Water Sensitive Urban Design

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Water Sensitive Urban Design 2.4 Costs Water-efficient landscaping can be installed at no additional cost to non-water-efficient landscaping. Costs for meeting water conservation targets should be balanced against improved receiving water quality and less dependence on potable water systems. For example, residents may value the ability to water their garden with rainwater or reclaimed water, while potable water restrictions are in place. Demand management measures can be considered cost-neutral, as water efficient fittings and appliances can be used in place of non-water-efficient equivalents at similar prices. Similarly, water-efficient landscaping can be installed at no additional cost to non-water-efficient landscaping. Some demand management measures can even save significant amounts of money, for example efficient shower heads reduce hot water use, which in turn reduces hot water heating costs. Alternative water sources include some additional costs. Rainwater tanks are readily available and there is information on costs available from suppliers. A good indicative cost to use for a typical household rainwater tank is around $2- 3,000, including supply and installation of a simple above-ground tank (slimline tanks or other special designs are likely to be more expensive). Maintenance costs are around $90/year (MUSIC User Manual, 2005). These costs assume that the rainwater tank is plumbed into the house and includes a pump. Stormwater reuse costs are difficult to summarise in general terms. There are significant economies of scale, depending on the magnitude of the reuse system. Key cost components include the treatment and storage systems. It is best to look at stormwater reuse costs on a site-specific basis. Greywater diversion and treatment systems range in cost depending on the size and type of the treatment system. In the Landcom report Wastewater Reuse in the Urban Environment: Selection of Technologies (2006), two single household greywater treatment systems were included in the analysis and they cost around $5,000-6,500 for supply and installation and
Water Sensitive Urban Design Ponds at the end of the wetland treatment system | Park Central Golf course stormwater storage | Prince Henry 2.5 Key Issues Key issues for the implementation of water conservation initiatives are; •• Minimise demand with the use of water efficient fittings and appliances. •• Consider the different sources of water available (e.g. potable, rainwater, recycled water) and match water sources with end uses that have compatible quality requirements. •• Check the availability of recycled water in the region. The use of centralised recycled water systems (dual pipe reticulation) makes it possible to meet BASIX targets without the use of rainwater tanks or to exceed BASIX targets with rainwater tanks. •• Where rainwater tanks are to be provided, tanks should be sized with respect to the available roof area and the anticipated demands. •• Regional stormwater harvesting could be incorporated into developments using tanks or ponds as storage systems, e.g. for irrigation of public open space. •• Greywater recycling is typically more difficult to implement than other options, as it requires separation of greywater from the wastewater stream, but this may warrant investigation where other options are limited. •• A combination of different alternative water sources could make it possible to achieve reductions in potable water demand much greater than 40%. 60% reduction is considered a realistic stretch target that could be achieved using recycled water for toilet flushing and outdoor use, plus a rainwater tank for hot water. Book 2 | planning and management 13
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