Horse Trail Infrastructure

Horse Trail
Infrastructure
Guidelines for Peri-Urban Precincts
A supplement to:
Sustainable Recreational Trails: Guidelines for the planning,
design and maintenance of recreational trails in South Australia.

Contents
03 Introduction
05 Barriers
06 Bridges and Boardwalks
09 Underpasses
12 Hitching Posts, Rails and Rings
14 Cavaletti (Step-overs)
16 Mounting Blocks
18 Watering Points
20 Riding Alongside Roadsides
22 Road Crossings
25 Signage
30 Horse Yards
31 Trail Heads
32 Trail Design Notes
34 References and Useful Links
Cover photo courtesy The Advertiser.
Photographer: Sarah Reed
Acknowledgements
Horse Owners of the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges Inc
Elizabeth Stone, ACT Equestrian Association Inc
Andrew Inglis, Australian Trail Horse Riders Assoc.Inc
City of Onkaparinga, South Australia
Prepared by Horse SA with funding support from the Office for
Recreation, Sport Statewide Enhancement Program
All or part of this document may be copied and distributed with
permission from, and with acknowledgement of, Horse SA
Disclaimer
Although all reasonable care has been taken in preparing this
information, Horse SA, the Office for Recreation and Sport or
its officers accept no liability resulting from the interpretation
or use of this information. The information is subject to change
without notice
© Horse SA 2010
2

Introduction: Horse Trails in
Peri-urban Areas
Peri-urban is the term used to describe the inter-face between city
and country. New housing estates are being placed on land used
previoulsy for agricultural purposes, often in a patchwork sort of
way, with remnant traditional farming properties in-between.
Housing estates often have the unintended effect of being built
over traditional pathways or land used by people for recreation or
informal transport corridors used to move from home to business
or recreational pursuits.
This alienation includes horse riders being limited or restricted
from being able to travel between horse keeping and horse riding
areas.
Local Governments are increasingly recognising the need to provide
for horse riders as part of a planned recreational trail system.
Ideally, a local or regional recreational trail plan identifies not only
current trail networks (signed or unsigned) but new opportunities.
Recreational trail plans may or may not include commuter routes,
but must interface with a range of land managers and adjacent
councils.
A safe, accessible trail network can be provided through urbanised
areas, utilising road verges, open public space and unmade road
reserves or service corridors. By far, it is easier to include trails
in the planning stage of new developments rather than trying to
install as an after-thought.
Recreational trails are a low cost facility, often open 24 hrs a day,
7 days a week with no entry fees. A low-cost investment for maximum
return in use by residents and user groups.
Trail users are typically not members of any clubs, but use trails
to fit in with their own personal busy timetables and seek to use
trails in their local area.
People use trails for a range of reasons from bird watching, exercise
or fitness to enjoying nature, socialising or even competitive
activities. How people participate is far ranging, from a solo adventure
to an organised group activity.
Recreational trails are a community facility and need to be asset
registered with management and maintenance plans. The trail
facility is then included in all strategic, operation plans and
schedules (financial, maintenance, asset) as Local Government or
other land management agency would for any other valued community
facility.
Perceived low horse numbers due to predicted housing booms is
not a reason not to plan for horse use on multi-use trails. A well
designed multi-use trail will almost certainly be suitable for horse
use., as well as cyclists and walkers.
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Other trail users are quite happy to share a trail with a horse, as
long as it is sign posted that horses should be expected to be seen
on the trail. This is the same as walking on a route that is signed
to raise awareness that cyclists are expected to be seen.
Land Managers are encouraged to sign routes used by horse
riders, this not only preserves trail routes but increases user
awareness and therefore safety.
Horse riding in particular, is captured as a valued part of our Australian
Cultural Heritage and opportunities need to be provided to
celebrate and practice this tradition.
It is also quite achievable to provide for horse trails in an environmentally
sustainable manner with a combination of good planning,
trail design and installation of appropriate infrastructure to manage
potential impacts.
All trails require user group education through signage, maps,
website information and engagement of local clubs.
Land managers, trail designers & planners are encouraged to consult
with a range of horse riders as different sectors (e.g. dressage,
western) may have different requests to inform the brief.
