ZINGIBERACEAE IN SOUTHEAST VIETNAM
in vietnam - Sud Expert Plantes
in vietnam - Sud Expert Plantes
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<strong>Z<strong>IN</strong>GIBERACEAE</strong><br />
<strong>IN</strong><br />
<strong>SOUTHEAST</strong><br />
<strong>VIETNAM</strong><br />
Trần Hữu Đăng - University of Science, Hồ Chí Minh City, <strong>VIETNAM</strong><br />
Jana Leong-Škorničková - Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens, S<strong>IN</strong>GAPORE<br />
Mark Newman - Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, SCOTLAND<br />
Oral Presentation in the 5 th International<br />
Symposium of Zingiberaceae, China 2009
<strong>Z<strong>IN</strong>GIBERACEAE</strong><br />
Perennial herbs, 10 cm – 8 m, evergreen or partly dormant<br />
More than 50 genera and 1500 spp.<br />
Over 3700 names complicated nomenclature<br />
Greatest diversity in Asia<br />
Indochina is one of the biodiversity hotspots, but<br />
greatly under explored<br />
50/1200 spp.<br />
1/200 spp.<br />
4/150 spp.
IMPORTANCE OF G<strong>IN</strong>GERS<br />
<strong>IN</strong> <strong>VIETNAM</strong><br />
SPICES (ginger, turmeric, cardamom, galanga)<br />
SOURCE of STARCH (C. pierreana)<br />
VEGETABLES (Z. zerumbet leaves, A. galanga<br />
– cooked with dog meat)<br />
MEDIC<strong>IN</strong>AL PLANTS (C. longa, K. galanga, K.<br />
rotunda, H. coronarium, Z. zerumbet)<br />
ORNAMENTALS (E. elatior, A. purpurata, H.<br />
coronarium etc.)<br />
COSMETICS industry (C. longa - creams)<br />
PACK<strong>IN</strong>G MATERIAL (Elettariopsis sp. –<br />
wraping cakes)<br />
CULTURAL IMPORTANCE (myths, folk tales<br />
& black magic)
<strong>IN</strong>DOCH<strong>IN</strong>A<br />
<strong>VIETNAM</strong><br />
LAOS<br />
CAMBODIA<br />
SE<br />
LOUREIRO (1790)<br />
13 spp. in Cochinchina<br />
0 in SE Vietnam<br />
GAGNEPA<strong>IN</strong> (1908)<br />
103 spp. Indochina<br />
17 in SE Vietnam<br />
PHẠM HOÀNG HỘ (2003)<br />
98 spp. in Vietnam,<br />
37 in SE Vietnam<br />
VNM Herbarium (2008)<br />
29 specimens from Indochina<br />
1 from SE Vietnam
MATERIALS & METHODS<br />
Majority of Zingiberaceae flower during the rainy season<br />
all but one field trip were conducted from June to September 2008
MATERIALS & METHODS<br />
Herbarium specimens & spirit samples (E, P, RUPP,<br />
S<strong>IN</strong>G, VNM & Nat. Uni. Laos)<br />
Detailed descriptions i & flower dissections i in field<br />
IUCN – following latest guidelines (2001)
ACCOUNT<br />
46 collections<br />
IUCN<br />
10 genera & 33 species<br />
22 species in wild<br />
11 species cultivated or naturalized<br />
RESULTS<br />
27 taxa identified up to specific level, 5 taxa provisional names<br />
(unclear taxonomy or nomenclature)<br />
dormant genera greater diversity consistent with climate of SE<br />
Vietnam with pronounced dry season<br />
25 species were ranked as Least Concern (LC)<br />
3 species were ranked as Near Threatened (NT)<br />
5species were ranked as Data Deficient (DD)<br />
MA<strong>IN</strong> HABITATS<br />
Semi-deciduous forests<br />
Grassland in dipterocarp forests<br />
Open spaces<br />
Humid rocky places
Semi-deciduous forests
Grassland in dipterocarp forests
Open spaces
Humid rocky places
RESULTS – account of gingers
Curcuma – 7 spp.<br />
Subgen. Hitcheniopsis<br />
i i<br />
C. gracillima – rare, in bamboo forest<br />
C. alismatifolia – rare, dipterocarp<br />
grasslands, horticultural potential<br />
IUCN: Least concern (LC)<br />
Curcuma gracillima<br />
Curcuma alismatifolia<br />
Subgen. Curcuma<br />
C. pierreana – widespread; recorded by<br />
Phạm as wild and cultivated, no cultivation<br />
seen in SE Vietnam<br />
IUCN: Least concern (LC)<br />
Curcuma pierreana<br />
Curcuma cf. petiolata<br />
C. petiolata t – rare, found only once<br />
IUCN: Data deficient (DD)
Curcuma – 7 spp.<br />
Subgen. Curcuma<br />
C. longa – source of turmeric, widely<br />
cultivated as a spice<br />
IUCN: Least concern (LC)<br />
Curcuma longa<br />
C. aff. euchroma – naturalized and<br />
cultivated t as medicinal i plant<br />
C. aff. viridiflora – naturalized and<br />
cultivated as medicinal plant<br />
IUCN: Least concern (LC)<br />
Curcuma aff. euchroma<br />
Curcuma aff. viridiflora<br />
