early to middle carnian (triassic) flora and fauna - SunStar Solutions

Early to Middle Carnian 

(Iriissic) Flora and Fauna 

of the Richmond and 

Thylorsville Basins, 

Virginia and Maryland, 

U.S.A. 

Bruce Cornet and Paul E. Olsen 

Virginia Museum of Natural History 

Guidebook Number 1 

Martinsville, 1990

seucer sohiry and Bas:n si4 3 

Richmond and Taylnsville Basin sxariSraphy 3 

Age of the Richnmd-Gyldsvile Basi. Floias 7 

\&rebble Asehblages 14 

carnian MegafloEs ol the Nsai* Sup.r8rolp: Pftvids Slsr.mdic Trshs 15 

Tdommi. Trcatmenr in This Fierd Guide t6 

The Fichhond and Tayknsvillc M.aatlons 16 

TIE fadl Cami.n Mcgaflord 16 

Ihe Middte cramian Me8ai.ra 19 

Mes.tu$iland Palyno{onl Chan8e in the Cirnian 20 

C@p:risd of Eurup.an rnd fi€M.* Ir.lFoioEl Change 22 

sbP l: llanowrAc i.ny Quadraryle 24 

stJp 2: Midrothi.h QuadBnde 

stop 3: Hallsboru QuadranHb 

3r 

36 

sb! 4: wi'rkrp!.k Q@d6nele 40 

rie Fmtane and 3.cr &.hndd,Tayrocvilte Flora m 

Lisr of rhctograPhi. Prires 33 

Phor%EphicPlrt€, 3a

.on|u|''!qlhi!\l]ivs(hdNnvJ]lJul

||tlulh4ddbrttjoB'dnI'Pelnltjnr 

Mrimd 5ft hundrin 3{'r tBsRrzrro 

sr}}r sGQy (b H -D sw.d r E. on[ e 

R'fucld!P|*cdMg,6Ffi&b 

bolkJhb'.m9!b|',*lsto'|-9* 

cNr): rE d5h.6Fiy n' F'rl'l6 

bclrddh|rJdaqnl d MDEn, v^ 

(9'Pnrc c. tu d ie Ld $b'* 6.Ft rq 

rhrdiB &b r @E rM rh( tuKet oudty; 

ldl|io|udtys.!|.mht'|\.ii$Loib@l 

kr di k rn4sry ,* wiktpo.r, va (shp 4ri x. 

bE r(n, i ctdbe9q€cFrdtnt 

hJnbb|4'E'I!|6fuHPhd|sl 

iB *d |F.rffi i fth?tui P&dbrrtr 

d, n | &tr.id rr w. ktu ft' hdP 

n ,&nrian{ *tr d N F!n' iolFh rDm [i 

tullt ctryrlid rt p b cdrdr'rla. n l|rs 

b rNlbrqhrrir i3 tdoN ind driq $o rdd dp

f*ap d se apr(qrbrit d Pasa6 (ri8. 1). 

!nd{e d rtiE rfths vdr bb the Eart ,&, 

, . rE rohr6 d rh$ b*is 5tFb & 

'he 

rr !.sr4 Mnh 

^Dru, 

irE 0ajor dl biq 

{T Appd{hbn q!c{ (F3.1) rr sdrncnlry 

{e cned rh€ N€edr supqsreqp loke,, 931 

frodri aod oks, ss). rbry liri blhs rG 

$rr(FE r). Mod or'h! brs h$G vrc ri[d 

lid h$r . oes rhd rpii i pd id or rpp$l 

d,idr * fri in r,.i* Gir y croii ! Pnhs 

b{hnr) sone d rh qPod bsh,, 5(h 6 dr 

RrMond iod $urhq! arbBile h5h5 (F3 1, 

d rhe r4b6rrh btrh, v4i$ (Ft 2) r^6rn3 

whid, riq jun b r! nusseddrRibr! id 

4ftftrcr br dr NsrbE &c Fdirtrc (Es) 

, Bsr (1%e), ,rh ehPdi@ ntdtr bE,! 

1DFP ftH dsh) d Nqe c@bi G.s , Hae 

oan ees/Dlnyic bsh) d vdshh/Nod, c,o 

rha (e F, oh€i d ar , r9ts), trr Ns orhrd FoF 

frion (cdrJrburs hsh) 0t totrtrsytrani (c e , 

wiro€r lod Fodahe, 1m), ih€ chhts Fqn*b^ 

d rhe s@rhw$bn unid shks G.6, A$, 

a 

re39, lrd rh_" srdr ori &nih4 d iqthw$r 

sr Mqtro G.3 . G{f iid wee!, rs5, rftbfl, 

l9b${)fu6U'dtcelhnqddTaybF 

be;c. tr @ibhs dehEib Gu

STRUCTI'RAI, SETI1NG AND A{SIN 

l{Ri$|ldiJillyI!lIujaiiqyi 

bFd rir Fer

6,>4 

V 

-Yk 

volley; (2) tlre l'urkey Banch Folmation, which 

€ither conformablv or unonfonnably orerlies the 

Tuckahm For.ndtien; and (3) thL' Oherdale Fouro. 

tion, which is scparated from thc underlying lirr- 

Pzpg 

Pzpe 

-tJ of," 

FICHMOTID BASIN 

VIRGINIA 

dlabseedlk€3 

\ 

.r. buricd toull 

4srtaco foull 

mxyla! 

iIEo$obot 

laull rone 

Formrlion 

ggotte.dsle Formation 

f 

Turk6y BEnch Fm. 

