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Changing the Future

Part of the Cure - American Partnership For Eosinophilic Disorders

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President’s Pen<br />

<strong>Changing</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Future</strong><br />

Wendy Book, MD<br />

APFED President<br />

A new year is upon us—a year full of<br />

hope and potential. With <strong>the</strong> New<br />

Year come opportunities to change<br />

<strong>the</strong> future of people with eosinophilic<br />

diseases. We at APFED have been<br />

working hard on your behalf to educate<br />

<strong>the</strong> public, <strong>the</strong> doctors, families,<br />

educators, industry and legislators on<br />

<strong>the</strong> importance of eosinophil associated<br />

diseases. We now have several<br />

clinical trials for patients with eosinophilic<br />

esophagitis and Hypereosinophilic<br />

syndrome. For a rare disease,<br />

<strong>the</strong>se initial steps are crucial, but<br />

more work needs to be done.<br />

Dedicated researchers, and <strong>the</strong> funding<br />

to support <strong>the</strong>ir ideas, are desperately<br />

needed. Sadly, federally funded<br />

studies of eosinophil associated diseases<br />

can be summarized in a few<br />

pages. That must change. The prevalence<br />

of eosinophil associated gastrointestinal<br />

disorders (EGID) has risen<br />

over <strong>the</strong> past decade, to a combined<br />

estimated prevalence of 1 in 1200<br />

today. Currently, diseases with<br />

prevalence similar to eosinophilic diseases<br />

receive many-fold more annual<br />

research funding, and have dedicated<br />

federal funding through <strong>the</strong> National<br />

Institutes of Health. The National<br />

Institutes of Health (NIH) is <strong>the</strong> primary<br />

federal agency for conducting<br />

and supporting medical research investigating<br />

<strong>the</strong> causes, treatments and<br />

cures for both common and rare diseases<br />

(http://www.nih.gov). The NIH<br />

attracts grant applications from <strong>the</strong><br />

top researchers in <strong>the</strong> country.<br />

What can we do? I am always in awe<br />

of <strong>the</strong> strength and enthusiasm within<br />

our community. That remarkable energy<br />

and drive led to <strong>the</strong> passing of<br />

HR 296 in 2007, declaring <strong>the</strong> 3 rd<br />

week of May National Eosinophil<br />

Awareness Week, followed by <strong>the</strong><br />

passage of four ICD-9-CM codes for<br />

eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders<br />

in 2008.<br />

HR 296, <strong>the</strong> legislation which established<br />

a National Eosinophilic Awareness<br />

week, has language that specifically<br />

mentions <strong>the</strong> need for funding<br />

for improving methods of diagnosis<br />

and developing effective treatments.<br />

Dedicated<br />

researchers, and<br />

<strong>the</strong> funding to<br />

support <strong>the</strong>ir ideas,<br />

are desperately<br />

needed.<br />

In <strong>the</strong> two years that have passed<br />

since HR 296, <strong>the</strong> estimated prevalence<br />

of this debilitating group of diseases<br />

has dramatically risen, resulting<br />

in an even more pressing need for<br />

research funding.<br />

In recognition of this rapidly rising and<br />

poorly understood group of rare diseases,<br />

we ask that The National Institutes<br />

of Health convene a working<br />

group to develop a research agenda<br />

related to eosinophil associated diseases,<br />

and <strong>the</strong> related morbidity and<br />

mortality due to lack of diagnostic and<br />

treatment options. Funds are being<br />

raised in hopes of creating a partnership<br />

with NIH to fund research based<br />

on <strong>the</strong> working group recommendations.<br />

Our community will benefit from<br />

a NIH partnership with patient associations,<br />

such as APFED, and o<strong>the</strong>r appropriate<br />

health-care agencies, to develop<br />

education and research initiatives targeted<br />

to <strong>the</strong> life-long needs of those<br />

with eosinophil associated diseases.<br />

With our proposed partnership, we<br />

can increase our collective reach and<br />

research dollars.<br />

By increasing funding, we will attract<br />

high-quality researchers, initiate important<br />

research projects that might o<strong>the</strong>rwise<br />

not be funded, and stimulate<br />

much-needed interest in EGID research<br />

at <strong>the</strong> national level. Successful<br />

research projects will also increase<br />

public awareness, which will likely increase<br />

funding fur<strong>the</strong>r. Your contribution<br />

can lead to long-term exponential<br />

benefits to <strong>the</strong> community. Toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />

we can change <strong>the</strong> future for children<br />

and adults with eosinophilic diseases.<br />

To make this research initiative a reality,<br />

we must raise <strong>the</strong> necessary funding.<br />

A generous anonymous donor has<br />

contributed $50,000 and challenged<br />

our community to match those funds.<br />

Contribute today to HOPE on <strong>the</strong> Horizon,<br />

APFED’s dedicated research<br />

fund, and make a difference in <strong>the</strong> lives<br />

of those living with eosinophilic diseases.<br />

3


Medical Education<br />

Genetics<br />

of EE and EGID<br />

Genes are contained in chromosomes in<br />

<strong>the</strong> nucleus of all cells. Even though<br />

cells in different parts of <strong>the</strong> human<br />

body appear different from each o<strong>the</strong>r,<br />

<strong>the</strong>y all contain <strong>the</strong> same genes. The<br />

genes that are very active and important<br />

for cell function in some cell types may<br />

be completely silent in o<strong>the</strong>r cells.<br />

Genes contain <strong>the</strong> information that is<br />

essential for cell growth, development<br />

and function. That information is transcribed,<br />

or copied, from <strong>the</strong> DNA in <strong>the</strong><br />

genes to messenger RNA (mRNA),<br />

which <strong>the</strong>n brings that information<br />

from <strong>the</strong> nucleus into <strong>the</strong> cytoplasm,<br />

where <strong>the</strong> information is translated and<br />

specific proteins that perform specific<br />

functions are syn<strong>the</strong>sized. Knowledge<br />

of <strong>the</strong> genes that are active and also<br />

inactive in disease states is crucial to<br />

develop effective <strong>the</strong>rapies and ultimately<br />

to find cures.<br />

Recently, <strong>the</strong> gene expression profile of<br />

esophageal biopsies from patients with<br />

eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) was compared<br />

to biopsies from patients without<br />

EE. (1) Approximately 1% of all human<br />

genes were expressed more in esophageal<br />

tissue containing numerous<br />

eosinophils compared to tissue with<br />

few or no eosinophils. The gene that<br />

was most overexpressed in <strong>the</strong> inflamed<br />

biopsies was eotaxin-3, a substance that<br />

powerfully attracts eosinophils, from<br />

blood circulating in blood vessels, to<br />

enter tissue. The results concerning<br />

gene expression obtained from chip<br />

analysis were confirmed by detecting<br />

By Margaret Collins, MD<br />

increased amounts of both eotaxin-3<br />

mRNA and protein in EE biopsies. A<br />

particular type of microscopic analysis,<br />

in situ hybridization, demonstrated that<br />

<strong>the</strong> eotaxin-3 mRNA was increased in<br />

<strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>lial cells of <strong>the</strong> EE biopsies<br />

compared to controls. Additional research<br />

showed that interleukin-13 (IL-<br />

13) mRNA was greatly increased in<br />

biopsies from EE patients, and that<br />

epi<strong>the</strong>lial cells obtained from esophageal<br />

biopsies of EE patients that were<br />

cultured and grown in <strong>the</strong> lab produced<br />

large amounts of eotaxin-3 when stimulated<br />

with IL-13. (2) Those stimulated<br />

esophageal epi<strong>the</strong>lial cells had a gene<br />

expression profile very similar to that<br />

found on microarray analysis of esophageal<br />

biopsies from EE patients,<br />

strongly implicating IL-13 in <strong>the</strong> pathogenesis<br />

of EE. In addition to overexpression,<br />

a variation in a part of <strong>the</strong><br />

eotaxin-3 gene was significantly more<br />

common in EE patients, among those<br />

who had allergies as well as those who<br />

did not. (1) The gene expression profile<br />

identified in EE also did not vary<br />

with patient age or sex. (1) Thus, distinct<br />

gene alterations are present in esophageal<br />

tissue in patients who have EE;<br />

<strong>the</strong> alterations are independent of patient<br />

allergy status, age or sex; and at<br />

least one cytokine associated with<br />

atopy induces increased expression of<br />

genes in EE-derived esophageal epi<strong>the</strong>lial<br />

cells. Therefore, <strong>the</strong>rapy that reduces<br />

IL-13 content and/or interferes<br />

with IL-13 function may be helpful to<br />

treat EE. (2)<br />

In a number of families, more than one<br />

family member has EE. Based on estimates<br />

of <strong>the</strong> prevalence of EE in <strong>the</strong><br />

general population, and in siblings<br />

among EE patients, <strong>the</strong> estimated risk<br />

of a sibling of an EE patient to develop<br />

EE is significantly greater than for<br />

o<strong>the</strong>r common allergic diseases such as<br />

asthma. (3) EE is known to occur in<br />

twins. (4) The incidence in fraternal<br />

compared to identical twins may help to<br />

elucidate <strong>the</strong> genetic transmission of<br />

<strong>the</strong> disease: If <strong>the</strong> incidence of EE is<br />

significantly higher among identical<br />

compared to fraternal twins, that will<br />

even fur<strong>the</strong>r implicate genetics in <strong>the</strong><br />

development of <strong>the</strong> disease. In a recent<br />

study of families with multiple members<br />

who have EE, <strong>the</strong> clinical and histologic<br />

characteristics of 59 members<br />

of 26 families did not vary significantly<br />

from those of age- and sex-matched<br />

patients who were not known to have<br />

o<strong>the</strong>r family members with EE. (4) The<br />

gene expression profile of a subset of<br />

<strong>the</strong> biopsies also did not differ between<br />

familial and sporadic cases. These data<br />

suggest that <strong>the</strong>re is a common final<br />

pathway that results in <strong>the</strong> clinical and<br />

histologic expression of EE that is independent<br />

of family history, allergy, etc.<br />

There should <strong>the</strong>refore be <strong>the</strong>rapies that<br />

are effective for virtually all EE patients.<br />

EE occurs in patients who have diseases<br />

associated with known gene abnormalities,<br />

such as patients who have<br />

Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome (RTS). (5)<br />

Many patients who have RTS have abnormalities<br />

of <strong>the</strong> CREB Binding Protein,<br />

or CBP, gene. That gene product<br />

interacts with a large number of o<strong>the</strong>r<br />

proteins. There isn’t any evidence currently<br />

that EE is more prevalent among<br />

patients who have a particular syndrome,<br />

including RTS. However, by<br />

analyzing tissue from patients who<br />

have syndromes with known genetic<br />

abnormalities we may fur<strong>the</strong>r advance<br />

our understanding of <strong>the</strong> genetic abnormalities<br />

in EE that directly participate<br />

in disease pathogenesis.<br />

There are virtually no publications<br />

concerning <strong>the</strong> genetics of o<strong>the</strong>r<br />

forms of EGID such as eosinophilic<br />

gastritis, etc. (6)<br />

DNA Continued on page 5<br />

4


Medical Education<br />

Pathology<br />

Pathologists’ evaluation of biopsies is an<br />

essential component of both <strong>the</strong> diagnosis<br />

of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders<br />

(EGIDS), and of <strong>the</strong> evaluation for<br />

response to <strong>the</strong>rapy. Pathology reports<br />

communicate pathology diagnoses based<br />

on review of <strong>the</strong> slides made from GI<br />

biopsies. The communication between<br />

pathologists and gastroenterologists may<br />

be supplemented by discussions at conferences,<br />

phone calls and emails. All<br />

pathology reports display <strong>the</strong> pathologist’s<br />

final diagnosis; a description—<br />

called gross description—of <strong>the</strong> number<br />

and size of <strong>the</strong> biopsy pieces from each<br />

part of <strong>the</strong> GI tract that were submitted<br />

to <strong>the</strong> pathology lab; and in some a microscopic<br />

description of <strong>the</strong> features of<br />

<strong>the</strong> tissue on <strong>the</strong> slides made from <strong>the</strong><br />