Understanding of Local Government & local land manager processes
is critical for effective input into planning for the trail horse
sector.
This resource seeks to provide a guide for Land Managers in relation
to (ridden) horse trail infrastructure, as part of a multi-use
recreational trail network. This Guideline is supplementary to “Sustainable
Recreational Trails: Guidelines for the planning, design
and maintenance of recreational trails in South Australia”
References in the appedices will provide guidance for horse trail
surfaces and other related resoruces.
Signage
Mt. Crawford Forest
South Australia
Photo: Julie Fiedler
© Horse SA 2010
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Barriers
Introduction
Land Managers often seek to permit horse access while providing
a barrier for vehicles. A barrier layout is a “control point” on a trail,
used to modify speed or direction.
Poor design will mean that a “crush point” is created with associated
safety hazards.
Construction Materials
A wide variety of solid materials can be used including metal or
recycled plastic bollards, posts or rocks. Land Managers may have
further requirements, in order to deter vehicles.
Construction Guidelines
Barriers requiring a horse to step over an obstacle should not exceed
35 cm height
The barrier to have no protruding sharp edges
A hardened surface friendly for horses at the “control point” where
trail users pass through the barriers. Smooth cement is not suitable.
Bottom left Coast to Vines Rail
Trail
City of Onkaparinga
South Australia
Bottom Right
Tom Roberts Horse Trail
City of Mitcham
South Australia
Siting Checklist
Bollards, posts or rocks are ideally placed > 1.5 m apart
Vegetation height clearances above the barrier > 3.7 m
A safety zone of 2 m to allow for clear access and egress
A clear trail corridor through the barrier is to be evident
Approach & departure sightlines for best distance
© Horse SA 2010
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Bridges and Boardwalks
Introduction
Bridges are the single most expensive item to include in a trail build
budget. Bridges suitable for recreational trail use may also need
to service a number of other users, including emergency service
vehicles.
Boardwalks are really just a series of inter-connected bridges postioned
just above ground height. Traditionally made of wood,
boardwalks are placed on sand, marshes or over wetlands. Horse
trails rarely have boardwalks, with modern trail builders choosing to
utlise geotextile options or relocate around this type of environment.
Bridge planning, design and installation is the domain of trained
engineers, who can also cost out the best option and meet building,
safety & environmental codes.
This document seeks only to provide a guide to the needs of horse
riders, in order that preferred specifications can be inserted into a
brief for a new or refurbished bridge.
Construction Materials
Noise will frighten horses. If the bridge is made of metal or other
noisy material, then treatments to deaden the noise will need to be
applied.
Anti-slip surfacing is paramount, as is a surface without lots of
loose debris. Consider spraying a grit based surface over timber
decking to provide grip and dull the noise or to lay rubber matting
designed for equestrian use.
Bridges supplied to “meet Australian Standards” can arrive with
a surface of modern plastics which have proven quite slippery.
Normally quiet horses lose confidence and refuse to cross. There
are no Australian Standards for bridge design or aspects of design
(e.g. surfacing) for horses, so working closely with the manufacturer
is essential.
The colour & consistency of the surface of the trail should
continue from the trail tread approaching the bridge, over the
bridge decking itself.
A parapet is a low protective wall or railing along the edge of a
raised structure e.g. a bridge. The narrower the bridge, the higher
the parapet. On a wide bridge with low user traffic, horse riders
can travel towards the centre, reducing the reliance on parapets.
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Opening of the Amy Gillet
Bikeway
(Adelaide Hills Rail Trail)
Adelaide Hills Council,South
Australia
Photo: Julie Fiedler
On bridges or boardwalks less than 600 mm from the ground,
(wide, with good sight lines) no parapets may be required. If a
parapet is to be constructed to block out high volume traffic, research
of existing structures world wide is recommended first as
no design standards exist.
No gaps to appear between planks if used for decking.
Dimension Guide
(note: These are a guide only, to be considered along with Australian
Standards for bridge design)
Preferred decking width: > 3.5 m (note this is wider than a trail
surface, as there is no room to move off to the side) Individual
sites may have narrower bridges, in consultation with horse
owners.
