Coal in India

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Table 1. Conversion equivalents between units of energyTo:TJGcal Mtoe MBtu GWhFrommultiply by:Terajoule (TJ) 1 238.8 2.388 x 10 -5 947.8 0.2778Gigacalorie 4.1868 x 10 -3 1 10 -7 3.968 1.163 x 10 -3Mtoe 4.1868 x 10 -4 10 -7 1 3.968 x 10 7 11630Million Btu 1.0551 x 10 -3 0.252 0.252 1 2.931 x 10 -4Gigawatt hour 3.6 860 860 3212 1Source: IEA 2005.The conversion of a fuel from a physical or volume unit to an energy unit requiresa conversion factor that expresses the heat obtained from one unit of the fuel.This conversion factor is referred to as its calorific value. The quality of fuels andhence their calorific values varies across deposits and countries.Electrical capacity is the maximum electricity output that can be generated at aplant under certain conditions. Capacity is typically measured in multiples of Watts.The choice of multiple (kilo, mega, giga, tera) depends on the size of the plant.Electricity generation and use is the amount of electricity produced or consumedover a certain period of time. Generation and consumption are measured as amultiple of watt hours. Many electricity plants do not operate at full capacity all thetime, output is varied based on operating conditions, input costs and requirements(IEA 2005).28COAL IN INDIA 2015
Figure 5. Primary energy demand350030002500Mtoe2000150010005000India China US EU Russia Japan Germany Australia1990 2012Source: IEA 2014d.India’s energy demand has roughly quadrupled since 1980, and increasedtwo and a half times since 1990, driven by both economic and populationgrowth. The power sector has been the main contributor to the expansion inenergy use, increasing its share of total primary energy demand from 23 percent in 1990 to 39 per cent in 2012. The building (27 per cent) and industry(22 per cent) sectors are the other major energy consuming activities in India(IEA 2014a).Between 1990 and 2012 the composition of India’s energy mix has changedsharply, with traditional biomass (such as wood used in heating and cooking)in particular losing share (figure 6). The share of coal increased to almost 45per cent in 2012, up from 33 per cent in 1990. The low cost and reliability ofcoal, as well as its relative abundance in India, made it a preferred energysource in India.INDIA’S ELECTRICITY AND COAL MARKETS29
Page 1 and 2: Coal in India2015WWW.INDUSTRY.GOV.A
Page 4 and 5: Further informationFor more informa
Page 6 and 7: ContentsABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
Page 8 and 9: Figure 8. India’s electricity use
Page 10 and 11: Abbreviations andacronymsAUSCCCSCIL
Page 12 and 13: Executive SummaryIndia is the world
Page 14 and 15: Coal is an important part of India
Page 17 and 18: IntroductionIt has been clear for s
Page 19: Coal is expected to play a major ro
Page 22 and 23: and have responsibility for energy
Page 24 and 25: it has Maharatna status, which give
Page 26 and 27: Coal production in Indiahas been co
Page 30 and 31: Figure 6. India’s energy mix40035
Page 32 and 33: Goa consumed around 2300 kWh per pe
Page 34 and 35: Figure 10. India’s electricity ge
Page 36 and 37: involves the payment of bribes to o
Page 38 and 39: India’s power sector hasbeen maki
Page 40 and 41: Figure 13. India’s installed coal
Page 42 and 43: The average efficiency ofIndia’s
Page 44 and 45: Figure 16. India’s proved coal re
Page 46 and 47: Table 2. Indian thermal coal classi
Page 48 and 49: Coal producersGovernmentCIL is the
Page 50 and 51: have increased rapidly over the pas
Page 52 and 53: 2009, growth in India’s coal impo
Page 55 and 56: Modi Governmentpolicies, reforms an
Page 57 and 58: competitive. As India’s economy d
Page 59 and 60: 2005 levels, by 2020. This does not
Page 61: In order to promote a rapid increas
Page 64 and 65: 2017 at the earliest and announced
Page 66 and 67: is projected to more than double in
Page 68 and 69: the largest coal users are projecte
Page 70 and 71: coupled with anticipated reforms to
Page 72 and 73: Figure 27. Share of world thermal c
Page 74 and 75: A number of private Indian companie
Page 76 and 77: The lengthy approvalprocess has cau
Page 79 and 80:
Implications forAustraliaCoal has b
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 30. Key coal price indicator
Page 83:
with lower ash levels than most of
Page 86 and 87:
Coal characteristicsCoal is a combu
Page 88 and 89:
lignite varies between 2200-4600 ki
Page 90 and 91:
The widespread availability of coal
Page 92 and 93:
is allowed to collapse. Up to 75 pe
Page 94 and 95:
Figure 36. Coal-fired power plant s
Page 96 and 97:
more strain on plant components and
Page 98 and 99:
Carbon capture and storageCarbon ca
Page 100 and 101:
Figure 39. World coal consumption,
Page 102 and 103:
Das, K.N. & Paul, S. 2015, ‘As In
Page 104 and 105:
Ministry of Coal (MOC) 2014a, Funct
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Coal in India

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