WTuckah6 

Formation 

liig. 3. (;Rlo8ic mip 

of the Richmond bssin, 

showing probablc dis. 

tribution ufliiossic 

and pc-Triasic {orma. 

lions. l.ocations of 

Slop$ 2-d shorvn, Popup 

structules and 

structuEl foldin8 in 

thc northern pfft of 

lhe basin arc intcr 

ttFted f(om s.ismic 

dala. mf! = nrelnfelsic 

\alcantrlastics (also 

undcrlics the suthern 

h.tlf of the b*in); 

pE(?)mf = Ilosclry fcl. 

si( gneiss, pEm = 

Miidens Ctu'iss, pEs 

- Sabol Amphibolilej 

pEsf = State lrrm 

Gntis; Pzbg = tlo(- 

$bel CrModioritc; 

I'ztcB = Fire Crcek 

Mllls Grarritc; Pzfrg = 

Flat Rock Gnnite; 

fzpg - Petersbur8 

Granite (and l,zbg underlie 

portions of the 

northern hillfof thc 

b{si{). 

kcy Branch Formation by an cmsional unconfolmit). 

or hiatus (Comet and Zcgler. 1985t Cornet, 

19894 and 1989b; Edigcr ct al.. in prep.). lhc 

Turke], Bmnch lbrmntion (rrrelates in part with

i' 

I 

o t 

ItrllY b.r ioatln b.r HGxa ilTA 

thc \eirlbund Nl€mber of thc l)osrvell Formation 

in the'lhyloFr,ille bnsin. drrd Lroth rcpREent sr 

queD(s thal extend acro$t ilr(. rl(t vallcy and burv 

Faleohills on lhe rifl vollcy "Iloor," Thr OHenJolc 

Fornation, $'hich ii rratri(tcd ntninlv lo lhp Htuthcrn 

t\ro-thirds of the Richmrnd trnrin (Fig. 3), has 

Fif .1. Rkhmond bnin 

rtrntrgrnphy lo. the 

l'krrncr ,fl rnd Brilry 

|,l w.llr: kerut€n lfipdttlon, 

pdl:/nomorph 

rbundan(c, Isllen/ 

rFrN aollos, ono 

pulcocn!lronmenbl 

(w(l( depth) history 

fr)r the l lorner wull; 

lithologic {.qu(n(Ti f or 

lhc I l$il{r and hiley 

w.ll$ dru corFlated to 

rhow dynlmic f.cica 

.h!n6ca In b!6in o!c. 

r diilrK. ltf 9.6 lm 

(ilr dr ): wcll 

lilholo8i.'r $?m er- 

: rfcrl tnrt 15 m (il fi.) 

rdr$l!; ladnN 

tran{lGliont Jnd 

rqin'$ion! .d hd 

on kci)ten rehpGi 

l[xr, flualulhns in 

p.rl!'oomorph absn. 

dnn(6 in !(\lih{nt*, 

rnd f,i$phlsiLnl 

lo8 inl(tpNl,iNils 

ond corrr.l'rtiotrr. 

Nlrrdificd 

trtm (i"nct (1989r), 

been pallnologicdlly dlled lry Cornct as lata'(:rr. 

dan, and mali also ltr pn'trnl In th€ expored part 

ol the layloFville basin (fi8. 6). 

Although lhe lithoh)Ei. q'qucnccs ol the 

Riduond and Taylorvill('boiiri orc tcn similai 

stnti8.aphic tr.rlmrnt dilft,h lx{u,(tn tlre luo

T-- oic^{rc-P@. cdisEi 

Efl 

G E Lrcusn rE ac's 

.\!l MNfui. rd ta.Jk []68 trNd| 

tmskB,.w.bi!u'pliidseM.tlabr 

pdr!|iid!ror,(rjrlj'iiJtr!.JyFor 

lsr E* {, !!si6$i ddn ba rE5 ?E n( 

ACE OT THX RTCHMOND. 

TAYIORSVILL8 X,{SIN FtOfAS

i$"tF!md!. r3e $) Bd fi%rddd! 

[ *is i,i lii Dqe , .+4 0r4J qd cq 

nr (ierit nudred ud llDpid rhc prridhDi 

JNRrinolddDyhsllb6$bEuG 

FoFliic|rclbBlD'JigJtrsnyidq 

orJ (tubb,! d r., D4) A$ lrem, fa7) ryqiF 

Aitrsr b'! rir$i! lrid s Yh6ila o) 

bmdr{-t ia lniddi!.dihir, c} z!re i 

rrqr4ror {lac .i1utr), (3) zon! d tiu4dr 

(Ndni.tud!^). xrd ri ni urF !i(i6i) 

aD!(Rh*b ugq n L rlr?$ir r{! r$i{ 

alf rh€ |'! rdon d rhi rre irF (nF r 'tu 

ep bls brsii (Es. D ti Nq'i c{dri (R c. 

H!P!'F{5Nnn,l,3ulfDljl6|6nuyd 

.ldoi 

^r6DtrYd, 

P'tNdo6r d'r.rcrc! 

a!h! Tois d L.urptrs !d lrrullld m'v 

iid (nh $(rs,,ituii"d D&dyn n $L

TAYLORSVILLE 84SIN, VIRGINIA 

tf 

N 

t:_l 

a3 

D 

L:] 

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rl

14, cq\{, rr!\aF.. F73) (,idrrr7r 

rn{ 14{ oe86) rodhrd rbe 6$[ iPoE 

tinp!*rddrdr6Frr4.buf danc)lir Fnci 

rudih!!Rin'in inl i Lr! rn*n Grrr 

plsd rE 6atr v,ib B!i\ Nlcnbn trttroflo,

Piodudia cal M.,sufs b.undaiy (F,e. 3) n4 

dsrhn subsase lkysryn, re3: r.ibqman, 

li\hli{$ehit'{I!€qdd''hPEP) 

ohd!}[o|P!'rJ&l4hJd'dn,tri), 

ar $dor $i Fdtrobr bdr lbiu8ilin, res) 

\i$rF ( re$) q,m6r5 $c hihiiD d Mrk 

l2s r5M, !qf8 

spqh d6d'Grsvsi 

'^ 

(cFu\*.r.9rinn i Dtrns!, re$ nrlor 

nscnn^{'i'il|6\rPhtrt!fuhmo\1h9n 

(if 4, bd rhE 8.nus i5 nrc (nmn i 

'hc uF 

{.r sbp 2 ribr! er Fis 3) rh5 ssnu! !d,{i tF 

P8r), lrnF( h iE tucd, ind t prdu.d by 

lh! dh|t]!!uPod' 

x J'' lgd) 

^!d/;1{4c 

rh! RithnoDd trdi 0h*c be Bse rtuou3nqd 

lrkh$old h5h lquLid)i p({i ti!'iii 

4enbe, h {E esb l\!. ! lnd s). nE arcno 

ddrirN anrLe or {hFq€d ryniPods h 3 , 

Moluce !q. (ro@!u, rs?r tso.r rqet b. 