Minimum cross-fall the design selected will permit
Decking kickboard positioned 25 mm above the decking (to allow
for water drainage) to a suggested height of 250 mm, which
will assist to arrest a hoof should a horse startle and his leg slide
sideways.
Solid parapets of 1.8 m or greater may need to be applied to
bridges over or near major highways or where a specific type of
horse is being catered for (e.g. young racehorses)
On wide bridges with good sight lines lower parapets may suffice,
on consultation with riders.
Siting Checklist
“Flared” approaches to bridges will assist nervous horses. To be
constructed outside the limits of the bridge. A continous rail from
the flair to the paraphet is required to minimise hooking of stirrup
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irons or other preventable accident.
Where the bridge is not part of a designated horse trail or for other
reasons requires a rider to dismount and mount, mounting blocks
may need to be provided at each end of the bridge.
Horse waiting areas to be considered for each end of the bridge,
to allow for riders to wait until a clear passage is available to go
accross.
Signage to be erected at each end of the bridge, reminding users
to give way to horses. Narrow bridges may also require signage
A culvert which does
not require parapets
Coast to Vines
Rail Trail
City of Onkaparinga
South Australia
© Horse SA 2010
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Underpasses
Example of an underpass
suitable for horses.
Australian Capital Territory
Photo: Elizabeth Stone
AFT
Introduction
Underpasses are a way of gaining safe passage for trail users from
one side of a busy road or railway to another. On most occasions,
existing infrastructure instalments are utilised. If horse riders in a
local area are participating in consultation for a new roadway, the
inclusion of an underpass during the construction phase will reap
rewards for many years.
Should riders be required to dismount to negotiate the underpass,
a mounting block needs to be provided at each end as part of the
construction brief.
Construction Materials
An underpass is a major project which will have environmental,
building, safety and weight bearing requirements. Preferred materials
will be selected by Engineers.
Noise levels will need to be considered and construction materials
selected to minimize.
Ample natural lighting is to be available or artificial lighting
provided.
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Dimension Guide
Preferred height > 3.7 m
Preferred width > 4.0 m
A lower height may be agreed to by local horse riders in
collaboration with the land manager. The shape of the roof will
have an influence on perceived or real available space.
Narrow underpasses will need to allow for adequate space at each
end to enable horse riders to halt horses and wait for a clear passage
through.
Siting Checklist
The underpass should be kept clear of overhanging vegetation to
maintain sight lines and ease of access.
Manholes or other fittings and fixtures need to sit flush to avoid
injury
Similar to bridges, the trail surface ideally continues through the
underpass.
It is recommended to provide right of way signage at each end
Signage relating to any other hazards, including seasonal or heavy
rain event water flow need to be arranged
Underpass segregating horse and
walk/cycle
Ideally a greater sight line would be
available
Australian Capital Territory
Photo: Elizabeth Stone
© Horse SA 2010
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Underpass is a bridge over a shallow creek.
Coast to Vines Rail Trail
City of Onkaparinga, South Australia
Photo: Julie Fiedler
Underpass segregating horses from walk/cycle
Australian Capital Territory
Photo: Elizabeth Stone
Underpass segregating horses and walk/cycle.
Broom brushed concrete and dirt trail surface for
horse riders.
Australian Capital Territory
Photo: Elizabeth Stone
Underpass utilizing prefabricated pipe segment
Tom Roberts Horse Trail
City of Onkaparinga, South Australia
Photo: Julie Fiedler
© Horse SA 2010
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Hitching Posts, Rails and Rings
Introduction
D
There will be times that horse riders will need to tie up a horse.
This is most likely to occur at trail heads, watering points and at
locations that rider rest facilities are found.
Local riders will be able to advise the land manager where horse
tie up infrastructure is required along a trail route, other than at
trail heads.
The provision of a horse tie-up facility will remove the need to tie
up a horse to another potentially unsafe object and reduce the
need to tie horses up to trees. Horses may cause damage to trees
if tied up for long periods of time, such as an overnight campsite.
