BBN-ANG-241 Phonology The Rules of English Phonology 12 Word Stress
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Törkenczy <strong>BBN</strong>-<strong>ANG</strong>-<strong>241</strong>_<strong>12</strong> Page 1 <strong>of</strong> 5<strong>BBN</strong>-<strong>ANG</strong>-<strong>241</strong> <strong>Phonology</strong>: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>English</strong> <strong>Phonology</strong><strong>12</strong>. <strong>Word</strong> <strong>Stress</strong>Törkenczy MiklósDept <strong>of</strong> <strong>English</strong> Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University(1) <strong>Rules</strong> & regularities discussed in this lecture— word stress— affixes and stress(2) Degrees <strong>of</strong> stress in <strong>English</strong> (Gimson system)Full V Loud pitch changeMajor 1ry + + +2ry + + –Minor 3ry + – –0 (weak/no) – – –Z$djrj?!lit9mHjdHs\èxcommúnicate2 0 1 0 3** ** * ** * * * *1ry = rightmost major stress: Z$zj?!cdlHj\2ry = major stress before 1ry: Z$zj?!cdlHj\3ry = unstressed full-vowelled syllable: Z!ozq?c`Hr\+ZPj!snTa?\0 = no stress (=V-reduction): Z$zj?!cdlHj\(3) 3ry vs. 0 stress: lexical (=unpredictable)format Z!eN9lzs\ vs. climate Z!jk`Hl?s\graduate V Z!fqzcYtdHs\ vs. graduate N Z!fqzcYt?s\(4) 2ry stress: predictable from the location <strong>of</strong> 1ry stress(4.1) Constraints involved in 2ry stress placement(i) NO STRESS CLASHTwo major stresses (1ry, 2ry) cannot be adjacent in a (non-compound) word: e.g. *21 *22(ii) EARLY STRESSOne <strong>of</strong> the first two syllables <strong>of</strong> a word must have major stress: e.g. *#00
Törkenczy <strong>BBN</strong>-<strong>ANG</strong>-<strong>241</strong>_<strong>12</strong> Page 2 <strong>of</strong> 5(4.2) Phonotactics <strong>of</strong> 2ry stress: patterns(4.2.1) Iambic 2ry stressIf the 1ry stress is on the third σ from the beginning <strong>of</strong> the word NO STRESS CLASH and EARLYSTRESS together enforce iambic 2ry stress (= 2ry stress on the 1st syllable):*#021, *#001 BUT #201 e.g. Japán Jàpanése(4.2.2) Derivational 2ry stressIf 1ry stress is later than the third σ from the beginning <strong>of</strong> the word, NO STRESS CLASH andEARLY STRESS permit 2ry stress placement either on the first or the second σ <strong>of</strong> the word:*#0021, *#0001 BUT #2001 OR #0201<strong>The</strong> original major stress <strong>of</strong> the base from which the word under consideration derives ispreserved:cháracter chàracterístic oríginal orìginálityDerivational and iambic 2ry stress may coincide: sátisfy sàtisfáction(5) Syllabification (phonological!):Place a syllable boundary before a possible maximal onset (cluster)Peter chamber mattress antleroh9-s? sRdHl-a? lz-sq?r zms-k?(6) Quantity sensitivity: syllable weightHEAVY SYLLABLE (H)(it either contains a long V/diphthong or it is closed)LIGHT SYLLABLE (L)(it contains a short V and it is open)VVC 0 . or VC 1 . V.SUPERHEAVY (S)Pe.ter Zoh9-s?\won.der ZvUm-c?\cham.ber ZsRdHl-a?\act Zzjs\me.tal Zlds?k\ma.tress Zlz-sq?r\(7) Counting syllables from the end <strong>of</strong> the wordantepenultimate syll. (antepenult) penultimate syll. (penult) ultimate syll. (ult)A.me.ri.ca
