Problems and solutions to horse transportation - Animal ...

Problems and solutions to horse transportation by road, 

sea and air

Horse 

characteristics 

Outline 

Problems Solutions 

2

Characteristics Problems Solutions 

Horse psychology 

� “Horses are born skeptics, cowards, 

claustrophobics and panicoholics”- Pat Parelli 

� Ultimate pray animals: 

� flight from fear and sense of self-preservation right 

on the surface 

� Social animals: 

� fear of confinement and isolation 

� Learning: 

� by association, mimicking, habituation and 

persuasive methods 

� not by coercive methods and intimidation/force 

4


Horse physiology 

� Gastrointestinal system: 

� very delicate, easy to upset by stress 

� used to small and frequent portions of food 

� Perception: 

� sharp and alert 

� 215° of monocular fixation, 60-70° of 

binocular fixation 

� good night vision 

5


Horse physiology cont’d 

� Hearing: 

� higher frequencies and softer tones 

� need to turn head around 

� Body: 

� head made from flat planes and sharp angleseasy 

to hurt or fracture 

� used to carry head low 

� long, vulnerable legs 

� majority of weight carried on forequarters 

� front legs used for balancing and turning, hindfor 

forward movement 

6


Stress 

Injuries, 

fatigue 

Metabolism 

problems and 

dehydration 

Respiratory 

disorders 

Main problems 

Infectious 

diseases 

Trailering 

problems 

Excessive 

paperwork 

Trailer 

design 

9


Stress 

� “A reflex response that occurs inevitably 

when animals are exposed to adverse 

environmental conditions“ (Minka, 2009) 

� Main source: 

� unfavorable temperature and humidity 

� noise and vibrations of moving truck 

� lengthy journey 

� poor air quality inside the truck 

� restricted space and movement isolation 

� loading/unloading 

10


Stress consequences 

Diseases 

Weight loss 

Metabolism 

disorders 

Decrease in 

performance 

Injuries 

Dehydration 

11


Stress 

Injuries, 

fatigue 

Metabolism 


dehydration 


disorders 

Main problems 

Infectious 

diseases 

Trailering 

problems 

Excessive 

paperwork 

Trailer 

design 

12


Metabolism problems & 

Water intake 

decrease 

(from 30l to 

23l/day) 

dehydration 

Alteration in 

gut flora 

Prolonged 

gut transit 

times 

Increased 

water-loss 

Decreased 

functionality 

of digestive 

system 

13


Metabolism problems & 

dehydration 

� Consequences of decreased water intake: 

� Colic 

� Weight loss 

� Athletic performance reduction 

� Blood flow abnormalities to the hooves 

� Dehydration of just 2-3% can already hinder 

performance of sport horses. 

� This is especially hard to avoid, since clinical 

signs of dehydration appear only after it 

exceeds 5% 

14


Stress 

Injuries, 

fatigue 

Metabolism 


dehydration 


disorders 

Main problems 

Infectious 

diseases 

Trailering 

problems 

Excessive 

paperwork 

Trailer 

design 

15


Respiratory disorders 

� Airways clearance during 24h after road 

transportation is proven to decrease by 20% 

� Most common diseases: Pleurisy, pleuropneumonia, 

and shipping fever 

� Reasons: 

� increased amounts of dust and fungi particles in the 

closed vehicle 

� warm and dry air inside badly ventilated trucks 

� increased stress levels 

� elevated head position 

� prolonged transportation times 

16


Stress 

Injuries, 

fatigue 

Metabolism 


dehydration 


disorders 

Main problems 

Infectious 

diseases 

Trailering 

problems 

Excessive 

paperwork 

Trailer 

design 

17


Infectious diseases 

� Reasons: 

� exposure to unfamiliar environment and pathogens 

� decrease in immunity during long haulage 

� fast transportation within incubation period of 

diseases 

� emergence of new pathogens or mutations 

� changes in climate = changes in pathogens' 

geographical patterns 

� effectiveness (or lack of thereof) of vaccines 

� Infectious disease spread increase with 

growing volumes of air transportation 

18


Stress 

Injuries, 

fatigue 

Metabolism 


dehydration 


disorders 

Main problems 

Infectious 

diseases 

Trailering 

problems 

Excessive 

paperwork 

Trailer 

design 

19


Trailering problems 

� Most common problem related to horse 

transportation 

� Reasons: 

� Horse psychology 

� Trailer construction 

� Negative previous experience 

� Balance losses and injuries during 


� Anticipation of high-adrenaline event 

20


Stress 

Injuries, 

fatigue 

Metabolism 


dehydration 


disorders 

Main problems 

Infectious 

diseases 

Trailering 

problems 

Excessive 

paperwork 

Trailer 

design 

21


Excessive paperwork 

� EU has the most comprehensive 

regulations in the world coordinating animal 

transportation and their welfare. 