There are many peri-urban horse trails that would not require a
horse tie-up facility, as they are short distance trails or the primary
user group lives locally and will complete a full ride without resting
or tying up a horse. As an estimate, distances of less than 12 Km
will not require a tie up facility other than at the trail head.
A horse float parking site should include horse tie up facilities.
The most common infrastructure installments required to tie up a
recreational trail horse are:-
Hitching Ring: A heavy duty metal ring anchored firmly into
another solid fixture, such as a wall. Accommodates only one
horse.
Historial hitching post
Stirling township main street
Adelaide Hills Council
South Australia
Photo: Julie Fiedler
Hitching Post: A single upright post. Strong enough to withstand
at least a 750Kg horse pulling back with all their
strength. Accommodates only one horse. Many towns will have
both hitching rings and posts on their local heritage register.
Hitching Rail
Canberra Agistment Grounds
Australian Capital Territory
Photo: Elizabeth Stone
© Horse SA 2010
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Hitching rail: Accommodates 2 – 4 horses on one side
High-line: A suspended rope between two high points.
Horses are tied to the rope. Primarily used for overnight camping.
High points are two taller established trees or two solid
posts provided by the campsite manager.
As this guideline has a focus on peri-urban horse trails, hitching
rails will be considered as the mostly likely requiremen
Construction Materials
A hitching rail needs to withstand the rail snapping, bending or
the uprights coming loose from their anchor point. The infrastructure
will be tested when a full size horse pulls back with all of its
weight on a rope or rein. Horse lead ropes or bridle reins often do
not break under the strain.
The hitching rail should meet the horse at chest height and will
have to also take strain from a horse pushing and rubbing against
it.Timber is higher maintenance than piping.
Top: High-line demonstration
Belair National Park
South Australia
Bottom: Hitching ring
embedded in a wall
Old Council Pound building
Mid Murray Council
South Australia
Photographs: Julie Fiedler
Design Guide (for hitching rails)
Timber rail >200mm in diameter
Piping approx: 75-100 mm diameter
Rail height range: 990mm – 1220mm
Length of rail: 3000-5000mm. Longer rails will require additional
bracing or uprights.
Siting Checklist
A hitching rail installment should be placed at least 6 m from any
other trail infrastructure, including the trail itself, picnic facilities
or a watering point. Height clearance above the rail to be > 3.7 m.
Additional hitching rails can be sited within their measured out
“safety zones”.
Only one single rail infrastructure installment per safety zone.
The safety zone is free of hazards such as wire, exposed tree
roots, designated car parks or picnic infrastructure.
Infrastructure to be installed on a hardened surface with natural
drainage. Surface can be compacted earth or aggregate, dolomite
or sand on a firm base. Artificial surfaces such as purpose made
equestrian matting placed on a prepared base is ideal.
© Horse SA 2010
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Cavaletti (Step Overs)
Introduction
The primary purpose of a cavaletti (also known in some states
as a step-overs or horse stile) is to prevent entry by motorbikes
or vehicles onto a trail but allow for safe access for horse and
rider.
Walkers and cyclists can still negotiate a cavaletti, although
some trail managers are also providing specialist gates for
these trail users too. Cyclists with panniers will find cavaletti
difficult to negotiate.
Horse riders will need to be advised of the type of step-over
installed as part of the trail infrastructure and where they may
expect to find them.
Construction Materials
Timber, including railway sleepers, are most suitable for the
rails which the horse steps over. Metal is not recommended, as
horses will hit this with their hooves, make a noise and frighten
themselves.
Metal may be used for side bracings or components not
expected to be hit by a hoof or the riders stirrup.
Design Features
Preferred rail height for horses to step over: 30 – 35cm
Preferred width: 3.0 m
Minmum width: 1.5 m
Example of single rail cavaletti
Kuitpo Forest, South Australia
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Two rails is often enough to deter motor cycles, however in South
Australia, Land managers often build a box frame base so that
additonal rails can be added at any time in the future.
Distance between rails: 1.2 m give or take 100 mm
Siting Checklist
The cavaletti needs to be sited on a near-level base, with all natural
surface water draining well away from the installation.
The horse rider attempting to access and egress the cavaletti will
need a defined trail tread surface to safety negotiate the obstacle.