&l'rydd6 ; k@n k@ rF DeP tuE! 6n d 

e{d.idhi (FFnor\, re,$vr ldinr, 

dnun !!qed, 

qrbdb! d ihe $oPods 

'he 

vdu tus Mrnkr d rh! tu k,h.ctorNid (.r 

Dei 4) rhGbF* uit 

r$i.6t tun4r (i r.. srhdb ind qtini 

h.ic! 1ri3 1). inpiyds ! .tiiF. h dinib fr. 

oqFrudr d 'hi! dDDg! (d h{ltordli5 ru. 

r'(!n sbp r G{rr ('ib,n d! shp t lnrdr 

].ybFihbaDsli!re|cnbd6y'hcdtdih 

orrhtrrknirn otrm,e LvLr*rtu sli ti3 

6l frr '[r d. rh! orhdrr torD'h 6h+orrl 

$nd{oms id lnntonfrs doDhil ir fthd 

$'iDDbs {A[iir rrh cdih (csid, Mi] 

cn!.d d oei, l9l5 [dis, ae) 6 tut 

lli!$trlcl{ndud?'glqss)Trcs]Nlr't 

$bod,oth, L4) 6!h & nidmond hd od 

bJli (n coodwir (! , F35r fte€ hndr$ 

n'hcdtrlNdadlpidlgh'.Endi3e

; 

e 

ursoloor |!'il*r lr!*rd 

'IiP p@i.c d,ua\i( d*E dD' F$ tha\3h 

riD h,he Hrc *L ldr(t cdn.i sei ren 

Fn r) rh.i!,a+de|3! dr!&rrdtun 

'|d,t 

r!.r. 

-l 

II 

J 

I 

.t 

,oi5}tsqldPJy(m[P[ii]ir.}11 

cR44 q!n!Ed.0j b0 o, ! 'h 0 N r{!!l 

hsd, r r !i1uc51frili.s, P!1N!!

ft:rer** Ei r#{" miftFjtJ" l :;::s Lt:*11*,= s*:y". 

{'r{r drio. rrtndi d.Jir 

b|ne rrcn Nn ibde rhe ..igmmh 

q@N 

i li* ! rd! !6r'r! f 

rrrn6, f/$F,/6 !b'p4s. turrtte{uf, 

,r I i ri!!a,id .{riDri , {r,, F&./dir 

*!a6*Nd]!{ui6F,J6ht(E'dd./Rr]

-'-:- :------ 

I J)-) sl 

\:

and orsn. Ns) hdrrr$ ii ou. Bsr $0 nr 

n bnd zur!: rh? o.1@.( a,( loiq d i , 

4tr4lh!dlh]diidc@idl}vlD(b,(sdrtr 

h udnsr 3P, psibrr tr od{dh ftd€ r) 

& hth e sP

tunbhe $a) @ad nv nins 6t qrdt 

de*ied ind iand br EIMon oe; 

'da 857) 

bqr o$e) 

'rnP@n 

b on6ie iid Edue ihr 

iind (. $ , cb'!#r,[rr rq s/r.@4[a, dd 

Msaturyt\hn 6 cbNrhytLfl afi I'tnrrrytrrn, 

iihod sv4adeur iudfrcd o,, itrr 6.D4 

dlitrr rrr&rd 444, er ) 'rhod 

NotrluJoiFligfJ|yP!olp'i,|'P.sldl 

TAYC)NOMIC T?IItTMENT IN TI{I5 

TIELDCUIDE 

(mPEheEi!Pt'uofthbownflfird.id- 

@6idsFg 

DdoE rh{ jr mc' rikry lbd nd n(6e.rv) 

8.un. Mn6 1. 3 , Pbrqrryr!,r innqd d 

cbo|nyro,,) havc sor pr&ed 6 s,..n,$y bl 

îdrr&r 

w64 c@rb ,ru), d rhr{ w6 unc! 

hnbsc 03s) f 3o.k 0{r) 5dd! 6 df Pur 

TIIE RICI]MOND ANI' TA}'TORSVTLLE 

lir yriro &d5 menE$ (ri3 3) rEW piqdcd 

No!$ Mda (r!de ? Pbr5 r 2r) Derdbr. 

tsbp t, *{h qrhb wis rh! rolrr ron,h * 

ceskrenbsofthTueyB6rchb!fubonii 

iLn 6 rtu c{nnn h 4e B6d m Fnoros 

3d A(ssn Ges) ind llmoN 0s7) fron rhe 

oF( r$s; coimL tret bur h@ mu.h dds 

encls'fiB63h:ndsdbhNcwr*bidi 

ot enilyiadi (hnnq ind Fontihe, ,em; 

comt Dzi; 

.nd &oehl€. rs9 atu 

nnflnsinb 

^$nrh 

(oken d n., Dzr tubh6 and 

THE EARIY CARNIAN MECA.FI,OI|A 

esk d Forilhe o3d3). who Fid tu.6 a 3nrl 

!!vc oDr nhca at wtihPo*, vilfhh (sr4 r). 

,[cn 5u6e]rcdry' &{k ( p@ h5, oe) srltd€d 

hn, whrh reP6ed9 i 99 hcru*. fla6]. ?) 

