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○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○communicate the degree of risk. This requires an understanding of the activity in terms ofappropriate technique and progression. In addition, where students are engaged inpotentially dangerous activities, instructors must ensure individual understanding on thepart of EACH student of the potential dangers. Particular propensities and difficultiesassociated with each individual student must be recognized and dealt with by theinstructor. What is sufficient instruction for one student may not be adequate for another.Record keeping and documentation of both safety training and warnings given is stronglyrecommended (e.g., course outline, student tests on safety topics, etc.).2. Warning of danger or dangerous conditions which an individual knew about or shouldhave known about: There is an obligation to provide a reasonably safe environment andto warn of those circumstances and conditions which are dangerous. This will, ofcourse, vary for different activities.It is recommended that these warnings be delivered to students both verbally and in writing.In addition to giving instructions regarding proper procedures and use of protectiveequipment, warnings may also be given as printed literature (signs, pictures, posted printedregulations), which provides an ever-present reminder of the importance of safety procedures.While such warnings are very useful and should be given, the instructor still has aresponsibility to check that desirable practices are being followed and the participantsappreciate the importance of using safety equipment and aids. Integral to this aspect ofwarning of danger is the establishment of procedures for safety rules and regulations.MAINTENANCE OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTWhereas the preceding section dealt with dangerous conditions and a safe environment asrelated to the activity, this section continues in its concern for safe environmental conditions,but focuses on the physical facilities and area.Equipment: A participant in the assumption of risk of an activity does not assume the risk ofdefective or poorly maintained equipment. Proper maintenance and care of equipment is ofutmost importance. Where defective equipment is known, it is the instructor’s responsibilitynot to use it. Defective equipment includes the improper installation of equipment andinadequate maintenance.Facilities: One of the legal concepts that is especially important as related to both equipmentand facilities is that of notice or knowledge of dangerous conditions. There are two types ofnotice, actual and constructive. With actual notice, the dangerous condition has been calledto the attention of the responsible party: one has actual knowledge about the situation. Onceone has notice, then there is a duty to take action to remedy the dangerous condition.Constructive notice, on the other hand, means that one should have known about thesituation had he appropriately inspected or been aware of what was taking place.Sometimes a dangerous condition has arisen suddenly, but there has been a regularinspection or observation of conditions; appropriate time for notice may be allowed beforeliability attaches. The key issue is how diligent the person was in seeking out dangerousconditions, and then with what expediency the remedial action was taken.14.28CURRICULUM GUIDE: EDUCATIONAL LAW
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○<strong>Educational</strong> LawAdequate inspection policies for both equipment and facilities should be in place withassignment of definite responsibility for periodic inspections. It is strongly recommended thatrecords of equipment maintenance and facilities inspections be maintained.You, as the instructor, should be making routine inspections of your area of responsibility.When hazards are noted, they should be reported and documented. Then follow through. Bepersistent in following up on a hazardous condition which has been reported until it has beencorrected.DEFENSESThe first defense, which is also the best defense, is that there was no negligence, and that infact, because of adequate training, warning, supervision and environmental conditions, theact was performed according to the appropriate professional standard. It is to that end thatthe foregoing discussion has been given.The second primary defense, also previously discussed, is the assumption of risk by theparticipant. However, it has been indicated that there must be knowledge and understandingof the risk involved in the activity and that the risk assumed is only for those normal risksinherent in the activity which are known and understood. The assumption of risk by aparticipant does not include risks of inadequate supervision, instruction, warning, defectiveequipment, or other negligence.Defense of State Employee by Attorney General’s OfficeEmployees of the college, in the event they should be involved in a lawsuit having to do withthe performance of functions when acting in good faith and within the course and scope oftheir employment, will defended by the State Attorney General’s Office.Per RCW 28B.10.842, and per Master Contract, Article III, Section 15, “the college agrees tosave academic employees harmless and defend from any financial loss, includingreasonable attorney’s fees, for actions arising out of any claim, demand, suit, criminalprosecution, or judgment by reason of any act or failure to act by such employees within orwithout the college, provided such employees, at the time of the act or omission complainedof, were acting within the scope of employment or under the direction of the college....provided the board of trustees has made a finding and determination by resolution that theacademic employee was acting in good faith. If the board of trustees is unable to reach anydecision on the matter, the office of the attorney general is authorized to consider a request.”CURRICULUM GUIDE: EDUCATIONAL LAW 14.29
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