biopsies.<br />

Consensus concerning <strong>the</strong> diagnosis of<br />

EGIDS is generally lacking. The recommended<br />

diagnosis of eosinophilic<br />

esophagitis (EE), <strong>the</strong> most common form<br />

of EGIDS, is characteristic clinical signs<br />

and symptoms with an abnormal esophageal<br />

biopsy containing at least 15<br />

eosinophils in a high power field, in patients<br />

who have no or incomplete response<br />

to anti-gastroesophageal reflux<br />

disease (GERD) <strong>the</strong>rapy. (1) There are<br />

not currently recommendations for <strong>the</strong><br />

diagnosis of <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r forms of EGIDS<br />

such as eosinophilic gastritis, etc. Although<br />

<strong>the</strong> recommendations to diagnose<br />

eosinophil<br />

gitis<br />

Of EGIDs<br />

high power field<br />

EE based on literature review and expert<br />

experience and opinion includes<br />

only an eosinophil count obtained from<br />

biopsy review, in fact most biopsies<br />

that show EE also show architectural<br />

abnormalities. Some pathologists require<br />

architectural abnormalities in<br />

o<strong>the</strong>r sites in <strong>the</strong> GI tract in addition to<br />

increased numbers of eosinophils to<br />

diagnose o<strong>the</strong>r forms of EGIDS such<br />

as eosinophilic gastritis. (2)<br />

Following is a glossary of terms that<br />

patients may find helpful to read pathology<br />

reports and discuss <strong>the</strong>ir disease<br />

with <strong>the</strong>ir clinicians.<br />

High power field: Pathologists see<br />

patterns in every biopsy. Pattern recognition<br />

is essential for proper biopsy<br />

interpretation. Therefore, pathologists<br />

initially evaluate slides under <strong>the</strong> microscope<br />

from afar to determine <strong>the</strong><br />

number of pieces of tissue that are on<br />

<strong>the</strong> slide, <strong>the</strong> pattern among <strong>the</strong> pieces,<br />

within each piece, etc. This degree of<br />

magnification is referred to as low<br />

power, and <strong>the</strong> circular area, or field,<br />

seen by <strong>the</strong> pathologist is referred to as<br />

a low power field. In order to view<br />

more detail in <strong>the</strong> tissue, pathologists<br />

use a different objective lens on <strong>the</strong><br />

microscope and see less of <strong>the</strong> total<br />

area on <strong>the</strong> slide, but greater detail of<br />

<strong>the</strong> smaller amount of tissue that is in<br />

<strong>the</strong> field <strong>the</strong>y see. This is referred to as<br />

high power magnification and <strong>the</strong> cir-<br />

mucosa<br />

epihelium<br />

6<br />

By Margaret Collins, MD<br />

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center<br />

crypt<br />

cular area subtended on <strong>the</strong> slide is a<br />

high power field. Typically high power<br />

fields have a standard total magnification<br />

of 400X, although <strong>the</strong> actual area<br />

of <strong>the</strong> field varies among microscopes.<br />

Peak count: This is <strong>the</strong> number of<br />

eosinophils contained within one high<br />

power field. Ano<strong>the</strong>r means to quantitate<br />

eosinophils in biopsies is to count<br />

eosinophils in all <strong>the</strong> high power fields<br />

of all <strong>the</strong> pieces to generate a mean or<br />

average count, but that is not practical<br />

for daily work and is essentially a research<br />

tool. Pathologists survey <strong>the</strong><br />

biopsy pieces at low power magnification,<br />

identify <strong>the</strong> area with <strong>the</strong> densest<br />

inflammation, and generate a peak eosinophil<br />

count by counting esoinophils in<br />

that area. In esophageal biopsies, only<br />

eosinophils in <strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>lium are<br />

counted.<br />

Epi<strong>the</strong>lium: Epi<strong>the</strong>lium lines <strong>the</strong> inner<br />

surface of <strong>the</strong> tube that is <strong>the</strong> GI tract.<br />

Gastroenterologists see <strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>lium<br />

during endoscopy but cannot distinguish<br />

individual epi<strong>the</strong>lial cells.<br />

Epi<strong>the</strong>lial cells participate in multiple<br />

processes, including a barrier function<br />

that prevents bacteria and undigested<br />

food or foreign material from entering<br />

<strong>the</strong> body. The epi<strong>the</strong>lium that lines <strong>the</strong><br />

surface of <strong>the</strong> GI tract is called surface<br />

epi<strong>the</strong>lium. In <strong>the</strong> stomach and small<br />

and large intestines <strong>the</strong>re are numerous<br />

hyperplasia<br />

fibrosis<br />

esopha<br />

lamina propria


invaginations from <strong>the</strong> surface that are<br />

lined by epi<strong>the</strong>lial cells. In <strong>the</strong> stomach<br />

<strong>the</strong> invaginations are glands and <strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>lium<br />

lining <strong>the</strong> glands is glandular epi<strong>the</strong>lium.<br />

