PT. Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman Oil Palm Estate

FINAL REPORT
HIGH CONSERVATION VALUE
FULL ASSESSMENT
for
PT. Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman
Oil Palm Estate
Landak District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Prepared by
Daemeter Consulting
Jl. Burangrang No. 5
Bogor, West Java 16151
Indonesia
Tel. (0251) 8313250
E-mail: info@daemeter.org
www.daemeter.org
April 2009

Executive Summary
As a member of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, Wilmar International Limited
(Wilmar) has committed to achieving full compliance with the RSPO standard for
sustainability in all of its existing and future operations. In line with this commitment, the
company imposed a voluntary moratorium in November 2007 on development of all new
estates in West Kalimantan province to conduct High Conservation Value (HCV) full
assessments, prior to widespread clearance of natural vegetation. Results of these
assessments are being used by Wilmar to form plantation development and HCV
management plans for ensuring maintenance of HCVs present.
This report details the process, findings, and management and monitoring
recommendations from a HCV Full Assessment undertaken by PT Daemeter Consulting
(Daemeter) for Wilmar in its PT Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman (PANP) estate in the
Landak District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Results and recommendations reported here
will support development of a formal HCV Management and Monitoring Plan being
produced separately by Wilmar.
Pre-assessment work began in February 2008 and field work was completed in November
2008, utilising more than 16 independent experts and assistants, including specialists in
landscape ecology, botany, social sciences, ornithology, primatology, remote sensing, soils
and conservation biology. The final report incorporates primary stakeholder feedback on
interim results obtained during a public consultation with local community members and
other stakeholders in Ngabang in December 2008 to present preliminary findings; such
feedback focused primarily on reported levels of forest and water dependency and names
of locally protected areas. The report also incorporates feedback obtained during peer
review by the HCV Resource Network Technical Panel, as well as from Wilmar. In October
2008, and then again in April 2009, Daemeter hosted two 2-day field training events for
staff from PANP and neighbouring Wilmar estates, to guide the implementation of HCV
management recommendations contain herein.
Wilmar’s willingness to suspend nearly all aspects of plantation development (in particular
land clearing) throughout the HCV assessment process is commendable and demonstates
an industry-leading commitment to achieve RSPO compliance.
HCV and RSPO
The HCV concept was developed in 1999 by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) as
Principle 9 of the FSC standard for responsible forestry. The HCV concept is a cornerstone
of the RSPO standard for sustainability, which requires that new plantations developed
after November 2005 conduct HCV assessment prior to vegetation clearance and avoid
conversion of areas deemed necessary for anagement to maintain or enhance HCVs
present. The HCV approach aims to help land managers improve the social and
environmental sustainability of production, via a two-step process of (i) identifying areas
of exceptional social, cultural and biodiversity/environmental value (the HCVs), and (ii)
developing a management plan that permits exploitation while maintaining these values.
The revised HCV Toolkit for Indonesia (2008) was used to guide this assessment. The
Toolkit defines six HCVs comprising 13 sub-values. All six HCVs were evaluated in the PANP
license area, of which nine sub-value were determined to be present (see table below).
2

Summary of HCV Findings at PT Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman (PANP), Kabupaten
Landak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
HCV HCV Title
1.1
Areas that Contain or Provide Biodiversity Support
Function to Protected or Conservation Areas
Present
Present
1.2 Critically Endangered Species Present
1.3
1.4
2.1
2.2
2.3
Areas that Contain Habitat for Viable Populations of
Endangered, Restricted Range or Protected Species
Areas that Contain Habitat of Temporary Use by
Species or Congregations of Species
Large Landscapes with Capacity to Maintain Natural
Ecological Processes and Dynamics
Areas that Contain Two or More Contiguous
Ecosystems
Areas that Contain Populations of Most Naturally
Occurring Species
Present
Present
3 Rare or Endangered Ecosystems Present
4.1
4.2
4.3
5
6
Areas or Ecosystems Important for the Provision of
Water and the Prevention of Floods for Downstream
Communities
Areas Important for the Prevention of Erosion and
Sedimentation
Areas that Function as Natural Barriers to the
Spread of Destructive Fire
Natural Areas Critical for Meeting the Basic Needs of
Local People
Areas Critical for Maintaining the Cultural Identity of
Local Communities
Present
Present
Present
Present
Findings
Not or
Unlikely
Present
Not Present
Not Present
Not Present
Not Present
3

Findings
The PANP license area is approximately 13236 ha. Prior to imposition of the province-wide
volunatary moratorium in November 2006, Wilmar had developed 310 ha (c. 2% of the
total license area), of which 77 ha had been planted.
Clearance of these areas prior to HCV assessment is non-compliant with Criterion 7.3 of
RSPO, which since November 2005 requires HCV assessment prior to any development.
Under current RSPO rules for certification, these areas will be excised from any future
RSPO certificate awarded to PANP, until a time that credible and effective means for
compensation are established by the RSPO.
Local communities in the area are ethnically Dayak, with a limited number of Muslim
(Melayu and migrants) and ethnic Chinese residents. Social conditions in some areas of the
license area have been strained due to preliminary field demarcation of the business
operation license (HGU) without sufficient coordination with local communities.
Placement of boundary markers in the field (sometimes near homes) lead communities to
believe their land was being demarcated for development without prior consent. Officially
this conflict was resolved through customary channels and payment of fines by Wilmar,
but at the time of field surveys, some communities remained resentful and fearful they
may lose land to the company.
PANP forms part a largely human transformed landscape with c. 2140 of remnant natural
forest in 36 distinct patches. Though somewhat limited in extent, remnant natural forests
are regionally significant as an endangered ecosystem (HCV 3), and locally important as
habitat for numerous threatened or protected plant and animal species (HCV 1.3), as well
as for the provision of basic needs (HCVs 5) and for many communities cultural identity
(HCV 6). The c. 1400 ha block of natural forest at Sakatiga was identified as having the
highest concentration of threatened or protected species (HCV s 1.2 & 1.3) and is a
priority area for retaining biodiversity in the estate, as well as making a meaningful
contribution to broader landscape conservation. The persistence of this block and other
remnants is highly dependent on local communities, and will require their support and
participation to be conserved. The license area is near to but does not contain or form
part of large, intact natural landscapes (HCV 2), or areas that function as natural breaks
against the spread of periodic wild fires (HCV 4.3).
To assess HCVs 5 and 6, which focus on important social and cultural dimensions of
forests, surveys were conducted in 13 dusun from 4 desa located within or near the PANP
license area. These dusun were selected based on a map of the license area and
information obtained from direct stakeholders during a pre-assessment field visit, and
ground reconnaissance of a settlement map produced using aerial photography provided by
Wilmar. Among the eight basic needs defined in the revised Toolkit, six were determined
to originate from forests for one or more village(s):
• Protein (12 dusun)
• Water (13 dusun)
• Vitamins and minerals (13 dusun)
• Medicine (5 dusun)
• Fuel (13 dusun)
• Building materials (13 dusun)
Concerted effort was made during interviews of community members to differentiate
between natural forest (hutan alam or hutan rimba) and anthropogenic forest types such
as mature secondary forest or fruit tree gardens, in accordance with HCV 5 definitions of
4

forest in the revised Toolkit, but communities’ self-described dependence on ‘forests’ for
appears to include any kind of forest area with large trees. Thus, HCV dependence on
forest at PANP includes dependence on remnant natural forest as well as mature forms of
secondary forest, rubber agro-forestry and fruit tree gardens.
Communities in the license area describe current cultural practices to be a continuation of
traditions shared with their ancestors, albeit in modernized forms in many cases. As such,
communities depend on numerous forests, archaeological and other areas for maintaining
cultural identity. Multiple HCV 6 areas were documented in all 13 of the dusun surveyed.
A recurring theme throughout this report is the importance of maintaining the ecological
health of rivers, streams and springs. Management of these areas is important to local
people for the provision of basic needs under HCV 5; for maintenance of water supplies
and prevention of sedimentation under HCVs 4.1 and 4.2; and for the conservation of
semi-aquatic wildlife under HCV 1.3. Proper management of rivers, streams and associated
vegetation is fully within the legal authority and technical capacity of Wilmar, and can be
accomplished through rigorous plantation and infrastructure planning. This should be a
high priority.
General Observations
During this HCV assessment, deficiencies in past spatial planning and development by
Wilmar were identified, including development of areas with slopes >40% and failure to
maintain riparian buffers, both of which are non-compliant with Wilmar’s own internal
procedures. Concrete steps have been taken by the company to modify operational
systems and to prevent such mistakes in the future. Further recommendations are made in
this report to mitigate the possibility of continued negative environmental impacts from
past development under unsuitable conditions.
HCV Management and mapping
Wilmar has committed to managing remaining HCVs in the PANP license area. A map of
High Conservation Value Management Areas (HCVMA), delineating areas over which HCV
management must be implemented to maintain HCVs, was created as part of this
assessment and will serve as a vital tool for plantation development that is compliant with
Criterion 7.3 of RSPO. This map is shown below and at higher resolution in Chapter 4 of
this report. The HCVMA map, combined with revised Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
under development by Wilmar to guide operational practices relevant to HCV
management, will provide the company with a clear, verifiable set of management
prescriptions to facilitate compliance (and verification) with the RSPO standard.
Management prescriptions are summarized in the table below and described in detail in
Chapter 3 of this report.
5

The combined High Conservation Value Management Areas (HCVMA) recommended to maintain the
nine HCVs found to be present in the PT Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman (PANP) license area,
Landak District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
6

Conclusion
The PANP landscape is heavily modified by a long history of human occupation, but a
number of natural forest areas remain. All remnant natural fragments and associated
secondary forest/agroforestry buffers are recommended for protection (non-conversion
plus pro-active engagement of local communities). A proposed conservation corridor to
enhance connectivity among fragments within PANP and between these fragments and a
large protected forest block immediately south (Gunung Seboro Protection Forest) is also
recommended. Finally, a number of areas are recommended as effective ‘no
development’ zones (total c. 4500 ha) due primarily to a predominance of steep slopes
with Very High erosion potential (HCV 4.2).
Water quality management will need to be fully integrated with all aspects of plantation
operations in the field, including road building, land clearing and preparation, terracing,
fertilization practices and buffer zone protection for rivers and streams, especially on
steep slopes.
Management of HCV 5 and 6 areas will require a pro-active, genuine commitment to
community engagement to delineate and protect from conversion all areas deemed
necessary by local communities to ensure continued provision of forest-derived basic
needs and protection of areas deemed critical for local cultural identity. Considerations
for how to achieve this are provided in the full report.
Management of other remaining HCVs in PANP (with the possible exception of HCV 3) are
less heavily dependent on direct collaboration with local communities, but rely instead on
good management practices implemented by the company, such as clear SOPs in dealing
with water related issues and procedures for carrying out proper due diligence to identify
and avoid development of areas unsuitable for oil palm, due to e.g. occurrence of steep
slopes or remnant natural forests.
7

Summary of HCV identification, management recommendations and delineation of High Conservation Value Management Area (HCVMA) in
the PT Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman (PANP) oil palm license area, Landak District, West Kalimantan.
HCV Finding
1.1 Present
Spatial
patterning
Discrete
but widely
distributed
HCVA HCVMA
Status of
mapping
Partial
(not all
rivers and
associated
buffers can
be mapped
at present
due to data
limitations)
1.2 Present Discrete Complete
Management objective
To maintain the intended
function of protected areas, in
this case (a) protection buffer
zones along riversas required
by law, and (b) locally
protetecd forest areas
To maximize survivorship of
Critically Endangered species
confirmed or likely present in
remnant natural forest areas
Status of
mapping
Partial
Complete
Notes
a. Riparian zones will be
maintained, wherein buffer
width varies with river size
as follows:
• 30m = 100 m buffer
Note: buffer width is for
each side of a river
It is acknowledged that
riparian buffers planted
with wet rice by local
communities, may not be
available to Wilmar for
management and/or
restoration.
a. remnant natural forest
b. corridors
– remnant secondary
Linkages
with
other
HCVMA
1.2,
1.3,
4.1, 5
1.3, 3,
4.1, 4.2
8

HCVA HCVMA
HCV Finding Management objective
1.3 Present
1.4 Present
2.1
Not
present
Spatial
patterning
Diffuse
and widely
distributed
throughout
the estate
Discrete
but widely
distributed
Status of
mapping
Complete
Incomplete
in the estate
To delineate and protect
habitat of sufficient quality
and extent to maintain viable
populations of HCV 1.3 species
in the estate. Core elements
of the strategy for
management are (i) the
protection of remnant natural
forest areas and (ii)
maximizing forest connectivity
among them via corridors,
riparian zones and other
HCVMA (e.g., erosion
protection zones)
To maintain function and
preserve access to sites
(caves) where temporal
concentrations of one or more
species (bats) congregate
Status of
mapping
Notes
Linkages
with
other
HCVMA
Complete
Incomplete
a. remnant natural forest
b. corridors
In conjunction with
participatory mapping for
HCV 5 & 6 (see below) cave
locations must be mapped
and a buffer of 50m must be
marked and maintained.
Bats and other cave-dwelling
wildlife should not be
disturbed and access to
caves must be maintained
- - - - - -
1.1,
1.2, 3,
4.1,
4.2, 5, 6
9

HCVA HCVMA
HCV Finding Management objective
2.2
2.3
Not
present
Not
present
Spatial
patterning
Status of
mapping
3 Present Discrete Complete
Status of
mapping
Notes
Linkages
with
other
HCVMA
- - - - - -
- - - - - -
To maintain remnant natural
forest areas in the estate that
represent rare or endangered
ecosystems
Complete
All remnant natural forest
areas were designated
endangered ecosystems and
should be maintained as
natural forest
• All remnant areas are
HCVMA for HCV 3; most
are classified as Active
Protection Zone
(Category 1), the
remainder are Passive
Protection Zones
(Cateogry 2)
• Key remnant forest
blocks are to be
connected with
eachother and with the
nearby Gunung Seboro
Forest Block to the south
of PANP via conseration
corridor comprising small
remnant fragments,
secondary forest and
1.2,
1.3,
4.1,
4.2, 5, 6
10

HCVA HCVMA
HCV Finding Management objective
4.1 Present
4.2 Present
Spatial
patterning
Discrete
but widely
distributed
Discrete
but widely
distributed
Status of
mapping
Partial (not
all rivers
mapped)
Partial
To ensure continued provision
of clean water for local
communities, in particular by
maintaining adequate riparian
buffer protection and
prevention of erosion
To prevent erosion caused by
oil palm development,
especially in important water
catchments
Status of
mapping
Notes
Linkages
with
other
HCVMA
Partial
Partial
(includes
both
definitive and
indicative
limited areas of
rehabilitation through
tree planting
Three key elements of
proposed HCV 4.1
management are (i)
protection of forest buffer
zones along rivers and (ii)
erosion control practices
outlined under HCV 4.2.
Protection of riparian
buffers will require active
management and
engagement with
communities to prevent
clearance for agriculture.
(This may not be possible in
all riparian buffers due areas
already under to wet rice
cultivation by local
communities.) See buffer
zone size requirements
under HCV 1.1.
Proposed management for
HCV 4.2 includes both
Category 2 and Category 3
type practices, with
implementation of
1.1,
1.3,
4.2, 5, 6
1.2,
1.3,
1.4, 3
11

HCV Finding
4.3
Not
present
5 Present
Spatial
patterning
HCVA HCVMA
Status of
mapping
Management objective
Status of
mapping
Notes
areas) procedures to avoid areas
unsuitable for cultivation
and implementing low
impact practices in
vulnerable areas
- - - - - -
Discrete
but widely
distributed
6 Present Discrete
Partial
(sketch
maps and
GIS points
only)
Partial
(sketch
maps and
GIS points
only)
To ensure continued provision
of basic needs that are
derived from forests or other
natural ecosystems
To identify and protect areas
identified as important by
local communities for
maintenance of traditional
cultural identity.
Partial
(sketch maps
and GIS
points only)
Partial
(sketch maps
and GIS
points only)
HCV 5 management will be
achieved through (i)
delineation of areas to be
protected using
participatory mapping
methods and (ii) careful
implementation of water
quality and erosion control
practices outlined under
HCV 4.1 and 4.2
HCV 6 management will be
achieved primarily through
delineation of areas to be
protected using
participatory mapping
methods
Linkages
with
other
HCVMA
1.1-1.3,
3, 4.1,
4.2, 6
5
12

Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Mr. Sinnaya Sittapan (General Manager of Wilmar Group for
Kalimantan Barat), Mr. Subramanian (AGM Kalbar), Mr. Samsul Bahri (Head of PT. PANP),
Mr. Edrin Moss (RSPO Coordinator – who tirelessly answered questions and accompanyed
the social team to dusun and desa), Mr. Agus Pamungkas (BM Kalbar, Pontianak Office),
Mr. Emmanuel (Head of BM, Pontianak Office), Mr. Deddy (Plasma Officer, Pontianak
Office), Ibu Elly (Pontianak Office) and Ibu Yenny (Pontianak Office).
Special thank also goes to Bapak M. Akong (Kepala Desa Parek), Bapak Jukong (Kepala
Desa Sejuet), Bapak Amsyah (Kepala Desa Ampadi) and Bapak Basran (Kepala Desa
Tengue), pengurus desa, kepala adat (pasirah), pengurus adat and all communities in
those desa who gave us their time and hospitality in responding to our questions.
We also want to thank everyone that helped facilitate and attended the public
consultation for PT PANP that took place in Ngabang on 17 December 2008, especially
Bapak Sumeo (Camat Air Besar), Bapak Riko (Camat Meranti) and all of the participants
who gave constructive inputs to the HCV identification process.
i

Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................I
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................... IV
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................... IV
LIST OF PLATES..........................................................................................V
LIST OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS............................................................... VI
1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................1
1.1 Background..................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 The HCV concept......................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Goal ........................................................................................ 2
1.1.3 Outputs .................................................................................... 2
1.1.4 Assessment Team ........................................................................ 2
1.2 HCV Assessment Methods .................................................................... 3
1.2.1 HCV Definitions........................................................................... 3
1.2.2 HCV Assessment Process ................................................................ 3
1.2.3 Stakeholders Consulted ................................................................. 4
1.2.4 Secondary Data Collection ............................................................. 4
1.2.5 Primary Data Collection ................................................................ 5
1.2.6 Data Limitations ......................................................................... 8
1.2.7 Public Consultation and Peer Review................................................. 9
2. SITE DESCRIPTION .............................................................................. 13
2.1 Management Unit ............................................................................13
2.1.1 Name and Contact Information.......................................................13
2.1.2 History of the Management Unit .....................................................13
2.1.3 Land Use Classification .................................................................15
2.2 Biophysical Environment ....................................................................15
2.2.1 Administration and Transportation ..................................................15
2.2.2 Land System and Soils..................................................................16
2.2.3 Geology and Topography ..............................................................16
2.2.4 Rainfall ...................................................................................17
2.2.5 Hydrology ................................................................................17
2.2.6 Land Cover ...............................................................................17
2.2.7 Physiographical Context ...............................................................18
2.2.8 Biogeographical Context...............................................................18
2.3 Social and Cultural Context ................................................................19
3. HCV ASSESSMENT FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT AND
MONITORING ........................................................................................... 30
Introduction...........................................................................................30
HCV Delineation & Management Terms and Concepts......................................30
3.1 HCV 1. Areas that Contain Important Levels of Biodiversity...........................32
3.1.1 HCV 1.1 Areas that Contain or Provide Biodiversity Support Function to
Protection or Conservation Areas ....................................................32
3.1.2 HCV 1.2 Critically Endangered Species .............................................36
3.1.3 HCV 1.3 Areas that Contain Habitat for Viable Populations of Endangered,
Restricted Range or Protected Species ..............................................38
ii

3.1.4 HCV 1.4 Areas that Contain Habitat of Temporary Use by Species or
Congregations of Species ..............................................................57
3.2 HCV 2. Large Landscapes and Natural Ecological Dynamics...........................59
3.2.1 HCV 2.1 Large Natural Landscapes with the Capacity to Maintain Natural
Ecological Processes and Dynamics ..................................................59
3.2.2 HCV 2.2 Natural Areas that Contain Two or More Contiguous Ecosystems....59
3.2.3 HCV 2.3 Areas that Contain Representative Populations of Most Naturally
Occurring Species .......................................................................60
3.3 HCV 3. Rare or Endangered Ecosystems .................................................61
3.4 HCV 4. Environmental Services............................................................67
3.4.1 HCV 4.1 Areas or Ecosystems Important for the Provision of Water and
Prevention of Flood for Downstream Communities................................67
3.4.2 HCV 4.2 Areas Important for the Prevention of Erosion and Sedimentation .72
3.4.3 HCV 4.3 Areas that Function as a Natural Break to the Spread of Forest or
Ground Fire ..............................................................................80
3.5 HCV 5. Natural Areas Critical for Meeting Basic Needs of Local People .............80
3.6 HCV 6. Areas Critical for Maintaining the Cultural Identity of Local Communities 93
4. SYNTHESIS......................................................................................103
4.1 Socio-political landscape .................................................................. 103
4.2 Three cross-cutting recommendations .................................................. 104
4.3 Overview of HCV Management Prescriptions and HCVMA Delineation.............. 104
5. LITERATURE CITED ...........................................................................112
6. APPENDICES.....................................................................................114
Appendix 1. Assessment Team................................................................ 114
Appendix 2. List of stakeholders consulted during HCV Pre-assessment and summary
of main points discussed.......................................................................... 118
Appendix 3. Basic needs: Location names, frequency of use and trends .............. 122
7. ATTACHMENTS .................................................................................137
iii

List of Tables
Table 1. High Conservation Values for Indonesia in the revised HCV Toolkit (2008).
Table 2. Plant species of concern under HCV 1.2 and 1.3 confirmed, likely or
potentially present in the PANP landscape.
Table 3. HCV 1.3 bird species recorded in PANP landscape, their conservation status
and habitat in which they were recorded.
Table 4. HCV 1.3 mammal species confirmed or likely present in the PANP landscape,
their conservation status and known habitat.
Table 5. Recommended riparian buffers for rivers and streams of different sizes.
Table 6. Summary of how basic needs are met for each dusun within or near the PT
PANP license area.
Table 7. Summary of HCV 6 sites recorded for each village (dusun) in or near the PT
PANP license area.
Table 8. Summary of HCV identification and management recommendations and
HCVMA delineation in the PT PANP oil palm license area.
List of Figures
Figure 1. The license area for PT Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman oil palm
plantation in Landak District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Figure 2. Examples of the defining attributes of land cover/vegetation classes
mapped across the PANP license area using aerial photography.
Figure 3. Land Use classification within and near PANP based on (a) MoF spatial
planning (TGHK) and (b) provincial government planning (RTRWP).
Figure 4. The distribution of preliminary oil palm licenses (Ijin Lokasi) issued to
private companies in the Landak District, West Kalimantan.
Figure 5. The land systems defined by RePPProT within and nearby PANP.
Figure 6. Soil types within and near the PANP license area.
Figure 7. Surface geology within and near the PANP license area.
Figure 8. Map of townships and villages (desa and dusun) in PANP with locations of all
known rivers and streams.
Figure 9. Land cover (vegetation) map for the PANP license area based on visual
interpretation of low elevation aerial photography taken in May 2008.
iv

Figure 10. Forest cover in the broader PANP landscape.
Figure 11. Location of PANP within the Western Plains and Mountains Physiographic
Region and biogeographic sub-units of Borneo.
Figure 12. Map of protected areas designated by government and local villages in and
nearby PANP, along with land cover classes (vegetation types).
Figure 13. Map of HCVA 1.2 & 1.3 and the management area (HCVMA) for these values
in the PANP license area.
Figure 14. Map of HCV 3 areas (HCVA 3) depicting the extent of endangered
ecosystems.
Figure 15. Map of recommended HCV 3 management area (HCVMA 3)
Figure 16. Schematic diagram of riparian buffer zones.
Figure 17. Erosion potential (mT/ha/yr) within the PANP licence area calculated from
a derivation of the Universal Soil Loss Equation.
Figure 18. Recommended HCV management area (HCVMA) for HCV 4.2.
Figure 19. Locations of a selection of HCV 5 & 6 areas in the PANP estate.
Figure 20. Sketch map from Berangan Pale
Figure 21. Map of the recommended High Conservation Value Management Areas
(HCVMA) in the PANP oil palm license area, Landak District, West
Kalimantan, Indonesia.
List of Plates
Plate 1. Pedagi at Aja
Plate 2. Pesamah at Padang Pluntan
Plate 3. Pantak at Empasak
Plate 4. Pantak at Padang Sebantik
Plate 5. Pesugu at Padang Pluntan
Plate 6. Burial site at Tandi
v

List of Terms and Abbreviations
AMDAL Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan
APL Areal Penggunaan Lain
CR Critically Endangered on IUCN Red List
DEM Digital Elevation Model
PANP PT Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman
Desa Township (consisting of one or more dusun)
Dusun Village (consisting of a number of RT)
EN Endangered on IUCN Red List
ETM Enhanced Thematic Mapper
FGD Focus Group Discussion
FSC Forest Stewardship Council
FPIC Free, Prior and Informed Consent
GIS Geographic Information System
GLCF Global Land Cover Facility
GPS Global Positioning System
GRTT Ganti Rugi Tanam Tumbuh (Land compensation)
GoI Government of Indonesia
HCV High Conservation Value
HCVA High Conservation Value Area
HCVMA High Conservation Value Management Area
HGU Hak Guna Usaha (Area in which a business has been granted rights
to operate)
HL Hutan Lindung (Protection Forest)
HP Hutan Produksi (Production Forest)
HPT Hutan Produksi Terbatas (Limited Production Forest)
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
KBNK Kawasan Budidaya Non-Kehutanan
MoF Ministry of Forestry
NGO Non-Government Organization
NIR Near Infra-Red
PANP Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman
PI PT Putra Indotropical
PLK Penggunahan Lahan Kering (Dry land area deemed suitable for
development)
PP PT Pratama Prosentindo
PT Perusahaan Terbatas (Limited Liability company)
RAS Rubber Agroforestry System
RePPProT Regional Physical Planning Programme for Transmigration
RSPO Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
RT Ruang Tetangga (official administrative unit, a neighborhood)
RTRWP Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Propinsi (Provincial Spatial Plan)
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
SPOT Satellite Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre
SPT Satuan Pemetaan Tanah (Soil mapping unit)
SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
TGHK Tata Guna Hutan Kesepakatan
TM Thematic Mapper
VU Vulnerable on IUCN Red List
vi

1. Introduction
1.1 Background
This report details the process, results, and management (including monitoring)
recommendations of a High Conservation Value (HCV) Assessment undertaken by PT
Daemeter Consulting (Daemeter) for Wilmar International Limited (Wilmar) in the PT
Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman (PANP) estate located in Landak District of West
Kalimantan, Indonesia. The assessment took place from February 2008 to December 2009,
utilising more than 16 independent experts and assistants, including specialists in the
fields of landscape ecology, botany, social sciences, ornithology, primatology, remote
sensing, soils and forestry. This final report also reflects primary stakeholder feedback
received during a public consultation with local community members and government
officials held in Ngabang in December 2008. Following peer review of the assessment
report by the Technical Panel for the HCV Resource Network and internal review by
Wilmar, the report will be finalized in June 2009. In October 2008, Daemeter conducted a
2-day training for staff from seven Wilmar estates in West Kalimantan, including PANP, to
initiate a capacity building program for implementing the HCV management
recommendations contained herein. As a follow-up to this initial training, a participatory
mapping training was also held from 11-14 April, with PANP staff in attendance.
1.1.1 The HCV concept
The HCV concept was developed in 1999 by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) as
Principle 9 of the FSC standard for certified responsible forestry. The HCV approach aims
to help land managers improve the social and environmental sustainability of production,
first, by identifying areas with exceptionally high social, cultural or biological value (the
HCVs), and second, by developing a stakeholder endorsed management plan that permits
resource exploitation and ensures maintenance of these values. The HCV concept has
gained global notoriety over the past decade as a practical approach for balancing the
three pillars of sustainable development – people, planet and profit – and is widely used in
many natural resource sectors and sustainability standards. A Global HCV Toolkit was
developed by ProForest in 2003 to help guide implementation the HCV assessment
process, from which a national interpretation for Indonesia was developed later that same
year, known as the HCV Toolkit for Indonesia Version 1. The Indonesian national
interpretation was revised during 2007 through a public, multi-stakeholder process,
leading to the revised HCV Toolkit for Indonesia (2008), published first in Bahasa Indonesia
in June 2008 and more recently in English.
The HCV concept is a cornerstone of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)
standard for certified sustainable palm oil, which requires that all new plantations
developed after November 2005 avoid conversion of areas required to maintain or enhance
HCVs in the plantation area. Wilmar is a leading member of the RSPO, and has committed
to achieving certification in all of its oil palm operations in Indonesia. In line with this
commitment, Wilmar commissioned Indonesia-based Daemeter Consulting to undertake
assessments of six Wilmar plantations in West Kalimantan province, including PANP (Figure
1).
1

The HCV Toolkit for Indonesia (2008) was used throughout this assessment to identify HCVs
and develop management recommendations (see Table 1 for the list of HCVs). Additional
guidance was drawn from the recently published good practices document developed by
ProForest (Stewart et al. 2008), as well as stakeholder input provided during public
consultation.
1.1.2 Goal
The HCV Assessment process aims to identify HCVs and develop recommendations for their
management through an open, transparent and credible process combining technical
expertise of qualified assessors and genuine stakeholder engagement. This is achieved by
(i) compiling and analyzing available primary and secondary data relevant to identifying
each HCV in a pre-assessment, (ii) conducting field work to collect primary data relevant
to HCV identification, (iii) drafting a report on provisional HCV findings and management
recommendations, (iv) circulating this report for peer review by outside experts, Wilmar
and other stakeholders during public consultation, and (v) revising and finalizing the
report on the basis of these inputs.
1.1.3 Outputs
The two main outputs of the HCV assessment are (i) a written full assessment report, and
(ii) a GIS-based spatial database to support HCV management and monitoring.
The assessment report includes delineation and description of the landscape context of
the assessment area (see Chapter 2), identification of HCVs within and nearby this area,
maps showing areas that contain HCVs (the High Conservation Value Area or HCVA,
Chapter 3) and recommendations for HCV management and monitoring, including (where
possible) delineation of the area over which management should be implemented (the
High Conservation Value Management Area, or HCVMA, Chapters 3 & 4). A synthesis of
management recommendations are given in Chapter 4.
The spatial database to support HCV management and long term monitoring includes a
variety of GIS data layers, such as land use, land cover (vegetation), geology, soils,
landform, ecosystem types, erosion risk maps, digital elevation model (DEM) and satellite
and/or aerial photographic imagery, among others.
In this report, each HCV in the assessment area is determined to be either
• Present, or
• Not or Unlikely Present
For HCVs determined to be present at PANP, management action must be taken to ensure
the HCV is maintained or enhanced as plantation development moves forward.
Recommendations for such management are provided in Chapters 3 and 4.
1.1.4 Assessment Team
The HCV assessment team comprised 16 people, listed below. Refer to Appendix 1 for a
biographical sketch of each team member and description of roles in the assessment.
2

1. Gary D. Paoli, Team Leader & Vegetation Specialist on Biodiversity Team
2. Philip L. Wells, GIS and Landscape Ecology Specialist
3. Junaedi Syamsudin, Senior GIS Support for Landscape Mapping
4. Indra Suryadi, Senior GIS Support for Landscape Mapping
5. Aji Sartono, GIS Support
6. Aisyah Sileuw, Leader of Socio-cultural Survey Team
7. Iwan Kurnia Rosyid, Senior Member of Socio-cultural Survey Team
8. Herry Triyana, Member of Socio-cultural Survey Team
9. Dwi Retno Rahayuni, Member of Social-cultural Survey Team
10. Karlina Fitri Kartika, Member of Social-cultural Survey Team
11. Rachmadi, Member of Socio-cultural Survey Team
12. Syapuri, Member of the Socio-cultural Team
13. Mark Leighton, Senior Conservation Biologist on Biodiversity Team
14. Bas van Balen, Bird Specialist on the Biodiversity Survey Team
15. Betsy Yaap, Mammal Specialist on the Biodiversity Survey Team
16. Agnes Angki, Member of Biodiversity Survey Team
1.2 HCV Assessment Methods
1.2.1 HCV Definitions
The HCV assessment described here makes reference to HCV definitions, criteria and
methods outlined in the revised HCV Toolkit for Indonesia (version 2008). The six HCVs
comprising a total of 13 sub-values are shown in Table 1.
1.2.2 HCV Assessment Process
The HCV Assessment process comprises eleven steps:
1. Compilation of secondary and available primary data, including preliminary
stakeholder consultation
2. Team formation and briefing on project scope
3. HCV Pre-assessment based on available data (summarized in Pre-assessment
report)
4. Planning for fieldwork and agreement on field methods for primary data collection
5. Fieldwork and primary data collection, including in-depth stakeholder consultation
6. Data analysis and interpretation
7. Preparation of Report Draft 1 including maps and management and monitoring
recommendations
8. Public consultation to report interim HCV findings and assist with threat
assessment
9. Critical Review of Report Draft 1
a. Internal discussion between assessment team and company
b. External peer review by qualified expert(s)
10. Revise report based on critical review and public consultation (Final Draft)
11. Adoption by the company of a formal HCV management and monitoring plan
3

