Flecker: Early Voyaging in the South China Sea NSC Working Paper No. 19Fig. 8. An anchor and ballast stones from the ChristinaCredit: Author.There may well have been cargo in the distant past, a particularly interesting cargo.On the 8 June 1842, the British barque, Christina, left Macau ‘with a large quantity oftreasure bound for Bombay’—the payment for her inward cargo of opium. On 1 July shewas lost on ‘West London Shoal’. 11 The ship broke up almost immediately. The crew couldnot save the log book or anything else as the waves were breaking over the vessel. Overtwo years later the Singapore Free Press 12 ran the following account:The captain of a certain vessel, Martires de Tunkin, reports that when fishing to theeastward of East London Shoal, he discovered a chain leading from the reef to the water,upon following which the remains of a vessel was discovered, in about three fathoms athigh water. One of the crew at low water discovered what he considered to be a piece ofpewter, but on inspection it was found to be silver. Further search was made, and moneyin dollars and sycee was picked up to the amount of drs 150,000… It is supposed thewreck is that of the Christina lost in 1842.The captain was a Spaniard by the name of Carlos Cuarteron, and he was notfishing for fish. Having heard of the loss of the Christina, he purchased a small schooner,enlisted a number of pearl divers and set out from Manila in March 1844. He initiallysearched West London Reef as per the newspaper reports, but when nothing was spotted11 Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 6 October 1842.12 Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 30 January 1845.10
Flecker: Early Voyaging in the South China Sea NSC Working Paper No. 19he proceeded to Central London Reef and then East London Reef, where his efforts finallypaid off. 13 Interestingly, he chose to cruise amongst the Spice Islands before eventuallydelivering 150,000 silver dollars to Christina’s insurers in Hong Kong in December 1844.While receiving a substantial reward, he also discovered that he had only scratched thesurface. Consequently he returned to the wreck in March 1845, arriving back in Macau on14 May. There are no newspaper reports of him delivering a second stash, so perhaps hechose to be more discrete. Some years later the honest captain was ordained as a CatholicBishop and went on to become the first Prefect of Borneo. 14Getting back to our magnetometer survey, the south side of East London Reefclaimed a small tug and yet another fishing boat. The latter was not actually observed, thetrail of freezer piping leading to depths beyond our scuba capabilities.At East London Reef we observed a Hong Kong registered fishing boat loadedwith a dozen or so sampans which could be dropped over the side for scavenging in theshallows. The scavenging was augmented with explosives, blatantly hurled into the waternear one of the blockhouses. The fishermen were clearly working with authorisationfrom the Vietnamese garrison—we witnessed them handing over bags of fish, perhapsas payment. Diving in the area immediately after the fishermen left revealed the massiveamount of damage done to the shallow reef, and plenty of small dead fish that they hadnot bothered to collect.After we had spent nearly two months poking around this politically sensitive area,the navy once again reinterpreted our survey license, this time specifying that we couldonly search in the waters in the vicinity of the reefs. The waters in the vicinity of the reefsrapidly drop off to 1,000 m and more, way beyond our survey capability, and the chancesof wrecks being there were miniscule. So we had no choice but to up-anchor and head forour second licensed survey area, well within Vietnamese territorial waters.UNCLOSThe United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was drafted in 1982, andentered into force in 1994 with the requisite 60 ratifications. It is fundamental to the SouthChina Sea dispute. All claimants have signed it, and by doing so they have theoreticallyabandoned any earlier stance that now contravenes the Convention. Unfortunately, thedeliberately ambiguous clauses within UNCLOS, deemed necessary to bring the nineyears of negotiations to a close, leave many issues open to interpretation. Even when theintent or spirit of a clause is clear to all with a modicum of common sense, this may notsuffice in a court of law.UNCLOS defines a variety of boundaries, each affording differing degrees ofsovereignty. Territorial waters should be pretty straightforward—full sovereignty over allwaters within 12 nautical miles of the coastal low water mark, including the seabed andwhatever lies beneath it. The main exception is the right of innocent passage for shipsthrough straits on recognised trade routes, such as Sunda Strait in Indonesia, MalaccaStrait between Indonesia and Malaysia, and Balabac Strait between Malaysia and the13 Cuarteron seems to have discovered another reef to the east of East London Shoal during this voyage.It now bears his name.14 For the full story of this fascinating fellow see Gibby 2005.11