letters from the amb
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*Although Kepler erred here, two mo
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*Her cousin Vincenzio Landucci had