The first three steps of this process were completed by Daemeter as a structured HCV Preassessment
completed in October 2008. Data collected during the pre-assessment enabled
identification of stakeholders for direct consultation in the PANP area, agreement on
methods for primary data collection in the full assessment, and identification of expertise
required for field survey given HCVs determined to be potentially present.
This document is the final report for HCV identification, management monitoring
recommendations at PANP. It is the major output of steps 4-8 in the HCV process outlined
above. Results of findings by the assessment team and input from public consultation fed
directly into the management and monitoring recommendations reported in Chapters 3 &
4. Adoption of a formal HCV management and monitoring plan – Step 11 above – is being
undertaken by Wilmar with reference to recommendations outlined in this report. To
comply with Criterion 7.3 of the RSPO standard, Wilmar must develop the estate in line
with a number of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) described in the management
recommendations. These SOPs will form the basis for documented operational procedures
that auditors will use to verify Wilmar did not clear areas deemed necessary to maintain
or enhance HCVs at PANP. Toward this end, in October 2008, and then again in April 2009,
Daemeter hosted two 2-day field training events for staff from PANP and neighbouring
Wilmar estates, to guide the implementation of HCV management recommendations
contain herein.
1.2.3 Stakeholders Consulted
Stakeholder consultation is fundamental to the HCV process. A wide range of stakeholders
were consulted during the pre assessment stages of this assessment, and their input is
summarized in Appendix 2. Stakeholder input ranged from general themes, such as oil
palm in West Kalimantan and opinion/concerns about Wilmar operations, to specific input
on biodiversity issues, environmental services and local communities in the PANP area.
An even larger number of local stakeholders (c. 300 people) were consulted directly
during fieldwork for primary data collection and the follow-up public consultation,
including local community members, formal and informal community leaders, company
staff and officials, and NGO members based in West Kalimantan and elsewhere. A list of
these stakeholders is provided as an appendix in Attachment 6 (which describes results of
social and cultural surveys).
1.2.4 Secondary Data Collection
A large volume of secondary data was collected and analyzed during the HCV preassessment
of PANP. Additional secondary data were obtained during the Full Assessment
phase. A brief description of these data follows.
Forest Cover. For assessment of HCVs 2 and 3, forest cover c.1973 was classified using on
screen digitisation at a scale of 1:100,000 or better using Landsat 1 and 2 imagery
obtained from the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF). Due to the lower resolution of
Landsat 1 and 2 (57m), and limited number of bands (2 visible and 2 NIR), c.1990 Landsat
5 imagery was used as a reference to assist classification where the land cover type
appeared to be unchanged. Where it was impossible to classify the images due to cloud
cover the c.1990 data was used. The 2007 forest cover was classified using Landsat 7 ETM
2007 in conjunction with Landsat 7 ETM 2000 and 2005, as well as SPOT 4 images (2006 &
2007) over a limited area. The digitisation was done at 1:50,000 or better. During the full
4

assessment phase, high-resolution aerial photography was also made available, and is
described in section 1.2.5 below.
Ecosystem Mapping. For identification of HCV 3 (Rare or Endangered Ecosystems), we used
a revised version of the Regional Physical Planning Programme for Transmigration
(RePPProT) undertaken by GoI during the 1980s and early 90s. The RePPProT program
described and mapped 414 land systems throughout Indonesia at a scale of 1:250000.
These land systems are classifications of landform based on associations among lithology,
climate, hydrology, topography, soils, geographic location and organisms. These same
environmental factors affect the distribution of natural ecosystems, and with some
modification (explained below) enable use of the RePPProT classification as proxies for
ecosystem typing across Indonesia.
Some of the original RePPProT classes span >2000m elevation, and thus present lowland,
sub-montane and montane ecosystems in a single class. In such cases, RePPProT in its
original form cannot be used for ecosystem typing. Instead, a Digital Appendix prepared
for the revised HCV Toolkit for Indonesia (2008) based on modifications to the RePPProT
data set was used, which approximates the distribution of sub-montane and montane
ecosystems within relevant land system using divisions of 500-1000m for sub-montane and
>1000m for montane. Below 500m, the original RePPProT classes are used as ecosystem
surrogates without modification beyond geo-correcting as required. Additional guidance
for using RePPProT as an ecosystem proxy is provided in the revised Toolkit.
The resulting preliminary ecosystem map based on RePPProT was refined and improved
through field verification based on aerial and ground surveys (see Field verification of
land cover mapping in Section 1.2.5).
Species Data. For assessment of HCVs 1 and 2, secondary data on species potentially
present in the assessment area were extracted from Digital Appendices provided with the
revised Toolkit. These tables were cross-referenced and augmented by consulting
published reference materials, online data sources and outside expertise as deemed
necessary.
Social and Cultural Data. Secondary data for assessment of HCV 5 and 6 were compiled
and analyzed from two main sources: (i) documents provided by the company, including
the Environmental Impact Assessment (AMDAL in Bahasa Indonesia) and license area maps,
and (ii) direct consultation in the field with villagers in the license area, including officials
and villagers from a range of social and economic classes, Wilmar staff and other relevant
stakeholders based in West Kalimantan, Jakarta, Bogor and abroad. A summary of
stakeholders consulted for collection of secondary data on social issues is in Appendix 2.
The data thus compiled described basic information on social aspects of Dayak ethnicity in
general and that of the local communities in particular, the local economy and cultural
attributes of local people. The overall aim of such secondary data collection was to
provide a general profile of each desa within and near the license area to plan for primary
data collection in the field.
1.2.5 Primary Data Collection
Field verification of land cover mapping. A vegetation cover map was created using
remotely sensed aerial imagery and ground surveys. The mapping was done on screen at a
scale of 1:2000 from geo-rectified aerial photographic images produced by Wilmar, which
had a resolution of ~40cm and a positional accuracy of

points in the field using GPS. Two ‘forest’ types were distinguished based on crown size of
individual trees, internal structure of a patch and adjacent vegetation. A patch dominated
by trees with large crowns (>15m diameter) with few gaps was classified as mature forest,
which may include both mature secondary forest (ladang fallow) and remnant natural
forest. A patch dominated by small trees with small crowns (~10m diameter) but with a
closed canopy or continuous forest canopy interspersed with rubber trees and few gaps
was classified as secondary forest/rubber agroforestry. Patches that were dominated by
trees with small crowns (

Mammals. Survey of mammals and other vertebrates of concern under HCV 1.2 and 1.3
was conducted using a rapid assessment technique, combining (i) structured interviews
with hunters using an interactive picture book, (ii) assessment of habitat quality and
forest condition, and (iii) direct (visual) and indirect (prints, calls, scat) sightings whilst
undertaking habitat assessments. Community interviews and habitat assessments were
conducted at the village (dusun) level (44 people interviewed in 13 dusun), prioritizing
areas with patches of mature forest, with the main goal of compiling lists of species
potentially present in each area (see fuller explanation in Attachment 4). Habitat
descriptions were made to classify areas into vegetation categories (e.g. remnant natural
forest, tall or short secondary forest, mixed rubber gardens, ladang) and to note the
presence of important food trees for frugivorous vertebrates. Interview, habitat and
sighting data produced a provisional list of species confirmed or potentially present in the
survey areas, which was then compared with data on known geographic range and habitat
requirements for individual species using secondary data sources. Extent of available
habitat was identified using land cover maps provided by the GIS team. These primary and
secondary data sources were then combined to 1) assess likelihood of presence for each
species, 2) assess population viability for a number of species, and 3) to provide
recommendations for management of HCV 1.2 and 1.3 mammals. A fuller explanation of
methods and areas surveyed is given in Attachment 4.
Birds. Bird surveys aimed to identify features of the bird community relevant to HCVs 1
and 2. Survey methods included formal transect (active) searches, opportunistic
observations during informal survey periods, call playbacks and interviews with local
hunters. These techniques were combined to maximise completeness of the bird inventory
and likelihood of locating rare or threatened species in the short time available. Sampling
was stratified across the broadest possible variety of vegetation types, including remnant
natural forest, a variety of secondary forest types, active or recently abandoned
agricultural fields and recently cleared and planted oil palm areas. A full explanation of
methods, areas surveyed and results is given in Attachment 3.
Social and Cultural Surveys to assess HCV 5 and 6. A combination of Focus Group
Discussions (FGD) and individual-based interviews was used to collect data on social and
cultural aspects of villages (dusun) inside or bordering PANP. FGD was the primary means
of data collection for all villages that were surveyed. The FGD approach is an effective
way to collect information on social and cultural dimensions of village life in a
comfortable setting that permits discussion and exchange of ideas between group
members.
The majority of residents in or near PANP are of Dayak Kanayan ethnicity and speak
Bahasa Dayak dialects as well as Bahasa Indonesia, the national language of Indonesia. A
small minority of other ethnic groups also exist in the estate, all capable of speaking
Bahasa Indonesia. The FGD and individual interviews for this assessment were therefore
conducted in Bahasa Indonesia by native speakers.
All dusun inside or adjacent to the license area were surveyed, except one, because it
refused being surveyed, as described in Attachment 6. These dusun were selected for
survey based on (i) a map of the license area boundary, (ii) information obtained from a
field visit prior to full assessment, (iii) consultation with direct stakeholders during preassessment,
and (iv) ground reconnaissance of a settlement map produced by Daemter
using aerial photography provided by Wilmar. Direct stakeholders consulted during preassessment
included the desa and dusun heads (kepala desa and dusun, respectively).
During full assessment, interviews were held with a village located on or near the border
of the license area, and the next closest settlement outside of the license area, asking
both if the more distant dusun owned or used land or other resources in the license area.
7

Based on this input, a final determination was made for which villages outside the estate
boundary would be surveyed (as shown in Fugure 8, Chapter 2).
Using the HCV Toolkit as a reference, questions were prepared for village level meetings
to evaluate the dependency of villagers on natural ecosystems for meeting basic needs
(HCV 5) and to evaluate the occurrence of sites of cultural importance to local
communities (HCV 6). Flipcharts were used to record all responses and comments made by
villagers. Care was taken to repeat questions as needed to ensure proper understanding. It
was common for different members of the same dusun to have discussions amongst
themselves to clarify or confirm answers given earlier, and when appropriate to revise
earlier responses. Following the discussion, villagers were then asked to draw a sketch
map of the village, indicating HCV 5 and HCV 6 locations, as well as other important sites.
In cases where it was determined that a key sub-group of a dusun was not represented at
the FGD (e.g., poorest community members, hunters, traditional healers, midwives or a
minority religious faith), individual interviews were undertaken with members of such subgroups
to ensure adequate representation.
Following the FGD (usually the next day), field surveys were undertaken with villagers to
take GPS points in the field of HCV 5 and HCV 6 areas depicted on the sketch maps. During
this participatory ‘indicative mapping’ of HCV 5 and 6 areas, individual interviews were
undertaken with guides to further identify and clarify the importance of HCV 5 and
especially HCV 6 areas.
1.2.6 Data Limitations
Birds. The avifauna survey coincided with the start of the rainy season in the area.
Fortunately, only one entire afternoon census period alogn one transect was cancelled
because of rain. Accessibility in the area was not a limitation, because of the road system
and the relative flatness of the terrain compared to other parts of Landak. This also
meant that local hunters had full access to all areas of forest.
No mist nets were employed because of time constraints. This might have lead to omission
of a few understorey bird species with concealed behaviour (e.g. thrushes, babblers,
flycatchers).
The survey timing fell outside a bright moon period, usually the time during which at last
some night birds become especially active vocally.
Not much time was spent at hill side look-outs over the forest, or walking along logging
roads. Reported birds of prey diversity might therefore be lower than expected, as at
least some species usually soar during brief periods above their forest territories.
Mammals. The primary limitation in data collection and subsequent analysis for mammals
and other vertebrates was related to the limited survey time, which did not allow for
extensive field surveys. This made it impossible to confirm through direct observation the
presence of most species, resulting in a high level of dependency on interview data with
hunters. Some error in species identification by interview respondents was present. For
example, it was clear that respondents had difficulty identifying otters and bats to a
species level. Some respondents also clearly had better knowledge of local fauna than
others. In cases where interviews were judged to be unreliable, results were removed
from the analysis. Despite these limitations, the data still provide a reasonably good
picture of mammal diversity and distribution in the estate.
8

Soil erosion - USLE. The ~93m resolution of SRTM data is a major limiting factor on ability
to predict the soil erosion potential accurately. Mitas and Mitasova (1998) recommend
that a resolution of 1-20m is most appropriate. The 93m resolution will tend to
underestimate the slope steepness and overestimate the length of slopes (note the
minimum length of any slope is ~93m), partially offsetting errors. The original upslope
model was modified to reduce the maximum slope length by ~93m which may
underestimate the actual potential flow on a few of the long steep-sided slopes of hills,
but will for most other areas overestimate the length of surface flow. This low resolution
appears to have created an LS factor that tends toward extremes of either zero or very
high values with few intermediate values. It is also recognised that the original USLE
equation is not designed to deal with the extremes of slope present in mountainous areas,
and this may lead to an exaggeration of the predicted soil loss (see Liu et al. 2001).
However, the model predictions of annual erosion rates of 180 to > 480 t/ha do seem
sensible as they match measured rates recorded elsewhere in Indonesia under similar
rainfall conditions. For bare soil on 15-22% slopes, Abujamin et al. (1984) measured rates
of 194-452 t/ha on Inceptisols in West Java with an annual rainfall of 2,600 mm. Also in
West Java, with annual rainfall between 2774 and 2902 mm, Suwardjo et al. (1987)
measured rates of 440 to 578 t/ha on Oxisols at 14% slope and a rate of 106 t/ha on
Ultisols at 7% slope. A DEM with a resolution of 10m or higher would be required to
accurately map locations of high and very high erosion potential.
The selection within the HCV Toolkit for Indonesia (2008) of 180 t/ha as the acceptable
upper limit of annual erosion is reasonable since with suitable land management practices
under oil palm (cover factor value C of 0.10 to 0.30; Morgan 2005) and proper terracing
(erosion control practices factor value P of 0.05 to 0.14; Morgan 2005), the 180 t/ha can
be reduced to between 0.9 and 7.5 t/ha, below the 10 t/ha frequently adopted as the
maximum acceptable erosion rate. Combining output of the USLE model applied here with
field observations described below, the estate managers will be enabled to select and
direct appropriate management prescriptions to reduce soil loss.
1.2.7 Public Consultation and Peer Review
A public consultation was held on 16 December 2008 at the Hotel Hanura in Ngabang to
report the HCV assessment findings to primary stakeholders, mainly community members
living in or near the license area, as well as local government, NGOs and media. Feedback
provided during this consultation regarding HCV identification and proposed management
have been integrated into this report. Such feedback focused primarily on reported levels
of forest and water dependency (and management implications thereof) and names of
locally protected areas and other cultural sites. Attendees can be viewed in Attachment 6,
and minutes of the meeting can be made available on request.
This report has undergone external peer review by members of the Technical Panel (TP) of
the HCV Resource Network, and review comments have been integrated into this final
version of the report. The TP peer review, response by Daemeter Consulting, and the full
report itself can be downloaded via website of the HCV Resource Network
(www.hcvnetwork.org) or Daemeter Consulting (www.daemeter.org).
9

Table 1. The High Conservation Values for Indonesia as defined in the revised HCV Toolkit
for Indonesia (2008)
HCV 1
Areas with
Important Levels
of Biodiversity
HCV 2
Natural Landscapes
& Dynamics
HCV 3
Rare or
Endangered
Ecosystems
HCV 4
Environmental
Services
HCV 5
Basic Needs
HCV 6
Cultural
Identity
1.1
Areas that Contain or Provide Biodiversity Support
Function to Protection or Conservation Areas
1.2 Critically Endangered Species
1.3
1.4
2.1
2.2
2.3
Areas that Contain Habitat for Viable Populations of
Endangered, Restricted Range or Protected Species
Areas that Contain Habitat of Temporary Use by
Species or Congregations of Species
Large Natural Landscapes with Capacity to Maintain
Natural Ecological Processes and Dynamics
Areas that Contain Two or More Contiguous
Ecosystems
Areas that Contain Representative Populations of
Most Naturally Occurring Species
3 Rare or Endangered Ecosystems
4.1
4.2
4.3
5
6
Areas or Ecosystems Important for the Provision of
Water and Prevention of Floods for Downstream
Communities
Areas Important for the Prevention of Erosion and
Sedimentation
Areas that Function as Natural Barriers to the Spread
of Forest or Ground Fire
Natural Areas Critical for Meeting the Basic Needs of
Local People
Areas Critical for Maintaining the Cultural Identity of
Local Communities
10

Figure 1. The license area for PT. Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman (PANP) in Landak
District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The 2007 forest cover (based on Landsat 7 and marked
in green) is shown, along with a selection of roads, rivers, and districts.
11

Figure 2. Illustration of vegetation classes mapped, highlighting defining attributes of the three-class system: mature forest, secondary
forest/rubber agroforestry and non-forest (scrub, rubber plantation, etc). The final land cover map is shown in Figure 9.
12

2. Site Description
2.1 Management Unit
2.1.1 Name and Contact Information
PT Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman
Wilmar International Limited
Mr. Sinnaya Satappan
General Manager, Kalimantan Barat (WGP)
Jl. MT. Haryono
Pontianak
West Kalimantan INDONESIA
Tel: +62 561 747 362
Fax: +62 561 747 363
Email: ss@wilmar.co.id
Website: www.wilmar-international.com
Mr. Simon Siburat
Sustainability Co-ordinator
Wilmar International Limited
56 Neil Road
Singapore 088830
Tel: +65 6216 0221
Fax: +65 6223 6635
Email: simonsiburat@wilmar.com.my
2.1.2 History of the Management Unit
Wilmar International is one of the largest companies in the global edible oil sector. The
company was founded 15 years ago by Martua Sitorus of Indonesia and Kuok Khoon Hong of
Malaysia. Wilmar is one of the largest traders in the Southeast Asian oil palm sector, and
in China is the largest trader and processor of edible oils, oilseeds and other diversified
agricultural products. In Indonesia, Wilmar owns and manages oil palm plantations and
mills in Sumatra and Kalimantan, with the majority of established plantations in Sumatra,
and expanding plantations in Kalimantan.
In West Kalimantan, Wilmar owns or manages 11 oil palm estates in Landak, Sambas and
Sanggau Districts, covering approximately 100000 ha. These estates are at various stages
of develoment, ranging from fully developed to

completed and approved on 3 January 2008 by Komisi AMDAL Kabupaten Landak with
decree No. 660.1/002/TambenLH-D.
According to the AMDAL, the PANP license area (Ijin Lokasi) covers c. 12,500 hectares. The
license area was legally established through SK No. 23/2006 issued by the Bupati of Landak
District. According to the AMDAL, preliminary land surveys by Wilmar determined that ca.
9,000 ha of the ±13000 ha license area are potentially plantable, but details concerning
how suitability was assessed were not provided.
As a member of the RSPO, Wilmar has committed to making all of its existing and new oil
palm operations compliant with the RSPO standard for sustainable palm oil. In line with
this commitment, in November 2007 the company imposed a voluntary moratorium on
development of all estates in West Kalimantan province to conduct HCV assessments and
to use these results for developing HCV management plans to ensure maintenance of HCVs
determined to be present. Prior to implementation of the moratorium, Wilmar had
developed 310 ha (c. 2% of the total license area), of which 77 ha were planted, 13 ha are
occupied by nurseries and the remainder has been cleared but not planted. Land cover in
these cleared areas was likely to be a mix of ladang, rubber plantations, secondary regrowth
and possibly remnant natural forest. Specific land cover types cleared have not
been verified, and thus potential HCV losses have not been explored. Such a
reconstruction might be possible through use of high-resolution satellite imagery that predates
clearance.
Portions of the PANP estate fall within four desa (Attachment 6). Activities on the ground
have taken place in all desa to a varying degree. These activities include socialization of
plantation development with communities, land acquisition and compensation, land
preparation (clearing and debris stacking) and planting. Approximately 2,600 ha of land
released to the company by local communities have not been modified following
imposition of the moratorium in November 2007 (see Section 2.2.6 below). During the
moratorium, company activities have been limited to production of nursery stock, road
and terrace maintenance, staff development, planning and limited amounts of planting.
Initial development targets have been reviewed by the company, following Daemeter's
HCV assessment recommendations, and future development will take into account
requirements for HCV management, even in the community-owned land for which Wilmar
has already obtained consent to plant oil palm and paid compensation to community
members (GRTT), but not yet cleared existing vegetation cover. If such areas are
determined to be necessary for HCV management, then Wilmar will consult with relevant
landowners to explore prospects for maintaining such areas under land cover types other
than oil palm.
WIlmar has a minimum planting target of 3000 ha of productive oil palm for this area to
justify the develoment and maintenance of transportation infrastructure.
Wilmar’s clearing of c. 310 ha during 2006 prior to HCV assessment was non-compliant
with Criterion 7.3 of RSPO. Beginning in November 2005, Criterion 7.3 required HCV
assessment prior to any clearance in order to develop management plans to maintain or
enhance HCVs present in the area. Yet, because the period November 2005-2007 was
considered a pilot phase for the RSPO standard, many RSPO members undertook clearance
without consideration of HCV impacts, Wilmar included. RSPO has created a temporary
solution to this problem whereby areas cleared between 2005-2007 without proper HCV
assessment will be delineated and excised from future certificates granted to such
estates. In the long term, RSPO intends to create a credible mechanism for compensation
of HCVs that may have been lost by conversion between 2005-2007. Wilmar will
14

participate in such offsets once an official mechanism for quantiying past losses and
compenstating for them is established by the RSPO.
Note: Wilmar’s declaration of areas cleared during this period is depicted in Figure 9. This
declaration has not been fully verified by Daemeter, but a review of aerial photographic
imagery and limited ground truthing suggests the delimitation in Figure 9 is a very close
approximation of areas cleared or planted on the ground.
2.1.3 Land Use Classification
The majority of the PANP license area is classified as land for non-forest uses (APL) by the
MoF spatial planning (TGHK; Figure 3). However, under the provincial spatial planning
(RTRWP Kalbar), all of the PANP license area is classified as non-forest for unrestricted dry
land uses (PLK; Figure 3). The PANP area borders a protected forest (Hutan Lindung), and
its most northeastern corner is contiguous with Cagar Alam Gunung Niut (a strict nature
reserve). Within the small area of conversion forest lands (from TGHK) that overlap with
the licence area, permission will be required from the MoF prior to any development,
whether or not the area is forested. The remaining area of the estate is available for
development subject to release of lands by local people for planting and finalization of
the operational license boundaries (HGU).
Preliminary licenses for developing oil palm estates have been offered to private
companies, including Wilmar, for at least one third of surrounding areas in Landak district
(Figure 4). Licence areas represent legal permission to develop oil palm, but only on land
released to the company by local people. The percentage of area within a licence area
that will be planted by a company, or by local people, or the number and distribution of
future licence areas is unclear. There are indications that, in the short term, only a small
portion of the PANP license area will actually be planted with oil palm, given the high
erosion potential, reasonably high density of human inhabitation, and the fact that much
of this area is already under cultivation by local farmers, including swidden agriculture
(ladang) and rubber agro-forestry. Whilst rubber prices remain high over the long-term, it
is unlikely that farmers will release much of this land to concession owners for conversion
to oil palm. However, over time, with the presence of palm oil refineries and an improved
understanding of oil palm agriculture, it is possible that increasing numbers of these small
holders will shift from rubber agro-forestry to oil palm, especially if crude palm oil prices
remain strong over the long-term.
2.2 Biophysical Environment
2.2.1 Administration and Transportation
PANP lies fully within the Air Besar, Kuala Behe, and Meranti sub-districts (kecamatan) of
the Landak District (Kabupaten). The town of Ngabang is the capital of Landak district,
and is located approximately 40 km to the southeast of PANP.
The plantation is accessible from Pontianak, the provincial capital of West Kalimantan, via
paved roads through to Ngabang, then an additional approximately four to eight hours by
dirt road to the plantation. Most of the villages are located along roads that are accessible
by motorcycle (and a few by car), but all are especially difficult to reach when it rains due
to poor road conditions.
15

2.2.2 Land System and Soils
Two land systems (RePPProT 1990) are present in the license area: Maput (MPT) and
Sungai Medang (SMD) (Figure 5). MPT is classified as asymmetric non-orientated
sedimentry hills, which are normally steep sided formations of sandstone, shale, and
mudstone. SMD is described as rolling volcanic plains with pyroclastic rocks and basalt.
The land systems as described by RePPProT are in broad agreement with the soil types and
geological formations described in section 3.2.3 below.
According to soil maps from the Agricultural Research and Development Body, the most
common soil types in the license area are relatively infertile Ultisols, and highly
weathered Oxisols (Figure 6). A limited amount of fertile alluvial Entisols, Inceptisols, and
Alfisols are also present in the landscape.
2.2.3 Geology and Topography
The PANP area largely consists of steep sided hills of no particular orientation. There is
an underlying lithology of sandstone and some mudstone from the ancient seabed of the
Pendawan Formation (sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, shale), and to a lesser extent the
Benkayang Group (Tuffaceous, lithic sandstone, and felsic tuff, overlain by interbeded
sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone) (Figure 7). The extent and positioning of the two
lithologies could not be determined2, but the Pendawan Formation is located in the south
and overlays at least partially the Benkayang Group that becomes the surface lithology in
the north. To the northeast of the licence areas is a relatively flat area of Niut Volcanics
formed from lava flows from Gn. Niut that occurred in the Pliocene era. Other noteworthy
features include the extremely steep sided and flat-topped Niut Mountains of Kayan
sandstone to the north and east; the steep sided Gn. Sarat in the southeast formed from
Mensibau Granodiorite; and the equally steep sided but smaller Gn. Sebangkok formed
from Raya Volcanics.
Pendawan Formation
Cretaceous. Light to dark grey carbonaceous or calcareous shale, mudstone, siltstone and
quartzose, feldsdathic and lithic sandstone. Minor conglomerate; lenses of grey limestone;
thin tuff beds in Sarawak; generally well bedded, cross-beds, slump locally; steep dips,
intensely folded.
Mensibau Granordiorite
Early Cretaceous formation. Hornblende-biotite granodiorite, adamellite, tonalite, biotitehornblende
granodiorite, diorite, quartz-diorite, granite. Moderately to strong magnetic;
generally altered; locally intensely sheared, mylonitised, and brecciated; sedimentary and
volcanic xenolith.
2 Note: Existing geology maps of the PANP area appear to have been poorly made, with a number of
disagreements between the maps and the actual landforms present (as determined by SRTM data
and Landsat). For this reason, a hybrid approach has been taken to map this area, using the parent
material described by soil maps, which agree well with the landform, and cross referencing this
with the geology maps.
16

2.2.4 Rainfall
The assessment area falls within the B1 agro-climatic zone of Oldeman et al. (1980),
showing a long term average of at least 7, but less than 9 ‘wet’ months (>200 mm per mo)
per year. Estimated annual rain fall is between 3,250 and 3,750 mm per year (Badan
Meteorologi dan Geofisika); 3,531 mm was recorded in 2007 by PANP staff. Annual rainfall
in the surrounding landscape ranges from 2,750 - 4,750 mm, peaking in the vicinity of the
neighboring Niut Mountains.
2.2.5 Hydrology
PANP lies within the Landak watershed, with its northwestern edge following the border of
the Sambas watershed. The Landak River itself lies 15 km to the east of the estate, with
two medium sized tributaries of the Landak located in the license area (Figure 8). There
are a large number of small streams known to be present in the area with a total of 47
different names collected at points within the license area. A smaller sub-set of
discernable rivers were mapped using aerial imagery and local names obtained in the
field. Analysis of secondary data and field observations found no indication of the
presence of ecosystems known to have important impacts on hydrological function, such
as peat swamp, karst formations, open lakes or extensive flood plains (highlighted under
HCV 4). Adjacent to the eastern border, but outside of PANP, field surveys identified
localized swampy, wetland (with limited open standing water). The dominant vegetation
types associated with RePPProT classes in this area are lowland tropical rainforest and
agricultural land. This area is not thought to have an important impact on hydrology of the
PANP.
2.2.6 Land Cover
As with other nearby estates, the land use of the license area entails a complex mosaic of
active or recently abandoned swidden agricultural fields (ladang), rubber agroforestry,
fruit tree gardens (called tembawang) and secondary forest (belukar) of various
ages/stages of regrowth following cultivation (Figure 9). Yet, PANP has the greatest
extent of remnant natural forest of all of the Wilmar estates assessed3. There are a
number of fragments of remnant natural forest within the license area, the most
significant fragments being: (i) the Saka/Lusur Panjang Complex (~3,000 ha) located
towards the northwest of the estate; (ii) Penyawan forest (~300 ha) located in the south
east of the estate, and (iii) the Gunung Seboro Protection Forest, which lies just beyond
the southern border of PANP, but is contiguous with forested land within the license area
(see Figure 6). As noted above, recently planted oil palm and cleared but unplanted areas
(c. 1400 ha) are also present. These areas were cleared prior to imposition of the
voluntary moratorium in November 2007. A limited amount of planting may have taken
place on cleared areas post-moratorium, but this requires further investigation.
At a broader spatial scale, until recently the landscape of PANP could be described as a
human dominated jungle rubber/shifting agriculture mosaic stretching for 100s of km from
Bengkayang through to Landak and beyond, interrupted by small islands of natural forest
on steep hills or infertile elevated plateaus (Figure 10). Large intact blocks of forest have
been relatively few and isolated for the past several decades. Even Cagar Alam Gunung
3 PT Putra Indotropical, PT Pratama Prosentindo, PT Agro Palindo Sakti, PT Daya Landak Plantation,
PT. Indoresin Putra Mandiri and PT Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman
17