� It is also very complicated and quickly 

changing (hard for transporters and 

authorities to keep up with rapidly changing 

regulations in order to comply with them) 

� Main challenge: 

� Enforcing regulations 

� Anti-terrorist protection 

22


Excessive paperwork- 

balance seeking 

well-being 

of animals 

safety 

(terrorism, disease spread) 

free-trade 

(short transportation 

time, easy procedures) 

23


Pretransportation 

preparation 

Handling 

during 


Trailer 

design 

Solutions 

Training 

programs 

Paperwork 

handling 

Disease 

controlling 

25


Pre-transportation preparation 

� “Proper prior preparation is what prevents poor 

performance” 

� What to do: 

� Make sure the animal is healthy and fit for travel 

� Protect legs, tail with bandages 

� Soft halter and head protection prevents head injuries 

� Place in the trailer hay of highest quality (no dust or mold) or a 

bit wet 

� Use zeolite-containing compounds for bedding 

� Inject mineral oil or electrolytes via nostrils to avoid dehydration 

� Depending on the weather- clip the horse or cover him with 

blankets 

� Use tranquilizers only if absolutely necessary 

� Habituate the horse gradually to trailering and transporting 

26



preparation 


during 


Trailer 

design 

Solutions 

Training 

programs 

Paperwork 


Disease 

controlling 

27


Handling during transportation 

� Watering and feeding 

� Use water flavoring to increase water intake 

� Offer high quality hay in deep bags/nets, slightly wet 

� During air haulage hay helps unblocking ears 

� Stops 

� Regular stops (at least every 8 hours) and complete 

unloading (at least every 12-16h) 

� Provide horses with some rest and relaxation 

� Increase truck ventilation 

� Allow horses to move their heads more 

� Provide opportunity to feed horses some electrolytes and 

wet hay 

� Chance to observe and examine animals (temperature 

check etc.) 

28



preparation 


during 


Trailer 

design 

Solutions 

Training 

programs 

Paperwork 


Disease 

controlling 

29


Trailer design 

� Properly maintain and regularly check the trailer/van to avoid 

breakdowns and accidents 

� Solving trailering problems 

� Flat, wide ramps covered with straw or rubber mats 

� Walk-through trailers 

� Adjust lighting before loading 

� Overcoming claustrophobic and isolation fears 

� Windows in the trailer 

� Half-height partitions (if possible) 

� Big trailers, removed partitions 

� Use of mirrors 

� Balancing problems 

� Tie the horse loose enough to allow head movement (avoid cross-tying) 

� Rear- facing trailers 

� Put sand on the floor to increase friction 

30


� Benefits: 

Rear facing trailers 

� Less stress 

� Less injuries 

� Easier for horses to balance 

� Quicker recovery (to full athletic performance) 

� Easier loading/unloading 

� Better towing control over trailer, quicker braking 

� Lower roof � Reduced material costs and air 

resistance � lower fuel consumption 

31



preparation 


during 


Trailer 

design 

Solutions 

Training 

programs 

Paperwork 


Disease 

controlling 

32


Training programs 

� 85% of accidents happen due to driver‟s errors. (Woods and Grandin, 2008) 

� To minimize the risk transporters and handlers should be trained in regard to: 

� Transporting techniques: 

� slow acceleration and deceleration 

� broad turns 

� not leaving the truck standing in the sun 

� avoiding rough road surfaces to minimize truck vibrations 

� Handling techniques: 

� techniques for moving animals (flight zone, point of balance etc.) 

� situations and elements that could frighten animals 

� procedures for disease control 

� health regulations in different countries 

� methods to avoid injuries 

� "fitness to travel" determination 

� emergency plan preparation. 

� Already existing programs: 

� Certified Livestock Transporter (CLT) Training in Canada 

� Mandatory driver training programs in Europe, USA, Australia, Canada, Argentina, Chile, 

Uruguay and Brazil 

� International groom assessment centers by AATA 

33



preparation 


during 


Trailer 

design 

Solutions 

Training 

programs 

Paperwork 


Disease 

controlling 

34


Paperwork handling 

� To reduce lead times and avoid delays 

on boarders: 

� More customs officials should be hired 

� Separate lane at borders for livestock 

transports should be considered 

� Effectiveness of the rules: 

� Veterinarians have to be responsible for 

executing the transportation regulations 

35


E-solutions 

� On-board satellite navigation system : 

� Installed in every van transporting animals commercially 

� Collecting data during haulage and transmitting them to 

centralized database 

� Ensuring that all transported animals are treated right at all times 

during the journey. 

� E-documents: 

� Global system to virtually handle and share all needed 

documents 

� Improving: 

• speed of creating and processing documents 

• correctness, control (traceability) and transparency of documents 

• disease traceability and spread control 

• communication between parties involved 

• reducing administrative work 

� Already existing in cargo shipping (e.g. e-freight of IATA, EDI or 

RFID systems) 

36

Take-home message 

� Many problems due to transport 

characteristics, procedures, handling 

and horse psychology 

� But also: many solutions waiting to 

happen! 

� Main solutions: 

� Rear-facing trailers 

� Training programs 

� E-documents 

39

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