(HSL) is also a retinyl ester hydrolase: evidence from mice lacking ...

31. Mic, F. A., Haselbeck, R. J., Cuenca, A. E., and Duester, G.
(2002) Novel retinoic acid generating activities in the neural
tube and heart identified by conditional rescue of Raldh2 null
mutant mice. Development 129, 2271–2282
32. Niederreither, K., McCaffery, P., Drager, U. C., Chambon, P.,
and Dolle, P. (1997) Restricted expression and retinoic acidinduced
downregulation of the retinaldehyde dehydrogenase
type 2 (RALDH-2) gene during mouse development. Mech. Dev.
62, 67–78
33. Niederreither, K., Subbarayan, V., Dolle, P., and Chambon, P.
(1999) Embryonic retinoic acid synthesis is essential for early
mouse post-implantation development. Nat. Genet. 21, 444–448
34. Gagnon, I., Duester, G., and Bhat, P. V. (2002) Kinetic analysis
of mouse retinal dehydrogenase type-2 (RALDH2) for retinal
substrates. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1596, 156–162
35. Dani, C., Smith, A. G., Dessolin, S., Leroy, P., Staccini, L.,
Villageois, P., Darimont, C., and Ailhaud, G. (1997) Differentiation
of embryonic stem cells into adipocytes in vitro. J. Cell Sci.
110, 1279–1285
36. Schwarz, E. J., Reginato, M. J., Shao, D., Krakow, S. L., and
Lazar, M. A. (1997) Retinoic acid blocks adipogenesis by
inhibiting C/EBP�-mediated transcription. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17,
1552–1561
37. Hansen, J. B., Jorgensen, C., Petersen, R. K., Hallenborg, P., De
Matteis, R., Boye, H. A., Petrovic, N., Enerback, S., Nedergaard,
J., Cinti, S., te Riele, H., and Kristiansen, K. (2004) Retinoblastoma
protein functions as a molecular switch determining white
versus brown adipocyte differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
U. S. A. 101, 4112–4117
38. Leonardsson, G., Steel, J. H., Christian, M., Pocock, V., Milligan,
S., Bell, J., So, P. W., Medina-Gomez, G., Vidal-Puig, A., White,
R., and Parker, M. G. (2004) Nuclear receptor corepressor
RIP140 regulates fat accumulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
101, 8437–8442
39. Fernandez, C., Lindholm, M., Krogh, M., Lucas, S., Larsson, S.,
Osmark, P., Berger, K., Boren, J., Fielding, B., Frayn, K., and
Holm, C. (2008) Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis in hormone-sensitive
lipase-null mice. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
295, E820–E831
40. Chen, Q., and Ross, A. C. (2004) Retinoic acid regulates cell
cycle progression and cell differentiation in human monocytic
THP-1 cells. Exp. Cell. Res. 297, 68–81
41. Kerley, J. S., Olsen, S. L., Freemantle, S. J., and Spinella, M. J.
(2001) Transcriptional activation of the nuclear receptor corepressor
RIP140 by retinoic acid: a potential negative-feedback
regulatory mechanism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 285,
969–975
42. Bost, F., Caron, L., Marchetti, I., Dani, C., Le Marchand-Brustel,
Y., and Binetruy, B. (2002) Retinoic acid activation of the ERK
pathway is required for embryonic stem cell commitment into
the adipocyte lineage. Biochem. J. 361, 621–627
43. Ailhaud, G., Grimaldi, P., and Negrel, R. (1992) Cellular and
molecular aspects of adipose tissue development. Annu. Rev.
Nutr. 12, 207–233
44. Park, E. Y., Dillard, A., Williams, E. A., Wilder, E. T., Pepper,
M. R., and Lane, M. A. (2005) Retinol inhibits the growth of
all-trans-retinoic acid-sensitive and all-trans-retinoic acid-resistant
colon cancer cells through a retinoic acid receptor-independent
mechanism. Cancer Res. 65, 9923–9933
Received for publication September 12, 2008.
Accepted for publication February 5, 2009.
2316 Vol. 23 July 2009 The FASEB Journal
STRÖM ET AL.