@ oeeEs (Fomiinq s{t Moc ddii[J it) 

Addlrom|'&wged$cnbedbybdiN 

o333) fn,n rh! M'drdhEdlid M.n$nd 

mhisdLrick(ribb3;F$ 3) w G(834plq 

ydduqPdftdCmPihtbndoDj'nhilgxa! 

id 'h &$6dt6+r! Rudba! (aa d$cdbed 

,de d rf! Ridmmd s# (ff3. rl, dd; uP.

cqrqrn or pr{idophyr spe.6 lb5tr 2), n 

dudbgdsmfu{e@!'dPkdeq,us,lnd3ts| 

lrFs'md]*bletrl)oeod6Tnr:Rh*np 

podued abou' u syi'olr{n 

sdudhs onoon cradDhyrR 

lpkns rtu'iith'f, Pt'qi4hu, 

3p

ior hoF ddart. soms d rhe .ods dtud b) 

,''*4,t6s6bhc|h}6o,ohck,inP|y 

lN6ianyPlends9''h.9gfun']yfuPo& 

oE tr bri D. rtu brlddrne osM,i o) tsd6 

}t^btr8'wd€xi'd),iM46j]yd*:kh 

d hooth Nd.&4t6 !h LnPGesr 3nd (z) 

NU wru {hd' b cod r&s[ld lc i 

op.iurh,re, pq! Qnn., 14), i5 n ipFre4dy 

rds, d 

'h!y Pq'ry PFlne &ra PtoPhytsnde4ieeh'n|ofl|)oild 

drd Fn! 

d rE whkrfr( ad. ltudih. rsrr 3od, 

rst. ftrbP, s. osl !$,nr Pbddoph/r5 

i rhqr h'irs (Ph6 4 iid 5) ind rhr dsqbrir 

PIh{mldPE$ioB'rN*hglre|s.Gc 

(rbE 6), whnh inpry rhd Lhe wrre LN ryii 

cr',ulir d,li,.,'d d c r.ddry(fhG5) 

saqBN[}dsu]eJb}nfbi!uids'fuF 

qk nrh! rrdepiJ. sru! 0t{t rctd.d 

^k^! 

idlia'if ($! 30.r, r27i'rudh{diw6 

doi d h!4mi! Pdre0J 

'*e R{* Eidcd 

'hh 

bcr oes) oNidlrlt cw,rnir,D, (?4i{r!r 

(Frno n re) &4 h h aDP{f! wi,h ahr 

bn. Auri!. Bbaisrr i strNh 0e*) s{drql 

8bfu!FI3nad4n|]$t!d!'!fumod.l 

idj blltq (!Y ., u) )d mofride, h4!ts a 

($ (moideEisdiuhesurpturu) in id iody i 

r$r 1@) Ar uPnshi, unbnn.tr n$.rcssLb 

t'lhott!i|h{hrhbqgPil]illyanP@^d 

hd'nbb\eh.dndbhl';n.tnuFlishl 

etsn5 (f6r! and cffrod, !7{, 

(8hEd$!i od srd8h, D6j 8ru8nii. F$) 

h c{r,,1a4, rhq d! d.hh{' rE! trn\ I rhr 

ts prGrcd (d. !\rrb{' re35b). 

T[' d|v clib j *(P Run h$ io6 1T:5]e 1) 

wfni0 E r tubbb!(Robhs rnd trrlni 

resr (hian ird,ohNoo red; cd,rNm, 

fudh{6!b!Niyllbsi:ft\ls|!'Fs)

E4ndd trciJl ind ' ,ndr .rrsrrs rp (dl 

bv!.I elTsfldE I Ros6t rfl. hund Pc 

*rdn8*furii.uynqthh|bdrsibly 

hw€ (Phr 2,, io 3) &a!* 

'ha rqd I 6[ 

drPr*ans d PhndoFhts ind ohb' irf 

rnd ar r 

bP d 

'h! 'he du' kn$ {eudr! 

Prdtrt {r,d$ rlr ,2, u, 5) snd hMtrr 

P'4rl!r' rd41'&! (nr! rtr !€F 6und 

d$dy (s.nbL i so/(vre (.(id 

'hd |$n, IM), ft!9 nnF 'h,6r h 814 !@n (7 + 

qn oq ry 3 5 .0 wid.), .d4 'rcm out! Laa wnh 

6s{sigpltlNindq\ui|$zsdP.lBk' 

trry..Md ninws ipriry lPhr n, id r)me 

!{Dr{ iir.dr6), nne! n hdb( b hr4'4 

dra. clrinr M.knrh{ee, 6n4t LrDclel 

D:hr8rtr d d, u8s) lnd $D,{k, (cqii, 

a3o hw dn, D77) a,..fnqurr pLd ri e., 

n no. ,). roD rdlh rtur dis b hdds tud 

rF ehcdie sd44trr4 be rakhbFi lre@) rhr 

tyP€h6dibcnFmgnizdFcliQd'hsd 

Gnd (re8et NFlkd i hi8tr diw6'y t!! s! 

iidT4'fiij[LhnnskPb.d66'.f'h.n4 

Pln8$'bolnoiphdqnddDmdgsMddlhc 

luElylkjdiisiFProPdko,{|he€!&}j 

nr hnhdo$ tlir drynnsPrn Pdko h*e 

ppdei!!drdhqp}'!oh!(dFb(a@ 

4m]f'hgs$ebusmoii'd{PdoM@! 

M!Te. lf t$ Edits1 F$. 13) fnd anc rnm 

lr$srhi,0ra), LhL lrtur'le d noird ih 

tfu{d.hi'lh.innr{ryi6Pqm5ioJ'Ftr 

THE MIDDI,E CAITNIAN MECAFLORA 

orhd{ldc?olhtnidecirnhimegdld* 

!h.ri/l,llitsb . hrr.rrlrsr)d$qird 

Phderw, !d &a& rron Hmmr cQntt 

$hrhL'&itibsedodii*r'lryhlh, 

+i(a{ str isEdi edD r, noB sb3s 

cf.k (!r srf r) q ts qrr cddr cdi., hs 

E@!.td16n.s6sie'eei8h'fuguc 

roiB euss crcr fLsb o, !i bd 6u d wbd 

qolh'h!sd'c{nb!ion'IomtkRth0.ld 

l!sh'ThBndaKcbdhsliq,Pl$!0rotud 

b ndroa and 5[6bns on (P d 

Ihds r harn€ 5ib diynd.i iid shihs. rh. 

bsdlrtuus *queme bdo$ b ecs3 0e&t

,4Pe.h|lryccckMmjb.'ryhid@!dts 

fu5i46crc€kdq:cdoDhikdbysyMc. 