Törkenczy <strong>BBN</strong>-<strong>ANG</strong>-<strong>241</strong>_<strong>12</strong> Page 3 <strong>of</strong> 5(8) Phonotactics <strong>of</strong> 1ry stress: regular patterns (final 3-syllable window)(8.1) monosyllabic words trivial: cát Z!jzs\(8.2) last vowel NOT long/diphthongNOUNSVERBS= 2 σ #Lσ#!lU-mhmóney#Hσ#!oh9-s?Péter#σH#!uP-lHsvómit#σL#!jz-qhcárry#σS#?-!cPosadópt> 2 σ ...σLσ#!z-mH-l?kánimal...σHσ#g?-!q`H-y?mhorízon...σH#H-!lz-cYHmimágine..σL#cH-!kH-u?delíver...σσS#!cYd-miT-ekdjsgénuflect(8.3) last vowel IS long/diphthongNOUNS= 2 σ #σσ#aq?-!jdHcazl-!at9brocáde bambóo> 2 σ ...σσσ#!c`H-m?-l`Hs !lz-sH-mdHdy!namite mátineeVERBS#σσ#r?-!cdHs?-!adHsedáte obéy...σσσ#!P-o?-qdHsr?-!kH-cH-e`Hóperate solídify(9) Phonotactics <strong>of</strong> 1ry stress: conversionVerbs derived by conversion (zero derivation) do not change the stress pattern <strong>of</strong> their bases.chihuahua ZsRH!v@9v?\Don't chihuáhua my plátypus!platypus Z!okzs?o?r\ Don't plátypus my chihuáhua!NB problem: cómment N ; cómment V vs. récord N ; recórd V
Törkenczy <strong>BBN</strong>-<strong>ANG</strong>-<strong>241</strong>_<strong>12</strong> Page 4 <strong>of</strong> 5(10) Summary <strong>of</strong> 1ry stress in underived words (S=superheavy, H=heavy, L=light, σ=syllable; > longer than)ult: short Vult: long VNouns Verbs word = 2σ word > 2σword = 2σ word > 2σ ult = S ult … Spenult = H penult = L word = 2σ word > 2σ1ry:penult 1ry:penult 1ry:antepenult 1ry:ult 1ry:antepenult 1ry:penult 1ry:ult 1ry:antepenultmóney, Péter horízon ánimal adópt génuflect delíver brocáde, obéy mátinee, óperate
Törkenczy <strong>BBN</strong>-<strong>ANG</strong>-<strong>241</strong>_<strong>12</strong> Page 5 <strong>of</strong> 5(11) Phonotactics <strong>of</strong> 1ry stress: derived words(11.1) Suffixed words(11.1.1) <strong>Stress</strong>-neutral suffixes: strong-boundary (#) suffixes do not change the stresspattern<strong>of</strong> their basesCommon stress-neutral suffixes: -able, -ly, -ing, -ed, -es, -er, -ist, -ism, -ful, -less, -ness, -hood, -ish ADJ , -ment, -wiseExemples: #párent#hood N #, #inhábit#ing V #(11.1.2) <strong>Stress</strong>-placing suffixes (weak-boundary (+) suffixes):(a) pre-stressed 1:primary stress falls on the syllable preceding the suffixCommon pre-stressed 1 suffixes: -uble, -ity, -ion, -ious, -eous, -uous, -ular, -logy, -meter, -graphy, -poly, -tomy, -pathy, -thesis, -gamy, ic, -ish VExamples:anatómic, tonícity(b) pre-stressed 1/2:1ry stress falls on the syllable preceding the suffix if it is H, but on the2nd syllable preceding the suffix if the syllable preceding the suffix is LCommon pre-stressed 1/2 suffixes:-al, -ous, -ive, -ant, -ance, -ent, -ence, -ery, -ary,ory, -ative, -ature, -ibleExamples:medícinal, paréntal(c) auto-stressed:1ry stress falls on the suffix itselfCommon auto-stressed suffixes:-eer, -ese, -ee, -esque, -esce, -etteExamples:Japanése, novelétte
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