In <strong>the</strong> small and large intestines<br />

<strong>the</strong> invaginations form crypts and <strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>lium<br />

lining <strong>the</strong> crypts is known as<br />

crypt epi<strong>the</strong>lium.<br />

Basal layer: The epi<strong>the</strong>lial lining of <strong>the</strong><br />

esophagus is different from that of <strong>the</strong> rest<br />

of <strong>the</strong> GI tract. The epi<strong>the</strong>lium of <strong>the</strong><br />

esophagus consists of several layers but<br />

<strong>the</strong> surface and crypt epi<strong>the</strong>lium in <strong>the</strong><br />

rest of <strong>the</strong> GI tract mostly consists of one<br />

layer of cells. The esophagus is lined by<br />

squamous epi<strong>the</strong>lium that resembles <strong>the</strong><br />

lining of <strong>the</strong> mouth and also skin. The<br />

basal layer of <strong>the</strong> esophageal squamous<br />

epi<strong>the</strong>lium becomes thickened in EE, described<br />

as basal layer hyperplasia. This is<br />

a reactive and reversible change.<br />

Lamina propria: This is composed of<br />

fibrous tissue, blood vessels, and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />

types of tissue that provide structural support<br />

and perform o<strong>the</strong>r functions for <strong>the</strong><br />

surrounding tissue. Since <strong>the</strong> configuration<br />

of epi<strong>the</strong>lium is different in <strong>the</strong><br />

esophagus from <strong>the</strong> rest of <strong>the</strong> GI tract,<br />

<strong>the</strong> configuration of <strong>the</strong> lamina propria is<br />

also. In <strong>the</strong> esophagus, it forms a distinct<br />

layer below or outside of <strong>the</strong> basal layer<br />

of <strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>lium. The lamina propria<br />

forms periodic protrusions into <strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>lium<br />

called papillae that also contain<br />

blood vessels that supply oxygen to <strong>the</strong><br />

epi<strong>the</strong>lium. In <strong>the</strong> rest of <strong>the</strong> GI tract, <strong>the</strong><br />

lamina propria resides immediately below<br />

<strong>the</strong> single layer of surface epi<strong>the</strong>lium and<br />

surrounds <strong>the</strong> crypts. The differing configurations<br />

of epi<strong>the</strong>lium and distribution<br />

of lamina propria explains <strong>the</strong> fact that<br />

lamina propria is not present in some, or<br />

most, esophageal biopsies but is virtually<br />

always present in biopsies from <strong>the</strong> rest of<br />

<strong>the</strong> GI tract.<br />

Parietal cells: These are specialized<br />

epi<strong>the</strong>lial cells found in stomach glands<br />

that secrete acid. Anti-reflux medications<br />

block acid secretion and in response <strong>the</strong>se<br />

cells become enlarged and numerous, a<br />

finding that pathologists report as reactive<br />

change consistent with <strong>the</strong> use of PPIs, or<br />

parietal cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia.<br />

Villi: These are protrusions of <strong>the</strong> surface<br />

into <strong>the</strong> lumen of <strong>the</strong> small intestine and<br />

normally are found only in small intestine.<br />

All parts of <strong>the</strong> small intestine have<br />

<strong>the</strong>se, but villi vary in length and width<br />

somewhat among duodenum, jejunum<br />

and ileum. Villi enormously increase <strong>the</strong><br />

surface of <strong>the</strong> small intestine, increasing<br />

<strong>the</strong> area over which nutrients derived<br />

from food can be absorbed. Villi may<br />

become altered in numerous diseases.<br />

The most common alteration is blunting<br />

or a decrease in length, which is found in<br />

celiac disease but may also be seen with<br />

excessive numbers of eosinophils.<br />

Muscularis mucosa: This is a layer of<br />

muscle that separates <strong>the</strong> mucosa from<br />

<strong>the</strong> underlying submucosa. It may be<br />

present in biopsies from <strong>the</strong> GI tract depending<br />

on how deeply <strong>the</strong> biopsies<br />

were obtained. It is rarely seen in biopsies<br />

from <strong>the</strong> esophagus, but is more<br />

commonly present in biopsies from <strong>the</strong><br />

rest of <strong>the</strong> GI tract. One criterion for<br />

making a histologic diagnosis of EGIDS<br />

in sites o<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>the</strong> esophagus is finding<br />

eosinophils in <strong>the</strong> muscularis mucosa.<br />

Submucosa: This layer of <strong>the</strong> wall of<br />

<strong>the</strong> GI tract is below <strong>the</strong> muscularis mucosa<br />