E$lt]ol5p{i!'Pk'q,g[4n:p|(u$'i[n 

i5i|'dq{oPLfu(riilhqdovgllh*api|gF| 

Rdd 6.r* d s/us& / drph, i !4t 

iid qa, ren,b,6.6i! rN P,trdyrli 

Pi!64n{fsdqlnPrAddlE$(Dh} 

R@), rh€ nidd r.ht.cirnln upF sbdb l 

r o.btrq k,o{b^s h ftfrEyLqriqltud, rr6el 

A6drh rnd klhlr res), r&n'ddk.L'q()r 

$d$ (^5i. rrs), .Dd r& middh Lic .16Di 

MECAFOoSTI AND PALYIiOFLORAL 

C}IANCE INTHE CARNIAN 

€udP6n FrF6r{i4P6y lrlE .( e Fry 

drc,.urd,r'*'ri3'ririfi 1,",.,,r,r.r'.i,i4r4h 

zd@ 4! one&n. A 5nrb nrnb4 d Pl \ nc 

b Lb Nonai F E(FPe (c s , G, , r r! {( rrr 

,ud 3) b( *fr, r in.n'{ m rI rd,r \! frn.tr 

rh! oirdb ciiij'i (rihk 3) foqrnpc, $e 

7) @nFi$s i6!d 4 b{, d whih 2{ t1q, ) r. 

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^ 

h!{ e ieiii lrlurd I a/u I sdht 

Ahdii h rri,rv/! riLlr rr,r, dr D L 

d,ir., r ri r{,44 i/fir 8,1d4\4,,{ K pi 

riorhLsL,I!.4r uî dnde /rqituiri, 

L{t!w!'!c.udH'rsqh!*/J.p/Li 

r4!rlni.rrtqrri !ri1tr$ ii,tr ! ufP 

rh4 \t .f .kbus. vq ft rrr

cnrc, r R. !s. r6jq dd6 {i Fr' otrhts h s! 

a{t1 gnNP' $' h oi,; d, o1,J;' il3y, 

Tt til!$ ll1b m,wrt1tu)6, dd,q addr n, 

D4tuny L. H an h urlrlirrrri4 olnlJprd. 

t\y: rh@ t!fl tu hR hi.Mtbd car!\N st41 

'.od{Gkr@q'elifuid|0/h0r,oil 

godiddisP|'ldrutdioi!|9'knl'a 

ru ., r frdr Ndth c,o i r, u.s A. e ini o/ 

d trrrc4. ([d!pri{!!. tu .! o/ aL4rra! or 

i)dltht t ardi, k44ttt hh\ sr,11b.11s 

Rore d ardlr4 4d.i/yroi!& r5!'l 

o4.i,N$. & okr.tr*Nrdou d, kvituhjr 

&i3{ v. s. s$ L}[oF\4d!*j bqhtrFrprv 

u({todkld!P6l!!,M!tsi&J|y+f6l 

rrh$i.-rd4i

]!dd 4$dd s (ik' )rs. 

fdiA.i@lNtedBdJEvusldi!ltrh.odooo 

cod!4 B, K, R l ns1 c P wfu, A, J 

caG, ^s&oido|dfolDlunc!!lq!tMadB 

f r 4Ds roF dir r{d{E 

qwry Gdr. 

rta,l! M6@i 4 6,tu, tFkn $tr 

^@6, 

G!!ch@kfulw'D'c''A4enoce}hFb! 

$y!*dEfuEjRighihluuiilre'frd, 

a,a Nt!@h|tqi rpdn .f41\ Mtnli tit hirr, 

rar! r N.nr //{*r i, q!. n D oui !i(L P I w 

Phdlglc+qcilli!d4ud@bBhadoshlol 

Hdsi, H. J 1rru 6!d!r dr h$ uirrrq srd 

H{ri,a!.Dtr7|le6$['o!dscoql,sod' 

- rn. ald'rrd! tu dhh d4 cii 

[E Miri .&d& rrican !0&roJB,o/bbe ^ 'nn 

riqr6dryNd{G &h@rd4k !ft@p 

ra{yi'|-'14,6n!@e%fujgrtrd{utgii:PLh 

dtft[Frlia.oJnrdlb/!4tds.dfi]+' 

HDtantuttu$ rM 4tr 

'4d45. 

Mi6rqs ron rhe nF Mh edior sod c! 

N6iei!'liftehfug4}i'@u1B2A{ 

&e,uhi suBhF d d€ bic. &!rdb, t 

L'd,RI le8r lortu qei, d b,1! 8p@r d 

llscbhd drple! lP@) .oje !t &r@ib/oj 

Ltrwh, R r., iFd ,. r rbs tu4hdoa 4d Pdyrc 

dlafuqPqd0t€4iUsllMdk6oJoF' 

.pr tuttuM ur rbtfitun 121ot4. 

hrd dE A{m.( A! o q!i6n h Msi9d* ii6 

ia, atihid t41tuL an t4 qi{i, t r. Atlqti 

futrtrdF$'aruP'im'4'^'Nlw\6!|ilkihr 

M*b, ( L, c L v wJ. P4rs, i,r D c. 

