Essentials

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288 INDEXSampling:descriptive statistics and, 1–2distributions, 30random, 28–30null hypothesis testing (NHT)and, 34Scale:continuous, 7–8discrete, 7–8interval, 3, 5histograms and, 7, 9median and, 7Kelvin temperature, 5Likert, 3, 4nominal, 4, 5bar charts and, 6histograms and, 7median and, 7percentages and, 6ordinal, 3–4, 5, 9, 214bar charts and, 6histograms and, 7median and, 7percentages and, 6ratio, 4–5histograms and, 7, 9Scatterplot (or scattergram), 80–84, 86Scheffé’s test. See Multiple comparisonsScholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), 84Sign test, 204–205compared to the Wilcoxon test, 219compared to the Friedman test, 220Skewness:measuring, 21negative, 10positive, 10and z scores, 19Sphericity, 176–178, 189Split-half reliability. See Internal reliabilityStandard deviation, 14–15biased, 151, 152normal distribution and, 16, 17unbiased, 44Standardized scores. See z scoresStatistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS), 55Stem-and-leaf plot (or stemplot), 23–24Summation sign, 13Sum of squared deviations (from themean) or SS, 14, 100Test-retest reliability, 75, 79Transformations:data, 22–23linear, 72Truncated range. See Range, restrictedTukey, John, 23, 110Two-group t test. See Independentgroupst test; Repeated-measures ttestTwo-tailed test, 39–40Type I error, 35–36, 108, 111, 112, 122,128, 140, 176–177Type II error, 36–37, 111, 122–123, 127,129, 140–141Unbiased sample variance, 43–44Unbiased standard deviation, 44Validity. See Correlation, reliability andvalidityVariable, 3vs. a constant, 9criterion, 85, 87dependent (DV), 24, 28, 39, 49, 57,
INDEX 28959, 79, 86, 93, 97, 98,146, 199,200discrete vs. continuous, 7independent (IV), 79, 86, 97, 146predictor, 85, 87Variance, 14–15analysis of (see ANOVA)around the regression line, 88–90estimating population, 43–45homogeneity of (HOV), 53, 54–56,103, 104–105residual, 89–90total, 89–90unbiased sample, 43–44unexplained, 89Wilcoxon’s T test, 218–219comparisons to other tests, 219ties, dealing with, 219Y-intercept, 86, 88z scores, 17–18confidence intervals and, 41–42correlation, 72–74, 76–77critical, 37–38, 39groups and, 32–33properties of, 19regression and, 85two-group, 49–50, 52
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Essentialsof Statistics for the Soc
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Essentials of Behavioral Science Se
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Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & S
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CONTENTSSeries PrefaceixOne Descrip
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SERIES PREFACEIn the Essentials of
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Essentials of Statistics for the So
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2 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSDON’T F
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4 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSeral minu
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6 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSphobic an
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8 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSlected me
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10 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSbe said
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12 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSWhen a n
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14 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSThe prob
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16 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSTHE NORM
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18 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSmore sha
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20 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSRapid Re
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22 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICScome con
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24 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSThe heig
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S26 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSSTEST Y
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TwoINTRODUCTION TO NULLHYPOTHESIS T
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30 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSsample i
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32 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSStandard
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34 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSfor smal
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36 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSIt is ge
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38 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSis not n
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40 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSthe othe
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42 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSing with
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44 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSuse Gree
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S46 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICS(c) Bas
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ThreeTHE TWO-GROUP t TESTTHE INDEPE
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50 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSsults co
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52 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSestimate
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54 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSThe Pool
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56 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSslightly
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58 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSsample o
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60 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSCAUTIONA
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62 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSpowerful
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64 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSless you
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66 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSDON’T
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68 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICStwo age
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70 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICS7. Compa
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72 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSDON’T
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74 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSz scores
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76 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSthe odd-
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78 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSnull hyp