Niut, neighboring PANP to the east, has had a history of exploitation, especially by illegal
logging. This nature reserve is now so severely degraded from over-exploitation that it is
thought to have lost the remainder of its orangutan population.
The Landak landscape probably changed little from the 1920’s until ten years ago, marking
the onset of oil palm development in the district. Today, much of the Landak District
currently supporting rubber agroforestry and other smallholder agriculture has been
licensed to private companies for oil palm development. These licenses (ijin lokasi) grant
a company the legal right to develop an area for oil palm if local people are prepared to
transfer land use rights to the company in return for compensation and/or profit sharing.
The proportion of a given license area that will be planted to oil palm varies
tremendously, and in some cases could be a very small part of the license area due to
unsuitability and or community unwillingness to release land for planting.
2.2.7 Physiographical Context
The PANP license area is situated within the Western Plains and Mountains physiographic
region (see Attachment 1), which is nested within the Bornean biogeographic sub-region
named Bio-unit 25h (MacKinnon 1997; Figure 11). The northern boundary of the Western
Plains and Mountains unit follows the ridge crest/watershed boundary separating
Kalimantan and Sarawak, and the southern boundary is the Kapuas River. The Western
Plains and Mountains are bounded by the Middle Kapuas Basin physiographic region to the
east and the Northern Swamplands region to the west.
The Western Plains and Mountains consist largely of the Ledo plains and hills and four
distinct mountainous areas (Attachment 1). The Ledo plains have a predominantly
sedimentary lithology, with closely dissected, undulating and rolling landforms interrupted
in parts by sandstone cuestas (200-300m) and igneous inselberg features (400-600m). In
the north near the Northern Swamplands and the Sarawak border are the Asuangang
Mountains, a steeply sided plutonic formation rising up from near sea level to over 1,400
m and surrounded by low lying metamorphic and sedimentary rock. Dominating the central
northern area are the Niut Mountains, a highly eroded ancient strato-volcano that rises up
to over 1,400 m. To the east are the Bengkawang Mountains, a collection of moderately
steep and mainly plutonic mountains with low lying metamorphic rock types. The Bawang
Mountains to the west are a collection volcanic and plutonic massifs.
2.2.8 Biogeographical Context
The assessment area falls within the Bornean Province of the Indo-Malayan Biogeographic
Realm (Udvardy 1975), and as noted occupies the biogeographic sub-unit Bio-unit 25h of
Borneo (MacKinnon & Wind 1981, MacKinnon 1997; Figure 11). The southern boundary of
this bio-unit follows the Kapuas River through the coastal swamps and inland plains,
eastward through the Danau Sentarum area to the foothills of the Kapuas Hulu Mountain
Range; the northern boundary follows the Lupar River in Sarawak south-eastward, across
the border with Indonesia to the interior of central Borneo.
Bio-unit 25h is part of a Malesian phytogeographic unit known as the “Riau Pocket”, first
described by Corner (1940) as a distinct (though fragmented) floristic unit including rain
forest of (i) northern West Kalimantan & southwestern Sarawak on Borneo, (ii) the Riau
Archipelago in eastern Sumatra and (iii) the central coastal regions of Peninsular Malaysia
(Laumonier 1997, Ashton 2005). The 25h bio-unit shares a strong affinity with other
18

elements of the Riau Pocket, but prolonged biogeographic isolation on the ancient igneous
and metamorphic basement rocks underlying this bio-unit (RePPProT 1990, Moss & Wilson
1998) fostered the evolution of a rich biodiversity distinct from other parts of the island.
Noteworthy sub-species of mammals endemic to 25h include (i) the Northwest Bornean
orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus ssp. pygmaeus), (ii) the Banded leaf monkey (Presbytis
melalophus ssp. chrysomelos) now considered to be its own species, Presbytis
chrysomelas, (iii) Abbott’s Grey Gibbon (Hylobates muelleri ssp. abbotti), a distinctive
form of the Bornean gibbon, (iv) two sub-species of the Large tree shrew (Tupaia tana ssp.
besara and nitida), and (v) three sub-species of Prevost’s squirrel (Callosciurus prevostii
ssp. borneoensis, coomansii and palustris) (Geissman 1995; Ancreanaz et al. 2008;
Meijaard & Groves 2004; Payne et al. 1985; Warren et al. 2001).
Noteworthy floristic elements of 25h include all ten species of the Bornean endemic illipenut
tree of commerce (Shorea section Pachycarpae), of which three species (S. pilosa, S.
splendida and S. stenoptera) are endemic to the bio-unit itself. Ashton (2005) also found
that among 38 tree species found to be specialists on the leached sandy clay ultisols
typical of bio-unit 25h, 24 species were endemic to the bio-unit – a very high rate of
endemism. The floristic distinctiveness of Bornean elements in bio-unit 25h is largely
supported by recent biogeographical analyses of trees based on the most complete data
sets available (Slik et al. 2003, Slik et al. in press).
The PANP license area thus occurs in a distinct biogeographic sub-unit of Borneo with a
biodiversity of local, national and global importance. In the Landak District and elsewhere
throughout the larger landscape, much of this biodiversity is highly threatened due to
habitat loss, commercial harvesting and subsistence hunting.
2.3 Social and Cultural Context
The PANP license area encompasses four townships or desa: Tenguwe (4 dusun), Parek (7
dusun), Ampadi (7 dusun), and Sejuwet (5 dusun) (Figure 8), with population numbers
ranging from 20 to 130 households per dusun. The desa are highly scattered throughtout
the landscape and difficult to access due to poor road conditions, especially during the
wet season. Residents of most dusun self-identify as Dayak, including the following tribes:
Balangin, Bekati, Bemayo, and Bekambay; and are Christian (Catholic and Protestant) in
faith (see Attachment 6). One dusun in Tenguwe, Singaraja, is majority Melayu; its
residents Moslem. In addition to various local languages, most PANP residents speak
Bahasa Indonesia, the national language of Republic of Indonesia.
The customary system governing land use in the area appears to be very similar to that of
other Dayak tribes on Borneo. According to adat regulations, communal lands include
protected areas, sacred sites, reserve areas, burial sites and land used for other
ceremonial or ritual purposes. Use rights over land for farming are generally allocated to
individuals and their households, who in turn enjoy rights to cultivate the land for
subsistence purposes or to generate cash income. Individual land ownership is not
regulated through written titles, but is asserted by planting annual or perennial crops in a
specified area. Ownership records are memorized by village elders and mutually respected
by community members. Transfer of land from one generation to the next is passed down
orally.
Traditionally, physical mapping of boundaries was extremely uncommon. Instead, natural
landscape features such as rivers, ridges, prominent trees and hills were used.
Contemporaneous with expanding oil palm development in Landak, however, physical
19

oundary marking has begun to gain acceptance, and may well become the norm, because
community members believe this lowers the risk of their land being granted to the
company by a dishonest third party.
The primary means of earning a living in these desa is rubber tapping and periodic sale of
seasonal fruits, in particular durian (Durio spp.) and duku (Lansium domesticum). Some
community members are employed by PT PANP as permanent or short-term staff; others
are employed as traders, teachers or civil servant government employees.
Community livelihoods are mostly based around farming; rubber tapping, periodic sale of
seasonal fruits, in particular durian and duku, and rice cultivation. Each household has
land that is used for ladang (on a rotational basis), rubber and tembawang (fruit garden).
Rubber plantations play an important role in obtaining cash. Due to the remoteness of the
area, residents usually sell the rubber to Darit or Ngabang every one to two months.
Tembawang – which usually occurs in secondary forest – also has an important role in
providing fruit, medicine, wood and water for these communities.
In all four desa, local community members cultivate rain fed rice based on a shifting
cultivation system (berladang) to meet basic needs for carbohydrates. Today, rice
harvests are reported to be sufficient for 3-6 months of household needs. Ladang rice is
supplemented by purchase in the market, or by Raskin, the government-led beras miskin
program, which supplies rice to the poor for a reduced price. Most ot the dusun surveyed
reported that Raskin was only on paper, meaning that although they qualified and have
been told they will receive it, the subsidized rice has yet to arrive to the communities.
Two social institutions co-exist in the villages: the official government institution, or Desa,
and the indigenous institution, or tumenggung. In the past, indigenous leaders were
appointed through a system of inheritance, but now they are elected democratically.
All desa, and some dusun, have elementary schools. The Landak District has also assisted
some villages in Desa Sejuwet with the installation of solar panels for household energy
production.
Culturally communities are shifting out of some tradition forest-based practices, for
example, ceremonies such as Naik Dango shifting to churches and village centers instead
of taking place in the forest, yet traditional cultural ceremonies and practices still appear
to be widespread. Some of these practices are still linked to specific areas in the PANP
landscape (e.g., ancestoral burial sites, protected forests near villages).
20

Figure 3. Land Use classification within and nearby PT Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman based on (a) MoF spatial planning (TGHK) and (b)
provincial government planning (RTRWP). Forest 1973, light green; Forest 2007, dark green; conversion forest, crossed hatched pink;
production forest, black diagonal stripes; protected forest, thick green diagonal stripes. Under TGHK (panel a) all other land is classified as
APL, Areal Penggunaan Lain, (‘Areas for Other Land Uses’), which can be converted to non-forest; under RTRWP (panel b) all other land is
classified as PLK, Penggunaan Lahan Kering, dryland areas that can be converted to non-forest for agriculture or other uses.
21

Figure 4. The distribution of preliminary oil palm licenses (Ijin Lokasi) issued to private companies in Landak District, West Kalimantan.
Wilmar’s license areas are labelled and outlined in red. The PANP area licensed to Wilmar occurs in Landak District. In the short term, only
portions of these license areas are likely to be planted to oil palm.
22

Figure 5. The land systems defined by RePPProT within and near PT PANP. The licence area
contains two land systems the MPT of sedimentary origin and SMD of volcanic origian. All
natural forest on these two RePPProT land systems are considered endangered ecosystems
(HCV 3; see Section 3.3)
23

Figure 6. Soil types found in the PT PANP license area, contours super imposed. The numbers
represent soil mapping units (SPT), where each SPT number represents a number of soil types.
SPT numbers indicate an area within which specified soil types co-occur in specified
proportions. Across PANP, the most common soil order is Ultisols that dominate SPT 33, 39, 40
& 44. Oxisols dominate SPT 41, 48, 60 & 64. In addition, limited areas of Entisols, Inceptisols,
& Alfisols are found as minor components of some of the SPT’s (Source: Agricultural Research
and Development Body 2004).
24

Figure 7. Surface geology map for PT PANP derived from an interpretation of the soil parent
material (Agricultural Research and Development Body 2004) and geology maps (Puslitbang
Geologi 1993). Officalgeology maps for this area incorrectly positioned the intrusives and
volcanics even after geo-rectifying to discernable landforms from SRTM, but the soil maps
appeared to correctly position these forms as inferred from underlying parent material. The
extent and positioning of the Pedawan Formation and Bengkayang Group, however, could not
be determined from the soil parent material, presumably due to their shared underlying
sandstone and mudstone substrates.
25

Figure 8. Map of townships and villages (desa and dusun) in PANP with locations of known
rivers. The rivers were digitised from aerial imagery and classified according to a measure of
likelihood of accuracy. A total of 47 separately named rivers and streams were identified
during field surveys, which is far more than could be mapped.
26

Figure 9. Land cover (vegetation) for the PANP license area based on visual interpretation of
low elevation aerial photography (0.2 m resolution) taken in May 2008. Areas in dark green
are considered mature forest (containing natural forest, mature secondary forest and possibly
mature non-rubber agroforestry called tembawang); light green represents tall secondary
forest or agro-forestry that may include but is not dominated by rubber; light orange is oil
palm; pink areas are cleared but unplanted; and white areas are agricultural fields, scrub
vegetation, stands of forest where rubber is the dominant species, bare land or
infrastructure. (Note: At the time of finalizing this report, the extent of cleared and planted
areas declared by Wilmar in Figure 9 has not been fully independently verified on the ground
by Daemeter. From a review of aerial and satellite imagery, however, the company
statement depicted above appears to be a very close approximation of areas cleared or
planted on the ground.)
27

Figure 10. The surrounding landscape of PANP is a human dominated jungle rubber/shifting
agriculture mosaic with a small number of fragmented natural forest remnants (shown in dark
green, 2007). In recent years these forest blocks have decreased markedly in extent due to
conversion to oil palm. Wilmar oil palm estates are shown in red; PANP is filled in with black
diagonal stripes.
28

Figure 11. Location of PANP within the Western Plains and Mountains Physiographic Region.
The licence area is within Landak District, West Kalimantan. Inset shows the position of the
Western Plains and Mountains on the island of Borneo in relation to other physiographic
regions with boundaries of the biogeographic sub-units (Biounits) of MacKinnon (1997)
superimposed. Note that the western edge of PANP is on the border of the Kapuas and Landak
watersheds (watersheds marked with dashed grey lines), with the estate falling entirely
within the Kapuas watershed.
29

3. HCV Assessment Findings & Recommendations for
Management and Monitoring
Introduction
This chapter reports assessment findings and recommendations for management and
monitoring for each HCV. The revised HCV Toolkit for Indonesia provides detailed guidance
on HCV identification, and describes management goals of each HCV, but it does not
outline specific requirements for HCV management and monitoring. Chapter 3 therefore
begins with a brief description of a conceptual framework for how management
recommendations are organized to facilitate integration of HCV management into
operational procedures. Monitoring is an integral part of good management. General
monitoring guidelines are therefore provided for each subvalue, with the expectation that
detailed monitoring procedures will be further developed by Wilmar as part of itw own
Standard Operational Procedures (SOPs).
HCV Delineation & Management Terms and Concepts
Following definitions and methodology described in the HCV Toolkit for Indonesia, to the
maximum extent possible we delineate the High Conservation Value Area (HCVA) and High
Conservation Value Management Area (HCVMA) separately for each sub-value. These terms
are defined as follows:
High Convservation Value Area (HCVA). An area that possesses one or more high
conservation values. This may comprise forest and non-forest areas.
High Conservation Value Management Area (HCVMA). The area over which one or
more forms of management is undertaken to ensure maintenance or enhancement of
one or more HCV in the area. The HCVMA for a particular HCV may be larger or smaller
than the corresponding HCVA.
For each HCVMA, management prescriptions described in this chapter can be divided into
three classes: Active Protection Zones, Passive Protections Zones, and Modified
Operational Practices. For quick refernce, we refer to these as Category 1, 2 and 3 type
management, respectively, as described below.
Category 1. Active Protection Zones. Category 1 management refers to areas that are
delineated and actively protected by the company to manage one or more HCVs.
Examples include (i) remnant natural forest areas and associated buffers or corridors
providing connectivity among patches and (ii) riparian forest buffer zones required to
maintain water quality. It is envisaged that Category 1 areas are maintained as forest
and will be actively co-managed by the company and local communities.
Category 2. Passive Protection Zones. Category 2 management refers to areas the
company will delineate as no-go zones for oil palm, that require no active management
beyond operational controls to ensure that such areas are not cleared or damaged by
the company or its contractors. Three examples include (i) HCV 5 & 6 management
areas that will be mapped by Wilmar using participatory methods with local
30

communities and may not be cleared for oil palm, (ii) steep slopes >40% where erosion
risk is too high to permit conversion to oil palm, and (iii) any areas recommended as No
Development Zones, due to, for example, , concentrations of areas with Very High
erosion risk under HCV 4.2. Category 2 management areas function to maintain social,
cultural and environmental values, as well as enhance the effectiveness of Category 1
areas managed for biodiversity by further enhancing connectivity among remnants
within the estate and to adjacent areas outside the estate.
Category 3. Modified Operational Practices. Category 3 management refers to
modified operational procedures, formalized in revised company SOPs, that will be
applied over areas where normal operational procedures (e.g. terracing) pose a very
high risk of negatively affecting one or more HCVs in the area. Examples of Category 3
management include (i) land evaluation procedures to exclude all areas from GRTT on
slopes that are too steep or soils too shallow to permit development, or (ii) specialized
procedures for land clearing, planting preparation or road building that must be
implemented in areas suitable for planting but vulnerable to negative impacts under
normal operational procedures. Category 3 type management is intended for
application throughout the estate wherever local environmental conditions require, as
defined by Wilmar’s own land evaluation procedures and relevant SOPs.
These categories of management practices and specific management recommendations
discussed below are intended for application throughout the PANP estate, which will be
developed during 2009. The combined area over which these recommendations apply
composes the estate-wide High Conservation Value Management Area recommended to
maintain or enhance HCVs present. This estate-wide HCVMA is created by overlaying all of
the HCVMAs for each HCV, as presented throughout this chapter. The estate-wide HCVMA
map is presented and summarized in Chapter 4.
In the sections that follow, we present findings, management recommendations for each
HCV. As noted, wherever possible, the HCVA and HCVMA for each HCV are mapped
separately, and management recommendations are classified as Category 1, 2 or 3, for
purposes of transparency.
31

3.1 HCV 1. Areas that Contain Important Levels of
Biodiversity
3.1.1 HCV 1.1 Areas that Contain or Provide Biodiversity
Support Function to Protection or Conservation Areas
HCV 1.1 aims to identify areas that contain or provide biodiversity support function to
protection or conservation areas in or near the management unit (the license area in this
case) and to ensure that management actions are taken to maintain or enhance such
areas.
Findings
HCV Key Question Finding
1.1
Does the license area contain a Protected or Conservation
Area, or does it provide a biodiversity support function to
such area(s) in the surrounding landscape?
River buffers and surface springs
Present
Riparian zones along rivers and buffers around surface springs are designated Local
Protection Areas (Kawasan Lindung Setempat) under Indonesian law (Keputusan Presiden
No 32/1990). This law requires the maintenance of buffer zones of at least 100m on both
sides of ‘large’ rivers, and 50m on ‘small’ rivers, as well as a buffer of 200m radius around
surface springs. No minimum size of a river or spring requiring a buffer is stipulated in the
law. The main goal of these buffers is to protect water quality and related environmental
services, but well protected buffers also support biodiversity conservation by providing
corridors between forested areas and helping to maintainhabitat quality for species reliant
onaquatic environments, including fish, amphibians, reptiles and some mammals.
Figure 8 shows the position of known surface springs and major rivers at PANP, as well as
indicative positions for a number of smaller streams in PANP. Required buffer zones
(sempedan sungai) associated with these rivers and springs can all be considered HCVA 1.1
based on the above explanation (linking these local protection areas to biodiversity),
Nevertheless, for purposes of reporting, these management areas are dealt with explicitly
under HCV 4.1, which focuses on areas important for the provision of clean water and
prevention of floods for downstream communities Such areas are therefore not shown in
HCVMA 1.1. Refer to Section 3.4.1 below for more discussion of identification and
management of rivers, springs and associated buffers.
Village-protected areas
Village-protected areas established with a nature conservation motive are also recognized
as HCV 1.1 in the revised Toolkit. Such areas are present throughout PANP, referred to as
32

hutan adat, hutan larangan or hutan lindung (not to be confused with government
designated protection forests known by the same phrase, Hutan Lindung). These forests
are designated as protected areas by one or more village(s) for a combination of cultural
reasons, biodiversity conservation, and livelihood purposes – we treat all to be examples
of HCVA 1.1. GPS coordinates were made in the field to ascertain the locations of all
village-protected areas made known to the assessment team during field surveys; these
areas are shown in Figure 12. Additional locally protected areas were made known to the
assessment team six weeks after field work was completed during a public consultation to
present assessment results back to local communities. Such areas are listed in Appendix 3
summarizing results for socio-cultural surveys in the relevant villages(s), but they are not
depicted in Figure 12. All locally protected forest areas are further described under HCV 6
(Section 3.6).
Government protected areas
Three government designated protected areas (PA) are found outside the license area but
as part of the greater PANP landscape (Figure 12):
1) Cagar Alam Gunung Niut occurs near the eastern border of PANP, separated from
PANP by a small area of rubber agro-forestry (RAS) swidden farming mosaic. It is
one of the largest remaining natural forest blocks in the area (ca. 100,000ha), but
is fragmented and degraded from illegal logging and agricultural encroachment.
2) A hutan lindung (HL) runs along the eastern border of PANP, also comparising a
RAS/swidden mosaic separating PANP from G.Niut. The forest in this area is heavily
degraded, having been brought under cultivation bylocal communities decades ago.
Analysis of historical Landsat imagery and field surveys confirm this area retains
limited amounts of secondary forest, but no remnant natural forest. The current
condition of this HL appears to be representative of land cover over the past three
decades – it has been predominantly non-forest since at least 1973.
3) Hutan Lindung G.Seboro is found on the southern border of the PANP license area.
HL G.Seboro is designated a PA by the provincial forestry body, DINAS Kehutanan,
but for unknown reasons is not included in the provincial (RTRWP) or central
government (TGHK) forest zoning maps map (see Figure 3). This HL is part of a
ca.8,900 ha block of mature forest located outside of the PANP estate (see
Attachment 2 for brief description of one part thereof).
Forest connectivity between PANP and CA G.Niut, and between PANP and the HL located
to the east, has been diminished by agricultural settlement dating back to the 1970s (see
Figure 12). Currently, there is limited connectivity between forest areas within southern
parts of the PANP license area and HL G.Seboro to the south. However, it seems unlikely
that the small areas of mature and secondary forest contiguous with HL G.Seboro provide
vital biodiversity support function to this PA. The forest in question within PANP currently
faces multiple threats, including logging, hunting, and encroachment by local communities
as well as land clearing for conversion to oil palm by Wilmar. Pressure on this forest has
increased with the onset of Wilmar operations, resulting from the company clearing areas
immediately adjacent to this HL and providing better road access to forest areas nearby.
Its current biodiversity support function is, therefore,likely to be limited. Consequently,
these areas are not considered HCVA1.1, but they are given special attention under
recommendations for management of HCV 1.2 and 1.3 species confirmed or likely present
at PANP.
33

Management Recommendations
Village protected areas are marked with points (not polygons) in Figure 12, because
physical boundaries on the ground could not be mapped by the assessment team during
field surveys. The HCVMA for these locally protected forests, therefore, will be delineated
formally through participatory mapping by Wilmar and relevant local communities. Once
boundaries and associated buffers of these areas are mapped they will be added to the
overall, estate-wide HCVMA map shown in Chapter 4.
Management for locally protected areas under HCV 1.1 will combine Category 1 (active)
and Category 2 (passive) types of management, first to map (Category 1) and then to
avoid disturbing or degrading these areas (Category 2). Recommended methods for
participatory mapping to delineate the HCVMA for village-protected areas is discussed
under HCV 5 & 6 below (Sections 3.5 and 3.6, respectively).
Monitoring Recommendations
Monitoiring recommendations for village-protected areas are provided under HCVs 5 & 6
below (Sections 3.5 and 3.6, respectively).
34

Figure 12. Map of protected areas designated by government and local villages in and
nearby PANP, along with land cover classes (vegetation types).
35

3.1.2 HCV 1.2 Critically Endangered Species
HCV 1.2 aims to identify areas where Critically Endangered (CR) species are known or
likely to occur, and to ensure that management action is taken to promote the survival of
all individuals. Unlike for HCV 1.3, under the revised Toolkit, population viability is not a
criterion for identifying HCV 1.2 – the presence of one individual of a CR species merits
HCV 1.2 status, and must be managed to promote its survival.
Findings
HCV Key Question Finding
1.2
Plants
Is the license area or the adjoining landscape known or
likely to contain individuals of one or more critically
endangered species?
Present
A total of eight CR plant species are confirmed present in the PANP license area. All of
these species are in the Dipterocarpaceae, representing five genera: Dryobalanops (1
species), Hopea (1 species), Parashorea (1 species) and Shorea (5 species). A further 28 CR
species are considered likely present in the PANP landscape on the basis of geographic
range and habitat suitability (Table 2; Attachment 2).
All CR plants confirmed or likely present at PANP were recorded in two forest sites, the
lower slopes of Gg. Seboro protection forest and the Saka/Lusur Panjang Forest Complex
in western central PANP (Figure 11). Other natural forest fragments surveyed at PANP
were of smaller stature, with fragmented discontinuous canopy, and frequent clumps of
the spiny nibung palm (Oncosperma horrida), suggesting past disturbance. A number of
HCV 1.3 plants no doubt occur in such areas (e.g., Shorea quadrinervis, Hopea cf. dyeri
and Cotylelobium cf melanoxylon), but no CR plant species were observed during surveys.
Natural forest remnants were not inventoried exhaustively at PANP, so it is highly likely
that individuals of the same (or new) CR species recorded at the Saka/Lusur Panjang
Forest Complex and Seboro also occur in other fragments at PANP. Applying the
precautionary approach we therefore map HCVA1.2 as all remnant mature forest areas in
Figure 12.
Animals
During HCV pre-assessment as preparation for field survey, the Sarawak surili (Prebytis
chrysomelas) was the only CR fauna species considered potentially present at PANP. Based
on field survey results (comprising community interviews and habitat assessments), this
species is now considered likely present, but further field surveys are necessary to confirm
its presence.
36

The Sarawak surili is considered one of the rarest primates in the world. Once common,
the Sarawak surili now occurs in only 5% of its historical range, its populations reduced by
approximately 80% over the past 30 years. Currently the species is only known from five
sites, in Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei and Indonesia. One of the Indonesian sites includes CA
G.Niut. Habitat conversion, especially to oil palm, is considered the main threat to this
species. In PANP, the Sarawak surili is thought to persist in Hutan Penyawan, the
Saka/Lusur Panjang Complex, and nearby G.Seboro (Figure 12). See Attachment 4 for
further detail on this species.
Management Recommendations
For HCV 1.2 species, the Indonesian Toolkit requires management steps be taken to
maximize survival of each individual of CR species. This differs from HCV 1.3, which
requires the management of habitat sufficient to maintain viable populations of
threatened, protected or restricted range species, not every individual.
Plants
All of the HCV 1.2 species confirmed or likely present at PANP are restricted to remnant
natural lowland mixed dipterocarp forest and riparian areas, in particular those associated
with Gg. Saboro and the Saka/Lusur Panjang Complex. All of these species are members of
the Dipterocarpaceae, and are considered CR due primarily to habitat loss. HCV 1.2
management for plants is therefore recommended to be undertaken jointly with HCVs 1.3
and 3 described below, where the management aim will be to maintain and manage
sufficient habitat to ensure population viability, bearing in mind that habitat loss is the
main threat to thee species. The Gg. Seboro and Saka/Lusur Panjang Complex areas
should be a major focus of this effort. The HCVMA for CR plants in PANP follows the
HCVMA for HCV 3 (Figure 12). These areas will be managed using a combination of active
(Category 1) and passive (Category 2) management activities, as described in Section
3.1.3.
Sarawak surili (Prebytis chrysomelas)
It is recommended that a follow-up survey is conducted to determine whether the
Sarawak surili is confirmed present in areas within or adjacent to PANP. At present,the
HCVMA for this species delineated in this report will follow that recommended for HCV 1.3
species below. If the Sarawak surili is confirmed present, a species-specific management
plan will need to be developed, combining aggressive stragies for habitat protection,
hunting controls and potential for habitat enhancement through enrichment planting,
rehabilitation or buffer zone expansion to increase the effective size of remnant
populations.
A fuller discussion of joint management of HCVs 1.2 & 1.3 is provided in Section 3.1.3
below.
Monitoring Recommendations
Monitoring to ensure successful management of HCV 1.2 should focus on the primary
threats to this value – habitat loss, over-hunting of CR fauna (in this case the Sarawak
surili) and over-harvesting of CR plant species (either confirmed dipterocarp species) that
produce valuable timber (Table 2).
37

Just as management of HCV 1.2 and 1.3 are recommended to be pursued in tandem,
however, so too are monitoring activities to ensure maintenance of these values. Further
discussion of HCV 1.2 monitoring, therefore, is deferred to HCV 1.3 below (Section 3.1.3).
However, two follow up research activities are strongly recommended and highlighted
here.
(i) First, the possible occurrence of populations of the CR Sarawak surili in PANP should be
evaluated through follow-up interviews combined with structured field surveys. As noted
above, this Bornean endemic is among the rarest primates of the world, and its
conservation status has worsened steadily and severely in recent decades due to habitat
loss in the core of its naturally highly restricted range (Biogeographic sub-unit 25h).
Confirmation of its presence in different forest blocks, as well as rough approximations of
population sizes, will provide valuable information for developing a more focused and
effective conservation management. Initial follow up surveys need not be overly time
consuming or expensive, and can be undertaken by Java or Kalimantan based primate
conservation group, in coordination with Wilmar environmental staff and local community
members.
In the short term, Wilmar should create a system for recording reports of leaf monkey
populations in the estate, asking their staff to communicate regularly with local villagers
and gather information on dates, locations and descriptions of leaf monkeys encountered.
Employees should clearly explain the purpose of their inquiry. They should also ask
villagers to inform them if any leaf monkeys are captured and not to dispose of the skull,
bones and skin. Wilmar staff should photograph or collect the remains for identification
(being sure not to pay anything for these items, cash or in-kind). A detailed monitoring
plan for the Sarawak surili will need to be developed if this species is confirmed present.
(ii) A second research activity of lesser importance than the Sarawak surili, yet still
strongly recommended under HCV 1.2, is for Wilmar to coordinate with Indonesia-based
botanical experts to conduct a more intensive survey of the Saka/Lusur Panjang Complex
to (i) estimate approximate population densities and adult numbers for CR dipterocarps
confirmed present and (ii) evaluate which if any of the 28 CR plant species considered
likely present at PANP, based on geographic range and suitable habitat, are in fact
present. Collecting voucher samples and identifying species in the genus Vatica, of which
at least three unidentified morpho-species were recorded during field surveys, should be a
focus of follow up surveys. Species of Vatica can be very difficult to identify form sterile
(non-reproductive) individuals, and 5 of the 28 CR plants deemed likely present are
members of this genus (Table 2). If present, the relatively small (lower- to mid-canopy)
life form of most Vatica species creates the possibility for large population sizes in
relatively small areas, which in turn creates prospects for long term in situ conservation of
these severely CR trees.
3.1.3 HCV 1.3 Areas that Contain Habitat for Viable Populations
of Endangered, Restricted Range or Protected Species
HCV 1.3 aims to identify areas where viable populations of endangered, restricted range
or protected species are known or likely to occur, and to ensure that management action
is taken to conserve sufficient habitat for continued viability of the population(s). In the
assessment of this HCV, populations of species confirmed or likely present are assumed to
be viable until demonstrated otherwise through modelling, analysis of habitat extent and
38

condition or exhaustive field surveys. Viable populations of critically endangered HCV 1.2
species are also considered under HCV 1.3.
Findings
HCV Key Question
1.3
Plants
Is the license area or nearby landscape known or likely to
contain viable populations of one or more endangered,
restricted range or protected species?
Preliminary
Finding
Present
A total of 22 plants under HCV1.3 are confirmed present in the PANP landscape (Table 2).
Most common among these are members of the Dipterocarpaceae (15 of 22 species),
including the seven CR dipterocarps discussed under HCV1.2 (Table 2). Four of these
species (Shorea macrophylla, S. mecisopteryx, S. splendida, S. stenoptera) are also
protected under Indonesia law, as sources of the illipe nut (biji tengkawang) of
commerce. Noteworthy non-dipterocarp HCV1.3 species confirmed present in PANP
include: Dyera costulata in the Apocynaceae; Eusideroxylon zwageri in the Lauraceae; D.
zibethinus in the Malvaceae; and Aquilaria malaccensis in the Thymeleaceae.
Most of the HCV 1.3 plants confirmed present at PANP are restricted to (or much more
abundant in) remnant natural forest. Based on surveys conducted elsewhere in the Landak
region by Daemeter, it is possible that a limited number of tembawang with very strong
elements of natural forest species may also contain one or more HCV1.3 species. However,
given the small size of tembawang areas (generally

described below under Section 3.5. Upon completion of such mapping, tembawang areas
should be added to the HCVA depicted in Figure 13.
Birds
Forty-seven bird species under HCV 1.3 are confirmed or likely present in the PANP
landscape (Table 3; Attachment 3). This list includes five species listed as Vulnerable by
IUCN, 34 species protected under Indonesian law and 21 species listed under CITES
Appendix I or II.
The distribution of HCV 1.3 birds is widespread and diffuse, but as for plants highest
concentrations are found in remnant natural forest and mature tembawang. Many birds of
concern under HCV 1.3, however, also occur in tall and short secondary forest, rubber
agroforestry, and ladang/small stature scrub vegetation. The HCVA of HCV 1.3 birds,
therefore, is considered to encompass the full extent of the PANP license area.
The Saka/Lusur Panjang Complex is the most important location for birds in PANP. This
area supports well-connected patches of distinctive dipterocarp communities on ridges,
valleys and slopes, and provides excellent habitat for resident, locally nomadic birds that
may follow temporal patterns in food availability among these different habitats.
Mammals and other vertebrates
Thirty-one mammal species under HCV 1.3 are confirmed or likely present at PANP (Table
4; Attachment 4). Interview results suggest that all but one of these species, the gibbon,
are commonly found in secondary forest habitats and tembawang, as well as remnant
natural forest areas; 21 were also reported by hunters to utilize ladang or scrub
vegetation. A further six HCV 1.3 mammals are considered potentially present
(Attachment 4); these species also utilize a combination of secondary and remnant natural
forests.
The mammal species remaining at PANP are generally widespread across Kalimantan, and
appear to be disturbance tolerant species capable of making use of secondary forests
(e.g., leopard cat, long-tailed macaque and deer). It is likely that remnant natural forest,
tembawang and mature secondary forest areas support higher concentrations of HCV 1.3
mammals, but as with birds, such mammals at PANP appear to be widespread across all
major land cover types. The HCVA for HCV 1.3 mammals, therefore, is identical to that of
birds – centering on forests but covering the full extent of PANP license area.
Management Recommendations
This section begins with separate discussions of population management issues for HCV 1.3
plant, bird and mammal species, followed by an explanation of the HCVMA proposed to
manage these populations jointly. HCV 1.3 shall be managed in close coordination with
HCV 3 (rare or endangered ecosystems), where maintaining the largest possible areas of
intact remnant forest and mature secondary forest, as well as connectivity among them,
will be the over-riding goal.
Plants
40