îkr 

nh*i RnnNqd h5h, vqih h rnidt4Bir 

nfi4, dfuryrd hFbq ltr rr oin,4 tu 

^thin 

Mo6o, s I iqs rhrlr)n$r GiiphydLrrke 

^!si|'@,'44,n,0lli75 

ar{io. r&rdhn r s'ri!llrr]4 Zsrs 

attwnh{r, pd FlnN&)ttwl ntry 4 ety unE,r 

l!?h'!,k@b,i/l!j@,J91]|o*!iid 

o$4 P3., Pl.w G@dr.ls.idd sidebdE 

ôcdq',lld!']frJcal+hlo4N,c/,e,fr 

!r Frd lJ,' &. hdd arp cMs&ftI ND., 

cndadm d rtu s,t Mdud! rr{!* slFneP 

b! wdlbhrq FLftDdt ?N6 

îdb 

r,!n,r./ 

ansrcjuh$i b.bFd A'idbi eBr rin 

etr@id LielL*ic ad blt J@sr *drba6l 

iid p!tr.rc d rhe nn$r hNic tsuiFod !!ci 

tun. h nE bnuhq4 e. tN,4 dii&a, kuid 

&/B de" & li4lict i{$L burai4 d r hrbi.

h. PLnFe{ng d&'ni b Hd44 (iP shw&l 

lf hh,ehry qr ht!turq! 11 t 6 

snoierd rn nr@i. t@4ii,rlrl{ erd., 

Ld44'qdd.tanq.]fuAbttMr4d!B'|w 

od;rh l!r$nf) &sh. rn 6oltrn r4nF im o,, 

&41n

d.did]@,s ftqw/i ynid€a a. 

.ile{eA'ddbl,!i!,Mqb' 

k@R[]%cdolild&'llykFikbe, 

ho@! crot v!8idi. c,rrieriru 0 frre ctr 

4'Nt'err6?' rddh f,. 

.1e3t kw) rl tu tuidq M.\ arnnan, 

-.$2 cptw qd nitn],e,tu 4 tr. 

edDqr, r4;, utr66 Di6trdMrft€r ^+h,r 

wqE'rDr,Milwld|Pl|iBlnhtk'd' 

r( d Em+Fnh. d5. Mdd uEr, AdrF 

sc,ore Mi4revt&ffiqfi{ 

tr4d. uEid ai'b d mrenr &@|E ht 

!ve, c ., s r. ,ertlo iad * c. Mrrd as 

eqd tu irtd aty @dc t tu,dN 4r 

q!tu v,xr, vrqitu Deei !, Miilnr RF 

b a4 Nq6i (-25M.) F $pdo .rem sdi,!!i! 

ol auqia sihth ntinar\26.

d.reidred snalls ( Il,Rr) 

cy?hrJ 4r.., r., R., R!, Rr) 

or i sPP frc, rs, k, {!; Rr) 

ctofidi,rys 4d r (s.hidrq ind M(ftiruu 

re3) rcv !on5. (Rqbdionym Drru4r!. 

4.&ri schdffu ind McDutrd 1%l 

Drrwry*! qra{d (rt rs, Rc, Rl R') 

$rcoPblynj 

!nLdqrificd baics({0 

rcw slns d L{l.!w (tu) 

ncw 8!nus .r ,],inm,4dd Gn 

trEDr uddqmicd 61Dsa0 

udee'iEd eeth and sdre (tu) 

fuulh ,ldiLd, ( I! 

fvsd rc$ iorns (Ri, Rr rt 

hdqdie c@rMs$cs inolber, tu) n6Nd 

haf, r&r!y 8Fn.h !nQ*b( Rv) fttund 

b6h, vinh u€d, menbq rt riyroc!flc bash, 

TABIX 2 

/@n dr4 ri0,,!trtr" (uunbmri) ron':re. 

a.'. u! , oi,{,ri. Fo iahc 

A Ei ,froprlyl,B todahs 

A ' /. ui dNiri/d'f tufbin. 

chd./rrbrsni,r aN$bqry) hd (- c 

d4',d6qihlonteePbtsloind|. 

c/d'p]ldGPqld@'i'io6*FonbjncPblcl 

chrrc,dldi Do,io]ll4 (Rtu,si ) Btungnh* 

cdrlt,no ,inr dsi tEhnons) Bo.r ( - 

l!.ivrPrc,'iwli.mbFodihemdr' 

,he,riii Fdnhho Pb&\ 4, 5, ,nd e. 

cv*oFft d{/i 8Gk, 6und onry r 1!h1!r 

o@oF,4 |ldnrryr lrodacc)Bo.L, tu! ontt 

ftDoP*4ii!a.fu.1'i'laFln|nifui; 

Efltdisrd0!fudBod,dtli$uGhdLyE 

+is'r4 

ied!, (Dubry) Bo.k. Plar r

ctrid4rd ddor (!ortee) 8xk, 6uM ory * 

,4t4i!lot.74hd,s$lntdwtrb 

r,e,rcPr,n! rrdF (tnmom) Bkk ( = .. /nir& 

!4 Fdiitr), ds4ikd ldy wnh chr,Pbrn; 

dr rLrdi,e wrdh drtird (^shi re6e) 

Nd//d[s lrl]nbdr (hhDe) Bsry ( = 

srbrxm j\r,;l$,er tRiscEt tudhe ,nd 

orilt4! 

'0ft4r 

Brcsnnd) Phr! L. 

nF$lfi tu^d;dr *wjrhrPocr P,! 6 

P4 

'4?'ii 

r@4iitu dd b&, lbr d r r{ tun; 

zd /4e,ii ir'ir;, den d i tr< ft4j 6rid uiy 

,,!Dh' 4'fr 4i$rrd?i (Roses) s.6ihps, d$ 

,,.nhr+,e4 i@l,,Ird 1Rqq4 slhiipsi Jtq, 

r! rdd'Lr h4{etu Lhdhy & rlnon 1= Prr 

4qbiroiii!9, $tuchrlJ irh chrrrcpd ind 

Pt6|1|!na|bih4.!4|kb2c 

rMdi,/6 rdirritu (nqo t foirih!, N 

N( {d wrh cr{ddp4n lnd .bo&/rDr 

lsPfto, dd NrsisP{N (cqad, ree). 