One of the most common problems observed with placement of
this type of infrastructure, is related to water. Often, as step-overs
are placed to the side of the main carriageway, then the surface
water running off the roadway or trail surface travels under the
cavaletti.
Armarta Road,
City of Onkaparinga,
South Australia
(water erosion)
Photo: J Fiedler
Ideally, site selection includes a firm surface with natural drainage.
However, as this type of infrastructure is often installed at “pinch
points” or narrow points of concentrated trail activity, this is not
always possible.
The addition of 150 mm of dolomite on a compacted base
(with no gravel component greater than 10 mm in diameter) is
recommended for all installations to avoid the possibility of water
pooling at the point either side of the cavaletti.
The placement of the hardened surface will need to extend out
past the cavaletti for at least 1.5m either side to capture the stride
before and the stride after the horse negotiates the obstacle.
© Horse SA 2010
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Mounting Blocks
Introduction
The installation of mounting blocks along a trail will increase usage
by horse riders. Mounting blocks can be installed at trail heads and
at gates which require horse riders to dismount to open or close.
Other names include mounting steps, which implies portability or
mounting ramps (steps and ramp onto a platform for wheelchairs)
Trails located in peri-urban areas around our major cities and towns
are the most likely to benefit from mounting block installation.
Trails in these locations are more likely to have the requirement for
a lot of gates.
Often riders will seek out a rock, mound of dirt or old tree stump
which serves the same purpose, however these natural features are
not always available, be poorly positioned or unsafe to use in all
weather.
Mounting blocks consisting of one, two or three steps are suitable
for peri-urban trails.
Riders normally mount the horse on the left side (when the head
is facing forward) The rider is in a vulnerable position during the
mount, in the phase between having one foot is in the stirrup and
one on the ground until the time that both feet are placed in the
stirrups. If the horse moves during this time the rider can lose balance,
or at the least, is less able to control the horse from moving
its body around. Therefore a clear area around mounting blocks is
of importance.
The guidelines described for mounting blocks in this document are
for a very basic design only. Trails regularly utilised by riders with
a wheelchair would potentially benefit from a wheelchair accessible
mounting ramp placed at trailheads.
Links to further mounting block and ramp information can be found
in the appendicies
Construction Materials
Material or material combinations of stone, earth, timber or trail
specific plastics (with anti-slip tread surface) Materials to be avoided
are those which are lightweight, slippery when wet or make a noise
when used.
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Design Guidelines
Land Managers will have a requirement to consider their agency
design specifications for human steps and placement of steps in
public places.
The design selected (one, two or three steps) will depend on budget,
siting on the trail and building materials. A design featuring
steps on both sides of a platform may be considered in some sites.
All edges to be rounded. Any fittings to be set flush. As a guide;
Individual step height approx. 250 mm
Width of each step > 500 mm
Depth of each step > 250 mm
The platform area on the top step to be at least 750 mm (as
some rider foot placement adjustment is often required if the
horse does not stand quite still).
Historical Ladies Mounting Block
circa 1864
Auburn, South Australia
© Horse SA 2010
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Watering Points
Introduction
Horse trails in peri-urban areas, utilised by local riders who keep
their horses nearby are unlikely to require watering points. Longer
distance trails that attract horse riders who travel in a horse float
to use the route, will require access to water. Trail heads need to
have an identified source for stock water.
How water is provided can vary.
Troughs are traditional, but require regular inspection (preferably
daily) cleaning and maintenance.
Taps fitted with self-turning off handles are a good option. People
travelling with horses, who expect to require water, should be carrying
a bucket in their float or a collapsible bucket on the saddle.
The water can be supplied by mains or a tank which is regularly
filled through access to a roof catchment.
Open bodies of water (rivers, lakes) if available, will need to be
signed to identify the best access point and the fact that horses
are permitted to drink from the supply.
If the water point is located off the trail, or in a spot where humans
on foot can only access, signage and a horse tie up area need to
be provided.
A thirsty horse, in hot weather, may drink up to 70 litres per day.
Watering points should be indicated on trail maps and supporting
information.