and contains blood vessels and<br />

o<strong>the</strong>r structures. If any submucosa is<br />

seen in GI biopsies, it generally is only a<br />

small amount. Eosinophilic inflammation<br />

in <strong>the</strong> submucosa is also used as a<br />

criterion to help to diagnose EGIDS.<br />

Fibrosis: Fibrous tissue is a normal<br />

component of all parts of <strong>the</strong> body and<br />

helps to create and maintain <strong>the</strong> structure<br />

of various organs and tissues. Fibrosis<br />

means that <strong>the</strong>re is an excessive amount<br />

of fibrous tissue, equivalent to a scar.<br />

Lamina propria fibrosis is seen in esophageal<br />

biopsies showing EE, and may<br />

be reversible<br />

REFERENCES<br />

1. Furuta GT, Liacouras CA, Collins<br />

MH, Gupta SK, Justinich C, Putnam PE,<br />

Bonis P, Hassall E, Straumann A, Ro<strong>the</strong>nberg<br />

ME: Eosinophilic Esophagitis in<br />

Children and Adults: A Systematic Review<br />

and Consensus Recommendations<br />

for Diagnosis and Treatment. Sponsored<br />

by <strong>the</strong> American Gastroenterological<br />

Association (AGA) Institute and North<br />

American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology,<br />

Hepatology, and Nutrition.<br />

Gastroenterology 133(4):1342-63, 2007.<br />

Collins MH: Histopathology Associated<br />

with Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases.<br />

Immunol Allergy Clin NA<br />

29:109-117<br />

7<br />

Medical Education<br />

Genomics of EE<br />

Antonella Cianferoni, MD, PhD<br />

APFED 2009 HOPE Grant Recipient<br />

EE is a global health disease now reported<br />

in all continents except Africa<br />

with an incidence of ~1:10,000. Patients<br />

with EE commonly report symptoms<br />

that include difficulty feeding,<br />

failure to thrive, vomiting, epigastric or<br />

chest pain, dysphagia and food impaction.<br />

EE patients are predominantly<br />

young males with a high rate of atopic<br />

disease and <strong>the</strong> diagnosis is made by<br />

endoscopy and biopsy finding of isolated<br />

eosinophils in <strong>the</strong> esophagus.<br />

Accumulating evidence suggests that<br />

EE has a strong familial association.<br />

Nearly 10% of parents of EE patients<br />

have a history of esophageal strictures<br />

and ~8% have biopsy proven EE and at<br />

least 27 multiplex families have been<br />

described to date. EE also exhibits a<br />

high sibling risk ratio compared with<br />

related atopic diseases such as asthma.<br />

While genetics is likely to have a large<br />

role in EE susceptibility, <strong>the</strong>re has been<br />

only one candidate gene identified to<br />

date, <strong>the</strong> eotaxin-3 gene. Eotaxin-3 is<br />

<strong>the</strong> most overexpressed gene in <strong>the</strong><br />

esophagus, based on genome wide expression<br />

profile analysis. However, <strong>the</strong><br />

disease-associated allele is only present<br />

in 14% of EE patients, suggesting that<br />

additional variants are to be found.<br />

In collaboration with Cincinnati Children’s<br />

Hospital Medical Center, and<br />

The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia<br />

Center for Applied Genomics we have<br />

conducted a genome wide analysis<br />

study on children with EE aimed at<br />

identifying a gene variation that can<br />

make children susceptible to <strong>the</strong> disease.<br />

We genotyped approximately<br />

550,000 gene variation present in all<br />

<strong>the</strong> genome in 271 EE cases from Cincinnati<br />

Children’s Hospital Medical<br />

Center (CCHMC), and 180 EE patients<br />

and ~3100 controls from Children’s<br />

Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). We<br />

detected genome-wide association with<br />

variants on one gene that has been reported<br />

to favor allergic sensitization -<br />

TSLP.<br />

We are in <strong>the</strong> process of doing an extensive<br />

Genotyping/phenotyping analysis<br />

for <strong>the</strong> TSLP gene in <strong>the</strong> Children’s<br />

HOPE Continued on page 9


Eos Connection 2010<br />

2010<br />

Eos Connection<br />

The 8th Annual<br />

Patient Education<br />

Conference<br />

Presented by<br />

American Partnership For<br />

Eosinophilic Disorders<br />

in conjunction with<br />

The Children’s Hospital Denver<br />

and National Jewish Health<br />

July 16-18<br />

Denver, CO<br />

A ga<strong>the</strong>ring of some of <strong>the</strong> foremost<br />

experts in <strong>the</strong> field of EGIDs. Come to<br />

learn, to share, to meet o<strong>the</strong>r families<br />

affected by eosinophilic disorders.<br />

Eos Connection 2010<br />

APFED’s annual Patient Education Conference will take place in Denver,<br />

CO. Join us to learn from <strong>the</strong> experts, to meet o<strong>the</strong>r families affected by<br />

EGID and to make memories that will last a lifetime. More information<br />

and registration at www.apfed.org .<br />

Educational Sessions Include:<br />

Thursday, July 15, 2010 Optional<br />

Family Fun Day<br />

Denver Zoo (Optional, additional fee required)<br />

Friday July 16, 2010 Optional<br />

Fundraising Social at <strong>the</strong> Pavilion (optional, donation required)<br />

What’s New in Eos Research<br />

Entertainment<br />

Saturday July 17th<br />

Session 1-Overview of EGIDs<br />

What are EGIDs?<br />

EE– What it is and how we diagnose<br />

Endoscopy and Pathology of EE<br />

Session 2- Allergies and Treatment of EGIDs<br />

Allergies and EGIDs<br />

Treatment of EGIDs<br />

Session 3- Living Well<br />

Diets, Medications – How do I know which treatment is best?<br />

Six-food elimination diet: Practical tips<br />

Celebrating <strong>the</strong> Holidays<br />

Session 4- Eating, Nutrition and Coping with EGIDs<br />

Concurrent Sessions<br />

A. Feeding difficulties and EGIDs<br />

B. Teens only<br />

C. Nutrition: Living on an Elimination or Elemental Diet<br />

D. Coping with Chronic Illness<br />

Sunday July 18 th<br />

Session 5- Hope for Today<br />

2010 HOPE Grant lecture<br />

Living with chronic illness<br />

Parent-Child Panel<br />

Speakers Include:<br />

Dan Atkins MD<br />

Pediatric Allergist<br />

Nancy Creskoff–Maune<br />

Pediatric Occupational Therapist<br />

David Fleischer MD<br />

Pediatric Allergist<br />

Glenn Furuta MD<br />

Pediatric Gastroenterologist<br />

Angela Haas M.A.C<br />

Pediatric Speech Pathologist, Denver, CO<br />

Michelle L. Henry, MPH, RD<br />

Mary Klinnert PhD<br />

Pediatric Psychologist<br />

Jonathan Markowitz MD<br />

Pediatric Gastroenterologist<br />

Philip Putnam MD<br />

Pediatric Gastroenterologist<br />

Speakers and Sessions are Preliminary and Subject to Change<br />

8


EGID Myths<br />

Fact<br />

versus<br />

Fiction<br />

Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Fact or Fiction?<br />

Philip E Putnam, MD<br />

Pediatric Gastroenterologist, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center<br />