,kaplLi, bqqaaq, caePP]t t= . Latu d 

fultryrD r{,r'dmr (rDntu4 n@. m6b 

lhsba cr4,![ru dsr4i tonubo fsl, 

Pb4ir/r@ 3rrldr, (6rrr) nlY @4b 

lbsim. onr4rJr, Pdtdi, hdihe b3rt, 

rl,rc/n r ,rci6rhr fDurL oir i wdbrP@k 

s/.ied $dfu (Emmo|' s.[ I &@ 

sP']@PIves'h,giBodrht2' 

5@3sitr5 dt@ nnqql ( - rlrdrr/!4rrs 

s,r/$nrs pha6 EhooE (= Adioh,&F* 

rArtqra $riiud Bdk, po$Lblo rprudw'ic 

irudue d Mid1hN4trtrr r44d4 round 

' 

TABI-E 3: 

cj,i";,r,h!".,,.",",",..,",,.".,",.d 

",c"tu.. 

crrltDn r^nirf lNelb.ry) Bek ( = c ftr 

plyDForaho rossibr$y(ryn cftdo,ndr 

i,/ll&h toaahe.6rd r viinks n n 

rthpl'dtb lihrri aa.r t= bmhtm66 ln 

sDirrt Fohhr), 6u!d iorMrhhbi 

P!ru/ryriD ,t r N*hoa" 6utrd d Mararhhn 

PrDrrryxrfl brrra (Lidby & !dbn) @v 

ani thrbi. odrut4r4n rer0, (Lid€y & 

Hdbn) 6daic r$t, rouqd n Midbdriu. 

trbn4bd by tu$r 046) i eeP tuei frod. 

z{irsrdre ,n8b6 loct rouid i* whrspqk 

P,'ol]!/iD i(r$o (EnnoB) 6nd^q r6nd 

o4 h cunbqhid aio, v4inh cirowir€

.ud*.!r4?oq6rtrr(8!nbury)f.dibc 

chdrDrdis z4inoitf (irrhsn.) Bffg n. nih 

cjrrtuFrru srcLe66 (.mnonr 6..k ( = 

^tri 

DdloP'lllfi,P,6undod'inD4PRu]bsb 

'fle,I6rid@d'itrcB@rid;tinsbkbyn, 

rr6dr6 !r!î (!uob(y) bcr Phr r. 

Mr'toh,ibr mnr,4r ltuga!) $hrdPer 

,h.drtdrrri d,Fiiih (tu)sd5) shhPo, 

trctusit$t kr6 (Bunbury) !o!hi& rhc,3 

N?Wh4r6 ui{himh (6nbhc) Bsry { = 

scdol!, /,,n!r/6 lRosst FodihL .nd 

dr4{r. ira,r6 BoBnhn). fhb r 

k4iuirs b'ri6hrrur (Roslt .odahq sso.n 

Prto/,f//' dtuiau cePFd Phrs 16md t 

s?n1l3h'*!LN$,6*|qfl'i'n66'l'ldj 

TABLE 5 

hd PaL, riiriubd by *iB {ns 

sm r$reE {e 3 , 12 cn lLde 5y $r 

UPpfiL,ll.oobin6gmaiiyL?Ij{. 

,PP , &E/0ri6 sPP. (Phrc 2r, 

'rs i. 2), lr!?s, qrd!'rLrrlgc 

(1au n, r), iird moFnuoDs 

ô 

tnu,llha. c&t turqv !r|"tm. 

M.k8r6 hrhtB. Dtty!fl\k 4 5P.. 

r, ô 4) nrd wirh (mDon $dr 

hft miA lPlare 2r, no o in a sriy 

no+eo qlhtcd noodPhir dja

35c&l'@kim&&d.4&!,8 

,P.otr!1, no 3) h bresnd4 

riBhr 8ny $ndt .nbbo€ 6FE, 

sb}1t'ldllhDlinnq.sbg.crGr 

h,rdr6 irlktru (Bohry) 6nhhe. 

c!dqrnr.!di@3r,nmoN) kk(= &@ 

a?4qunfiifti'!ruId/P6'!id' 

.1kr* qhri Guiery) &d Phk Ir fraF ,3, 

Mrrchd'r4tr 

LDlr4u$ 0bpB) s(hhper 

'* 

M&nrMi,l'urr My,&ri (nosN) $hinpei fld. 

.'dq,'d! d r rD ii (Dr4}qt}') anoE, 

turMmk &@,rdk rjdLy & Huno. ( = P 

,4u6' hddn4, src.n€d Nlh crr,oPrab 

,nr Pqhlwt twu1Mt ivrhhrptr d*e 

Phtvrrhut Innnkmn coeppsr l= c. bwrcdwn 

PkFpr!/l! k]rtud (r iirlE & rlurbi) rq 

@ob. lhnoi. cre{,4y[ 

& Hdtun) hddis fst nhdnkd ' '4ri4, 

(Lide 

by tul 

cqo h hlp Rrys iroE rhbb;tuh24 

!hrrrr{4 in!i,.'r (to fin ilr (wb. 

tbrb .!drs k&i@n tu6h i6t. hb 

trtrft r.ne G'dqE) kr ( = &i,r nr,i 

/tu torrriG). Phr !d r1i|e 2a no e. 

d. s/@qr'.i ,rer4i tuk. e€ ,i rk 2r, 

aurd @d0i tonhft (h Fmhhe lnd 

6owlo' 13s)i 6ui otrry 6 rrrcw,colnr' 

rsqn crulr). ndc tur Pr,r! r{, io !e

2'5 .&&derdd/diy' 

!7'Mkujqh.i|@itfu 

4tM|enc 

rdbe!b,,4d.d 

I- t.66h) 

esiqwtud'tuM turhrh

stktdtG btstii 

E8itkdts *hdk 

DrDrryb/ sp.' 

c = c4pr@ o€ridophyb, spEreprrte or rlophyh) 

c = Blnrelpqn (drh'y Nlnd h ibpd!. of liy dhq 4 dun) 

kG!!tr$ 3ono6 03*j rsr ForLi@ (@)' wMrd lrd tude! oes); Rr 

Ged st)i ctrEr otzbt 06 d d. lres), as6r[ (drE(re39; R c H!p! (pq' @Dos, 

'

a (|Qr o. lsdidLn h' odr) 

5h+DlrpRtlbsnmqdbdP!|iNfbn 

N = drr,' niddL Nqhn oiPcPc' G 

R = hb Ndd! (nbdbij 

B J. = bier JUE$I \cm{ 

crr.p.q c!frylbus, ,nd Ne{dk bsi! rryidbi 

ku (jtrn ipik nnsrnnr ri! LNr) piirndoc. 