Most HCV 1.3 plants at PANP are restricted to remnant natural forest; a small number are
planted and actively managed by humans in agro-forestry systems. It would seem that
actively managed HCV 1.3 species are at very low risk of local extinction, and on the
whole do not deserve priority in development of management plans. Two possible
exceptions that deserve mention, however, are the illipe nut trees Shorea stenoptera and
Shorea splendida, which are endemic to the biogeographic sub-unit 25h where PANP is
found. Steps should be taken to minimize or avoid oil palm development in areas where
these two tree species commonly occur, e.g. riparian or alluvium forest areas, or diverse
agro-forests, even if such areas are being offered by local communities for conversion.
Since most HCV 1.3 plants at PANP are restricted to remnant natural forest (mixed
dipterocarp forest), and since the management goal of HCV 1.3 as defined in the Toolkit is
to maintain sufficient habitat for viable populations of these species, management of this
value depends critically on the success of maintaining remnant natural forest areas at
PANP, including the Sakatiga block of the Sakatiga/Leuser Panjang Complex, which
represents the largest remaining block of forest in the area. Management of HCV 1.3
plants, therefore, is linked directly to management of HCV 3, which is dicussed more fully
below in Section 3.3.
Over time efforts to control logging will become increasingly important in areas
designated as high priority for HCV 1.3 & 3 management to ensure that current practices
of low intensity timber harvesting for local use do not transform into a commercial
enterprise. The construction of roads and bridges to support oil palm development will
improve access to remote forest areas currently accessible primarily by foot, which
effectively lowers production costs and increases profitability of logging for commercial
purposes. The vast majority of HCV 1.3 pants confirmed or likely present at PANP are
large dipteocarps that produce medium to high quality timber for construction, including a
number of CR species. Efforts must be made by Wilmar to engage communities to
reinforce existing community views on the importance of managing remnant forests for
local timber consumption (HCV 5) and to oppose development of largescale timber
operations by local or outside parties. Also, Wilmar must implement and enforce a policy
prohibiting purchase wood that originates from locally produced sources, especially
natural forest, unless it can be documented to originate from a well controlled
community-based controlled logging operation (none currently exist) or planted sources
(e.g., overmature durian).
Birds
Appropriate management of forest habitats (remnant natural and secondary) is key to
maintaining overall bird diversity at PANP, and essential for preserving viable populations
of many HCV 1.3 bird species. Most birds were found in forest, including all IUCN Near
Threatened species (which are of note but technically not considered HCV 1.3), and many
bird species protected under Indonesian law. Similarly, most species of conservation
concern deemed potentially present, including all Vulnerable or Endangered taxa, would
rely heavily on remnant forest.
Protecting viable populations of the full range of forest-dependent birds at PANP will
require consideration of the following: (1) conserving all large remnant forest patches ≥ 5
ha; (2) conserving a proportion of small (

(1) Forest patches ≥ 5 ha
Not all forest fragments are equal for preserving avian biodiversity. Factors affecting the
value of fragments for forest-dwelling birds include size, shape, condition, disturbance
history, internal heterogeneity, habitat quality of surrounding areas and isolation. Larger
fragments offer superior conservation opportunities as they include larger areas of
suitable habitat, are less prone to degradation over time and often support higher
population densities.
The most important area of natural forest for birds at PANP is forest in the Saka/Lusur
Panjang Forest Complex. This area must be identified a top priority for active (Category 1)
conservation measures.
(2) Forest fragments

and alluvial terraces. Differences in terrain correspond with changes in microhabitat that
are reflected in bird community structure across seemingly homogeneous forest,
indicating that bird diversity will be enhanced by preserving habitat on a variety of
terrains. Areas of the highest conservation value occur where substantial patches of
multiple forest types remain well-connected. Such areas are most likely to occur in larger
forest patches, such as in the remnant forest at Gunung Sanggau.
Additional recommendations for plantation operations
Hunting and trapping by Wilmar employees should be strictly prohibited. Hunting and
collection of HCV 1.3 birds by local residents should be discouraged as far as community
relations will permit. A hunting ban is particularly important for the Straw-headed bulbul
(Pycnonotus zeylanicus) as the species is heavily traded and it is very unlikely the species
can be harvested sustainably.
Within oil palm plantations, bird species richness can be enhanced by the presence of
leguminous ground cover crops (e.g. Mucuna bracteata) and trunk epiphytes on palm trees
(e.g. Asplenium nidus). It is recommended such epiphytes are retained where practicable.
Mammals and other vertebrates
As mentioned in the discussion of HCV 1.3 plants and birds, preserving remaining large
tracts of forest (remnant natural, secondary, mixed rubber and tembawang), and ensuring
connectivity among these tracts and nearby smaller fragments, will be essential for
maintaining viable populations of most HCV 1.3 mammals. The mutual inter-dependence
of HCV 1.3 plant, bird and mammal species on these habitat types permits their
management to be undertaken jointly.
(1) Habitat requirements
Most mammal species on Borneo (and especially those confirmed present at PANP) are
able to survive in heterogeneous, modified environments, making use of natural forest,
secondary forests, mixed rubber/fruit gardens and plantations. Some species can survive
exclusively in secondary forests (e.g., barking deer and macaques), while others make use
of gardens and plantations but remain attached to neighbouring patches of taller, more
mature forest (e.g., leaf monkeys). Apart from the possible occrrence of the Sarawak
surili, the assessment team found no evidence of strict forest dependent mammals
remaining in the PANP landscape (e.g. clouded leopard, orangutan), such animals having
been driven to local extinction. Nevertheless, tall forest areas remain important habitat
for a range of species with wider habitat requirements. Maximizing connectivity between
forest patches of different quality will improve the likelihood that habitat needs are met,
and minimum population sizes are maintained, for the widest possible range of species,
and prevent their concentration in one or a few areas, where hunting pressures would
intensify.
(2) Water Quality
Maintaining water quality is very important for a number of HCV 1.3 reptiles, fish and
aquatic mammals (e.g., otters and the otter-civet). Water quality at PANP should be
managed to prevent sedimentation and nutrient loading, as described below under HCV
4.1. Ponds, streams and other water sources should be left in their natural condition
wherever possible (i.e., avoiding draining, filling, or redirecting water flows). Proper
43

management of water quality for these aquatic species also ensures continued provision of
water and prevention of floods for downstream communities, noted under HCV 4.1 and 5.
In addition, aquatic mammals, especially otters, often rely on forested areas in close
proximity to water. Forests near water sources should therefore be left standing both to
improve water quality and provide habitat for such animals. This reinforces
recommendations already made under HCV 1.1 and 4.1.
(3) Protection and Enforcement
Providing on-going, active protection of habitat for HCV 1.3 species will also be necessary.
Protecting forests in the HCV 1.3 management area from deforestation, especially
excessive logging by local communities or outsiders, will require meaningful agreements
with communities, monitoring and enforcement to ensure agreements are respected.
Protecting habitat alone will not ensure persistence of all species of concern, however,
due to extremely high levels of hunting pressure. Hunting levels must be controlled,
though it is recognized such management action may come into conflict with HCV 5, in
situations where species hunted for protein by local communities are also of concern
under HCV 1.3 (e.g., porcupine and several species of deer; see Section 3.5 and
Attachment 6). It is recommended that opportunities to limit hunting pressure on
specified taxa be explored in conjunction with the forest conservation measures
recommended below. One possible measure with good potential is the delineation of no or
reduced hunting zones where mammal populations are allowed to recover for agreed upon
periods of time. To succeed, such a zonation scheme must be developed in close
collaboration with communities to be successful. A strict hunting ban should be placed on
the Sunda pangolin (Manis jvanica) as the species is heavily traded and it is not likely that
the species can be harvested sustainably.
HCVMA 1.3
A recommended HCVMA for HCV1.3 has been developed based on the above
considerations, with the goal of protecting habitat of sufficient quality and extent to
maintain viable populations of HCV 1.3 species (Figure 13). Key elements of this
management proposal are (i) protecting remnant natural forest areas, especially large
blocks of the Sakatiga/Leuser Panjang and Penyawan areas, (ii) maximizing effective size
and connectivity among protected remnant forest areas by delineating secondary forest
buffers and corridors, and (iii) restorating and replanting a selection of non-forest areas
required to complete a conservation corridor linking fragments within PANP to one
another as well as to the larger Gunung Seboro Protection Forest to the south. In its
entirety, the proposed HCVMA 1.3 covers c. 2629 ha and aims to restore a continuous
forested loop (narrow in some places) linking forests of the Sakatiga/Leuser Complex,
Penyawan block and Gunung Seboro.
Protection of this HCVMA is achieved entirely by implementation of Actively Protected
(Category 1) management types.
Remaining natural forest areas and associated secondary forest buffers are the basic
building blocks of HCVMA 1.3. Total area of such mature forest fragments is c. 2035 ha,
and contains species rich, medium to tall stature lowland and hill dipterocarp forest
mainly on sedimentary soils. In the PANP license area, this centers on the Sakatiga/Leuser
Complex forest block. In addition, a further c. 300 ha of secondary forest and rubber
based agro-forestry gardens are included as a basic building block of HCVMA 1.3. Together
this totals c. 2335 ha of forest areas that will require active community engagement to
44

preserve and protect from conversion to non-forest through logging, shifting cultivation or
other non-forest uses. These areas are depicted in dark green and labelled ‘engage
communities’ in Figure 13.
The second key element of HCVMA 1.3 is a proposed corridor to connect large remnant
fragments to eachother and to the Gunung Seboro forest to the south. As delineated, this
comprises secondary forest, rubber-based agro-forestry and restoration zones where trees
should be planted to revegetate areas of non-forest vegetation and stimulate succession in
areas of short secondary forest. Areas of secondary forest and rubber agro-forestry to be
retained in the corridor are depicted in yellow and labelled ‘acquire land rights’ in Figure
13, indicating areas over which WIlmar should seek to obtain use rights from community
members to incorporate the area into the corridor. Areas to be replanted are denoted in
red. The total area is approximately 297 ha.
In addition to the areas delineated in Figure 13, internal connectivity among remnant
natural forests at PANP will be enhanced further by a dense network of riparian buffer
zones throughout the estate, varying in width as described in Section 3.4.1 and Table 5.
Some of these buffers will be too narrow to provide meaningful connectivity for some
disturbance sensitive taxa, but the network of riparian buffers nevertheless enhances
estate wide connectivity for many taxa (e.g. small and/or volant mammals), and this
function will improve over time if buffers are well protected and allowed to develop into
mature forest.
At a larger spatial scale, connectivity between HCVMA 1.3 areas within PANP and Gunung
Seboro to the south (and elsewhere) will be augmented by demarcation of numerous
recommended no-go or very low intensity development zones, where concentrations of
steep slopes and high erosion risk areas are found in the south of the estate (>2800 ha;
Figure 18; see Section 4.2). These areas have clusters of steep slopes with very high
erosion potential, supporting more than 2000 ha of secondary or mature forest types.
Retaining forest in these areas by avoiding or minimizing oil palm development should
reduce habitat fragmentation by retaining the complex mosaic of land cover types
present. Protecting these areas not only increases habitat area but also provides an
important level of ‘higher order connectivity’ between PANP and adjacent forest areas.
Finally, it should be emphasized that to the extent areas outside those delineated as
HCVMA 1.3 are retained by local communities as rubber gardens or other forms of
agriculture (including ladang), a degree of permeable connectivity throughout these nonoil
palm vegetation types will promote wider estate-level connectivity for a number of
HCV 1.3 animals tolerant of secondary habitats at PANP (see Attachments 3 and 4).
Monitoring recommendations
Monitoring to ensure effective management of HCV 1.3 should focus on the primary
threats to this value, including habitat loss through conversion to small-scale agriculture
and oil palm, over-hunting and (in the future) over-harvesting of threatened or protected
plant species (including numberous HCV1.3 species in the Dipterocarpaceae that produce
valuable timber).
The approach recommended to conserve habitat for HCV 1.3 species focuses on two key
elements, retention of natural forest remnants and establishment and protection of a
conservation corridor to connect the Sakatiga/Luesur Panjang Complex and Penyawan
Block with the Gunung Seboro Protection Forest to the south. As described above,
implementing this strategy will require successful community engagement and support to
45

protect remaining natural forest, as well as possible acquisition of land use rights to
establish and maintain the corridor. This, in turn, will require establishment of robust
communication channels, perhaps inlcuding a community conservation forum, where
questions and concerns related to forest protection and HCV 1.3 management can be
discussed by Wilmar and local community partners, to seek appropriate solutions to
challenges as they arise.
Monitoring the success of habitat protection measures, therefore, should focus on: (i)
monitoring (through remote and ground based methods) the status of natural forest
elements and progress in establishing connectivity among blocks via the conservation
corridor; (ii) the function of communication channels between communities and the
company, including the strengths and weaknesses of a community conservation forum, if it
is established; and (iii) the level of local community support for the overall HCV 1.3
conservation strategy. Winning community support to protect forest and prevent its
conversion to swidden agriculture will be a difficult challenge, and will require time to
achieve. The point of monitoring should be to ensure progress is being made toward this
goal. In contrast, Wilmar avoiding conversion of forest areas delimited as no-go zones in
Figure 14 to oil palm is fully within the operational capacity of Wilmar and should be
treated as one measure of minimum compliance with recommendations for HCV 1.3.
Avoidance of remnant forest areas for new planting should be monitored and reported on
a real time basis.
Equally important for long term conservation of HCV 1.3 species, especially medium to
large body mammals, will be the control of excessive hunting and prevention of large
scale (business oriented) commercial logging once infrastructure improvements are made
to support oil palm expansion. Monitoring levels of hunting can be achieved through
interview or direct-observation based research as described more fully under HCV 5.
Ideally, such monitoring would take place on a more or less continuous basis, though
practical limitations will likely prevent this. Another option that deserves consideration is
to enlist the direct participation of individual hunters from target villages close to
important HCV1.3 conservation areas to keepa detailed log of hunting records and animla
observations.
Monitoring levels of logging can be achieved by monitoring roads in and out of PANP, as
well as by development of community-based enforcement groups formed as part of a
broader community-based conservation program to protect remaining forest for the
continued provision of environmental services and well being of local communities
adjacent to these areas. In the short term, Wilmar should begin at least by declaring to
communities its plan not to convert any remnant natural forest areas. This is important to
allay concerns communities may have about the long term security of these forests, and to
avoid the risk of communities being driven by provacators (local or outside) to clear
forests now for fear that Wilmar will do so later.
Over time, as Wilmar develops capacity and commitment to take one more challenging
monitoring activities, it is recommended that Wilmar choose focal vertebrate species (and
perhaps also plants) to experiment with alternative approaches for population level
monitoring of target species. This can use a combination of spatially explicit presence
absence monitoring, as well as more sophisiticed sampling techniques, commensurate with
the reasources available and data requirea. A reasonable target for developing such
capacity might be 12-18 months.
46

Table 2. Plant species of concern under HCV 1.2 (Critically Endangered species only) and HCV 1.3 (all species) confirmed or likely present in
or near the PANP license area.
Family Species
HCV 1.2 species
Presence
Conservation
status
Confirmed Likely Potential IUCN GoI
Tembawang /
Rubber
gardens
Habitat association
Remnant
natural
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus coriaceus X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus costulatus X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus elongatus X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus eurhynchus X CR X X
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus lowii X CR X X
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus tempehes X CR X X X
Dipterocarpaceae Dryobalanops fusca X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea beccariana X CR X X X
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea coriacea X CR X X
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea mengarawan X CR X X X X
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea sangal X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea semicuneata X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Parashorea lucida X CR X X
Dipterocarpaceae Parashorea macrophylla X CR X X X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea asahii X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea balangeran X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea cordata X CR X X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea elliptica X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea faguetiana X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea gibbosa X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea guiso X CR X X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea hopeifolia X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea cf inappendiculata X CR X
Riverine
47

Family Species
Presence
Conservation
status
Habitat association
Tembawang /
Remnant
Confirmed Likely Potential IUCN GoI Rubber Riverine
natural
gardens
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea johorensis X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea kunstleri X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea lamellata X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea obovoidea X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea palembanica X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea peltata X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea resinosa X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea rugosa X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea sagittata X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea seminis X CR X X X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea superba X X
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica brevipes X CR X X
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica cauliflora X CR X X
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica chartacea X CR X X
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica globbosa CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica haivilandii X CR X X
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica maingayi X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica rotata X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica rynchocarpa X CR X
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica sarawakensis X CR X X
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica venulosa ssp venulosa X CR X X
HCV 1.3 species
Anacardiaceae Mangifera similis X VU X X
Apocynaceae Dyera costulata X VU X X X
Arecaceae Arenga pinnata X X X X
Arecaceae Borassodendron borneensis X X X
Bombacaceae Durio dulcis X VU X X
48

Family Species
Presence
Conservation
status
Habitat association
Tembawang /
Remnant
Confirmed Likely Potential IUCN GoI Rubber Riverine
natural
gardens
Bombacaceae Durio kutejensis X VU X X
Bombacaceae Durio zibethinus X X X X
Dipterocarpaceae Anisoptera costata X EN X
Dipterocarpaceae Anisoptera grossivenia X EN X
Dipterocarpaceae Anisoptera marginata X EN X
Dipterocarpaceae Cotylelobium burkii X EN X
Dipterocarpaceae Cotylelobium lanceolatum X VU X
Dipterocarpaceae Cotylelobium melanoxylon X EN X
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus crinitus X EN X
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus sublamellatus X EN X X
Dipterocarpaceae Dryobalanops beccarii X EN X
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea griffithii X VU X X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea agamii X EN X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea bracteolata X EN X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea leprosula X EN X X X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea macrophylla X VU X X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea maxwelliana X EN X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea mecisopteryx X X X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea ovata X EN X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea pauciflora X EN X X X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea quadrinervis X EN X X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea splendida X EN X X X
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea stenoptera X EN X X X X
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica badiifolia X
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica nitens X
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica pedicellata X
Lauraceae Eusideroxylon zwageri X VU X X
Loganiaceae Fagraea fragrans X X X X
49

Family Species
Presence
Conservation
status
Confirmed Likely Potential IUCN GoI
Tembawang /
Rubber
gardens
Habitat association
Remnant
natural
Meliaceae Aglaia angustifolia X VU X X
Meliaceae Aglaia coriacera X VU X
Meliaceae Aglaia cumingiana X VU X
Meliaceae Aglaia densisquama X VU X X
Meliaceae Aglaia laxiflora X VU X X
Meliaceae Aglaia rivularis X VU X
Meliaceae Aglaia scortechinii X VU X
Meliaceae Aglaia speciosa X VU X
Meliaceae Aglaia subsessilis X VU X
Meliaceae Aglaia tenuicaulis X VU X
Meliaceae Aglaia variisquama X VU X X
Myristicaceae Horsefieldia fragilima X EN X X
Myristicaceae Horsefieldia motleyi X EN X
Nepentheaceae Nepenthes ampularis X X X X
Olacaceae Scorodocarpus borneensis X X X
Sonneraticaceae Duabanga moluccana X X X X
Thymeleaceae Aquilaria malaccensis X VU X X
Thymeleaceae Aquilaria microcarpa X VU X X
Thymeleaceae Gonystylus spp X VU X
Riverine
50

Table 3. HCV 1.3 bird species confirmed or likely present in the PANP landscape, their conservation status and habitat in which they were
recorded.
Scientific Name Common Name Confirmed Likely IUCN GoI CITES
Rhinoplax vigil Helmeted Hornbill X NT P I
Argusianus argus Great Argus X NT P II
Rhyticeros corrugatus Wrinkled Hornbill X NT P II
Anthracoceros malayanus Black Hornbill X NT P II
Buceros rhinoceros Rhinoceros Hornbill X NT P II
Harpactes kasumba Red-naped Trogon X NT P
Harpactes diardii Diard's Trogon X NT P
Harpactes duvaucelii Scarlet-rumped Trogon
Rufous-collared
X NT P
Actenoides concretus Kingfisher X NT P
Pitta granatina Garnet Pitta X NT P
Anthreptes rhodolaema Red-throated Sunbird X NT P
Psittacula longicauda Long-tailed Parakeet X NT II
Psittinus cyanurus Blue-rumped Parrot X NT II
Otus rufescens Reddish Scops Owl X NT II
Berenicornis comatus White-crowned Hornbill X NT II
Alcedo euryzona Blue-banded Kingfisher X VU P
Pycnonotus zeylanicus Straw-headed Bulbul VU II
Treron capellei Large Green Pigeon X VU
Centropus rectunguis Short-toed Coucal X VU
Ptilocichla leucogrammica Bornean Wren-babbler X VU
Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent-eagle X P II
Spizaetus cirrhatus Changeable Hawk-eagle X P II
Spizaetus alboniger Blyth's Hawk-eagle X P II
Anorrhinus galeritus Bushy-crested Hornbill X P II
Rhyticeros undulatus Wreathed Hornbill X P II
Gracula religiosa Hill Myna X P II
Microhierax fringillarius Black-thighed Falconet X P
51

Scientific Name Common Name
Oriental Dwarf
Confirmed Likely IUCN GoI CITES
Ceyx erithacus
Kingfisher X P
Pelargopsis capensis Stork-billed Kingfisher X P
Lacedo pulchella Banded Kingfisher X P
Pitta arquata Blue-banded Pitta X P
Rhipidura javanica Pied Fantail X P
Anthreptes malacensis Brown-throated Sunbird X P
Anthreptes singalensis Ruby-cheeked Sunbird X P
Hypogramma
hypogrammicum Purple-naped Sunbird X P
Leptocoma (Nectarinia)
sperata Purple-throated Sunbird X P
Arachnothera longirostra Little Spiderhunter
Thick-billed
X P
Arachnothera crassirostris Spiderhunter X P
Arachnothera robusta Long-billed Spiderhunter X P
Arachnothera flavigaster Spectacled Spiderhunter
Yellow-eared
X P
Arachnothera chrysogenys Spiderhunter
Grey-breasted
X P
Arachnothera modesta Spiderhunter
White-bellied
X P
Dryocopus javensis
Woodpecker
Blue-crowned Hanging-
X I
Loriculus galgulus
parrot X II
Phodilus badius Oriental Bay Owl X II
Otus lempiji Collared Scops Owl X II
Ninox scutulata Brown Hawk Owl X II
52

Table 4. HCV 1.3 mammal species confirmed or likely present in the PANP landscape, their conservation status and known habitat.
Presence Conservation Status Habitat Association
Common Name Scientific Name
Confir
med
Likely Potential IUCN a CITES b
GoI c
Scandentia
Ladang Secondary Forest
Pen-tailed treeshrew Ptilocercus lowii X LC II X X X
Lesser treeshrew Tupaia minor X LC II X X
Striped treeshrew Tupaia dorsalis X DD II X X
Ruddy treeshrew Tupaia splendidula X LC II X X
Slender treeshrew Tupaia gracilis X LC II X X
Large treeshrew Tupaia tana X LC II X X
Long-footed treeshrew
Chiroptera
Tupaia longipes X LC II X X X
Large flying fox
Pholidota
Pteropus vampyrus X NT II X X
Sunda pangolin Manis javanica X EN II P X X X
Dermoptera
Colugo (Malayan Flying
lemur)
Primates
Cynocephalus
variegatus X LC P X X X
Slow loris Nycticebus coucang X VU II P X X X
Sunda Tarsier Tarsius bancanus X VU II P X X X
Sarawak surili Presbytis chrysomelas X CR II X X
Silvered langur Trachypithecus cristatus X NT II X X
Maroon langur Presbytis rubicunda X LC II P x x
X
occasionall
x
Pig-tailed macaque Macaca nemestrina X VU II X
y X
Long-tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis X NT II X X X
Bornean gibbon Hylobates muelleri X EN I P X
53

Common Name Scientific Name
Confir
med
Presence Conservation Status Habitat Association
IUCN a CITES b
GoI c
Likely Potential Ladang Secondary Forest
Rodentia
Giant Squirrel Ratufa affinis
Rheithrosciurus
X NT II X X
Tufted ground squirrel
Three-striped Ground
macrotis X VU X X
Squirrel
Horsfield’s (Javanese)
Lariscus insignis X LC P X X
Flying Squirrel Iomys horsfieldi
Hystrix (Acanthion)
X LC P X X
Common porcupine brachyura X LC P X X X
Thick-spined porcupine Hystrix crassispinis X LC X X X
Carnivora
Teledu (Malay badger) Mydaus javanensis X LC P X X X
Hairy-nosed otter Lutra sumatrana X EN II n/a n/a n/a
Oriental small-clawed
otter Aonyx cinerea X VU II n/a n/a n/a
Smooth otter Lutrogale perspicillata X VU II n/a n/a n/a
Otter-civet Cynogale bennettii X EN II P
X
occasionall
X X
Binturong (bearcat) Arctictis binturong X VU III P y X X
Banded linsang Prionodon linsang X LC II P X X X
Banded palm civet Hemigalus derbyanus X VU II X X
Leopard cat
Artiodactyla
Prionailurus bengalensis X LC II P X X X
Bearded pig Sus barbatus
Tragulus (Cervus)
X VU X X X
Lesser Mouse-deer javanicus X LC P X X X
54

Common Name Scientific Name
Confir
med
Presence Conservation Status Habitat Association
Likely Potential IUCN a CITES b
GoI c
Ladang Secondary Forest
Greater Mouse-deer
Bornean red muntjac
Tragulus napu X LC P X X X
(Common barking deer) Muntiacus muntjak X LC P X X X
Bornean yellow muntjac Muntiacus atherodes X LC X X X
Sambar deer Rusa (Cervus) unicolor X VU P X X X
a) IUCN categories (IUCN et al. 2008) rank the relative risk of individual taxa becoming extinct in the wild. Species classified as Threatened are considered to face:
1. An extremely high risk of extinction (Critically Endangered - CR);
2. A very high risk of extinction (Endangered - EN) or;
3. A high risk of extinction in the wild (Vulnerable - VU).
b)
Least Concern (LC). A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable
or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.
Data Deficient (DD) A species is categorized as DD when there is insufficient information to assess its risk of extinction.
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) operates to control international trade in rare and endangered species.
Appendix I (App I) includes species listed as Threatened by the IUCN. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional circumstances. Appendix II
(App II) includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their
survival. CITES status taken from CITES 2008.
c) Species with protected status under the Government of Indonesia were obtained from TRAFFIC 2007.
55

Figure 13. The HCV area for HCV 1.2 and the management area (HCVMA) for HCVs 1.2 and
1.3 at PANP. HCVA 1.2 comprises the mature forest areas shown in dark green. HCVA 1.3
(as discussed in the text) covers the full extent of the PANP license area (including HCVA
1.2). The HCVMA 1.2 and 1.3 includes all remnant forest areas plus associated secondary
forests and reforestation zones forming part of a conservation corridor linking major
remaining elements of natural forest with eachother and to the larger Gunung Seboro
Protection Forest block to the south.
56

3.1.4 HCV 1.4 Areas that Contain Habitat of Temporary Use by
Species or Congregations of Species
The purpose of HCV 1.4 is to identify and maintain habitat features of exceptional
importance within a landscape, where temporary congregations of wildlife occur during
key stages of the life cycle, such as for periodic feeding, reproduction, shelter or to seek
refuge from disturbance. The management goal of HCV 1.4 is to maintain the function and
accessibility of such areas to resident wildlife.
The Indonesian Toolkit lists the following examples of key habitats under HCV 1.4:
• caves for bats or swiftlets
• lakes or other open water bodies for resident or migrant water birds
• breeding habitat, such as grassy banks along slow moving rivers for crocodiles
• salt licks
• areas with known high concentrations of fruit availability, especially figs, for
frugivorous vertebrates
• natural areas with high concentrations of dead standing trees used for nesting by
birds and other vertebrates
• ecotones or ecoclines across which animals move, sometimes in large numbers, to
forage in different habitats where food is available at different times
Findings
HCV Key Question Finding
1.4
Does the license area or adjacent landscape contain or is it
likely to contain keystone habitat(s) of temporary use by
species or congregations of species?
Present
Interview results indicate the presence of active bat roosts in caves in the PANP area, but
only one such area, at Gunung Seboro, was mapped by the assessment team. Two other
caves were identified by community members, but not mapped, Goa Kelawar Tangbai and
Goa Tang Semunda. The cave at G.Seboro is outside of the PANP license area. The other
two caves are located near Singaraja, but it is unclear whether they are located inside the
license area.
Management Recommendations
The management goal of HCV 1.4 is to maintain the accessibility and function of HCV 1.4
areas. The first step will be to map the locations of caves and other roost sites. This can
be done by Wilmar during participatory definitive mapping of HCV 5 and 6 management
areas, as outlined below under Section 3.5, since known cave roosts are near to villages.
Once cave locations are mapped, a buffer of agreed upon size around the roost or cave
entrance(s) should be delineated (at least 100m is recommended). An SOP should also be
drafted to prohibit Wilmar employees or contractors from disturbing access to roost trees,
caves or wildlife inside them. Roosts and associated buffers together compose HCVMA 1.4.
57

Monitoring Recommendations
At a minimum, monitoring of HCV 1.4 will require routine visits to roosting sites to ensure
the 100m buffer has been maintained and cave access has not been obstructed. Additional
monitoring measures could be undertaken, for example monitoring of species composition
and dynamics, but this greatly exceeds current in-house technical capacity and will not
likely be necessary if the recommended buffer is retained and management
recommendations for HCV 1.2 and 1.3 are followed, which will help to retain foraging
habitat for bats.
58

3.2 HCV 2. Large Landscapes and Natural Ecological
Dynamics
3.2.1 HCV 2.1 Large Natural Landscapes with the Capacity to
Maintain Natural Ecological Processes and Dynamics
HCV 2.1 aims to identify large, relatively intact natural landscapes with a capacity to
maintain natural ecological processes and dynamics, and to ensure that management
action is taken to protect core areas and associated buffer zones of such landscapes.
Findings
HCV Key Question Finding
2.1
Does any part of the license area exist within a large
natural landscape, defined as a natural forest (or other
vegetation mosaic) with a core area of >20000 ha
surrounded by a buffer zone of 3 km from the forest edge?
Not present
The license area exists within a human dominated landscape, comprising a swidden
agriculture/jungle rubber mosaic and a limited number of small remnant forest fragments
(Figs. 8 & 9). No part of any such fragment is more than 3 km from the nearest edge (a
criterion of HCV 2.1). Although jungle rubber is a ‘semi-natural’ ecosystem that can
support high levels of plant and animal diversity, it cannot be considered a large, intact
natural landscape where natural ecological processes and forest dynamics are maintained.
HCV 2.1 is not present in the PANP license area.
3.2.2 HCV 2.2 Natural Areas that Contain Two or More Contiguous
Ecosystems
HCV 2.2 aims to identify and maintain ecotones and ecoclines that connect different
ecotypes, especially where they occur as part of large natural landscapes (HCV 2.1). Such
transitional environments are important not only for maintaining movement of species and
flux of materials and energy, but also as centres of biodiversity in their own right.
59

Findings
HCV Key Question Finding
2.2
Does the license area contain ecotones/ecoclines critical
for maintaining connectivity between two or more major
ecosystem types?
Not present
Ecosystem transitions listed under HCV 2.2 in the revised Toolkit include wetlands and
non-wetlands, swamp and non-swamps, kerangas and non-kerangas, karst and non-karst
forest and elevational gradients that encompass transitions between lowland, submontane
and/or montane forest. No such ecotones were recorded at PANP. HCV 2.2 is not
present.
3.2.3 HCV 2.3 Areas that Contain Representative Populations of Most
Naturally Occurring Species
HCV 2.3 aims to identify landscapes with a capacity to support populations of most
naturally occurring species within the region of the assessment area.
Findings
HCV Key Question Finding
2.3
Does the license area form part of a landscape with
capacity to support populations of most naturally occurring
species within the Western Plains and Mountains
physiographic region?
Not present
As noted under HCV 2.1, PANP forms part of a large, human dominated landscape
comprising swidden agriculture/jungle agroforestry mosaic with a small number of
isolated natural forest fragments. Rubber-based agroforestry can support high levels of
biodiversity, but land cover mapping, interviews and field observations at PANP indicate
PANP does not support representative populations of most naturally occurring species.
Habitat loss and a long history of high hunting pressures have eliminated most native
fauna, especially large mammals, reptiles, songbirds and galliforms (see Attachments 1-4).
60

3.3 HCV 3. Rare or Endangered Ecosystems
HCV 3 aims to identify rare or endangered ecosystems and ensure that management action
is taken to maintain them.
Findings
HCV Key Question Finding
3
Does the license area contain ecosystems that meet the
criteria of rare or endangered?
Present
The revised Toolkit defines analytical and precautionary approach for identifying rare or
endangered ecosystems. The precautionary approach refers to a look up table in the
Toolkit for quick determination of which ecosystem types are considered rare or
endangered at an island wide scale (e.g., all of Sumatra or Kalimantan). The
precautionary method is conservative, based on expert opinion and does not take into
consideration intra-island variation in rare or endangered status.
The analytical method outlined in the Toolkit aims to contextualize rare or endangered
status within an island by way of comparing past, present and future extent of ecosystems
within geographic sub-units of major islands, such as Kalimantan or Sumatra. 4 Using this
method, rare or endangered ecosystems are defined as ecosystems that (i) have declined
in extent by >50% in relation to the earliest available benchmark of past extent within the
physiographic region where the assessment is being performed, or (ii) will decline by >75%
if forest conversion moves forward as permitted by current land use plans. A rare
ecosystem is defined as an ecosystem representing