Both species commonly misidentified<br />
for C. longa
Amomum – 4 spp.<br />
A. biflorum – widespread in various<br />
habitats<br />
A. tomrey<br />
A. elephantorum<br />
Amomum biflorum<br />
Amomum tomrey<br />
A. uliginosum – ligule very variable in<br />
length intraspecific variability or different<br />
varieties?<br />
Amomum elephantorum<br />
Amomum uliginosum<br />
IUCN: Least concern (LC)
Globba – 4 spp.<br />
Taxonomy of the genus is hazy<br />
extensive changes in synonymy<br />
Globba pendula – widespread<br />
reported by all three studies<br />
Globba pendula<br />
Globba albiflora var. aurea<br />
Globba albiflora var. aurea – new<br />
record for Vietnam<br />
Globba marantina<br />
– reported by<br />
Phạm as G. barthei<br />
IUCN: Least concern (LC)<br />
Globba marantina<br />
Globba geoffrayi<br />
Globba geoffrayi – also new record<br />
for Vietnam, previously recorded from<br />
Cambodia<br />
IUCN: Data deficient (DD)
Kaempferia – 4 spp.<br />
Kaempferia aff. marginata – so far<br />
not recorded from Vietnam<br />
Kaempferia rotunda – reported by<br />
Phạm as Boesenbergia rotunda<br />
IUCN: Least Concern (LC)<br />
Kaempferia aff. marginata<br />
Kaempferia rotunda<br />
Kaempferia angustifolia – rare<br />
Kaempferia galanga – cultivated &<br />
naturalized<br />
IUCN: Data Deficient (DD)<br />
Kaempferia angustifolia<br />
Kaempferia galanga
Zingiber – 4 spp.<br />
Z. officinale – commercially cultivated<br />
in SE Vietnam<br />
Z. zerumbet – cultivated on local scale<br />
& naturalized<br />
Z. collinsii – high ornamental potential<br />
IUCN: Least Concern (LC)<br />
Zingiber officinale<br />
Zingiber zerumbet<br />
Z. pellitum – re-collected from TYPE<br />
locality; facing habitat loss<br />
IUCN: Near Threatened (NT)<br />
Zingiber collinsii<br />
Zingiber pellitum
Alpinia – 3 spp.<br />
Alpinia conchigera<br />
Alpinia galanga<br />
A. conchigera – widespread in various<br />
habitats<br />
A. galanga - cultivated t as spice<br />
A. purpurata – cultivated as an<br />
ornamental<br />
Alpinia purpurata<br />
IUCN: Least Concern (LC)
Boesenbergia – 3 spp.<br />
Boesenbergia xiphostachya<br />
Boesenbergia sp.<br />
Boesenbergia aff. longiflora<br />
IUCN: Near Threatened (NT)<br />
IUCN: Data Deficient (DD)<br />
Found only in the altitude range 90-150 m in Tân Phú Forest and Cát Tiên NP near<br />
streams or waterfalls<br />
All 3 spp. not previously recorded
Etlingera – 2 spp.<br />
Etlingera elatior<br />
Etlingera megalocheilos<br />
E. elatior eato - cultivated aedasaas an ornamental<br />
a<br />
E. megalocheilos - recorded by Phạm as E. littoralis<br />
IUCN: Least Concern (LC)
Elettariopsis & Hedychium - 1 sp.<br />
E. triloba - flowering in the dry season<br />
IUCN: Least Concern (LC)<br />
Elettariopsis triloba<br />
H. coronarium - cultivated as medicinal<br />
and ornamental plant<br />
IUCN: Least Concern (LC)<br />
Hedychium coronarium
CONCLUSION<br />
10 genera & 33 species<br />
out of 17 species reported by Gagnepain – 5 this study<br />
out of 37 species reported by Phạm -18 this study<br />
Elettaria, Gagnepainia, and Stahlianthus - not recorded<br />
16 species newly recorded for SE Vietnam in this study<br />
Destruction of habitats & loss of species<br />
Misidentifications and name changes for nomenclatural reasons<br />
Sites mainly explored during rainy season, while Gagnepainia,<br />
Stahlianthus and some Curcuma often flower just before rainy<br />
season, or Elettariopsis in dry season<br />
More sites need to be explored
CONCLUSION<br />
More fieldwork in unexplored areas and<br />
different periods of the year are needed to<br />
fully understand the biodiversity of gingers<br />
in SE Vietnam.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT<br />
SEP project for funding<br />
Vietnam National University and Singapore Botanic Gardens<br />
for facilities<br />
Relevant Vietnam authorities in Vietnam for granting<br />
pemissions to collect<br />
Organisers of China symposium for financial support to<br />
attend the symposium<br />
Prof. Lê Công Kiệt and Dr. Trần Triết from Vietnam National<br />
University, who encourage us to study Zingiberaceae family<br />
in Vietnam
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