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80 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSof any t
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82 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSMaximumr
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84 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSCAUTIONS
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86 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSchange i
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88 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSCAUTIONT
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90 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICStal line
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92 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICSis relat
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Putting It Into Practice1. As the c
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96 ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICS5. If a
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ONE-WAY ANOVA AND MULTIPLE COMPARIS
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POWER ANALYSIS 123DON’T FORGETWhe
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POWER ANALYSIS 125make effect size
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POWER ANALYSIS 127 8 2 1.5 2 1.5
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POWER ANALYSIS 129other treatments
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POWER ANALYSIS 131To attain a power
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POWER ANALYSIS 133Note that Formula
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POWER ANALYSIS 135of each populatio
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POWER ANALYSIS 137Rapid Reference 6
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POWER ANALYSIS 139nificant. If each
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POWER ANALYSIS 141method A gives us
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SPOWER ANALYSIS 143(b) If the two g
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SevenFACTORIAL ANOVATWO-WAY ANOVAIn
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FACTORIAL ANOVA 147want to test two
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FACTORIAL ANOVA 149Method IMethod I
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FACTORIAL ANOVA 151The SS Component
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FACTORIAL ANOVA 153time you will ha
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FACTORIAL ANOVA 155fore, leads to a
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FACTORIAL ANOVA 157less interesting
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FACTORIAL ANOVA 159texts B and C yo
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FACTORIAL ANOVA 161affected by a co
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FACTORIAL ANOVA 163the simple inter
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FACTORIAL ANOVA 165cated. If no int
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FACTORIAL ANOVA 167sual method (rel
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SFACTORIAL ANOVA 169Subvocal Instru
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FACTORIAL ANOVA 17110. For a 2 2
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REPEATED-MEASURES ANOVA 173Table 8.
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REPEATED-MEASURES ANOVA 175Rapid Re
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REPEATED-MEASURES ANOVA 177value us
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REPEATED-MEASURES ANOVA 179talizes
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REPEATED-MEASURES ANOVA 181of 24 (i
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REPEATED-MEASURES ANOVA 183are met)
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REPEATED-MEASURES ANOVA 185nore the
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REPEATED-MEASURES ANOVA 187the F ra
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REPEATED-MEASURES ANOVA 189Assumpti
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REPEATED-MEASURES ANOVA 191creasing
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REPEATED-MEASURES ANOVA 193Happy mu
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REPEATED-MEASURES ANOVA 195Putting
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REPEATED-MEASURES ANOVA 1973. If an
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NineNONPARAMETRIC STATISTICSMuch of
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NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS 201cause t
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NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS 203the two
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NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS 205sult wi
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NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS 207The Tai
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NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS 209Table 9
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NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS 211Fisher
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tives can be categorized as to thei
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NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS 215ranks f
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NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS 217Finally
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NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS 219where N
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NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS 221gist wh
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NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS 223(a) Per
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NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS 2256. In a
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APPENDIX A 227Table A.1 Continuedz
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APPENDIX A 229Table A.1Continuedz M
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APPENDIX A 231αα/2α/20 tOne-tail
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α = .050FTable A.3 Critical Values
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Table A.4 Critical Values of the St
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Page 259 and 260: Appendix B: Answers to Putting It I
Page 261 and 262: APPENDIX B 245Chapter 21. (a) X 96.
Page 263 and 264: Separate-variances t test:29.63 - 2
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Page 271 and 272: Chapter 61. (a) From Table A.5, 2.8
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Page 287 and 288: APPENDIX B 271Notes that the z from
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Page 291 and 292: ReferencesAlgina, J., & Keselman, H
Page 293 and 294: REFERENCES 277Tukey, J. W. (1969).
Page 295: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 279to use wh
Page 298 and 299: 282 INDEXANOVA (continued )nested d
Page 300 and 301: 284 INDEXDunnett test. See Multiple
Page 302 and 303: 286 INDEXMultiple comparisons (cont
Page 307: AcknowledgmentsBarry Cohen would li
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