Two RePPProT land systems (ecosystem proxies) are present in the license area: Maput
(MPT) and Sungai Medan (SMD) (Figure 5). The dominant natural vegetation on both land
systems is lowland rain forest on well-drained soils, but forest on these land systems likely
differ markedly in composition, reflecting very different underlying substrates. MPT
describes asymmetric, non-orientated sedimentary hills, which are normally steep sided
and formed by sandstone, shale, and mudstone. SMD describes rolling volcanic plains
formed by pyroclastic rocks and basaltic outflows.
Results of the analytical approach for determining rare or endangered ecosystems showed
that forest on the MPT and SMD land systems within the Western Plains and Mountains
region have declined in extent by greater than 50% in relation to a 1970s baseline. This
means all remaining natural forest at PANP is considered HCV 3.
As noted above, land cover at PANP is a complex mosaic of active or recently abandoned
swidden agricultural fields (ladang), rubber agroforestry, fruit tree gardens (tembawang),
secondary forest (belukar) of various ages/stages of regrowth following cultivation, and
limited areas of oil palm and related infrastructure development (Figure 9). In addition,
there is a sizeable amount of remnant natural forest also present at PANP, much more in
fact than at other Wilmar estates surveyed elsewhere in the Landak region 5 .
To delineate the boundaries of such remnant natural areas in PANP more precisely, land
cover was mapped using high-resolution (0.2 m) aerial photography made available by
Wilmar for the entire license area. As described above, two forest sub-types were
distinguished based on crown size, internal patch structure and adjacent vegetation. A
patch dominated by trees with large crowns (>15m diameter) with few gaps was classified
as mature forest, which represents either remnant natural (primary) forest or mature
secondary forest (post clearance regrowth). A patch dominated by small trees with small
crowns (~10m diameter or less) and with a closed or continuous forest canopy interspersed
with occasional rubber trees and few gaps was classified as secondary forest/rubber
agroforestry. Patches that were dominated by trees with very small crowns (1 ha and 31 are >2 ha in size. By far the largest and most significant block of natural
forest in HCVA 3 is the Saka/Lusur Panjang Complex (1491 ha) located in the northwest of
the estate. This area also supported the highest concentrations of HCV 1.2 and 1.3 species
recorded at PANP, and must be seen as the highest priority for HCV3 management.
It is probable that some of the ‘remnant natural forest’ areas depicted as HCV 3 in Figure
14 are in fact mature secondary forest or to a lesser extent tembawang. But, in nearly all
cases where putative HCV3 areas were surveyed on the ground, they were confirmed to be
natural forest. Even in two cases where HCV3 areas turned out to be mature secondary
forests, floristic elements of natural forest were still strongly represented, including some
species of concern under HCV 1.3 (e.g., see Attachment 2).
5 PT Putra Indotropical, PT Pratama Prosentindo, PT Agro Palindo Sakti, PT Daya Landak Plantation,
PT. Indoresin Putra Mandiri and PT Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman
62

Management Recommendations
The management goal of HCV 3 is to maintain the ecological integrity of rare or
endangered ecosystems, including distinctive species, assemblages or other unique
ecosystem attributes.
General comments
Viewed in a proper regional and historical context, the remnant natural forests at PANP
have extremely high conservation value.
Forest of the Landak region has diminished markedly since early 1970s. In the Western
Plains and Mountains region where PANP is found, lowland forest as a whole is rare and
endangered. In 2007, for example, remaining lowland forests on the TWH land system –
one of the most widespread ecosystem types in the region and broadly illustrative of the
lowlands as a whole – were only c. 21,000 ha, a decline of 68% in comparison to the early
1970’s (Attachment 1). A further decline to 85% is expected under current land use plans
that permit conversion. Given these high levels of forest loss in a unique biogeographic
sub-region of Borneo, managing HCV 3 areas at PANP is important and must be pursued
aggressively.
It is acknowledged, however, that Wilmar will face a number of challenges to maintain or
enhance these areas. Severe threats to HCV 3, apart from conversion to oil palm, include
small scale agricultural conversion of natural forests by local communities (e.g., to rubber
or ladang) and over-harvesting of timber by local people for commercial as well as
subsistence uses. Over time, these threats are likely to intensify as oil palm development
takes increasing amounts of agricultural land out from the fallow cycle, a concern
articulated by local communities during field interviews and public consultation (see
Section 3.5). This pressure will likely intensify over time unless or until local economic
development and job creation linked to oil palm reduce reliance on subsistence forms of
slash and burn agriculture.
For Wilmar, excising these forest areas from the planned operational licence (HGU) for
PANP would simplify compliance with Criterion 7.3 of RSPO, which requires avoiding
conversion of areas deemed necessary to maintain HCVs. Such a course of action would
comply with the HCV provision of RSPO, in a purely technical sense, but it would not
embody the spirit of responsible palm oil the standard aims to achieve. An alternative
approach should be pursued.
The complex interplay among legal, political and socio-economic factors affecting HCV 3
management at PANP suggests that in order to maintain remnant natural forest areas the
company must combine efforts to (i) acquire land use rights from local communities to
maintain and manage remnant forest areas as forest and (ii) forge collaborative
arrangements with local communities to maintain and manage the areas as forest for
multiple uses and multiple HCVs, including HCV 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6. In the short term, one of
the most important steps Wilmar can make toward achieving this goal is to convene a
forum for constructive dialogue among local stakeholders to build a consensus on the
importance of conserving these areas for the long term. Three highest priority areas
should be the Sakatiga/Lusur Panjang Complex, the Penyawan forest cluster in the south
east of the estate, and the Gunung Seboro Protection Forest, which lies outside the
southern border of PANP, but is contiguous with forested land within the license area (see
Figure 9).
63

HCVMA 3
The recommended HCV management area for HCV 3 (HCVMA 3) covers a total area of 2736
ha, or c. 20.7% of the total license area (Figure 15). This comprises 2142 ha of remnant
natural forest, all of which are classified as no-go areas for oil palm, and 594 ha of
associated secondary and/or degraded areas recommended for rehabilitation to provide
connectivity and protection to remnant areas from edge effects. A combination of
Category 1 (active) and Category 2 (passive) management types is recommended to
maintain HCV3 at PANP. These areas are coded differently in Figure 15.
Of the 2736 ha in HCVMA 3, 107 ha are recommended for passive (Category 2)
management only, meaning they will be treated as no-go zones, whose conversion to oil
palm will not be undertaken (or supported) by Wilmar. The remaining 2629 ha is
recommended for active (Category 1) management, including (i) 2332 ha of remnant
natural and secondary forest areas for which active support will be sought from local
communities to work collaboratively with Wilmar to protect and manage, (ii) 239 ha of
secondary forest and mature RAS over which Wilmar will seek to acquire land use rights to
restore and maintain a Conservation Corridor that connects the Saka/Lusur Panjang
Complex in the central west to the G. Seboro Protection Forest to the south, and (iii) 58
ha recommended for reforestation and rehabilitation to restore connectivity and/or
expand minimum required buffer zones along rivers and remnant natural forest blocks that
also form part of the Conservation Corridor mentioned above.
Monitoring Recommendations
Basic elements of a monitoring program to evaluate protection of HCV 3 areas are
discussed above under HCV 1.3. Key points include:
1. Monitoring assurance that Wilmar does not clear natural forest areas delineated for
protection under HCV3 management or plant on such areas if cleared by other third
parties (e.g. local communities).
2. Monitor progress toward establishing the conservation corridor delineated in Figure 14
to link the large remnant forest areas, including acquisition of land rights for conservation
where possible and the reforestation of areas recommended for rehabilitation.
3. Monitor progress toward estabishing of a systematic method for annual monitoring of
land cover changes either through aerial photography or high resolution satellite imagery.
4. Monitor progress toward establishment of an effective and systematic means for
community engagement on forst protection and related conservation matters, especially
in villages near the major forest blocks of highest priority for conservation (e.g.
Sakatiga/Leuser Panjang Complex and the Penyawan block).
64

Figure 14. Map of HCV 3 areas (HCVA 3) depicting the extent of endangered ecosystems.
65

Figure 15. Map of recommended HCV 3 management area (HCVMA 3)
66

3.4 HCV 4. Environmental Services
3.4.1 HCV 4.1 Areas or Ecosystems Important for the Provision of
Water and Prevention of Flood for Downstream Communities
HCV 4.1 aims to identify areas or ecosystems that are important for the provision of clean
water and prevention of flood for downstream communities. If HCV 4.1 is present,
management action must be taken to maintain provision of these services.
The revised Toolkit defines areas important for the provision of clean water as watersheds
and riparian zones that feed into rivers on which communities depend for water and
related services, such as protein from fishing (see HCV 5). The revised Toolkit defines
ecosystems important for the provision of water and prevention of floods as:
• Cloud forest
• Ridge line forest
• Riparian or flood plain forest
• Karst forest
• Peat swamp forest or peat land
• Freshwater swamp forest
• Mangrove forest
• Marsh or other wetland vegetation
• Lakes or other open water bodies
Findings
HCV Key Question Finding
4.1
Does the license area contain areas or ecosystems
important for the provision of clean water and the
prevention of flood?
Areas important for the provision of water
Present
Identification of areas important for provision of water requires mapping watersheds, the
distribution of rivers and communities, then cross-referencing with results of interviews
conducted under HCV 5 to understand local dependency on rivers.
A high density of human habitation occurs along rivers throughout the PANP estate, and all
of these settlements could potentially experience oil palm development in their upstream
watersheds (Figure 8). Local communities in all villages within or bordering the estate
were found to depend on this network of rivers for the provision of clean water and, to a
67

lesser extent, animal protein (see Table 6, Section 3.5). As a result, all rivers, streams,
and springs at PANP, the water catchments they drain, and associated riparian and spring
buffer zones are considered HCV 4.1. The HCVA for this value, therefore, encompasses
most of PANP. Recommendations for how this area should be managed are provided
below.
Ecosystems important for the provision of water
Among the nine ecosystem types listed in the revised Toolkit under HCV 4.1, two are
present in the PANP estate: riparian forest and potentially ridge line forest. All areas
where these ecosystems occur are HCVA 4.1.
(i) Riparian forest. Using aerial imagery, all visible rivers and streams where mapped to
the maximum extent possible. Where waterways were not directly visible, but the course
could be inferred confidently, such rivers were also mapped.
The Toolkit specifies two factors that must be considered for delineating riparian forest
under HCV 4.1: (1) the width of the flood plain, if it exists, and (2) the legal requirement
for protecting ‘riparian buffer zones’ (see Section 3.1.1). Many rivers were inspected at
PANP and none were found to have what could be considered a significant flood plain.
Where some smaller floodplains were found to exist, the area had already been converted
to paddy fields for rice cultivation. Presidential decree Keppres 32 1990 declared that a
minimum buffer of 100m must be maintained on both sides of a ‘large’ river and 50m for
smaller branches (i.e., tributaries of large rivers). Criteria for distinguishing large and
small rivers, or the minimum size of a smaller branch, were not, however, defined in the
decree. For rivers that can be mapped within the license area, few of which are >15 m
wide, actual buffers required are considered in detail under management
recommendations below.
(ii) Ridgeline forest. Ridgeline forest can play an important role in local water cycles by
‘cloud stripping’ –– the collecting and condensing water from clouds or fog ascending
slopes and passing over the ridge line. Rainfall is marginally seasonal in this area, and fog
forms daily and does precipitate on vegetation along ridges, in the evening through to
early morning. However, it is likely that rainfall is sufficient each month to maintain
perennial water flow, making ridge line forest contributions relatively insignificant in the
maintenance of HCV 4.1.
Management Recommendations
All rivers, streams, and springs in the PANP estate are considered HCV 4.1 areas. The
management goal of HCV 4.1 is to manage these areas/ecosystems to ensure continued
provision of clean water and prevention of floods. The recommendations outlined below
include a combination of both Category 2 and Category 3 management types, i.e. areas
over which forms of Passive Management (no-go areas) and Modified Operational
Procedures, respectively, will be implemented.
Buffer zone protection of rivers and springs
As noted, national law (Keppres 32 1990) requires a buffer of 100m either side of ‘large’
rivers and 50m on ‘small’ rivers and tributaries. The revised Toolkit defines a large river
as one >30m wide and a small river

For this assessment, we define a river or stream as a watercourse that has persistent flow
throughout the year, except in times of extreme draught (e.g. during El Niño-Southern
Oscillation events). Further, we provisionally define minimum riparian buffers along rivers
30m 100m
20-30m 50m
8-20m 20m
5-8m 10m

under Special Considerations below). In a similar manner, areas upslope of a spring or
within its 200m buffer should be restored.
Seedling nurseries are high intensity use zones, with higher risk of ground water and
stream pollution from fertilizer and pesticide applications. Nursery construction therefore
requires additional measures. It is recommended that a minimum riparian vegetation
buffer of 20m be maintained wherever nurseries are constructed near rivers. Water supply
for nurseries should be secured not through damming small streams, but rather, by
creating pumping ponds fed by rivers.
A detailed map of rivers, streams, and freshwater springs must be prepared by Wilmar,
either in advance for the entire HGU prior to resuming operations, or as an SOP for
implementation prior to any land clearance in all new areas to be opened. The SOP must
explain clearly that all water courses and springs are mapped using GPS and that buffer
areas are delineated in the field prior to any form of plantation development (following
Table 5). This buffer SOP must be referenced in all SOPs governing other aspects of
plantation development that may impact water quality (e.g., road construction, terracing,
block demarcation, planting site preparation and nursery construction). This will ensure
contractors do not make incursions into HCV management areas for HCV 4.1.
Some 302 ha of the estate have already been developed in areas classified in this report
(section 3.4.2) as terrain with a very high erosion risk. It is probable that such areas will
continue to be a source of erosion in the short term, affecting water quality in streams
draining these areas. It is strongly recommended that all riparian buffers in such areas be
doubled in size from those outlined in Table 5 to ensure that excessive sedimentation of
downstream rivers and streams is avoided (see further discussion in section 3.4.2 below).
Figure 16. Schematic diagram of riparian buffer zones. Note: Trees with crowns that extend
beyond the buffer margin into planting areas may not be felled.
Special considerations for managing riparian buffers
Maintaining riparian buffer zones at PANP will require creative, active management. This
is because there is a tendency among local community members to see ‘unmanaged
forest’ as land that is unwanted and therefore available for conversion to other uses,
70

especially agriculture fields. Such risks are especially high for vegetation buffers near
rivers, where soils are relatively moist and fertile, hence targeted for agriculture. It was
also noted by company employees from local villages that buying use rights over an area
and then leaving it to regenerate naturally as riparian forest is unlikely to be sufficient to
guarantee its protection, as community members will begin to see it as neglected land
unwanted by the company and thus available for conversion.
It is strongly recommended that Wilmar develop a plan for establishing and managing
these riparian buffers as multi-use zones in which native species acknowledged by
community members as ‘useful trees’ are planted to signal active management as multiuse
conservation zones yielding useful products. Recommended species for planting
include the native illipe nut trees of Shorea stenoptera and S. splendida, a wide variety of
fruit trees (e.g., mango, durian, rambutan, mangosteen, petai and keranji), honey bee
nest trees (Koompassia malaccensis), coffee, local medicinal plants and perhaps even
rubber at low densities mixed with native species. Overplanting of riparian zones with tree
species valued by humans but that do not provide food resources to frugivorous
vertebrates lowers the long term conservation value of such areas, so care must be taken
not to over-plant riparian zones with useful trees at the expense of native fauna. A
balance must be struck wherein sufficient useful trees are planted to signify management
but sufficient intervening space is allotted for native species valued by wild life.
In cases where riparian buffers are already being used for agriculture by local communities
(e.g., rice paddy fields) and required buffers are not being managed according to the
above recommendations, Wilmar will need to document clearly the location and
ownership of such areas, along with justification for why they are not being managed
according recommendations for HCVMA 4.1. This documentation will be important when
Wilmar is audited against HCV provisions of the RPSO standard.
Monitoring recommendations
Monitoring effectiveness of HCV 4.1 management should have two broad components: (i)
evaluating the system for operational compliance with company SOPs on riparian zone
management and (ii) evaluation of water quality. This latter should include both
quantitive science-based measurements of water quality, as required by the Indonesian
AMDAL process and the RSPO standard, as well as interview-based evaluations of local
community views on water quality. Monitoring of possible negative impacts of erosion on
water quality and provision of clean water are treated separately under HCV 4.2 below.
Based on indications that all communities in this remote, underserved area of Kalimantan
depend heavily on rivers as a key source of water, it was recommended above for riparian
management to be applied on an estate-wide basis through uniform application of
company SOPs outlining requirements for the delineation and protection of riparian
buffers on rivers and streams. One aspect of monitoring, therefore, should focus on
evaluating compliance with this system for protecting water quality through management
of riparian buffers. Two aspects should be evaluated on a quarterly basis. First, it is
recommended to evaluate the rigor and function of internal operational procedures used
by PANP staff for mapping rivers in new areas to be opened up, delineating buffers of
appropriate size, entering these data into the GIS data base, and making these data (in
map or digital form) available to sub-contractors in the field to ensure such areas are
protected. Second, field based monitoring should be conducted on a random subset (at
least 5%) of the established buffers to measure size and condition, and to make
recommendations for improving the system as required. For example, if riparian buffers in
recently planted oil palm areas have been lost, it will be vital to map these areas, identify
71

the casues (e.g., communities or contractors) and to take appropriate steps to avoid
recurrence and to replant and protect the degraded buffers.
Detailed recommendations on monitoring of water quality through quantitiave
measurements are not provided here, as Wilmar has experience in conducting such
evaluations, and a large number of professional service providers are also available in
West Kalimantan. It is emphasized here, however, that Wilmar should give careful
consideration to study design, in particular the frequency and spatial array of permanent
water sampling sites so that results can be used to draw meaningful conclusions.
As part of a broader community engagement program both for implementing FPIC, forming
appropriate community development programs, and for implementing successful
community-based forest conservation programs as described above under HCV 1.3, Wilmar
will need to develop formal and effective means for communicating with local
communities. Recommendations for this are discussed below under HCV 5 as well as in
Chapter 4. In relation to HCV 4.1, Wilmar must develop specific plans for obtaining
information from each community regarding their views about how and wheter water
quality is changing as oil palm development moves forward and what can be done to
mitigate any negative impacts if they are reported. Science-based measurements provide
the hard data required to evaluate HCV 4.1 management and to demonstrate compliance
to an external auditor. Interview-based techniques provide different but equally
important information about community perceptions of water quality, a vital determinant
of health and livelihood status for the poor rural populations that dominate PANP.
3.4.2 HCV 4.2 Areas Important for the Prevention of Erosion and
Sedimentation
HCV 4.2 aims to identify areas with High Erosion Risk that must be managed carefully to
prevent soil erosion or sedimentation of rivers.
Findings
HCV Key Question Finding
4.2
Do areas important for the prevention of soil erosion and
sedimentation occur within the license area, for example,
erosion prone soil types on steep slopes?
Present
Assessment of HCV 4.2 was performed using the modified Universal Soil Loss Equation
(USLE), following methods described the revised Toolkit (see Attachment 5).
The revised Toolkit makes reference to an Erosion Risk map for Kalimantan (scale
1:250000) produced by Tropenbos International that can serve as an indicative HCV 4.2
map for Kalimantan. Given the fine spatial scale of variation in terrain classes at PANP
(ranging from flat to locally steep, hilly terrain), and the fact that proposed operations
will involve clearance of existing vegetation cover, the spatial resolution of the Tropenbos
map was deemed unsuitable for the current assessment. A revised erosion risk map was
therefore produced, as described in Attachment 5.
72

Areas in Figure 17 with High (orange) and Very High (red) erosion potential are considered
HCVA 4.2.
Field observations revealed that many areas already developed by the company occur on
steep slopes, sometimes in excess of 40%. Figure 17 shows that an area of 139 ha has been
cleared and/or planted on land that was found to have Very High erosion potential.
Estimated erosion potential for the licence area is depicted in Figure 17. An estimated
1300 ha (9.8% of the entire licence area) and ca. 3560 ha (26.9%) were found to have High
(180-480 tons/ha/year) and Very High (>480 tons/ha/year) erosion potential, respectively.
In general, these areas occur within the hilly Soil Mapping Units of SPT 40, 41, 64, and
parts of 39. No Spodosols are thought to be present, but there is a risk of shallow soils on
some of the hilly areas where rock outcrops can be found or in other areas with many
boulders. Methods used for interpreting these results and limitations therein are fully
described in Attachment 5. Most importantly, the model is limited by the resolution of the
SRTM data (~90m), which will tend to underestimate the slope and over estimate slope
length.
Field observations revealed that many areas already developed by the company occur on
steep slopes sometimes in excess of 40%. The maximum slope permissible for conversion
by the MoF is 40%. This limit is generally accepted as a national standard, and we adopt it
here as a maximum slope permissible for conversion to oil palm. At present, such areas
cannot be sufficiently well mapped from SRTM data due to its low resolution (~90m).
However, the majority of areas with slope >40% should have already been included within
the proposed management area for this value (see HCVMA 4.2 below), given results from
field surveys that showed areas classified as having Very High erosion potential in Figure
14 often occur on slopes of less than 40%.
Management Recommendations
PANP has an estimated 4860 ha with High or Very High erosion potential (Figure 17). Some
portion of the areas determined to have High erosion potential (c. 2130 ha; 180-480
tons/ha/year; orange areas in Figure 17) may be suitable for development if management
prescriptions outlined below are followed. However, areas with Very High erosion
potential (c. 2900 ha; >480 tons/ha/year; red areas in Figure 17) should not be developed.
Distinct concentrations of these areas have been delineated in the proposed HCV
management area for this value, and are best treated as no development zones for oil
palm (HCVMA 4.2 in Figure 18). Prior to imposition of Wilmar’s voluntary moratorium in
late 2007, some areas within this zone were cleared and/or planted (139 ha; Figure 18),
including some areas on slopes in excess of 40%. Recommended treatment of these areas
is described below.
General comments
Soil erosion over the 20-year life cycle of oil palms (from clearance to replanting) is higher
than agro-forestry, but lower than annual cropping (Hartemink 2008). Most soil erosion
occurs during land clearance when the soil is exposed and before the establishment of
cover crops, which help to reduce erosion. However, as the palms mature and a canopy is
formed, the cover crop will thin due to shading, and harvest paths become exposed and
compacted, which increases run-off and soil erosion as the plantation matures (Hartemink
2008). Furthermore, as the palms become tall, the impact of throughfall from palm fronds
is very similar to rain, further contributing to erosion (Morgan 2005).
73

The comments that follow focus on estate establishment, with the main benefits of good
management to Wilmar being the maintenance of soil fertility, and long-term reduction of
fertilizer use. Later, as palms mature, additional erosion management practices must be
developed to control the onset of erosion. Examples include mulching with residue from
palm oil refinery and fronds to produce a physical ground cover, and the maintenance of
shade tolerant cover crops.
Land clearance, planting rows and bare soil
In parts of the PANP estate, mechanical clearance followed by biomass stacking has
produced planting rows, fully exposing soil with little or no vegetation, leaf litter or
humus. This leads to soil compaction and erosion along planting rows reducing
permeability and further increasing surface water flow and thus loss of topsoils.
Countering this affect, the biomass stacks will eventually improve soil fertility directly
underneath as biomass decomposes, but this impact is patchy, restricted and insufficient
to offset soil losses from planting rows.
To reduce the exposure of soils in planting rows, partial mulching of biomass produced
from land clearing should be introduced into land preparation SOPs. Smaller trees can be
mechanically mulched and used to ‘surface’ the planting rows immediately following
clearance, emulating use of straw mulch, for example, which has been found to reduce
soil erosion by a factor of ten in other agricultural settings (Lal 1976 in Morgan 2005). An
alternative to mulching is to use heavy equipment to stack and remove larger trees from
cleared areas, then drive over and crush remaining biomass with a bull dozer without
using the blade to scrape bare ground. Either of these approaches will serve the dual
purpose of maintaining fertility and reducing erosion.
Terracing
Properly constructed terracing on slopes can reduce erosion by a factor of 7 to 20 times,
but this requires good construction and the establishment of cover crops over risers
between terrace benches. Wilmar has an SOP in place that requires terracing for slopes
greater than 21% up to a maximum of 47% beyond which land should not be developed.
The results of USLE analyses summarized in Figures 13 and 14 (see also Attachment 5)
indicate that on more sensitive soil types, terracing should be implemented on slopes as
low as 15%, and avoided all together where shallow soils of

Roads
Road banks on either cut or fill slopes can be a major source of sedimentation (Morgan
2005). In PANP, drainage ditches along side the road frequently form gullies that will
eventually threaten road stability. To reduce erosion, drainage will need to be discharged
at regular intervals by constructing culverts in a manner that ensures the discharge itself
does not create a gulley. Also, roads should not be constructed as a deep cut through hills
with tall steep banks on either side. Straight roads across hilly terrain to delineate subblocks
must also be avoided. Wherever possible, roads should be planned and constructed
to contour or cut diagonally across the slope – not perpendicular to it – to minimize
incline. Whilst this will increase the total length of road construction, it will reduce
maintenance costs and erosion. Where gullies have already formed along roads on steep
slopes, a cover of grasses, legumes and eventually shrubs or trees should be planted.
HCVMA 4.2 and related procedures
A number of management recommendations are made in relation to HCV 4.2; these are
described below with reference to the HCV management area for HCV 4.2 (Figure 18). As
above with HCV 4.1 management, these recommendations are a combination of both
Category 2 and Category 3 management types, i.e. areas over which forms of Passive
Management (no-go areas) and Modified Operational Procedures, respectively, will be
implemented.
(i) First, all slopes >40% must be considered ‘no development’ zones, unsuitable for
planting. Areas with slopes greater >40% can be found mostly in areas with Very High
Erosion Risk (red pixels in Figure 17), but also in High Erosion Risk areas (orange pixels in
Figure 17). Not all areas with slopes >40% are included in HCVMA 4.2 (Figure 18) due to
limitions of SRTM data. Where areas with slopes >40% are identified on the ground,
whether inside or outside of HCVMA 4.2, they should be excluded from development.
Where slopes >40% have already been cleared, they should be rehabilitated with natural
vegetation.
(ii) Second, areas within HCVMA 4.2 (delineated in light purple shading) are best treated
as a ‘no development’ zone, due to the concentration of High and Very High erosion
potential areas. Where areas have already been developed in this HCVMA, it is
recommended that riparian buffers be restored to a size twice that required under HCV
4.1 in Table 5 (see Section 3.4.1 above).
(iii) Third, areas classified as High or Very High erosion risk outside of the HCVMA
delineated in Figure 18 must all be subject to the erosion management provisions outlined
above concerning terracing, land clearance and road building, as well as riparian and
spring buffers outlined under HCV 4.1. Properly implemented, these management
provisions should make it possible to develop High and Very High erosion risk areas with
slope

steep slopes, where development is effectively prohibited, or as High Erosion risk areas,
where development is permitted subject to the same management prescriptions described
above.
Managing erosion risks of shifting cultivation
To ensure water quality and aquatic habitat for wildlife are adequately protected from
excessive sedimentation, it would be preferable for Wilmar to seek to control erosion
impacts of not only its own operations (as described above), but also those arising from
shifting cultivation practiced by local communities. The passive protection outlined above
(whereby Wilmar simply avoids high risk areas) carries with it the risk that over time,
some of these high risk areas may be cleared by third parties, with negative impacts on
downstream water quality. This risk is acknowledged, but as a practical matter, the
assessment team also recognizes that Wilmar’s ability to control the spatial pattern of
swidden agricultural development in PANP will have limitations. Securing land use rights
for such a large area (HCVA 4.2 = c. 4860 ha) would not only be excessively costly, but
also, once obtained, very difficult to protect from encroachment if they are not
developed for oil palm or some other productive crop. In the short term, the assessment
team instead recommends that as part of Wilmar’s broader social engagement agenda,
they should advise communities to avoid swidden agriculture on steep slopes and other
areas deemed to have excessively high erosion risk. Emphasis should be placed on the
need for local communities to join in a collective effort to protect their own water
sources.
Monitoring Recommendations
As described above under HCV 4.1, monitoring effectiveness of HCV 4.2 management
should have two broad components: (i) evaluating the system for operational compliance
with company SOPs on prevention of erosion, and (ii) evaluation of sedimentation levels in
water. As described above, the latter should include both quantitive measurements of
sediment load in rivers, as well as interview-based evaluations of local community views
on water quality and sedimentation. In practice, interview-based data collection on local
community views can be done in combination with a wide variety of other community
based engagements.
As noted, communities in this remote rural area depend heavily on rivers as a primary (in
some cases only) source of water. Sedimentation of rivers caused by excessive erosion
from oil palm establishment is one of the major risks to local livelihoods caused by oil
palm. For this reason, a detailed erosion risk analysis of PANP was performed to identify
areas where erosion risk is: (i) too high to permit development (recommended no-go
zones); and (ii) high but managemeable provided special procedures are implemented.
These areas are delineated in Figures 17 and 18, and together with the management
recommendations outlined above and associated SOPs under deverlopment by Wilmar,
consitute a preliminary guideline for moving forward with plantation development in a
manner that reduces risk of negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems, local community
livelihoods and thus potential sources of conflict with Wilmar.
A major emphasis of HCV 4.2 monitoring should be to measure compliance in the field
with company procedures and SOPs for managing erosion risk. First, as under HCV 4.1, the
system for ensuring operational procedures used by PANP staff are compliant with
company policies and SOPs must be evaluated on a reguar basis to ensure erosion risk
levels are being properly incorporated into relevant work procedures, such as by field
staff conducting due diligence of land acquisition to avoid slopes that are too steep, as
76

well as by land clearing or other work teams whose work procedures at a given location
will depend on local high erosion risk areas. This monitoring should be done on a regular
basis to ensure the system for implementing procedures is functional.
A second emphasis should be ground verification that practices are being implemented in
the field and that desired outcomes are being achieved. For example, factors to be
evaluated include: development is not taking place in areas determined to have Very High
erosion risk (Figure 18); that special procedures are being implemented as outlined above
in areas determined to have High erosion potential (so-called ‘caution’ zones); that
terraces or other infrastructure are not being developed on slopes in excess of 40 degrees;
and that roads are not being built to cut at shallow angles across contours, not
perpendicular to them. The goal of such monitoring is to ensure procedures are being
implemented, and to make recommendations for improving implementation if and where
required. For example, if GRTT has been paid for land that should not have been planted
due to unsuitable local conditions, then it will be vital to map these areas, identify the
casues (e.g., mismeasurement in the field, or improper use of GPS) and to take
appropriate steps to avoid recurrence.
It will also be necessary to meaure sediment loads in rivers that drain areas under
development, as well as those which are not (for controlled comparison). Detailed
recommendations on monitoring of sediment loads through quantitiave measurements are
not provided here, as Wilmar has experience in conducting such evaluations, and
professional service are also available in West Kalimantan. As under HCV 4.1, however, it
is emphasized that Wilmar must give careful consideration to study design, in particular
the frequency and spatial array of water sampling sites so that results can be used to draw
meaningful conclusions.
Finally, as noted under HCV 4.1, Wilmar must develop specific plans for surveying
viewpoints from each community on whether they have seen a change in water quality as
oil palm development moves forward and if so whether this change falls within an
acceptable range and if not what can be done to mitigate impacts (e.g. modifying
procedures further, restoring rivers, providing alternative water sources. Such interviewbased
techniques for HCV 4.2 monitoring provide valuable information about community
perceptions of Wilmar impacts on water quality. These data collection can and should be
combined with other community engagement activities.
77

Figure 17. Erosion potential within PANP estate measured in metric tons per hectare per year
(dark green = very low 480). Soil units (SPT) also shown.
78

Figure 18. Recommended HCV management area (HCVMA) for HCV 4.2. Areas with purple
diagonal lines denote polygons with Very High erosion potential. Areas with light purple
shading denote a recommended ‘no-go zone’ for development to avoid high concentrations of
Very High erosion risk areas. Some areas of Very High erosion risk fall outside of the
recommended no-go zone for HCV 4.2 but should be managed in line with recommendations
provided under section 3.4.2. (Note: a total of 139 ha have already been developed in the
recommended HCVMA 4.2. Management recommendations for these areas are discussed in
Section 3.4.2.)
79