{&rnddschePod!ndhs!o 

F$rd in rh 5ucadis (rcu$q) e|od 

:; 

I

o = iunbqdPavroflsds a a (*) 

(ûnbodPdynoooryn F! 

{ = o. +ii6cd (ob!i!6) 6!Eb6o!. 

^n$

o = of 

'dq 

Pdynofloruts 

ftrynotud zo (cdid, srrr' 

(Dubt dP| Foro?tuPs 

- = Aqs d amiffon' (dbr) (\h6rh. 

rtuh4'ulhri6ri'(mDrtN 

L'3l&h.dulls'dufumlili&hd(mmnP&d.4ogEfuo||.,!sF'*lo(rdm 

5ebqq(sdnnufilh$|(trn!

THE FONTAINE AND BOCK 

RICHMONDTTJLORSTfl IE FIOXA 

A|phe|ic|LslgfrthP|'bkl.Gffi 

*ddid tiitrlrt{r, Gdery) 

cU4jL64fu(N{&fy)&d 

cf'rrtivw {drdd! (bhdr M 

c[dAi!d,A?knl(6iiioB*r 

L' rrirr.rvrr4i (!Dmd) &!! 

&tr k,!i/!4.m!r4 ! (e8s) 

kDh,r/d 

^{i|llr{ 

'4itfu 

!P. thkb 

(r&8flt 

bflioh 

*&,qrddI{ili|Dfueh') 

!n1,rr4, sDiiii,u, Fsh ) 

is k eu,lrddnft h{\ 

irbd6 ,tur (rrNi!) [xr

sP€de dk hdrn.d idF@d b iiu"€'ioi 

Dudurbtrs { dued frcn Fon6e (4e) ind 

en4,tr@ sP orid! erjd, himr)

,A .{,M 

EIriselit.s tichnotd?ntit

Leptoc)c1ot.t 

Sphenopteris 

o^./ican( 

titholeti

Clathropterit 

netis.oides 

Plar6 3

ct.thoJorna 

.dratin.nsis

crdthaJorna cdratiae'sn 

k 

Crathotorna 

penti.a.po

C!dthocattis ca.otinersis Pteridocoalis Jatialis 

P td ri.lo c d rli s I hbmbifot nit

Acrottl.htt.t ti,na.a.lolluN 

Plare 7

M.rt.nsid.t brllatrs 

Al.1.h.nit.t distan!

t.!lophoro a.tu!ithoid.t 

Adn"rslk 

*tffiH" -wdil 

clathoJorna nrntiratpd 

Mzrt.nsid.s hallara

Lonchopt.ris obloiga 

c t, d.ph!" is'" " u tt" t. a ta

ctrdophl.bk auti.(lata 

Ctrdophl.bi! pt.rnoqhitbietsis 

CIaA.Phl.bit 

fl.ricona 

WWffi 

A c I o s ti c hite' t tn naeaeto t tu s

A 

\$, 

M{ 

M a.roto I alortz ris naEniloti a 

u,c,oiii'"iopaas ratnioPat* Ma.rota.niopt?tis 

nas"ilalia ddinntd

ffi 

Tria:siJbrn.t stdndilo.n

Phtoph!llt'n 

bruunid.tn

PIropnrllrrt ErnrnilotiLrt

Sph.nozanir.t 

rogersialrs

Podaztnit.s ldt.eolatrt 

M, 

V M 

M 

g 

^ss.cir..d w:lfi lt.toPhrlhn 

Plale 20

PfiOIOCX.AIfllc rut'ls 

s1ful3u.&bl'Dqe'Ldbd'y, 

!Trejh|hi5l!lll!!lt!l1ePl.bG 

@@i h r*!$ !$iq 

d?,lBdqfuh4Rui'Lilb!'y, 

,m,fr{r rmdq turkd{.rb 6r h 

Mr &d4d n64 re *@ t d kdt 

M. Afuht$4 E4tud.drEqE 

Fll&lw.kfful'lds*'d 

s6tdqt'd'dlhPfuiPldh|l'l 

M.7 L+*d{!.d a@cR}Phdh t 

erd[trPru s

ftd@dald€Ns tudle@deaeqFb# 

md Eilebmr h 6e bdr* SpeF Mrview d tb tlora dd IauM of th. 

pphtuMondddTaylodle tudhfiddftrydpdd 

lfu pevid. Se bd dMkd kre tu Dyl(Ml€ bh, *bl. aho gi4 

tad.Nuandfl@tuha*nNdd ffi@hontuh%ftEdekp 

hed.a.Ttuf,okdfttutu, tuhM,whdb,srnffidde 

*nr Sdopfir, lFFas, FGd€ ednond hq. Bb k h d 

FkwhF6ie*Ihdd6ad 

tu@&'tude@d, 

Cfadal.E, and cffift. Insecb and ddE ddg rk Cddar a the {h 

ffi-ile E@s *o h k6 6r f,d dwairy was 6. h4he* tu any 

ledtus€ehss N.@ksel:lwa968&s. 

c()E ilusrftn: kffidor d rrtu!.d. 

hd h s€ hd 5ft5 0f h.d.a

early to middle carnian (triassic) flora and fauna - SunStar Solutions

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