The transfer of medical information<br />

from medical professionals to <strong>the</strong>ir patients<br />

is an essential part of patient care.<br />

The translation from medical terminology<br />

into language that is interpretable<br />

by individuals who may not have a<br />

medical background plays an important<br />

role in assuring that <strong>the</strong> patient understands<br />

<strong>the</strong> diagnosis, disease process,<br />

and plan for care. Arguably, <strong>the</strong> presentation,<br />

impact, success, and comprehension<br />

of that translation are variable.<br />

The information that is provided to patients<br />

and <strong>the</strong>ir families may undergo<br />

some transformation when it is repeated<br />

after <strong>the</strong> visit. The process is equivalent<br />

to <strong>the</strong> game of “Telephone”. Each time<br />

it is repeated to family or friends or<br />

over <strong>the</strong> internet, it is modified in some<br />

fa sh i on , such that th e fi nal<br />

‘understanding’ that develops may be<br />

accurate, mostly accurate, mostly inaccurate,<br />

or just plain fiction.<br />

If it’s repeated often enough and loud<br />

enough, fiction becomes perceived<br />

truth, but is fiction never<strong>the</strong>less. Fiction<br />

stated as truth, embellished for<br />

effect, attains mythologic status. In <strong>the</strong><br />

world of eosinophilic esophagitis, mythology<br />

abounds, and <strong>the</strong> following is<br />

an attempt to identify and demystify<br />

some of <strong>the</strong> statements that have attained<br />

mythologic status.<br />

Pathology Myths<br />

Myth: “Pathologists must count<br />

<strong>the</strong> eosinophils.” The reality is that<br />

pathologists look at slides as a profession,<br />

and are extraordinarily adept at<br />

identifying patterns of abnormality.<br />

Well-developed eosinophilic esophagitis<br />

is easy to recognize with little more<br />

than a glance at <strong>the</strong> slide because it is<br />

so different from normal esophagus.<br />

Counting <strong>the</strong> eosinophils to “prove it”<br />

is completely unnecessary. In borderline<br />

cases wherein <strong>the</strong> number of eosinophils<br />

is close to <strong>the</strong> threshold range<br />

(15-20 per high power field that is currently<br />

accepted as <strong>the</strong> minimum number<br />

needed to label <strong>the</strong> inflammatory<br />

process as “eosinophilic,”) it may be<br />

worthwhile to count.<br />

The actual number does not determine<br />

cause, severity, or treatment, so knowing<br />

whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> eosinophil count is 64<br />

or 164/hpf is not worth <strong>the</strong> time it takes<br />

to count. In addition, <strong>the</strong> eosinophil<br />

number varies from area to area within<br />

a biopsy and from biopsy specimen to<br />

biopsy specimen (even if <strong>the</strong>y are taken<br />

millimeters apart in <strong>the</strong> same patient),<br />

so <strong>the</strong> one number that is reported as<br />

<strong>the</strong> peak (highest concentration identified<br />

by inspection of all <strong>the</strong> available<br />

tissue) is seldom representative of <strong>the</strong><br />

entire set of high powered fields that<br />

are available.<br />

Being precise and counting eosinophils<br />

as part of a research project assures that<br />

<strong>the</strong> result is objective and not subjective,<br />

so <strong>the</strong> number of eosinophils/hpf<br />

will always be reported in a research<br />

article, but in clinical practice, <strong>the</strong> actual<br />

number is unimportant once <strong>the</strong><br />

peak has exceeded <strong>the</strong> threshold for<br />

diagnosis.<br />

Myth: “More eosinophils = more<br />

severe disease.” It is true that more<br />

eosinophils makes for a really impressive<br />

biopsy under <strong>the</strong> microscope, but<br />

<strong>the</strong> reality is that <strong>the</strong>re is a poor correlation<br />

between <strong>the</strong> degree of inflammation<br />

and what <strong>the</strong> patient feels (e.g.,<br />

pain or difficulty swallowing). The<br />

number does not determine <strong>the</strong> cause of<br />

<strong>the</strong> esophagitis, nor does it suggest one<br />

particular treatment over ano<strong>the</strong>r.<br />

Myth: “Routine biopsies are not<br />

sufficient to ‘see’ eosinophils, <strong>the</strong>y<br />

must do a special ‘test’ to find<br />

<strong>the</strong>m.” The reality is that eosinophils<br />

are easy to see on biopsy specimens processed<br />

in standard fashion in all pathology<br />

departments. “Eosinophilic” literally<br />

means “eosin-loving,” and <strong>the</strong>y are<br />

named that because <strong>the</strong>y take up a stain<br />

called eosin more than o<strong>the</strong>r cells. All<br />

biopsy specimens are stained with 2<br />

stains, hematoxylin and eosin (referred to<br />

commonly as H & E), because unstained<br />

tissue on a slide is virtually impossible to<br />

analyze. Various tissue and cells take up<br />

<strong>the</strong> hematoxylin (which is dark blue) or<br />

eosin (which is red) in unique patterns<br />

predictably, which <strong>the</strong>n allows <strong>the</strong> pathologist<br />