3.4.3 HCV 4.3 Areas that Function as a Natural Break to the Spread
of Forest or Ground Fire
HCV 4.3 aims to maintain areas that act as natural firebreaks between source areas of fire
and those vulnerable to fire damage.
Findings
HCV Key Question Finding
4.3
Does the license area contain areas that function as a
natural barrier to the spread of forest or ground fire?
Not
Present
At PANP, there is no indication of areas or ecosystems especially susceptible to fire, such
as drained peat lands, periodically dry wetland ecosystems or coal seams close to the
surface. Also, there are no records of large ground fires since November 1995 based on
queries of an online hot spot database (ATSR Fire Atlas 1995-2007). The combination of no
high-risk ecosystems and no record of previous fire indicate HCV 4.3 is not present.
Annual use of fire is an integral part of the widespread ladang agricultural system in PANP,
yet wild fires are rare or absent. This might reflect the fact that most land in the area is
actively protected by local communities, because it is culturally important and/or
managed for agricultural commodities (e.g., rubber agroforestry, mixed fruit tree gardens
or swidden fields). This de facto fire protection is achieved mainly through customary law
governing norms of compensation that must be paid to owners of land that is damaged by
fire resulting from poorly managed shifting cultivation.
In the future, fire management might become a more serious issue if oil palm begins to
replace managed vegetation types and customary law weakens. In this scenario, PANP
management should consider maintaining mature, semi-natural buffer zone vegetation
between oil palm and active ladang areas, where small-scale burning takes place. At
present it is not possible to delineate such areas, as the estate is in very early stages of
development and too little information is available regarding where oil palm will be
planted.
3.5 HCV 5. Natural Areas Critical for Meeting Basic
Needs of Local People
HCV 5 aims to identify natural areas (terrestrial and aquatic) that are important to local
communities for the provision of basic needs (e.g., food, water and building materials), in
situations where such needs cannot be met with readily available alternatives. The
management goal of HCV 5 is to maintain such areas by implementing a management plan
developed in collaboration with local communities. This plan may include substituting the
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source of a basic need with an alternative, if such substitution can be sustained in the
long term, even without company support were operations to end.
Findings
HCV Key Question Finding
5
Villages surveyed
• Are there communities living within, near or
downstream of the license area?
• Do these communities use natural forest resources,
including rivers, for meeting basic needs?
• Where are forest resources, including rivers, located in
relation to the communities?
• If the entire landscape or large areas within it were
converted, would the availability of important
resources be negatively affected?
• If so, do communities have alternatives for meeting
these needs?
Present
The Indonesian government has nested administrative divisions that include the following
levels: Propinsi (province), Kabupaten (regency), Desa (township), Dusun (village), RT -
rumah tangga (neighborhood), and RW - rumah warga (which is smaller again). Oil palm
license areas are located within one kabupaten, but can overlap a number of desa, and in
turn even more dusun. Assessment for HCV 5 and 6 focused on the dusun level, which in
PANP totalled ±150 households throughout the various desa. RT within a dusun are often
located close to each other, but occasionally can be distant from other RT. This was found
in a few cases in PANP.
In total, surveys were conducted in 13 dusun from four desa located within or near the
PANP license area: Desa Tenguwe (dusun Singaraja, Empesak Entoro, Bacang Unse and
Tandi), Desa Ampadi (dusun Aja, Nabo), Desa Sejuet (dusun Berangan Pale) and Desa
Parek (dusun Parek, Jangkok, Padang Pluntan, Padang Bengawan, Padang Sebantik and
Padang Tanjung). See summary below in Table 6.
These dusun were selected based on (i) a map of the license area, (ii) information
obtained from a field visit prior to full assessment, (iii) consultation with direct
stakeholders during pre-assessment, and (iv) ground reconnaissance of a settlement map
produced using aerial photography. Direct stakeholders consulted during pre-assessment
included the desa and dusun heads (kepala desa and dusun, respectively).
Nine dusun belonging to two of the four desa mentioned above were not surveyed because
of their distance from the PANP license area. Dusun not surveyed include Guruh, Sembatu,
Kendayan, Semanis and Kelampai in Desa Ampadi, and dusun Sejuet, Panit, Semaro and
Sebaro in Desa Sejuet.
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Clarification of HCV 5 definitions
Two points must be kept in mind throughout the following discussion:
(1) The fundamental contributions of rubber gardens and swidden agricultural fields
(ladang) to meeting basic needs of local communities is acknowledged by the assessment
team.
(2) The sovereign use rights of local communities over such areas is protected under
Criteria 2.2 and 2.3 of the RSPO standard for sustainability, which Wilmar has committed
to uphold.
These non-forest areas are clearly important for meeting basic needs, but they are outside
the scope of HCV 5 as defined in the revised Toolkit, which focuses on community
dependency on natural terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems, such as forests, wetlands and
rivers. Non-natural areas may be critically important to local communities in a variety of
ways – and such importance is acknowledged – but they are not mapped or given special
consideration under HCV 5.
Results
The Toolkit defines basic needs as carbohydrates, protein, water, vitamins & minerals,
medicine, fuel, building materials and fodder as well as limited income for purchasing
these basic needs. Table 6 summarizes interview results for each dusun for each basic
need. The following basic needs were determined to be present for one or more village(s):
• Protein (12 dusun)
• Water (13 dusun)
• Vitamins and minerals (13 dusun)
• Medicine (5 dusun)
• Fuel (13 dusun)
• Building materials (13 dusun)
Full dependency (100%) on forest or rivers for the provision of water, vitamins and
minerals (vegetables and fruits), fuel (fire wood) and building materials was found in
communities across the PANP estate. Five dusun also reported medium to high levels of
dependency on forests for medicine and all but one dusun reported dependency on forests
and rivers for protein (bushmeat and fish). No communities relied on the forest to meet
their needs for carbohydrates or fodder. Reliance on cash alternatives to source basic
needs appears to be on the rise, due to increased income from rubber tapping (until the
recent decline in prices), improved infrastructure and motorcycle ownership. Market
alternatives are available in small groceries in each dusun or larger stores or public
markets in Ngabang and Dalit (which are difficult to access). Income from rubber tapping
is the primary source of cash income that enables basic needs to be met through market
purchases. Until recently, rubber in the PANP area was sold for IDR 12-16,000 per kg. Now,
IDR 4,000-5,000 per kg can be received in Ngabang and 2,500-3,000 per kg in local
villages. This large decrease in price has made it difficult for local communities to source
alternative sources of cash income to meet their basic needs.
Despite efforts of the assessment team to focus interviews on the importance of natural
ecosystems for providing basic needs, it became clear that ‘forest’ as defined by local
communities includes any and all forest areas with ‘big trees’. Discussion and field visits
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indicated this includes mature secondary forest (very old ladang), tembawang 6 (mature
fruit gardens dominated by durian, mango and illipe nut trees) and remnant natural
forests.
Carbohydrates
No communities reported meeting the basic need for carbohydrates through use of forest
or other natural ecosystems. Instead, communities meet this need by growing rice mainly
in rain fed ladang or in wet rice paddy fields. Ladang and rice paddy are fundamental to
meeting basic needs of local communities, but they are not considered HCV 5, as there is
no dependency on forest or other natural ecosystems. In addition to ladang cultivation,
communities qualify for the government’s Raskin program and are supposed to receive
rice at a subsidized price. However, villagers report that the Raskin rice never reaches the
villages due to their remote location. Villages have not yet investigated where the rice has
gone, seeing as it has been allocated for them, but never delivered.
Protein
For protein, some villagers still hunt, willing to eat most everything with some meat on it,
but most often catching wild pigs, mouse deer, sambar deer, pig-tailed macaques,
porcupines and pangolin. Most communities reported that populations of these animals
were stable and believed they would remain stable so long as they continued to protect
the forest. The survey team found it hard to believe that the level of hunting was
sustainable, seeing as, for example, the forests were full of traps and residents had
reportedly hunted out and eaten the last orangutan in the area only a few years prior.
Only one dusun (Singaraja in Tenguwe, which is majority Muslim) reported a low
dependency (less than 30%) on forests and rivers for protein. All other dusun reported
dependency levels of higher than 50%, and are therefore considered HCV 5. No special
areas are deliniated as hunting zones. People hunt around their houses, rubber gardens,
ladang, tembawang, natural forests and wetlands. A common pattern of hunting is for the
men to bring a gun with them on their daily visits to harvest rubber, hunting
opportunistically as they walk. Some people only hunt once a week, others set traps or go
hunting alone or in groups at night.
Villagers also source protein from rivers, mainly in the form of fish, but also turtles and
shrimp. The reort catching the following fish: baung, keli, puan, tanis and adungan. No
respondents reported being a full time fisherman. Most villagers fish opportunistically as
time permits and needs emerge. Villagers reported that fish populations are in decline due
to over-fishing, irresponsible fishing practices (including previous use of poison – which is
reportedly no longer in practice) and upstream clearing activities by local community
members and oil palm companies (including WIlmar). Cash alternatives to forest or
aquatic sources of protein are available and (by their own description) affordable in a few
villages - villages in the southern part of the estate with road acces). For example, meat
can be purchased from a travelling merchant that comes to these villages twice a month
at: beef IDR 40,000-60,000/kg, chicken IDR 35,000/kg, pork IDR 40,000/kg and fish IDR
10,000-70,000/kg depending on the species.
Vitamins and minerals
Communities in PANP showed a clear reliance on forests (especially tembawang) to meet
vitamin and mineral needs (see Figure 19 and Table 6 for a complete list of estimated
6 Note: the local definition of Tembawang are sites of an ancestral village or collection of homes that were
abandoned at some point in the past and have since grown into tall forest with mature fruit or other useful
trees used for obtaining food, medicines, construction materials and hunting.
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dependency levels). Fruits and vegetables from forest are seasonally available, including
durian, rambutan, penga and langsat harvested once a year. Recently, seasonal
availability of fruit has become less predictable than in the past, with some species
fruiting earlier or later, or in some cases not fruiting at all during a given year. Villagers
consume vegetables on a daily basis, with pakis, kulat, lembiding, umbut enau, umbut
rua, rebung, cucumber and ubi the primary vegetables consumed. These vegetables are
sourced from the forest, rubber gardens, riparian areas (sempadan sungai) and planted
gardens. Some villages have received training from a government agricultural program
that taught them how to cultivate spinach, sawi, labu, and peranggi in their ladang. It is
very rare for the villagers to purchase vegetables from the travelling merchant (pedagang
keliling) or markets, because they can get them easily from their surrounding environment
(most commonly in their ladang and tembawang).
Building materials
All of the 13 dusun reported full dependency (100%) on local forests as a source of building
materials. They source timber from protected forests, rubber gardens and tembawang.
The species they most commonly use are bangkirai, keladan, meranti, resak and medang.
Belian is reportedly no longer present due to over-harvesting. Communities still view
timber as abundant, explaining that this is because they only use it for their own needs,
not for commercial purposes. They believe that timber will continue to be available well
into the future so long as the forests are designated as protected forests.
Medicine
Of the 13 dusun surveyed, 5 dusun reported a high level of dependency (>50%) on
traditional medicine sourced from nature (Parek, Jangkok, Padang Bengawan, Bacang
Unse and Tandi). Most dusun reported an increasing preference for modern medicine over
traditional healing practices, which they can buy from small grocers in each dusun. In
cases where modern medication fails to treat a disease/condition, then villagers turn to
indigenous or traditional medication. Plants and other natural items for making traditional
medications originate not only from the forest, but also from home gardens and other
cultivated areas where people grow plants with medicinal qualities.
All desa – even every dusun – have traditional healers and midwives. Traditional healers, in
general, do not disclose information on plant species used for curing patients, but they
are known to source a wide variety of plants from natural forest. Most midwives have
received some training by the local government in Ngabang, and their skill is considered
critical for safe delivery of babies. Traditional medicines (especially plants) used by
midwives are mostly obtained from home gardens where species are planted, such as
lemon grass (sereh), ginger, daun sirih and others. Midwives appear not to depend on
natural forests to obtain medicine.
Water
All dusun reported high levels of dependency on rivers for provision of water for drinking,
cooking, bathing and other purposes (Table 6). Forests are important to ensure continued
provision of water for local communities, by maintaining rivers, streams and springs on
which people depend. The names and locations (GPS coordinates) of key rivers for each
dusun are presented in Attachment 6.
Communities in Bacang Unse and Empesak Entoro expressed concern that their rivers are
experiencing high levels of sedimentation due to land clearing and contamination by
chemicals used in oil palm plantations. In such villages, community members made clear
that they expect Wilmar to help restore clean water sources by cleaning up rivers they
84

elieve Wilmar polluted through sedimentation. They request Wilmar to build alternative
water infrastructure (e.g., wells or channelling clean water from springs or clean rivers).
Other villages stated that they expect that forests will be conserved to ensure that river
function is maintained and rivers continue to serve as their source of water.
Fuel wood
Forests are also extremely important as a source of fuel wood for villagers (100%
dependency in all villages). More focused questioning indicated that secondary forest and
rubber gardens are the main ‘forest’ sources for fuel wood, but remnant natural forests or
tembawang can also be used. Some villagers have begun using kerosene stoves, but they
use them very rarely, only once a year when they have parties or communal celebrations.
Fodder
Communities source fodder to feed domesticated animals (mainly pigs and chicken)
largely from domestic waste (e.g, left over food) and cassava root (ubi). No communities
reported high levels of dependency on forest or other natural ecosystems for fodder.
Future provision of basic needs
Many villagers in the license area are of the viewpoint that conversion of some areas to oil
palm will have a large impact on forest resource availability. Villagers explained that this
is because forest resources have long been protected from commercial activities.
Communities realize their dependency on forest resources and anticipate future dialogue
between themselves, the company, and local government to ensure that communities
retain access to remaining forests to meet basic needs as required. Where forest areas are
to be converted, communities expect that a strategy will be developed to help them
compensate for reduced availability of forest resources.
Management Recommendations
Areas that function as HCVA 5 reflect patterns of behaviour and desires that may change
over time. For this reason, to manage HCV 5 areas well, the company must establish and
maintain effective lines of communication with local communities in the PANP license
area. HCV 5 management will require that Wilmar work together with local communities –
it cannot be achieved alone.
Rivers
Results of HCV 5 interviews showed that all communities depend on rivers as a vital source
of water and, to a higher extent, protein from fish. These river-dependent dimensions of
HCV 5 will be managed adequately by implementing all of the erosion and water
management recommendations explained under HCVs 4.1 & 4.2 above (see sections 3.4.1
and 3.4.2). All recommendations under these sections apply, therefore, to promote
continued long term provision of clean water and rivers as a source of protein.
Forests as a source of protein
Interviews also showed that almost all communities depend on forests for protein. Steps
taken to manage wildlife populations under HCV 1.2 and 1.3 by maintaining habitat, as
well as to manage endangered ecosystems under HCV 3 by protecting remnant natural
forests, will serve to promote long term provision of protein from forests by assuring
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availability of food and other resources for key wildlife species. However, interviews and
direct field observations make clear that this habitat-centred approach will not be
sufficient to ensure long-term provision of protein from forests. Rather, habitat
conservation must be pursued in parallel with efforts to control the intensity of hunting by
local communities. In principle, this could be achieved by initiating a dialogue with
communities with the aim of limiting hunting pressures and identifying approaches to
manage population sustainability for key wildlife. There is genuine potential for Wilmar to
play an useful role in facilitating a collective dialogue among community members,
encouraging them to explore alternative mechanisms for implementing hunting controls
effectively, by developing, for example, spatial or temporal zonation rules enforced by
traditional adat institutions.
Managing other dimensions of HCV 5
To a degree, maintaining the provision of basic needs identified under HCV 5 – in
particular, vitamins and minerals (13 dusun), building materials (13 dusun), medicines (5
dusun) and fuel (13 dusun) – will be ensured by Wilmar’s implementation of the Free, Prior
and Informed Consent (FPIC) provision of RSPO under Criterion 2.3. This provision requires
that companies must first obtain permission from local communities to develop areas over
which communities assert customary or legal use rights, and that such permission must be
obtained through a documented FPIC process. As part of land acquisition procedures,
Wilmar now implements a documented FPIC procedure defined in a land acquisition SOP.
In theory, this SOP will function as a safe guard to prevent conversion of areas important
for the provision of basic needs listed above (e.g., traditional medicines or fruits obtained
from mature secondary forests, among others). However, as the dominant form of land
ownership in the PANP license area is private individual holdings – not communal – it is
possible that areas of communal importance that fall under private ownership (e.g., a
large family-owned tembawang used communally for hunting) could be handed over by its
owner to Wilmar for planting to oil palm, with serious negative consequences for the
community as a whole. If such a process were to proceed iteratively, and resulted in
stepwise conversion of all forests to oil palm, this would comply with Criterion 2.3
assuming FPIC is followed, but would not comply with Criterion 7.3, which requires Wilmar
to maintain or enhance the provision of basic needs from forests documented in this
report.
For this reason, Wilmar is strongly recommended to undertake definitive mapping of HCV
5 areas in each dusun at PANP, using participatory methods to delineate the HCV
management area required to maintain each of these HCV 5 attributes. This must be done
using a participatory approach for each dusun included in this study (see Table 6),
including Jangkak, which has yet to be surveyed, but may now be receptive to HCV
mapping. During focus group discussions in each village, sketch maps for HCV 5 areas were
hand-drawn by members of each dusun, and these maps were used as a guide to acquire
GPS points in the field during a one-day participatory mapping activity the following day
(see Figure 20 and Attachment 6 for an example). These GPS data can be used during
definitive mapping to facilitate locating the HCV 5 areas and to map their boundaries and
required buffer zones in collaboration with communities.
It is emphasized that definitive mapping for HCV 5 management area must be done
participatorily with local communities, and once completed, must be agreed upon by
communities in writing in a village forum, and if possible approved and signed by
government authorities at the sub-district (kecamatan) or even district (kabupaten) level.
These maps should also be seen as evolving products, where community behaviours or
preferences may change over time, affecting the HCV 5 status of an area. Of particular
importance will be community agreement on the buffers required to protect certain
86

areas, e.g. villagers may request protection of a small forest area providing traditional
medicines with a buffer of 50 m radius, thereby increasing the effective size of the HCVMA
substantially.
An SOP for definitive HCV 5 mapping (and HCV 6, see below) has been developed by
Daemeter for Wilmar and will be used by Wilmar to delineate these areas using
participatory methods. Documents related to HCV 5 delineation and management should
be made public to ensure other stakeholders are informed of the processes leading to
agreements between the company and local communities. This will reduce potential
suspicion concerning Wilmar’s approach to engaging local communities and inform other
parties with potential interests in the area regarding community needs. This latter issue
will become increasingly important over time if portions of the PANP license area that
Wilmar decides not to develop for oil palm are re-licensed by the District head (bupati) to
other companies for oil palm development.
A training exercise for definitive mapping of HCV 5 management areas (and HCV 6, see
section 3.6 below) using participatory methods was held in nearby PT Pratama Prosentindo
(PI) estate from 15-18 April 2009. The purpose of this training is to field test and refine
Wilmar’s existing SOP governing HCV 5 and 6 mapping and to increase capacity of Wilmar’s
HCV management staff to implement this work. PANP staff members also participated in
this training.
A final requirement of managing HCV 5 areas is to revise existing SOPs governing road
construction and land clearance to include written provisions that ensure staff are
informed and reminded of agreements made between Wilmar and local communities
regarding areas that can be developed and those that must be maintained for HCV 5
management. This will prevent accidental clearing by contractors of areas deemed
important by communities and demarcated as HCVMA 5, and also prevent accidental
acceptance by Willmar of GRTT offers by community members for areas that have already
been designated as necessary for HCV 5 management.
Monitoring recommendations
HCV5 and HCV6 change more rapidly than the other HCVs, because communities adapt to
new economic or social circumstances. It is therefore recommended that monitoring
activities of these values should be incorporated formally into Wilmar’s work plans for
community engagement and community development programs to ensure that levels of
dependency ascertained during initial surveys still apply, that company operations do not
pose a threat to maintenance of the values and that forms of exploitation under HCV5
(e.g., deer hunting and timber harvesting) appear to fall within acceptable limits of
sustainability. As an example, if oil palm expansion creates jobs and increases cash
incomes of local communities, and if protein requirements begin to be met by alternative
meat supplies purchased in markets, then the value of a hunting site in meeting basic
needs may change. Or, if large areas of secondary forest (good habitat for deer) are
converted to oil palm, this may cause a decline in local populations of this important
source of protein. Such developments should be monitored overtime.
Ideally, interview-based monitoring of HCV 5 status should happen at least twice annually,
as part of broader social engagement programs. A minimum frequency of at least once
annually is required. An SOP has already been developed which requires the Kepala Desa
and Kepala Adat of each desa to host a village meeting to determine how HCVs will be
monitored and identify the appropriate people to have involved in the monitoring.
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Dependency of local communities on natural ecosystems for meeting basic needs was
found to be highest for water, protein, vitamins and minerals, fuel (for cooking) and
building materials. Medicines were also found to be important, but at a frequency less
than half that of the other items. To the extent that definitive mapping and protection of
HCV5 areas (as described above) succeeds at ensuring the long term provision of these
basic needs from communal areas which currently provide them, and to the extent that
individual households do not GRTT privately owned areas critical for provision of their own
basic needs, then HCV5 monitoring will function mainly as a safeguard to ensure that oil
palm expansion does not have unanticipated ‘higher order’ impacts resulting from loss of
areas communities were willing to have converted to oil palm.
HCV5 monitoring should aim to examine the status of all the basic needs found to be
important, but a priority ranking can be made on the basis of likelihood that oil palm
development will have a negative impact. For example, vitamins and minerals are mainly
sourced from fruits and vegetables that originate from tembawang, which on the whole
communities state will not be permitted for conversion to oil palm. This makes vitamins
and minerals at lower risk of decline. Likewise, fuel wood is mainly sourced from rubber
gardens, ladang, tembawang and secondary forests, with only secondary forests likely to
be given over for planting. This too makes fuel wood at lower risk of decline. Water,
protein, timber and to a lesser extent traditional medicines remain as the basic needs that
should serve as the main focus for monitoring efforts.
Water. As noted above under HCVs 4.1 and 4.2, water quality should be closely monitored,
both through direct quantitative testing (also required under Indonesian law and the RSPO
standard) and through interview-based methods in each village to guage perceptions of
community members in villages within or potentially affected by oil palm operations.
Timber. Local community members source the majority of building materials from
remnant natural forest areas throughout PANP. Follow up research on timber requirements
for local consumption should be conducted to provide baseline information for setting
sustainability targets and guiding monitoring plans. This will be required to balance this
timber dimension of HCV5 with HCV1 and HCV3, namely to ensure adequate timber
volumes can be sourced within limits defined by requirements to maintain (i) viable
populations of HCV1.2 and 1.3 dipterocarp species producing valuable timber (Table 2)
and (ii) defining characteristics of HCV3 areas (species rich lowland dipterocarp forest).
Follow up research should seek information concerning species harvested, timber volumes
required for typical homes, frequency of new home building (to predict future needs),
local rules and adat regulations governing timber sourcing from different forest types
(e.g., tembawang versus hutan adat versus hutan cadangan) and views on timber
production for commercial versus subsistence purposes. In the long term, oil palm
expansion may cause indirect pressures on natural forest cover at PANP by reducing
available agricultural land. This risk will need to be evaluated and addressed over time.
Protein. The protein dimension of HCV5 is one of the most important basic needs to be
monitored. Unfortunately, it is also one of the most difficult. Reliable monitoring data are
especially important for this dimension of HCV5 not only because it is a critical
determinant of local livelihoods and health but also because it has a direct impact on
success of managing populations of HCV 1.3 species targeted by local communities. One
major challenge in development of plans for estate wide HCV management will be to
control levels of hunting, in particular for certain taxa.
Monitoring of protein supplies under HCV5 should utilize a combination of interview-based
and direct observational measures to monitoring the composition of animal take and level
of effort required for a successful capture. Effecive methods of data collection and
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analysis will likely require expert outside advice; Wilmar is encouraged to seek this early
in the development stages. It is also advisable to experiment with development of
monitoring methods in villages nearest to areas of greatest importance for HCV1
management, such as those near the the Sakatiga/Leuser Panjang Complex (namely,
Dusun Padang Pelantik, Padang Tanjung and Padang Pluntan). Early indications that
populations of important game species are in decline should trigger initiation of dialogue
with communities about drivers of this decline and approaches to mitigate or reverse the
downward trends.
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Table 6. Basic Needs summary for each dusun in or near the PANP license area. Cells
marked green have ≥50% met by forests and/or rivers and are considered HCV 5. Cells in
yellow indicate dependency greater than zero but

Figure 19. Locations of known HCV 5 & 6 areas in the PANP estate. GPS points of rivers, streams
and fruit gardens (HCV 5) and culturally important sites such as burial grounds and ceremonial
areas (HCV 6) were taken during preliminary participatory mapping with local communities. This
preliminary mapping followed on results of focus group discussions and preparation of sketch maps
in each dusun depicting areas of cultural and livelihood importance to community members. These
data will serve as the basis for participatory mapping of the required management areas
surrounding each location to promote long term provision of basic needs and protection of cultural
sites.
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Figure 20. Sketch map for Dusun Berangan Pale.
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3.6 HCV 6. Areas Critical for Maintaining the Cultural
Identity of Local Communities
HCV 6 draws attention to areas that are important for the maintenance of traditional
cultural identity of local communities, such as burial sites, sacred sites, or locations
where forest products are obtained for ritual or ceremonial purposes. Management of HCV
6 aims to maintain or enhance the function of these areas by implementing a management
plan developed in collaboration with local communities. At a minimum, this requires
delineating and protecting such areas from damage or conversion.
Findings
HCV Key Question Finding
6
• Are there areas of cultural significance to communities?
• How are these areas used (e.g., worship, sacred place)
and at what frequency?
• Where are these areas located?
Present
Local communities in the PANP license area describe cultural practices as similar to those
of their ancestors. As such, they depend partly on forest areas for maintaining dimensions
of their cultural identity. One or more HCV 6 area(s) were documented in all 13 of the
dusun surveyed (see summary in Table 7, and more detail in Attachment 6).
Most residents in the PANP area are ethnically Dayak Kanayan of the following sub-tribes:
Balangin, Bekati, Bemayo, and Bekambay. One exception is dusun Singaraja, which is
ethnically Melayu. Natural resource management practices typical of these Dayak subtribes
are based on customary rules that aim to promote sustainability of natural resource
availability. The village territory is traditionally classified into multiple use zones: farming
areas (ladang and paddy fields), hunting areas, fishing areas, rubber gardens, fruit gardens
(tembawang), sacred areas (protected forests where e.g. pedagi, or pantak, and
cemeteries are located).
Tembawang
Tembawang can be owned collectively at the dusun or desa level and are usually around
0.5–3 ha in size, or can be owned individually, with a typical maximum size of up to 2 ha.
Tembawang are usually located at abandoned village sites, which were previously
inhabited by villagers themselves or their ancestors, and in turn have been inherited by
village descendents. Tembawang typically have a large variety of fruit trees, including
durian, rambutan, langsat, pluntan, cempedak and mentawa, and therefore are of both
livelihood (HCV 5) and cultural importance (HCV 6). Sacred areas, such as protected
forests, can be owned collectively by one or more dusun or desa, and are usually between
5 and 50 hectares in size.
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Naik Dango and Belenggang rituals
In general, local communities across the PANP area have very similar cultural practices.
One ritual still applied by almost all communities is the Naik Dango or Gawai Padi ritual.
Naik Dango aims to give thanks to God for the recent rice harvest. In the past, Naik Dango
was performed in forest areas specified for this purpose, but today the ritual is performed
in churches. This is because, since conversion to Christianity, churches serve as places of
worship for local Dayak communities today, in the same way that forests were places of
worship for ancestors. Naik Dango takes place over a three-week period, including
preparation. The ritual can be performed individually by one family clan or communally by
the whole village. During this ceremony, villagers eat pork and chicken, a special
occurrence in their daily lives. They also visit family and neighbours, sharing home cooked
meals.
Belenggang is another ritual practiced in select dusun. This ritual is performed to cure sick
individuals and, as with other rituals in the region, focuses on the sacrifice and communal
cooking and eating of chicken and/or a pig.
Pedagi, Pantulak and Paseban sites
Archaeological sites are scattered throughout the landscape. All sites are tied to Dayak
culture, as the resident Melayu are Moslem and do not perform rituals in forests or other
natural areas. A common cultural artefact is the pedagi, a worshipping place located in
very old tembawang or protected forests, often located on or near peaks of local hills.
The pedagi at Aja is shown in Plate 1. The pesamah has a similar function to the pedagi,
both worshipping places and both located in the forest, usually on top of hills. The
pesamah at Padang Pluntan is shown in Plate 2.
Pantulak or pantak (totems that look over the pedagi), wooden offering platforms
(pesugu), and a ceramic pot (guci) are often found at a pedagi. Pedagi were once used as
a location for people to pray for their wishes (beremah) and to thank gods for recent
harvest of ladang and paddy fields (gawai padi) or seasonal fruit (gawai buah). The
function of pedagi has now shifted to churches and other places. Pantulak and pantak can
also be found near villages (see plate 3 and 4). PANP was the first estate surveyed where
pantulak were used to mark the burial of powerful or important people (e.g., healers or
people with important lineage).
Most interviewees reported no longer using pedagi since the arrival of Christian
missionaries to their area. More and more villagers now worship in churches instead. Some
cultural sites located far away from villages are infrequently visited. Regardless of their
declining use, however, traditional places of worship, even unused ones inherited from
ancestors, are protected by communities through local rules (adat) that prohibit certain
activities in these areas. Most interviewees describe these areas as retaining their abstract
cultural value despite a declining functionality in modern ritual lives.
Paseban are another type of worshipping area of cultural importance. Paseban are sacred
sites for making prayers/requests to God and for giving thanks when these prayers are
met. The pesugu (a wood totem, platform or tree) is central to the paseban. The pesugu
at Padang Pluntan is pictured in Plate 5. This and other paseban are considered sacred and
strictly protected by villagers.
The pesamah at Padang Pluntan (Plate 2) is particularly noteworthy, because the pesamah
pictured blends in with the environment and could easily and unknowlingly be damaged or
removed by an outsider, causing serious local reprocutions. Such an incident reportedly
94

occurred in Aja/Nabo, where a bulldozer doing land clearing for Wilmar ran over and
disposed of a pantak. At the time of survey, this issue was still unresolved and had
hampered relations with those communities. This reaffirms the importance participatory
mapping of community lands prior to land clearing.
Burial sites and protected forests
Finally, burial sites and protected forest areas (hutan lindung, hutan adat, hutan
larangan) are also zones of cultural importance present in all dusun across PANP. An
example of a burial site in Tandi is shown in Plate 6.
Plate 1. Pedagi at Aja
95

Plate 2. Pesamah at Padang Pluntan
Plate 3. Pantak at Empesak
96

Plate 4. Pantak at Padang Sebantik
Plate 5. Pesugu at Padang Pluntan
97

Summary
Plate 6. Burial site at Tandi
Table 7 summarizes the presence of HCV 6 in each dusun, including details about
important sites, their location and associated rituals. GPS points for all of these sites are
provided in Attachment 6, and a selection is shown in Figure 16. GPS points listed in
Attachment 6 and depicted in Figure 16 indicate the location of HCV 6 areas, not their
boundaries or surrounding buffers that local communities may require. Delimitation of
such boundaries will be done participatively by Wilmar and local communities, with field
assistance and guidance provided by Daemeter during upcoming field training exercises to
refine Wilmar’s existing SOP governing HCV 5 and 6 management, as noted above.
Management Recommendations
Delineation and management of HCV 6 management areas in each dusun will require the
same participatory definitive mapping described above under HCV 5 (see section 3.5).
Sketch maps and GPS points for locations of almost all HCV 6 areas were obtained during
Focus Group Discussions and field visits in each dusun. Additional village protected areas
added to the list during the public consultation, but not mapped during assessment, will
need to be mapped as well (see Appendix 3 and Attachment 6). The maps and GPS points
resulting from this HCV assessment will provide a basis for definitive participatory
mapping in the field. Definitive mapping of the boundaries of these areas, including
associated buffers, will need to be undertaken by Wilmar as an integral part of HCV 6
management.
98

As mentioned under HCV 5, definitive mapping of HCVMA 6 requires genuine consultation
and community participation to map the full extent of culturally important sites, establish
agreed upon buffers and obtain written agreement from community members regarding
boundaries.
All of the recommendations and comments provided under HCV 5 in relation to mapping
also apply to HCV 6.
Monitoring recommendations
As noted above, HCV5 and HCV6 change more rapidly than the other HCVs, because
communities adapt to new economic or social circumstances. Monitoring of these values
should be incorporated formally intomost forms of Wilmar’s work plans for community
engagement to ensure that HCV6 areas identified during initial surveys still hold the same
communal importance, and that company operations do not pose a threat to maintenance
of concepts or values associated with those areas.
The main goal of participatory mapping for delineation of HCV6 areas is to map and
protect areas of local cultural importance and to ensure the areas are not converted to oil
palm or otherwise damaged. If this is achieved, then HCV6 monitoring should focus mainly
on the need to obtain periodic reassurance from communities that HCV6 areas delineated
through participatory mapping remain adequately protected and that community members
do not perceive the company to be in violation of any agreements related to buffer zone
demarcation and site protection. An SOP has already been developed, requiring the Kepala
Desa and Kepala Adat to call a village meeting to define monitoring protocol and
involvement of the local communities.
Formal monitoring at a once annual frequency should be sufficient, but alternative means
of community members filing complaints with the company on an as needed basis must
also be available.
Other general comments related to monitoring under HCV5 also apply to HCV6.
99

Table 7. HCV 6 sites recorded for each village (dusun) in or near the PANP license area.
Desa/Dusun
Tengue
Singaraja
Empesak Entoro
Ampadi
Bacang Unse
Tandi
Aja
Culturually important
locations
Hutan Lindung (G. Seboro,
G. Sarat dan G. Cermin),
Tembawang (T. Kojo, T.
Pesinga, T. Gerage) Kuburan
(K. Lama Begadong, K.
Meranti, K. rakyat Singaraja)
Hutan Lindung Gunung
Seboro, Hutan Keramat (H.
Pulo, Bumat, H. adung, H.
Keladan Amat, H. Aum, H.
Kejato Angus), Tembawang
(T. Empasak, T. Jungkuk, T.
Empurak, T. Sekuling, T.
Maraduk, T. bandu, T.
Entanik, T. Pango, T.
Semangan, T. Empuak),
Kuburan (K. seketeng, K.
Rangga, K. bana, K.
Meraduk, K. Sungai Seluang,
K. Nanga setimbo)
Hutan Gunung Seboro,
Kawasan Lindung ( Pulo
Berangan, Rombo Seboro,
Rombo Ampompon, Rombo
Sadue, dan Tempat Keramat
Petumang), Tembawang (T.
Paung, bacang, T. darah, T.
Empayak, T. Semadam T.
Pa’ampa), Kuburan (K. Tua
bangka, K. sengipu, K. Baru
Bacang, K. Merapa, K.
Ma’ampa)
Hutan Lindung (Serimbo, G.
Cermin) Tembawang (T.
Tandi, T. Temau), Kuburan
(K. Temberet, K. Temau, K.
Simpang Empat)
Hutan Lindung (sebangko,
Setimu, sengkalak, lusur
panjang, saka dua),
Tembawang (T. Sangis, T.
Distribution of
archaelogical
sites
Pantak Entua
Batu dan
Pedagi
Pantak (P.
panglima satut,
P. Unse, P.
Acen)
Pantak
Teringan,
Pantak
Bentanan
Pedagi batuler,
Pantak Saka
Dua, Pantulak
Oto, Pesugu
Rituals
Gurit Kelapit,
Sedekah
kampung
Tahun baru padi,
naik dango,
beremah,
bapipih,
besamah,
belenggang,
beliat, beroba,
notong.
Tahun baru padi,
naik dango,
beremah,
berniat,
Gawai
padi/Tahun Baru
Padi, maka
dio/Naik Dango,
Numpang, kayu
ara, perapus,
semangat padi,
matah,
belenggang,
belian.
Tahun Baru Padi,
Naik dango,
Berkukup, Bak
tabut,
100

Desa/Dusun
Sejuet
Parek
Nabo
Berangan Pale
Parek
Jangkok
Padang Pluntan
Culturually important
locations
Aja, T. Malake, T.
Sembatang, T. Saka Tiga, T.
Atas, T. Parong, T. Jugan,
T. Pisang, T. Lagu, T.
Sebadu, T. Peranti, T.
Jelinat, T. Sengang, T.
Selagu, T. Noro), Kuburan
(k. Tua Selagu, K. Kerebet
Taram, K. Nanga Aja, K.
engkasan, K. K. Talo, Anjuk,
K. Nanga Unyin)
Hutan Lindung (H. sakatalu,
H. Atup, H. Pulo Awak, H.
malabukat, H. Perusut, H.
Benyalit, H. Kejato, H.
Kelapu, H. Sebangko),
Tembawang (T. angus, T.
mala bukat, T. Ucing, T.
Kaat, T. Guncak, T. Dangku,
T. Awar, T. Sao, T. Lusur, T.
Taik, T. jangkak) Kuburan
(K. Tua Jawe, K. Andukat,
K. Dupe, K. Awar)
Hutan Lindung (H. Gunung
Kelayu, H. Lado, H.
malabukat, H. Terangkap),
Tembawang (T. Palai, T.
Gerangan, T. ma’rumbu, T.
Ampinang) Kuburan (K.
jangkah, K. Munsak, K.
Nayau, K. baru jangkal)
Hutan Lindung (H.
semawing, H. Moab) Hutan
Keramat (H. Tampui,
Semagun, Riam Penyawe,
Riam Majo), Tembawang ( T.
Sabiyo, Besar, Raya),
kuburan baru Maranya
Hutan Lindung Gunung
Sekamuk, H. G. Ceramin,
Kuburan Tua madange,
Kuburan tanah Jangkok
Hutan Lindung (G. semunti,
H. Banung, Saka Dua,
Jungkung), H. keramat
Sebunto, Tembawang (T.
Baung, Jaku, Pisang, Kelapa,
Distribution of
archaelogical
sites
lusur panjang,
Pesugu Lusur
Pantulak angka
jaya, Pesugu
juwe, Pesugu
sebangku,
Pesugu
Perangkat
panga, padagi
malabukat
Pantak
mabukat,
Pedagi Raden
Jaya
Pesugu
Sabutoy
Pesugu
Semangut,
Pedagi Buah
Maris
Pesugu
Pesamah,
Pantak banana
Maris, Situs
Bantanan
Rituals
Belenggang,
Beliat, Berobat,
Napak Tengadak.
Tahun baru padi,
Naik dango,
bekukup, Bak
tabut.
-
Tahun baru padi,
Naik dango,
beremah,
belenggang,
baliat.
Tahun baru padi,
naik dango,
beremah,
belenggang,
belian beburas
Maka dio, naik
dango, beremah,
belenggang,
beroba, belian
beburas
101

Desa/Dusun
Padang
Bengawan
Padang Sebantik
Padang Tanjung
Culturually important
locations
Kiyur, Serukum)
Hutn Lindung gunung
makalang, Tembawang (T.
Benuang, T. Simpang, T.
Lama, T. Selungkung),
Kuburan tua Bengawan dan
kuburan pintik
Hutan Lindung (G. Suka, G.
Pemakal), Tembawang (T.
Limbar, T. Sengerubang, T.
Keneneng), Kuburan tua
pengabeg
Tembawang (T. senawar, T.
Benuang, T. Atas, T.
Ramin), Kuburan Tua Danan
dan Kuburan Selampang
Remarks: S-Sungai, T-Tembawang, G-Gunung
Distribution of
archaelogical
sites
Pesugu
bananan,
pantak seriam,
pesamah sedue,
Pantak, Pesugu
g. suka, Pesugu
Pemakal,
Pesugu
Bemuyung,
pesuguh ganol,
Pesugu orang
kaya narok.
Pedagi
Benanan,
Pedagi
Sepangus,
Pedagi
mak’bayan
Rituals
Maka dio/naik
dango, anggau,
belenggang,
besiah/belian.
Naik dango,
notong/tahun
baru padi, Nanam
kunyit, beremah,
belenggang,
belian, Nubang
-
102

4. Synthesis
This final chapter aims to integrate key elements of the management recommendations
described in Chapter 3 to maintain or enhance HCVs at PANP in accordance with guidance
provided in the revised Toolkit for Indonesia. There is substantial inter-dependence in
recommended management of certain HCVs at PANP, e.g. HCVs 1.2, 1.3 & 3 for
biodiversity and HCVs 4.1 & 5 for provision of clean water to local communities. In such
cases, management of these HCVs will be pursued jointly.
Chapter 4 begins with a statement of the assessment team’s view on the socio-political
landscape in which HCV management will be pursued, followed by a brief discussion of
three cross-cutting recommendations to improve Wilmar’s capacity for HCV management.
This is followed by discussion of the map depicting the overall High Conservation Value
Management Area (HCVMA) for PANP (Figure 21) and a table summarizing specific
management recommendations for each HCV and inter-dependencies among them (Table
8).
4.1 Socio-political landscape
Local communities in the PANP landscape have traditional use rights over most of the
PANP license area. Local communities have the right to maintain these lands under the
current agricultural mosaic, or to allow their development for oil palm by Wilmar, or to
develop their own oil palm plantations independently or as part of Wilmar’s partnership
scheme (plasma). The current mosaic landscape is largely one of their own making, and its
future should be one they determine within the legal framework established by Indonesian
central and local governments.
Commercial (i.e., market based) agricultural development has a very long history in this
part of Kalimantan, beginning with the introduction of rubber in the early 20th Century.
This development shifted local communities gradually towards a cash-based economy,
followed by the introduction of schools, better infrastructure and exposure to organized
religion, in particular Christianity and Islam. This social transformation has seen a change
of perception towards traditional values, which are still respected to varying degrees, but
are no longer the sole (or even dominant) influence in the social landscape.
Younger generations in particular have adopted and welcomed benefits associated with
development, especially education, motorized transportation along expanding road
networks, and many forms of communication, such as television and hand-phones. All of
these enable local communities to participate more fully in the wider economy and
provide a ready means for social and financial mobility.
The HCV process and the RSPO standard do not seek to maintain local cultures as they are,
but rather to provide (i) a framework that guarantees local communities have the right to
make informed choices about their own futures and (ii) safeguards to ensure that
agreements between communities and companies are implemented fairly.
This report and associated management recommendations should be read and understood
with this philosophy in mind.
103

4.2 Three cross-cutting recommendations
Three cross-cutting recommendations are made to facilitate continued improvement of
Wilmar’s operational management systems to promote effective HCV management and
RSPO compliance. These improvements will enhance management of all HCVs.
(1) Wilmar must work to continue strengthening its internal HCV/RSPO compliance division
for the West Kalimantan (Kalbar) estates. This compliance division should report directly
to Wilmar’s senior RSPO compliance officer (Mr. Simon Siburat, Director of Sustainability)
on a periodic basis, as well as to the General Manager of Kalbar operations (Mr. Sinnaya
Satappan) on a regular basis, as part of normal operational checks and balances to ensure
compliance of estate management and contractors with company procedures. The RSPO
compliance division (especially its lead officer for Kalimantan, Mr Edrin Moss) must have a
thorough understanding of the HCV management plan agreed upon by Wilmar for each
estate and should have local responsibility for ensuring the plan is implemented.
Currently, the Kalbar division has two officers working full time in this capacity. This
capacity must be expanded further in the very near future, given the number of estates
currently under development.
(2) Current improvements being made by Wilmar concerning systems for GIS data
acquisition, processing, and management must continue forward to ensure that
information required to maintain and monitor HCVs in the field is collected, analysed and
provided to the RSPO Compliance Officer and all operational divisions relevant to HCV
management within a required time frame. This includes teams managing infrastructure
development, land acquisition, land clearing/preparation and planting among others. Such
improvements are currently being undertaken, and very good progress has been made.
These efforts should be expanded further.
(3) The primary mode of communication between the company and communities is
currently the Bina Mitra division, whose main objective is to obtain the release of lands
for GRTT and planting, in line with FPIC procedures. Operations for all Kalbar estates
would benefit from the appointment of an on-site officer at each estate to serve as a
community liaison officer (CLO), operating independently of the Bina Mitra and reporting
directly to the estate’s senior manager and the senior RSPO compliance officer for Kalbar
(Mr. Moss). The main tasks of the CLO would be to engage communities proactively in all
estate matters of concern to communities, to identify potential and existing disputes, and
contribute to formation of community development programs based on genuine input from
communities themselves. A structured form of continuous dialogue with communities
must be developed at each estate, and the CLO position should be an integral part of this
structure.
4.3 Overview of HCV Management Prescriptions and HCVMA
Delineation
As noted at the beginning of Chapter 3, the management prescriptions described in
chapter 3 to maintain or enhance HCVs at PANP can be divided into three classes: Active
Protection Zones, Passive Protections Zones, and Modified Operational Practices. We also
refer to these as Category 1, 2 and 3 type management.
Management recommendations presented above are intended for application throughout
the PANP estate to be developed during 2009. The combined area over which these
104

ecommendations apply represents the estate-wide High Conservation Management Area
(HCVMA) required to maintain or enhance HCVs deemed present. A map of these areas is
presented in Figure 21.
Some of the areas over which special operational procedures will be applied have been
mapped definitively (e.g., Category 2, Very High erosion risk areas, Figure 18), whereas
others cannot be mapped definitively due to data limitations (e.g., Category 1, riparian
buffer zones). For delimiting the HCVMA of these values, Wilmar has developed SOPs to
guarantee that proper ground assessment is carried out prior to any development to
determine whether special management procedures apply. Five such SOPs are being (or
have been) developed: (1) due diligence for land acquisition prior to GRTT to evaluate
whether slope and soil conditions permit development, and if so whether special
operational procedures must be applied, such as terracing; (2) proper buffer zone mapping
for rivers and surface springs prior to any land clearance activities, following
recommendations in Table 5; (3) land clearance procedures to guarantee that contractors
are informed of ‘no conversion zones’ required for HCV management, such as conservation
corridors, riparian buffers or culturally important sites; (4) participatory mapping with
local communities for marking definitive boundaries of all HCV 5 and 6 areas that must be
protected, and thus excluded from consideration for land acquisition (Note: this SOP has
already been drafted, field tested and is now being finalized); and (5) Free Prior and
Informed Consent (FPIC) procedures governing the process by which land is released by
communities for planting by Wilmar (this SOP has already been finalized).
Indicative elements of the HCVMA mapped in Figure 21 will be investigated further and
delineated in the field by the company in accordance with the five SOPs noted above.
Indicative mapping still serves the useful purpose of drawing attention to areas requiring
further study and appropriate caution in moving forward.
Five (5) main elements of the HCVMAs depicted in Figure 21 can be distinguished:
1. Remnant natural forest fragments
2. Protected secondary forest buffers and corridors associated with remnant forests
3. ‘No development zones’ on steep slopes with Very High Erosion Risk
4. Other areas with patchy Very High Erosion Risk requiring special management
5. Riparian forest buffer zones
These elements, and their contribution to managing HCVs, are summarized in Table 8.
NOTE: Special mention is again made of the status of HCVMAs for HCV 5 and 6. As noted
above and in Attachment 6, community members drew sketch maps of HCV 5 and 6 areas
and the assessment team collected GIS points for important HCV 5 & 6 areas in all dusun
inside or near the license area. Wilmar will supplement these data through participatory
mapping with each community to produce definitive maps of required HCV management
areas for HCV 5 and 6 in each village. These procedures are formalized in an SOP that has
been field tested and finalized during a Daemeter-led training at one of the Kalbar
estates from 9-13 April 2009. Once these HCVMAs for HCV 5 & 6 are mapped and agreed
upon by communities, these areas will be added to the final HCVMA map for the estate
and treated as no-go areas (Category 2 management).
105

Figure 21. Map of the recommended High Conservation Value Management Areas (HCVMA) in
the PT Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman license area, Landak District, West Kalimantan.
106

Table 8. Summary of HCV identification and management recommendations and HCVMA (High Conservation Value Management Area)
delineation in the PT Perkebunan Anak Negeri Pasaman oil palm license area, Landak District, West Kalimantan.
HCV Finding
1.1 Present
Spatial
patterning
Discrete
but widely
distributed
HCVA HCVMA
Status of
mapping
Partial
(not all
rivers and
associated
buffers can
be mapped
at present
due to data
limitations)
1.2 Present Discrete Complete
Management objective
To maintain the intended
function of protected areas, in
this case (a) protection buffer
zones along riversas required
by law, and (b) locally
protetecd forest areas
To maximize survivorship of
Critically Endangered species
confirmed or likely present in
remnant natural forest areas
Status of
mapping
Partial
Complete
Notes
a. Riparian zones will be
maintained, wherein buffer
width varies with river size
as follows:
• 30m = 100 m buffer
Note: buffer width is for
each side of a river
It is acknowledged that
riparian buffers planted
with wet rice by local
communities, may not be
available to Wilmar for
management and/or
restoration.
a. remnant natural forest
b. corridors
– remnant secondary
Linkages
with
other
HCVMA
1.2,
1.3,
4.1, 5
1.3, 3,
4.1, 4.2
107

HCVA HCVMA
HCV Finding Management objective
1.3 Present
1.4 Present
2.1
Not
present
Spatial
patterning
Diffuse
and widely
distributed
throughout
the estate
Discrete
but widely
distributed
Status of
mapping
Complete
Incomplete
in the estate
To delineate and protect
habitat of sufficient quality
and extent to maintain viable
populations of HCV 1.3 species
in the estate. Core elements
of the strategy for
management are (i) the
protection of remnant natural
forest areas and (ii)
maximizing forest connectivity
among them via corridors,
riparian zones and other
HCVMA (e.g., erosion
protection zones)
To maintain function and
preserve access to sites
(caves) where temporal
concentrations of one or more
species (bats) congregate
Status of
mapping
Notes
Linkages
with
other
HCVMA
Complete
Incomplete
a. remnant natural
forest
b. corridors
In conjunction with
participatory mapping for
HCV 5 & 6 (see below) cave
locations must be mapped
and a buffer of 50m must be
marked and maintained.
Bats and other cave-dwelling
wildlife should not be
disturbed and access to
caves must be maintained
- - - - - -
1.1,
1.2, 3,
4.1,
4.2, 5, 6
108

HCVA HCVMA
HCV Finding Management objective
2.2
2.3
Not
present
Not
present
Spatial
patterning
Status of
mapping
3 Present Discrete Complete
Status of
mapping
Notes
Linkages
with
other
HCVMA
- - - - - -
- - - - - -
To maintain remnant natural
forest areas in the estate that
represent rare or endangered
ecosystems
Complete
All remnant natural forest
areas were designated
endangered ecosystems and
should be maintained as
natural forest
• All remnant areas are
HCVMA for HCV 3; most
are classified as Active
Protection Zone
(Category 1), the
remainder are Passive
Protection Zones
(Cateogry 2)
• Key remnant forest
blocks are to be
connected with
eachother and with the
nearby Gunung Seboro
Forest Block to the south
of PANP via conseration
corridor comprising small
remnant fragments,
secondary forest and
1.2,
1.3,
4.1,
4.2, 5, 6
109

HCVA HCVMA
HCV Finding Management objective
4.1 Present
4.2 Present
Spatial
patterning
Discrete
but widely
distributed
Discrete
but widely
distributed
Status of
mapping
Partial (not
all rivers
mapped)
Partial
To ensure continued provision
of clean water for local
communities, in particular by
maintaining adequate riparian
buffer protection and
prevention of erosion
To prevent erosion caused by
oil palm development,
especially in important water
catchments
Status of
mapping
Notes
Linkages
with
other
HCVMA
Partial
Partial
(includes
both
definitive and
indicative
limited areas of
rehabilitation through
tree planting
Three key elements of
proposed HCV 4.1
management are (i)
protection of forest buffer
zones along rivers and (ii)
erosion control practices
outlined under HCV 4.2.
Protection of riparian
buffers will require active
management and
engagement with
communities to prevent
clearance for agriculture.
(This may not be possible in
all riparian buffers due areas
already under to wet rice
cultivation by local
communities.) See buffer
zone size requirements
under HCV 1.1.
Proposed management for
HCV 4.2 includes both
Category 2 and Category 3
type practices, with
implementation of
1.1,
1.3,
4.2, 5, 6
1.2,
1.3,
1.4, 3
110

HCV Finding
4.3
Not
present
5 Present
Spatial
patterning
HCVA HCVMA
Status of
mapping
Management objective
Status of
mapping
Notes
areas) procedures to avoid areas
unsuitable for cultivation
and implementing low
impact practices in
vulnerable areas
- - - - - -
Discrete
but widely
distributed
6 Present Discrete
Partial
(sketch
maps and
GIS points
only)
Partial
(sketch
maps and
GIS points
only)
To ensure continued provision
of basic needs that are
derived from forests or other
natural ecosystems
To identify and protect areas
identified as important by
local communities for
maintenance of traditional
cultural identity.
Partial
(sketch maps
and GIS
points only)
Partial
(sketch maps
and GIS
points only)
HCV 5 management will be
achieved through (i)
delineation of areas to be
protected using
participatory mapping
methods and (ii) careful
implementation of water
quality and erosion control
practices outlined under
HCV 4.1 and 4.2
HCV 6 management will be
achieved primarily through
delineation of areas to be
protected using
participatory mapping
methods
Linkages
with
other
HCVMA
1.1-1.3,
3, 4.1,
4.2, 6
5
111

5. Literature Cited
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Kalimantan Barat, Karakterisasi dan Analisis Sumberdaya Lahan Untuk Pengembangan
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Pengembangan Pertanian, Bogor, Indonesia.
Ancrenaz, M., A. Marshall, B. Goossens, C. van Schaik, J. Sugardjito, M. Gumal & S. Wich.
(2008) Pongo pygmaeus. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
.
Ashton, P.S. (2005) Lambir’s Forest: The world’s most diverse known tree assemblage?
Pages 191-216 In (eds Roubik, D.W., S. Sakai and A. Karim) Pollination Ecology and the
Rain Forest. Springer, New York.
ATSR Fire Atlas 1995-2007. (2008) Data from ERS-2 ATSR-2 night time (1995-2002),
ENVISAT AATSR night-time (2003-present), from the Data User Element of the European
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http://dup.esrin.esa.it/ionia/wfa/index.asp.
Beier, P and R.F Noss. (1998) Do habitat corridors provide connectivity? Conservation
Biology 12:1241-1252.
Corner, E.J.H. (1940) Wayside Trees and Malaya (2 volumes) Government Printing Office,
Singapore.
Geissman, T. (1995) Gibbon systematics and species identification. International Zoo News
42:467–501.
Hartemink, A.E. (2008) Soil Erosion: Perennial Crop Plantations, in Encyclopedia of Soil
Science (Ed. Chesworth W.) pp 1613-1617.
HCV Toolkit for Indonesia (2008). Konsorsium Revisi Toolkit Indonesia. 2008. Panduan
Identifikasi Kawasan Bernilai Konservasi Tinggi di Indonesia, Bogor.
IUCN, Conservation International, Arizona State University, Texas A&M University,
University of Rome, University of Virginia, Zoological Society London. (2008) An Analysis of
Mammals on the 2008 IUCN Red List . Downloaded on 25
November 2008.
Lal, R. (1997) Soil degradative effects of slope length and tillage method on Alfisols in
Western Nigeria. 2. Soil chemical properties, plant nutrient loss and water quality. Land
Degrad. Dev. 1997, 8, 221–244.
Laumonier, Y. (1997) The Vegetation and Pysiography of Sumatra. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected areas systems review of the Indo-Malayan realm.
Canterbury, UK: The Asian Bureau for Conservation (ABC) and The World Conservation
Monitoring Center (WCMC)/ World Bank Publication.
112

MacKinnon, J. and J. Wind. (1981) Birds of Indonesia. FAO, Bogor.
Meijaard, E and C.P. Groves (2004) The biogeographical evolution and phylogeny of the
genus Presbytis. Primate Report 68:71-90.
Morgan, R.P.C. (2005) Soil Erosion and Conservation 3rd Ed. Blackwell Science, UK.
Moss, S.J. and M.E.J. Wilson. (1998) Biogeographic implications of the Tertiary
paleogeographic evolution of Sulawesi and Evolution. Pages 133-166 in (eds R. Hall and
J.D. Halloway) Biogeography and Geological Evolution of Southeast Asia. Backbuys
Pubishers, Leiden, Netherlands.
Oldeman L.R., L. Irsal, and Muladi. (1980) Agro-Climatic Map of Kalimantan Scale
1:3,000,000. Central Research Institute for Agriculture, Bogor, Indonesia.
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Sabah Society, Kota Kinabalu.
Puslitbang Geologi (1993) Geology of the Sanggau Sheet area, Kalimantan, Pusat
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geoligi, Bandung, Indonesia.
RePPProT. (1990) Review of Phase I Results, West Kalimantan. Regional Physical Planning
Programme for Transmigration, Second Edition. Direktorat Bina Program, Direktorat
Jendral Penyiapan Pemukiman, Departemen Transmigrasi, Jakarta Indonesia.
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dipterocarp forests of Borneo. Journal of Biogeography 30:1517-1531.
Slik, J.W.F., N. Raes, SI. Aiba, et al. (In press) Environmental correlates for tropical tree
diversity and distribution patterns in Borneo. Diversity and Distributions.
Stewart, C., P. George, T. Rayden and R. Nussbaum. 2008. Good practice guidelines for
High Conservation Value assessments. A practical guide for practitioners and auditors.
ProForest, United Kingdom (Supported by WWF-EU, US-AID, RAFT and TNC).
TRAFFIC (2007). Guide to Kalimantan’s Protected Species. TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade
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Udvardy, M. (1975) A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World. IUCN
Occasional Paper No. 18, prepared as a contribution to UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere
(MAB) Program, Project No. 8. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland (49 pages).
Warren KS, Verschoor EJ, Langenhuijzen S, Heriyanto, Swan RA, Vigilant L, and Heeney JL,
2001. Speciation and intrasubspecific variation of Bornean orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus
pygmaeus. Mol Biol Evol 18:472–480.
113

6. Appendices
Appendix 1. Assessment Team
1. Gary D. Paoli, Team Leader and Biodiversity Specialist
Gary, a director of Daemeter Consulting, was responsible for overall coordination of the
HCV assessment process and reporting, as well as for data acquisition and analysis in
relation to biodiversity values and for consultation with the HCV Network and other
stakeholders. Gary holds a PhD in Biology from the University of Michigan in the USA, and
has lived in Indonesia periodically since 1991. He has conducted original research on the
basic ecology of lowland rain forests in Sumatra and Kalimantan, studying soil influences
on tree species composition and ecosystem dynamics and biodiversity survey methods. He
is a specialist on the community ecology of tree species in the Dipterocarpaceae,
especially in Kalimantan, and also has experience applying forest certification standards
to improve forest management, especially the identification and management of High
Conservation Value (HCV) areas. Along with Aisyah Sileuw, Gary lead the national
initiative to revise the HCV Toolkit for Indonesia, completed in June 2008.
2. Philip L. Wells, GIS and Landscape Ecology Specialist
Philip, a director of Daemeter Consulting, was responsible for leading all aspects of GIS
and landscape ecological analyses, including planning, data acquisition, analysis,
interpretation and reporting. Philip has a Master of Research Degree in Ecology and
Environmental Management from the University of York, and has lived in Indonesia since
1992. During his time in Indonesia he has worked with government and non-government
organizations for the conservation of large mammals and their habitat. In recent years he
has been focused primarily on biodiversity conservation outside of Indonesia’s protected
areas, working with industry and local government in the development of action plans,
land use planning, and HCV assessment and management. Philip was an active participant
in the development of the revised HCV Toolkit for Indonesia. His specialty skills include
GIS, remote sensing, population modelling, and landscape ecology.
3. Junaedi Syamsudin – Senior GIS Staff and Landscape Ecology
GIS Specialist at Daemeter with strong background in analysis of biophysical landscape
attributes affecting the provision of environmental services. Most recently at Tropenbos
International Indonesia, where he participated in HCV assessments in Acacia plantation,
oil palm plantation and natural forest logging concessions in Kalimantan, as well as
projects to revise District and Provincial land use plans. Junaedi was responsible for a
variety of GIS analyses and map production to support the assessment.
4. Indra Suryani, Senior GIS Staff
Indra is a GIS and Remote Sensing specialist with a degree in Forestry from the Institute
Pertanian Bogor, and further studies on Geo-information Management at the International
Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation - Enschede, the Netherlands.
He has more than 7 years of experience in GIS and RS work with the Center for
International Forest Research in Bogor, the Nature Conservancy in Samarinda - East
Kalimantan, and most recently worked at Tropenbos International Indonesia, where
participated in district and provincial land use planning projects, GIS-institutional
strengthening facilitation, and HCV assessments in natural forest logging concessions in
Kalimantan.
114

5. Aji Sartono – GIS Staff
Aji is a graduate of the Forestry Faculty at the Bogor Agricultural University, with
specialist training in GIS and remote sensing. He has many years of practical GIS
experience in research and conservation projects. Aji provided technical and analytical
support to a variety of GIS analyses during the assessment, including interpretation of
Landsat and Spot 4 imagery.
6. Aisyah Sileuw – Leader of Socio-cultural Assessment Team
Aisyah, President Director of Daemeter consulting, was responsible for planning,
implementation, collection and analysis of primary and secondary data for assessment of
HCV 5 and 6, as well as stakeholder consultation in West Kalimantan. She has her first
degree from Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, and an MSc in Applied
Development Studies at University of Reading, UK. She also attended non-degree summer
school on Linking Forest Resources to Markets and Societies organized by Faculty of
Forestry, Freiburg University, Germany in 2004 and 2005. For the last ten years she has
worked on social aspects of sustainable forest management, community forestry, chain of
custody and other forest verification initiatives. Together with Gary Paoli, Aisyah cocoordinated
the national revision of the HCV Toolkit for Indonesia completed in June 2008.
7. Iwan Kurnia Rosyid – Member of Socio-cultural Assessment Team
Iwan graduated from the Forestry Faculty of Bogor Agricultural University in 1994,
majoring in Forest Product Technology. He began his career in a Bogor-based forest
consulting firm working with forestry companies to prepare management plans and
environmental impact assessments, especially socio-economic and cultural aspects, where
he specialized until 2004. From 2004 until joining Daemeter in early 2008, he worked as an
independent consultant. In this HCV assessment, Iwan provided technical and analytical
support for secondary data collection for HCV 5 and 6 and lead community interviews and
FGDs during primary data collection for HCV 5 and 6.
8. Herry Triyana - Member of Socio-cultural Assessment Survey Team
Herry Triyana graduated from the Forestry Faculty, majoring in Forest Management at the
Bogor Agricultural University in 1999. Herry joined Praghmanadi Semesta, an
environmental consulting firm specializing in environmental impact assessments,
especially biological and social dimensions. Herry is now developing a community
empowerment program for local people in the vicinity of Perhutani areas in Garut, West
Java through promotion of organic farming activities. In PANP, Herry assisted with FGD
and interview-based social economic and cultural data collection carried out in desa and
dusun near and within the PANP license area.
9. Dwi Retno Rahayuni – Member of Social-cultural Survey Team
Dwi (Yuyun) is graduated from Department of Forest Conservation at Faculty of Forestry,
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor. She has research background in animal and
social survey both in protected and conservation areas in Sumatera, Java and Kalimantan.
In PANP, she assisted with FGD and interview-based social economic and cultural data
collection carried out in desa and dusun near and within the PANP license area.
10. Karlina Fitri Kartika – Member of Social-cultural Survey Team
Karlina (Ina) is graduated from Department of Forest Conservation at Faculty of Forestry,
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor. She has research background in animal and
social survey both in protected and conservation areas in Kerinci Seblat, Bukit Barisan
Selatan and Way Kambas in Sumatera; Kamojang in West Java, Betung Kerihun in West
Kalimantan. In PANP, she assisted with FGD and interview-based social economic and
cultural data collection carried out in desa and dusun near and within the PANP license
area.
115

11. Rachmadi - Member of Socio-cultural Assessment Survey Team
Rachmadi is a recent Forest Management graduate of the Faculty of Forestry at Tanjung
Pura University (UNTAN) in Pontianak, West Kalimantan. His thesis research project at
UNTAN focused on basic forest ecology, but he is experienced in socio-economic survey
methods, having worked in West Kalimantan on social dimensions of a survey for GERHAN -
a government-sponsored forest rehabilitation project. In PANP, Rachmadi assisted in social
and cultural data collection, focusing on collection of GPS points for HCV 5 and 6
locations.
12. Syapuri – Member of the Social Survey Team
Syapuri is a staff member at Daemeter Consulting, who assisted primarily in social and
cultural data collection, focusing on collection of GPS points for HCV 5 and 6 locations.
13. Mark Leighton, Member of the Biodiversity Survey Team (Senior Forest Ecologist and
Conservation Biologist)
Mark is a tropical forest ecologist with 27 years of research experience in basic and
applied rainforest ecology, mostly focused in Indonesia, and especially Kalimantan. He
received his Ph.D. in Biological Ecology from the University of California, Davis in 1982,
and then was an NSF-NATO post-doctoral fellow at Oxford University. For over 20 years he
has taught courses in rainforest ecology, vertebrate ecology, and forest management
systems while on the faculty at Harvard University. He has directed research programs
that span tropical plant ecology, vertebrate ecology, plant-vertebrate ecological
interactions, conservation biology, and financial and ecological appraisals of sustainable
forest management systems. He founded the Gunung Palung Research Station in 1984,
which has supported nearly 200 research publications by himself and his colleagues and
students. He has advised policies for the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry, numerous
conservation initiatives and UNESCO and UNEP. His consulting work includes work on
tropical landscape conservation planning, forest certification and the design of mixed
function sustainable forestry enterprises that incorporate conservation objectives. Mark
contributed to the assessment in the field as part of the vegetation survey team to
evaluate habitat quality for frugivorous vertebrates.
14. Sebastianus (Bas) van Balen – Member of the Biodiversity Survey Team (Bird specialist)
Bas, who surveyed the birds in PANP, is a researcher and private consultant specialising in
the diversity and conservation of bird communities in Indonesia. He received a PhD from
the Wageningen University in the Netherlands (Dissertation: “Conservation ecology of
Javan forest birds”) and has been living in and visiting Indonesia on a regularly basis since
1979. He is a specialist in Asian bird conservation and ecology, and has carried out
ornithological surveys for a number of national and international
organizations and institutions, mainly on Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua.
15. Betsy Yaap – Member of the Biodiversity Survey Team (Mammal specialist)
Betsy coordinated the data collection, analysis and reporting for the mammal survey.
Since 1996, Betsy has been involved in a variety of research and conservation projects in
Indonesia, with a focus on orangutans. She has lived in Kalimantan for 5 years, spending a
year researching wild orangutans in Gunung Palung National Park and subsequently
founding an orangutan conservation and education program in Ketapang, West Kalimantan.
She has also been involved in biodiversity priority setting work for Papua (Irian Jaya) and
an Australian led malaria health research project based in Papua. Most recently, Betsy has
worked as an environmental consultant preparing environmental and social impact
assessments in Australia, and conducted research to improve linkages between
conservation and development through a review of integrated conservation and
development projects in the Lower Mekong. Betsy has a Bachelor of Anthropology from the
116