to identify <strong>the</strong> cell types in <strong>the</strong><br />

specimen. Eosinophils stand out from<br />

surrounding tissue because <strong>the</strong> tiny granules<br />

within <strong>the</strong>m stain intensely red with<br />

eosin.<br />

HOPE Continued from page 7<br />

Hospital of Philadelphia cohort of patients<br />

to see if such association is validated in a<br />

larger group and if it could be used as a<br />

blood biomarker in <strong>the</strong> future.<br />

Noel, R. J., and M. E. Ro<strong>the</strong>nberg. 2005. Eosinophilic<br />

esophagitis. Curr Opin Pediatr 17:690.<br />

Liacouras, C. A., J. M. Spergel, E. Ruchelli, R.<br />

Verma, M. Mascarenhas, E. Semeao, J. Flick, J.<br />

Kelly, T. Brown-Whitehorn, P. Mamula, and J. E.<br />

Markowitz. 2005. Eosinophilic esophagitis: a 10-<br />

year experience in 381 children. Clin Gastroenterol<br />

Hepatol 3:1198.<br />

Orenstein, S. R., T. M. Shalaby, C. Di Lorenzo, P.<br />

E. Putnam, L. Sigurdsson, H. Mousa, and S. A.<br />

Kocoshis. 2000. The spectrum of pediatric eosinophilic<br />

esophagitis beyond infancy: a clinical series<br />

of 30 children. Am J Gastroenterol 95:1422.<br />

Ro<strong>the</strong>nberg, M. E., A. Mishra, E. B. Brandt, and S.<br />

P. Hogan. 2001. Gastrointestinal eosinophils in<br />

health and disease. Adv Immunol 78:291.<br />

Blanchard, C., N. Wang, K. F. Stringer, A. Mishra,<br />

P. C. Fulkerson, J. P. Abonia, S. C. Jameson, C.<br />

Kirby, M. R. Konikoff, M. H. Collins, M. B. Cohen,<br />

R. Akers, S. P. Hogan, A.H. Assa'ad, P. E. Putnam,<br />

B. J. Aronow, and M. E. Ro<strong>the</strong>nberg. 2006. Eotaxin-<br />

3 and a uniquely conserved gene-expression profile<br />

in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Clin Invest 116:536<br />

9


Events<br />

Recent Events<br />

Run for a Cure<br />

Congratulations to Renea Lundin for<br />

her finish in <strong>the</strong> PF Chang's Rock'n'Roll<br />

Marathon in Arizona on January 17th.<br />

Renea finished in 4 hrs, 55 minutes and<br />

raised over $1900.00 in donations by<br />

participating in this event.<br />

Dance-A-Thon<br />

Special Thanks to Megan Yanos and <strong>the</strong><br />

Mortar Board Honor Society of Findlay<br />

University for hosting a Dance-A-Thon<br />

on January 23rd. The event raised<br />

awareness of EGIDs and a great time<br />

was had by all who attended.<br />

Upcoming Events<br />

Remington Walls Golf Tournament<br />

May 1, 2010<br />

Wesley Chapel, Fl<br />

K.E.'s 2nd Annual Art Show and<br />

Bazaar to Benefit APFED.<br />

May 16, 2010<br />

Woodside, NY<br />

For more info on <strong>the</strong>se events, please<br />

visit APFED Fundraising page.<br />

Awareness Week<br />

National Awareness Walk<br />

May is not too far off. Spring wea<strong>the</strong>r,<br />

trees and flowers blooming, birds singing...and<br />

National Eosinophil Awareness<br />

Week!<br />

The third week of May is National<br />

Eosinophil Awareness Week dedicated<br />

to Eosinophilic Disorders. Get involved<br />

by planning an event in your<br />

area. Here are some great, easy ideas:<br />

• Pass out Dum-Dums or Smarties to<br />

classmates, with information about<br />

Eosinophilic Disorders.<br />

• Deliver DumDum bouquets to your<br />

doctors’ offices, to share with o<strong>the</strong>r<br />

patients.<br />

• Host a lemonade stand, bake sale,<br />

or car wash.<br />

• Do a letter or email campaign, asking<br />

friends and family to support<br />

APFED.<br />

Ano<strong>the</strong>r great way to raise awareness<br />

and support APFED is to participate in<br />

our Virtual National Eosinophil Awareness<br />

Walk. Grab your family, friends<br />

and neighbors and enjoy some quality<br />

time while raising awareness. Get toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />

your support group and meet<br />

up at a local park to Walk and socialize.<br />

Registration information and<br />

pledge forms will be available on <strong>the</strong><br />

website in March. If you are interested<br />

in hosting an event in your area, please<br />

c o n t a c t J u l i e S p r i n g e r a t<br />

julie@apfed.org.<br />

Julie A. Springer<br />

National Fundraising Coordinator<br />

407-340-2412 julie@apfed.org<br />

Fundraising Social<br />

A Fundraising Social will be held in conjunction<br />

with <strong>the</strong> Eos Connection 2010<br />

Patient Education Conference in Denver,<br />

CO, on July 16. An optional fundraising<br />

event, those families raising<br />

$100 or more for eosinophilic research<br />

are invited to attend. Those<br />

families raising $500 or more will receive<br />

a free gift store item.<br />

The whole family is invited to attend<br />

this event, and activities for children as<br />

well as entertainment will be provided.<br />

Fundraising forms will be available at<br />

www.apfed.org. Those interested in<br />

volunteering with organization of <strong>the</strong><br />

event or at <strong>the</strong> fundraiser may contact<br />

Melissa at mtierce@sbcglobal.net.<br />

Rare Disease Day<br />

APFED will partner with The National<br />

Organization for Rare Diseases<br />

(NORD) to celebrate <strong>the</strong> global observance<br />

of Rare Disease Day on<br />

February 28, 2010. We hope to<br />

raise awareness of EGIDs and understanding<br />

of <strong>the</strong> challenges faced by<br />

patients and <strong>the</strong>ir families.<br />

Last year, 39 states issues proclamations<br />

in support of Rare Disease Day.<br />

Requests for proclamations must come<br />

from residents of each state. Please<br />

consider writing a letter or sending an<br />

email to your governor requesting that<br />

he issue a proclamation for 2010. Sample<br />

letters and more information can<br />

be found at www.rarediseaseday.us.<br />

Support APFED<br />

There are three ways you can support<br />

APFED when making online purchases.<br />

Merchants will donate a portion<br />

of your purchase amount to<br />

APFED, with no additional cost to you.<br />

Amazon.com<br />

Use <strong>the</strong> links on <strong>the</strong> APFED website to<br />

shop through Amazon.com and a portion<br />

of all your purchases will benefit<br />

APFED. (You must use <strong>the</strong> links on<br />

<strong>the</strong> APFED website in order for your<br />

purchases to benefit APFED.)<br />

Buy for Charity<br />

Designate APFED as your charity<br />

of choice when shopping through Buy<br />

for Charity and a portion of your proceeds<br />

will benefit APFED. Buy for<br />

Charity provides you with a variety of<br />

s t o r e s , i n c l u d i n g B a r n e s<br />

& Nobles, Target, Toys R Us, Sears,<br />

Bath and Body, and many, many<br />

more. Link is available on <strong>the</strong> APFED<br />

website.<br />

iGive.com<br />

With over 757 merchants to choose<br />

from, you should find exactly what you<br />

are looking for with iGive.com. Register<br />

with iGive and select APFED as<br />

your Charity and a portion of all your<br />

purchases will benefit APFED.<br />

Link is available on <strong>the</strong> APFED website.<br />

eBay Donations<br />

A portion of your eBay sales can be<br />

designated to benefit APFED through<br />

Mission Fish. Sign up when you list<br />

your item for sale.<br />

APFED Merchandise<br />

Visit <strong>the</strong> Gift Store at www.apfed.org<br />

for unique merchandise that spreads<br />

awareness of eosinophilic disorders<br />

and supports research through its proceeds.<br />

A variety of items are available,<br />

including:<br />

Two-Year Eos Calendar<br />

Note Cards<br />

T-Shirts<br />

Restricted Diet Cookbook<br />

Hats<br />

Cooler Bag<br />

Educational Books<br />

10


Donations<br />

Turkey Schnitzel<br />

Donations<br />

Top 6 Allergen Free<br />

Sincere thanks to those making donation to APFED<br />

this quarter.<br />

In Memory of <strong>the</strong>se individuals:<br />

Ed Collins<br />

Emma Egreczky<br />

Ashley Fliger<br />

In honor of <strong>the</strong> following birthdays:<br />

Mat<strong>the</strong>w Markowitz<br />

Shannon O'Farrell<br />

Shmuel Rosenblatt<br />

In honor of:<br />

Maddox Bruening<br />

James DeLano<br />

David Dietz and Jane Kendall<br />

LeRoux Jooste<br />

Andrew Kern<br />

Ari Klosinski<br />

Jessica Lyn Miller<br />

Kyan Mwatha<br />

Meredith Naylor<br />

Ryan Piansky<br />

Oran C. Privett<br />

Gabby Provenzano<br />

Charles Remquest<br />

Edward Sarubbi<br />

Jeremy Sable<br />

Jacob Schwartz<br />

Sadie Sikora<br />

Amanda Smith<br />

Jason and Katrina Wesson<br />

Ryan Williams<br />

The Robby Smith Family<br />

The Family of Paula Eubanks and David Blume<br />

In honor of:<br />

Sarah Wisely through <strong>the</strong> LanConnect Golf Tournament<br />

Renea and Mason Lundin through Running for a Cause<br />

Ricky Springer through Racing for a Cause<br />

Megan Yanos and <strong>the</strong> Findley University Dance-A-Thon<br />

The Birch Wa<strong>the</strong>n Lenox School donation from Dress Down<br />

Day coordinated by APD member Andrew Frischling<br />

IDL Worldwide donation from <strong>the</strong>ir Coffee Cup Fund<br />

Many small people,<br />

who in many small places,<br />

do many small things,<br />

can alter <strong>the</strong> face of <strong>the</strong> world.<br />

-Published in Newsweek,<br />

from <strong>the</strong> Berlin Wall<br />

Thinly sliced turkey<br />

Brown rice flour<br />

Erewhon Crispy Brown rice cereal<br />

California Rice bran oil<br />

Rice milk<br />

Pulverize rice cereal in food processor until fine. Place in a<br />

bowl. Place flour and rice milk in separate bowls. Coat thinly<br />

sliced turkey fillets first with flour, <strong>the</strong>n rice milk, <strong>the</strong>n coat<br />

with rice crumb mixture. Place in a cast iron skillet <strong>the</strong>n coat<br />

with rice bran oil. Sautee for about 10 minutes each side.<br />

Options: substitute o<strong>the</strong>r safe meat<br />

Options: substitute fruit juice for rice milk<br />

Options: substitute o<strong>the</strong>r safe grain for rice<br />

APFED Membership / Donation Form<br />

Mission: American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders is a nonprofit<br />

organization dedicated to patients and <strong>the</strong>ir families coping<br />

with eosinophilic disorders. APFED strives to expand education,<br />

create awareness, and support research while promoting advocacy<br />

among its members.<br />

Annual Memberships now being accepted.<br />

Become a member online at www.apfed.org or mail this form.<br />

Name<br />

Personal Membership<br />

US $30<br />

Canadian $45<br />

International $55<br />

Address<br />

Country<br />

Phone<br />

Professional Membership<br />

US $100<br />

Canadian $125<br />

International $150<br />

Email *<br />

∗ Please note that APFED is going Green. In an effort to save money<br />

and <strong>the</strong> environment, <strong>the</strong> APFED newsletter will be delivered via<br />

email unless noted o<strong>the</strong>rwise.<br />

I want to receive email notifications from APFED<br />

I want to receive only newsletters via email from APFED<br />

Name and age of person with eosinophilic disorder:<br />

Donations: I would like to support APFED’s mission with a tax<br />

deductible donation of:<br />

$25 $50 $100 $250 $500 $1000<br />

O<strong>the</strong>r ______________<br />

Submitted by Viv Sarubbi<br />

Online donations welcome at www.apfed.org.<br />

Donations by check should be made payable to APFED at:<br />

APFED<br />

PO Box 29545<br />

Atlanta, GA 30359<br />

11


American Partnership<br />

for Eosinophilic Disorders<br />

PO Box 29545<br />

Atlanta, GA 30359<br />

www.apfed.org<br />

Phone: 713-493-7749<br />

E-mail: mail@apfed.org<br />

PLEASE FORWARD

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