University of Colorado - Boulder (USA) and a Master of Tropical Environmental
Management from Charles Darwin University (Australia).
16. Agnes Angki – Member of Biodiversity Survey Team
Agnes Angki is an undergraduate student of Conservation Biology at National University in
Jakarta. She has a research background in primate ecology and conservation, especially
orangutan behaviour and feeding ecology in Kalimantan. At PANP, Agnes assisted with the
interview-based mammals surveys and conducted site visits to locations where local
villagers reported mammals and other vertebrates are frequently encountered.
117

Appendix 2. List of stakeholders consulted during HCV Pre-assessment and summary of main points
discussed
No Date Name Organization
1 10 Jan 08 Ahmad Surambo Sawit Watch, Bogor Direct
2 2 Feb 08 Matheus Pilin Pancur Kasih, PTK Phone
3 4 Feb 08 Erik Wakker Environment Aid, Skype
4 5 Feb 08 Aryono Sardiman WWF Pontianak Direct
5 7 Feb Balem Village Head, Mandor Kr Direct
6 7 Feb Suni Tumenggung, Mandor Kr Direct
7 7 Feb Aryo Villager, Jelimpo Direct
5 8 Feb 08 Laily Gemawan, PTK Direct
Type of
consultation
Summary of Main Points
Working together with local organizations to facilitate
the conflict resolution in Sambas
Requested that the HCV can help empowering local
people in managing their own resources
Campaign against oil palm started a long time ago
Undertaking facilitation of all stakeholders to get their
interests accommodated
Shows appreciation to Wilmar for public admission of
past wrong-doings by posting the Wilmar response to
grievance on the RSPO website
HCV assessment to be carried out is wasting time as
Wilmar has already cleared most of the forests for
developing this plantation
Better to use local consultants to do this assessment as
they have proper knowledge on Kalbar and Wilmar
As oil palm issues are political in West Kalimantan, in
some ways it is good that Daemeter do the HCV
assessment for Wilmar. As the external party,
Daemeter is expected to do the job more objectively.
Social economic and cultural information and company
activities in the village
Social economic and cultural information and the
company activities within the village
Social economic and cultural information, plasma
initiative
Changing the management within WGP will not bring
any change from practices in the past
118

Type of
No Date Name Organization Summary of Main Points
consultation
6 10 Feb 08 K. Widodo JKPP, Bogor Direct
7 20 Feb 08 Ari Nurhidayat WALHI KALBAR, PTK Direct
8 25 Feb 08 Drs. Sujarni Alloy AMAN KALBAR Direct
Oil palm plantation is not suitable for West
Kalimantan, especially Sambas
HCV assessment will do nothing if the plantation is
already established
The way WGP got the land for its plantation does not
follow the FPIC procedures. They even applied old
approaches typical of the New Order regime (read:
bringing some military or police for intimidation and
back up).
WGP did CoC assessment once, but it is not clear
whether the certificate is only used for the assessed
estate or it applies to the whole estates of Wilmar in
West Kalimantan
JKPI is asked to facilitate the community mapping
process in Sambas, but since the money is from CAO
(the World Bank’s organ), the local NGOs refuse this.
They are searching for other sources of funding to do
participatory mapping.
Profits from Plasma mechanism are not clear and often
put farmers in worse position than before oil palm,
because they have no land and take on debt since the
very beginning of their plasma establishment
The company usually claims that it will pay the
production costs for plasma establishment, but at the
end of the day, all costs will be borne by the farmers
or the land owners
There is a suspicion that oil palm companies in West
Kalimantan buy government officials to facilitate
issuing licenses and other related processes required to
establish the plantations
Characteristics of indigenous people in West
Kalimantan were change by the New Order regime.
They lose their culture and identity. They no longer
appreciate forest values.
Oil palm plantation in West Kalimantan has made the
119

Type of
No Date Name Organization Summary of Main Points
consultation
9 26 Feb 08 John Bamba Institut Dayakologi Direct
10 2 Mar 08 Andrew Marshall
Professor, University of
California at Davis
email
11 7 Mar 08 Bondan Sawit Watch, Bogor Direct
indigenous people forget their family bonds,
neighbourhood relations and other values that were
fundamentally respected in the past.
There is no such thing as sustainable oil palm. Oil palm
plantations are unsustainable. When lands are planted
with the oil palm, we can expect irreversible changes
to happen, so that when oil palm has reached the end
of its productivity we will never have the same lands.
We will also find that Dayak culture will change
because of this. Dayak can still be called as Dayak as
long as they have land, water and forest. When one of
these is missing, they are no longer Dayak.
A very powerful, invisible force from somewhere out
there (read: market) makes the government and us say
yes to oil palm plantation
Campaign against oil palm is done through 3 strategies:
1) RSPO standard can be used for the planned
establishment; 2) stopping the current expansion and
3) finding alternatives of oil palm and educating
international consumers
Input on biodiversity issues in the area, especially
orangutans.
The CAO process has not finished. The current progress
shows that it is a closed meeting between the
company, community and the CAO facilitator. Other
parties are not allowed to be involved further until
those parties reach a consensus.
12 Usman Sarip
Village Head (Kepala
Desa), Sungai Keli Desa
Direct Social, economic and cultural life of Sungai Keli village
13 Sutedjo BPD, Sungai Keli village Direct Social, economic and cultural life of Sungai Keli village
14
Marjani Village Head (Kepala
Desa), Munggu Desa
Direct
Social, economic and cultural life of Munggu village
15
Aliusman Simon Village head (Kepala
Desa), Rasan village
Direct
He would be willing/interested to provide information
on the social economic and cultural life of Rasan Desa
120

No Date Name Organization
16
17
18
Emiwati Village head (Kepala
Jemi
Desa), Muun village
Village government staff,
Muun Village
Eppendi Village head, Ambarang
Type of
consultation
Direct
Direct
Summary of Main Points
if he had gotten earlier notice of the interview
Social, economic and cultural life of Muun village
Social, economic and cultural life of Muun village
Direct Social, economic and cultural life of Muun village
19 Frans Office Assistant, Wilmar Direct General information on the management unit
20
21
27 March
2008
29 March
2008
Dicky Simorangkir RARE email
Doug Sheil CIFOR email
General discussion of issues related to oil palm and
social and biodiversity aspects of HCV assessment in
the northern Kalbar region
Species potentially vulnerable to disturbance resulting
from partial conversion of habitat to oil palm
22 various Anonymous International NGO email Input on biodiversity issues in the area
23 various Marcus Colchester
Forest Peoples
Programme
24 various Pak Purwo Susanto WWF Direct
25 various
Christopher
Stewart
ProForest email
Direct and
email
Input on various aspects of HCV assessment process,
especially those related to social and cultural issues
(HCV 5 & 6)
General background to the assessment area and
politics related to NGO views on Wilmar
Issues of concern related to process of HCV data
collection, analysis and stakeholder consultation
121

Desa/Dusun
Tenguwe
Appendix 3. Basic needs: Location names, frequency of use and trends
Singaraja
Location Names, Frequency of Use and Trends
Protein Vitamin/Mineral Water Timber Fuelwood Medicines
Fish:
Rivers of
Empade,
Taman,
Mansum,
Tenguwe,
Gerage, Entanik
and Nyaum
(Fishing is done
once a week.
Amount of fish
declines due to
the increasing
population)
Meat:
Hutan Taman,
Gunung Siboro,
Gunung Sarat,
Gunung
Ceramin,
Tembawang and
rubber garden.
(The hunting
happens twice a
month. The
availability of
animal will
decrease as
some land has
been converted
Forests, Tembawang,
rubber garden,
ladang, and
homeyard
(consumption of
vegetables is
everyday while the
fruit is once a year.
The availability is
predicted to be
stable as people
always grow those
vegetable and fruit
trees).
Rainfall,
Rivers of
Empade,
Nyaum,
Ungkak,
Untanik,
Setambi,
Lipan and
Taman.
(They use
water daily
for cooking,
drinking,
bathing,
washing,
sanitation.
The water
quality will
be always
like the
current one
if the
forests near
the river
and spring is
managed
well).
Forest,
Tembawang,
rubber
garden.
(Communitie
s only use
trees with
diameter
more than
50cm and
only for
building
houses. They
projected
that the
number of
trees will be
decreasing
due to the
increased
number of
population
and
increased
rate of
forest
conversion to
ladang and
other uses).
Forests,
Tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang.
(They have a
daily use of
fuelwood for
cooking. They
use only small
branches of
dried or dead
trees. The
villagers
projected that
the availability
of fuelwood will
be plenty from
those sources).
Forest,
Tembawang,
rubber
garden,
ladang,
homeyard.
(The use of
trees or
plants with
medicinal
properties is
rare because
they really
more on the
modern
medicines.
They
projected
that the
availability
will be
abundant due
to rare
usage).
122

Desa/Dusun
Empesak Entoro
Location Names, Frequency of Use and Trends
Protein Vitamin/Mineral Water Timber Fuelwood Medicines
to ladang and
rubber garden).
Fish:
Rivers of Air
Lago, Senampar,
Sengakar,
Empuat, Taman,
Rayat, Pango,
Melaban, Pade,
Setimbo, Mense
and Kayan
(Fishing is done
twice a month.
The trend will
be decreasing as
the population
number is going
increased and
the fish
consumption
will be higher).
Meat:
Gunung seboro,
Lusur panjang,
Gunung pagung,
Saka tiga forest
Pengarang
forest,
Penyawan
forest,
Tembawang and
rubber garden.
(Hunting occurs
twice a month.
Vegetable:
Forests, Tembawang,
rubber garden,
Ladang, and
homeyard.
Fruits:
Forests, Tembawang
Empesak, T. Jungkuk,
T. Enggawak, T.
Empurak, T. Sekuling,
T, Maraduk, T.
Bandu, T. Entanik, T.
Pango, T. Semangan,
T. Empuak, rubber
garden, home yard.
(Vegetable
consumption is daily
while the fruit is
yearly. Both
vegetable and fruit
are projected to be
stable because
people keep planting
them).
Rainfall,
rivers of
Entanu,
Embata,
Enjungkuk,
Ngalada,
Rayat, Pade,
and
Setimbo.
(Daily
consumption
based on the
needs:
washing,
cooking,
drinking,
sanitation,
bathing. The
projection is
that the
river will be
in well
situation if
the forests
are not
destroyed).
Forests,
Tembawang
and rubber
garden.
(They use
timber
opportunistic
al-ly when
the need
emerges for
building own
houses. They
use tree with
diameter
more than
50cm. They
projected
that the
availability
will decline
as the
population
number
increases and
the increased
rate of
forest
conversion to
ladang or
other uses
will happen).
Forest,
tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang.
(Daily used, it is
projected to be
stable in
future).
Forest,
Tembawang,
rubber
garden,
ladang and
homeyard.
(Communities
are rare to
use the
traditional
medication.
They only use
it when the
modern
medication
cannot work.
It is projected
that the
availability is
plenty due to
the rare
usage).
123

Desa/Dusun
Bacang Unse
Location Names, Frequency of Use and Trends
Protein Vitamin/Mineral Water Timber Fuelwood Medicines
The
communities
projected that
the number of
animals will be
decreased as
their habitat is
converted to
ladang, as the
population
number is
increased).
Fish:
Rivers of
Entadung, Maba,
Darah,
Kelelawar and
Ngarami.
(Fishing is done
twice a week.
The
communities
projected that
the fish
availability will
decrease as the
population
number
increases and
the fishing was
done
excessively).
Meat:
Vegetable:
Forests, Tembawang,
rubber garden,
ladang, and home
yard. (The
communities have
daily consumption of
vegetables. They
projected that the
vegetable availability
will be more as the
communities keep
the cultivation of
vegetables).
Fruit:
Forests, Tembawang
Paung, T. Bacang, T.
Darah, T. Empayak,
T. Semadam, and T,
Pa’ampa, rubber
garden, home yard.
Rivers of
Ngeranguk,
Maba, and
Entenung.
(They use it
daily for
drinking,
cooking,
washing,
bathing and
sanitation.
They
projected
the water
quality and
availability
will
decrease as
the
sedimentati
on happens
because of
Forests,
tembawang
and kebun
karet.
(Communitie
s only use
trees with
diameter of
more than
50cm for
building
their own
houses. They
projected
that the
availability
will decrease
because of
the increased
population
number)
forests,
tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang.
(Consumed
daily, the
fuelwood
availability is
projected to be
stable because
communities
can use any kind
of dried branch
of trees).
forests,
tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang as
well as home
yard. (They
only use it for
curing mild
illness. They
projected
that the
availability is
stable due to
the rare
usage).
124

Desa/Dusun
Tandi
Location Names, Frequency of Use and Trends
Protein Vitamin/Mineral Water Timber Fuelwood Medicines
Forests in
Gunung Seboro,
Sungai
Kelelawar,
Sungai Darah,
Sungai Merua,
Sungai
Engkawang and
Hutan Sungai
Raso,
Tembawang,
rubber garden.
(Hunting occurs
once a month.
The availability
is projected to
decrease
because of the
increased
number of
people and
forest
conversion to
ladang or
rubber garden).
Fish:
Rivers of Pade,
Tengue, Rancai,
Anoh and Riyat.
(The
communities go
fishing twice a
week. They
projected that
The consumption is
once a year. (They
worried that the
fruit availability will
be gone in future as
the forest or
tembawang is
converted to ladang
or rubber garden).
Vegetable:
Forests, Tembawang,
rubber garden,
Tanjung and ladang.
(Daily consumed, the
communities
projected that the
availability is stable
because the
land
clearing).
Tengue and
Pade Rivers.
(The
communities
consume
water daily
for cooking,
drinking,
bathing,
Forests,
tembawang,
and rubber
garden. (The
communities
use the trees
with
diameter
more than
Forests,
tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang.
(Daily used, the
availability of
fuelwood is
stable in future
as the
forests,
tembawang,
rubber
garden,
ladang and
home yard.
(The
communities
use medicinal
125

Desa/Dusun
Ampadi
Aja
Location Names, Frequency of Use and Trends
Protein Vitamin/Mineral Water Timber Fuelwood Medicines
the availability
will be far away
decreasing
because of the
increased
number of
people and the
excessive fishing
in the rivers).
Meat:
Forests in
Gunung
Serimbo,
Gunung
Ceramin,
tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang.
(Hunting occurs
once a week and
they projected
that the
availability of
the animals is
stable because
they protect the
forests).
Fish:
Rivers of
Bengawan,
Semuti, Air Aja,
Sengais,
communities keep
the vegetable
cultivation).
Fruit:
Forests, old
tembawang of Tandi,
rubber garden, home
yard. (Consumed
once a year, the
availability is
projected to be
stable as the
communities like
growing fruit trees).
Vegetable:
Forests, tembawang,
rubber garden and
ladang. (The
communities use it
washing and
sanitation.
The water
availability
and quality
will be
stable
because the
communities
protect the
forests).
Bengawan
river. (As
other
communities
in other
50cm for
building
their own
houses. They
projected
that the
availability
will be
stable
because they
protect the
forests).
Forests,
tembawang,
rubber
garden.
(The
communities
can use any kind
of dried branch
of trees).
Forests,
Tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang.
(Consumed
plants for
curing mild
illness. They
projected
that the
availability is
stable as they
keep planting
these kinds of
plants).
Forests
tembawang,
rubber
garden,
ladang, and
126

Desa/Dusun
Nabo
Location Names, Frequency of Use and Trends
Protein Vitamin/Mineral Water Timber Fuelwood Medicines
Sembuluh, and
Piyuh.
(Communities
go fishing three
times a week.
They projected
that the
availability will
be stable as
they only use it
for their own
needs, not for
commercial
purposes).
Meat:
Forests, salt
lick,
tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang.
(The
communities go
hunting
everyday. They
stated that the
availability will
be stable
because they
protect the
forests).
Fish:
Rivers of
Bengawan,
everyday and the
availability in future
will be stable as they
like growing
vegetables).
Fruit:
Forests, tembawang,
rubber garden, home
yard.
(The communities
consume fruit once a
year. As they like
growing fruit trees
on their tembawang
and other areas, its
availability will be
stable in future).
Vegetable:
Forests, tembawang,
rubber garden,
dusun and
villages,
they
consume the
water daily
for drinking,
cooking,
bathing,
washing and
sanitation).
Bengawan
river. (This
river is the
communities
use timber
from trees
with
diameter
more than
50cm for
their own
needs when
they want to
build or
renovate
houses,
public
facilities like
churches,
schools etc.
They
projected
that the
availability
will be
stable
because they
protect the
forests and
the use is
not for
commercial
purposes).
forests,
tembawang,
rubber
daily, the
fuelwood is
projected to be
stable in future
as they can use
many kinds of
dried branch of
trees).
Forests,
tembawang,
rubber garden
home yard.
(The
communities
only use the
traditional
medicines
when the
modern
medication
can not work.
They
projected
that the
availability is
abundant in
future as they
are rare to
use).
Forests,
tembawang,
rubber
127

Desa/Dusun
Location Names, Frequency of Use and Trends
Protein Vitamin/Mineral Water Timber Fuelwood Medicines
Sedaup, Kayan,
Kandut, Dupe,
Ka’at and
Sangih. (The
communities use
the rivers for
fishing twice a
week using
fishing rod, net
and some of
them use
poison. They
projected that
the availability
of fish will
decrease due to
the excessive
fishing using
poison).
Meat:
Forests of
Kelapu, Kejato,
Benyalit,
Sebangku,
Petungku
Perungsut,
Ambukat, Pulo
Awat, rubber
garden,
tembawang and
ladang. (The
communities
can hunt
ladang. (The
communities consume
vegetables daily.
They projected that
its availability will be
stable as the
communities grow
them).
Fruit:
forests, tembawang,
rubber garden, home
yard. (Consumed
once a year, the
availability is
projected to be
stable as the
communities protect
the tembawang and
they like growing
fruit trees).
only source
for the
communities
to drink,
cook, bath,
wash and for
sanitation.
The
projection is
that the
river will
have the
same quality
of water if
the forests
are
protected).
garden.
(They use
the trees
with
diameter
more than
50cm for
building
their own
houses. The
availability is
projected to
be stable as
the forests
are
protected
and the use
is only for
subsistent
needs).
and ladang.
(Used daily, the
availability of
fuelwood is
projected to be
stable as they
can use any
type of dried
branch of
trees).
garden,
ladang and
home yard.
(They only
use the
traditional
medicines if
the modern
medication
does not
work. They
projected the
future
availability as
stable
because of
the abundant
stock,
easiness in
cultivating
them,
protection
and rareness
of usage).
128

Desa/Dusun
Sejuet
Berangan Pale
Location Names, Frequency of Use and Trends
Protein Vitamin/Mineral Water Timber Fuelwood Medicines
everyday along
the trip to
ladang. They
projected that
the availability
of animal will
decrease as the
forest
conversion
continues).
Fish:
Rantau river.
They consume
fish once a
week. (The
projection
stated that the
availability will
be gone due to
the excessive
fishing using
poison).
Meat:
Forests in
Gunung Kelayu,
tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang.
(They go
hunting twice a
year. The future
availability will
be none as the
Vegetable:
Forests, tembawang,
rubber garden and
ladang. (They
consume vegetable
daily. The future
availability will be
stable as they like
growing vegetables).
Fruit:
Forests, tembawang,
rubber garden and
home yard.
(Consumed once a
year, they projected
that the availability
will decrease due to
uncertain weather
which leads to
uncertain fruiting
season, while the
younger plants have
Rantau river.
(In addition
to protein
source, this
river also
serves as a
source of
water for
this dusun.
The
communities
use it for
drinking,
cooking,
washing,
bathing and
sanitation.
They
projected
that the
water is still
available if
Gunung
Forests in
Gunung
Kelayu,
Berangan,
Pulo Lado,
Gunung
Terangkap,
tembawang
and rubber
garden.
(Similar with
other dusun,
they also use
trees with
diameter
more than
50cm for
building
their houses.
They
projected
that the
availability
Forests,
tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang.
(Daily used, the
availability is
projected to be
stable as they
can use any
type of dried
branch of
trees).
Forests,
tembawang,
rubber
garden,
ladang and
home yard. (It
is rare to use.
It is projected
that the
availability is
stable as they
are
protected).
129

Desa/Dusun
Parek
Parek
Location Names, Frequency of Use and Trends
Protein Vitamin/Mineral Water Timber Fuelwood Medicines
forest
conversion
continues).
Fish:
Rivers of Pade,
Neboy, Sijau,
Tenguwe, and
Sanggal.
(Consumed
twice a month,
the communities
projected that
the availability
is stable in
future because
they do not use
poison in
fishing).
Meat:
Forests of Moab,
Semawing,
Gunung
Sekamuk,
rubber garden
and ladang.
(Consumed once
not flowered). Sabak, as
the water
catchment
area is
protected).
Vegetable:
Forests, rubber
garden and ladang.
(The communities
consume vegetable
every day. The
availability is
projected to be
stable as they like
growing it).
Fruit:
Forests, rubber
garden and home
yard. (The fruit
season happens once
a year. It is projected
that the availability
is stable because
people like growing
fruit trees).
Pade River
and Sekamuk
Spring. (The
communities
use these
river and
spring for
drinking,
cooking,
washing,
bathing and
sanitation.
They
projected
that the
water will
be at the
same
condition as
present if
the forests
are well
maintained).
will decrease
as the
population
number
increases
which leads
to a growing
demand for
timber).
Forests and
rubber
garden.
(They use
tree with
diameter
more than
50cm to
build or
renovate
their houses.
It is
projected
that due to
the increased
number of
population,
the need of
timber also
becomes high
which will
lead to
unavailabilit
y of timber).
Forests, rubber
garden and
ladang. (Used
daily, the
fuelwood is
predicted to be
available in
future as they
can use any
type of dried
branches of
trees).
Forests,
rubber
garden,
ladang and
home yard.
(The
communities
still use
medicinal
plants but
only for
curing mild
illness. The
availability is
projected to
be stable as
the medicinal
plants can be
cultivated).
130

Desa/Dusun
Jangkok
Location Names, Frequency of Use and Trends
Protein Vitamin/Mineral Water Timber Fuelwood Medicines
a month, they
projected that
the availability
will decrease as
the population
number
increases and
forest
conversion
continues).
Fish:
Rivers of Pade,
Nebo, Tenguwe
and Sinyam.
(The
communities go
fishing twice a
week. It is
projected that
the availability
will decrease
due to the
excessive
fishing).
Meat:
Forests,
tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang.
(hunting occurs
twice a month.
It is projected
that the
Vegetable:
Forests, tembawang,
rubber garden and
ladang. (the
communities consume
vegetable everyday.
The availability will
be stable in future
because they like
growing them).
Fruit:
Forests, Tembawang
Saluk, T. Papar, T.
madage, T. sebango,
T. Berabeg, rubber
garden and home
yard. (the
communities enjoy
fruit season once a
year. It is projected
that the fruit
availability will be
stable as the like
Rivers of
Jangkok,
Penangoy
and pipe
water
channeled
from
Berabeg
river. (the
communities
use rivers
more than
the pipe
water for
drinking,
cooking,
washing,
bathing and
sanitation.
The
availability
will be
stable
because the
Forests,
tembawang
and rubber
garden. (the
communities
have a rule
to use only
trees with
diameter
more than
50cm for
building
their own
houses. It is
projected
that the
timber
availability
wil be stable
as they only
use for their
own needs,
not for
commercial
Forests,
tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang.
(fuelwood is
used daily from
branches and
other small
parts of trees.
The availability
will be stable as
any type of
branches can be
used for
fuelwood).
Forests,
tembawang,
rubber
garden,
ladang and
home yard.
(the
communities
use
traditional
medicines for
only curing
mild illness.
The
availability of
medicinal
plants is
projected to
be stable
because they
are rare to
use them and
they like
growing such
131

Desa/Dusun
Location Names, Frequency of Use and Trends
Protein Vitamin/Mineral Water Timber Fuelwood Medicines
availability
decreases in the
future because
of the increased
number of
people and
forest
conversion).
Fish:
Karan River.
(They fish twice
a month. The
fish availability
is projected to
be decreasing
due to excessive
fishing).
Meat:
Forests,
Padang Pluntan
tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang. (the
communities go
hunting once a
month. The
availability is
projected to
decrease
because forest
conversion
continues).
Padang Bengawan Fish:
Rivers of
growing them). communities
protect the
water
catchment
areas
(forests))
Vegetable:
Forests, tembawang
and rubber garden
and ladang. (Daily
consumed, the
vegetable is
projected to be
stable as the
communities like
growing them).
Fruit:
Tembawang Pisang,
T. Kelapa, T.
Tengkiung, T. Jaku,
T.Lapai, rubber
garden, home yard.
(Harvested once a
year, the fruit
availability is
projected to decrease
because forest
conversion
continues).
Vegetable:
Forests, tembawang,
Bunut river.
(the
communities
use this
river for
drinking,
cooking,
washing,
bathing and
sanitation.
The quality
or river is
projected to
decrease as
the forest
conversion
to ladang
and rubber
garden
continues).
Bengawan
and Renuas
purposes). plants).
Forests,
tembawang
and rubber
garden (the
timber is
only used
from trees
with
diameter
more than
50cm for
building the
communities’
own houses.
It is
projected
that the
availability
will be none
in the future
due to forest
conversion).
Forests,
tembawang
Forests, rubber
garden,
tembawang and
ladang. (daily
consumed, the
fuelwood is
projected to be
stable in its
availability in
future because
they can use
any type of
dried branches
of trees).
Forests, rubber
garden,
Forests,
tembawang,
rubber
garden,
ladang and
homeyard.
(the
communities
use the
traditional
medicines for
curing the
mild illness.
It is projected
that the
medicinal
plants will be
gone in future
due to the
forest
conversion to
ladang and
rubber
garden).
Forests,
tembawang,
132

Desa/Dusun
Location Names, Frequency of Use and Trends
Protein Vitamin/Mineral Water Timber Fuelwood Medicines
Bengawan,
Sebiak and
Renuas. (The
communities use
river for fishing
twice a week.
The fish
availability will
be decreasing in
future due to
the increased
number of
people).
Meat:
Mangkalang
forest,
tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang.
(The
communities go
hunting once in
two months.
They projected
that the animal
availability will
decrease
because of the
increased
number of
people and
forest
conversion to
rubber garden and
ladang. (The
vegetable is used
daily and projected
to be stable in its
availability because
the communities like
growing them).
Fruit:
Forests, Tembawang
Benuang, T. Tahum,
T. Simpang, T. Lama,
and T.Selungkung,
rubber garden and
home yard. (The
communities enjoy
the fruit harvest
once a year. It is
projected that the
fruit will be
unavailable in future
because of the
increased number of
people and forest
conversion).
rivers (The
communities
use these
rivers for
drinking,
cooking,
washing,
bathing and
sanitation.
They
projected
that the
quality of
the water
will be the
same as the
current one
if the
upstream
forests are
protected).
and rubber
garden. (The
communities
only use
timber from
trees with
diameter
more than
50cm for
building
their own
houses. It is
projected
that the
timber will
be available
in future
because they
protect these
forests).
tembawang and
ladang. (The
fuelwood is
consumed daily.
They projected
that the
availability will
be stable in
future because
they can use
any type of
dried branches
for fuelwood).
rubber
garden,
ladang and
home yard.
(The
communities
use the
traditional
medicines for
only curing
the mild
illness. They
will use it
when the
modern
medication
does not
work. It is
projected
that their
availability is
stable in
future).
133

Desa/Dusun
Padang Sebantik
Location Names, Frequency of Use and Trends
Protein Vitamin/Mineral Water Timber Fuelwood Medicines
ladang and
rubber garden.
Fish:
Rivers of Sebiha,
Air Bunut and
Kedai. (The
communities
consume fish
three times a
month. The
availability is
projected to
decrease
because of the
increased
number of
people and
excessive fishing
using poison).
Meat:
Sekaru forests,
tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang.
(The
communities go
hunting once a
month. The
availability of
wild animal is
projected to
decrease
because of the
Vegetable:
Forests, tembawang,
rubber garden and
ladang. (Vegetable is
for daily
consumption. It is
projected that it is
available in future as
the people like
growing them).
Fruit:
Forests, Tembawang
Limbar, Tembawang
Sengarubang and
Tembawang
Keneneng, rubber
garden and home
yard. (The fruit
season happens once
a year. The
availability is
projected to be
decreasing due to the
forest conversion).
Rivers of
Suka, Maker,
Bantero,
Bunut and
pipe water
from Ruba,
Bengawan
and Renuas
rivers. (The
communities
use these
rivers for
drinking,
cooking,
washing,
bathing and
sanitation.
They
projected
that the
availability
of these
rivers will
be there
because they
protect the
upstream
forests/Gun
ung Suka).
Forests,
tembawang
and rubber
garden. (The
communities
use trees
with
diameter
more than
50cm for
building
their own
houses. They
projected
that the
timber
availability
will be
stable
because they
protect the
forests and
the use is
limited to
the
subsistent
purposes).
Forests, rubber
garden,
tembawang and
ladang. (The
communities
use fuelwood
for daily
consumption.
They can use
any kind of
dried or dead
trees as the
fuelwood. The
projection is
that the
fuelwood will
be availabile in
future).
Forests,
tembawang,
rubber
garden,
ladang and
homeyard.
(The
communities
only use the
traditional
medicines if
the modern
medication
does not
work. They
projected
that the
availability
will be stable
in the future
due to the
rareness of
usage).
134

Desa/Dusun
Padang Tanjung
Location Names, Frequency of Use and Trends
Protein Vitamin/Mineral Water Timber Fuelwood Medicines
increased
number of
people and
forest
conversion to
ladang and
rubber garden).
Fish:
Rivers of Keran,
Bunut, Pitih
and Bangos.
(The
communities use
the rivers for
fishing twice a
month. It is
projected that
the fish
availability will
decrease in
future because
of the increased
number of
people and
excessive
fishing).
Meat:
Forest,
tembawang,
rubber garden
and ladang.
(The
communities go
Vegetable:
Forests, tembawang,
rubber garden and
ladang.
(Vegetable is for
daily consumption. It
is projected that it is
available in future as
the people like
growing them).
Fruit:
Forests, Tembawang
Benuang, Tembawang
Atas and Tembawang
Ramin, rubber garden
and home yard. (The
fruit season happens
once a year. They
projected that the
fruit availability
because they protect
the tembawang and
they like growing the
fruit trees).
Setumba and
Bunut rivers
. The
communities
use these
rivers for
drinking,
cooking,
washing,
bathing and
sanitation.
They
projected
that the
availability
of these
rivers will
be
decreasing
due to land
clearing for
making
ladang and
rubber
garden).
Forests,
tembawang
and rubber
garden. (The
communities
use trees
with
diameter
more than
50cm for
building
their own
houses. They
projected
that the
timber
availability
will be
decreasing
due to land
clearing to
make ladang
and rubber
garden).
Forests, rubber
garden,
tembawang and
ladang. (The
communities
use fuelwood
for daily
consumption.
They can use
any kind of
dried or dead
trees as the
fuelwood. The
projection is
that the
fuelwood will
be availabile in
future)
Forests,
tembawang,
rubber
garden,
ladang and
homeyard.
(The
communities
only use the
traditional
medicines if
the modern
medication
does not
work. They
projected
that the
availability
will be stable
in the future
due to the
rareness of
usage)
135

Desa/Dusun
Location Names, Frequency of Use and Trends
Protein Vitamin/Mineral Water Timber Fuelwood Medicines
hunting three
times a year.
They projected
that the
availability will
decrease as the
forest
conversion to
ladang and
rubber garden
continues.
136

7. Attachments
In this section of the Full Assessment report are six Attachments that describe in detail
the methods of data collection, findings and analysis to identify HCV 1 to 6 as presented in
Chapter 3. The six Attachments are:
Attachment 1. Landscape Context and Endangered Ecosystems
Attachment 2. Vegetation Survey
Attachment 3. Bird Survey
Attachment 4. Mammals & Other Vertebrates Survey
Attachment 5. Erosion Risk Assessment
Attachment 6. Social and Cultural Survey
137