Construction Material
There are many commercial companies who can provide safe,
sturdy horse watering options in a range of colours and materials.
Design Considerations
The type of watering infrastructure selected will be determined by
how the water will be supplied to the point, how much on site storage
is required, expected usage levels and additional demands on
the supply e.g. firewater.
A commercial company can provide a range of options in collaboration
with the Land Manager, who may also have budget
constraints.
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Siting Guidelines
Horse yards provided on trails do not need to have watering points
located within, as riders are present and the stay is only short.
Buckets can be used or the horse led to water at regular intervals.
Tap handles can get caught in bridles and headcollars, so they
need to be located well away from horse yards or tie ups (outside
of the reach of an unsupervised horse).
Truck access may be required to fill tanks during extended dry
periods.
Horse, dog and human
watering point
Coast to Vines Rail Trail
City of Onkaparinga
South Australia
Photo: Julie Fiedler
© Horse SA 2010
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Riding Along Roadsides
Introduction
In peri-urban areas, it is highly likely that all or a part of a trail will
be placed within a road reserve boundary.
Given a choice, it is better for a horse and rider to cross a road to
get from one section of a route to another if the option provides
lower interaction with motorised vehicles.
Travelling along a roadway is not a preferred choice, as this greatly
increases the likelihood of issues relating to traffic - but trail planners
are frequently left with little option. Methods of traffic seperation
are desirable.
Traffic Seperation
Providing a natural or artificial barrier between the horse rider and
vehicles on the carriageway will minimise disturbance to the trail
users. The natural barrier also includes that of space or distance
between the carriageway and the roadside trail.
Consideration should be given to “Crush points” or difficult areas
frequently occur on the crests of hills and bends. In both circumstances
the available verge is dramatically reduced or not available.
Bridges or loss of verges for other reasons need to be closely
looked at for solutions to improve safety for trail users.
Solutions utilised to retrieve lost land may include trail access
agreements for neighbouring land, purchase of land or cutting a
trail below or above the carriageway levels and fencing to make
use of whatever land is available.
Construction Materials
Natural barriers consist of trees, vegetation or dirt mound buffer.
Space itself acts as a natural “barrier” in that space can be used as
a clear separation tool.
Artificial barriers can be made from a range of materials common
to road design construction from guard rails to a parapet style
installation.
Design guidelines
Each situation will be quite different and often an engineer and a
road safety advisor may need to provide input in addition to horse
riders input. Separation is the key. A visual barrier will benefit
where trucks or frequent trade vehicles are passing close by and
there is little or no room for a horse to move sideways as part of a
natural response.
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Siting guidelines
Roadside horse riding occurs frequently, due to the lack of options
for siting a trail route. Engage a range of expertise to assist in
determining the best options for the trail. Take into consideration
aspects outlined in other sections of this document, including hazards,
low branches or unsuitable trail surface.
Artificial Seperation Barrier
(Horse trail marked in red)
Canberra, Australian Capitol
Territory.
Photo: Elizabeth Stone
Natural Seperation Barrier
(Horse trail marked in red)
Tom Roberts Horse Trail
City of Onkaparinga
South Australia
Photo: Julie Fiedler
© Horse SA 2010
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Road Crossings
Introduction
Trails in peri-urban areas may have road crossings and on
some trails, there may be frequent crossings from one side
of the road to the other in order to make best use of the
limited available verge. Roads may be made or unmade.
Under the Australian Road Rules horses are a vehicle. Horses
under the control of a rider are also permitted to travel
either way on the verge or footpath with due care.
Local governments or other land managers can also recognise
horses as a legitimate trail user of roadways, including
public parks & forests, rail trails and unmade road reserves
(undeveloped roads)
Safety for all trail users can be improved by selection of
crossing points.
Of great benefit, if room permits, is the installation of a
“horse holding bay” which is in effect, a pull-over bay for
horse riders whereby horses can be held at halt until a
gap in the traffic allows for a safer crossing. At it’s most
basic, a fencing panel will allow for an impatient horse to
be “bumped up” against the rail or panel to encourage the
horse to stand while waiting to cross.
Where regular road crossings take place, on busy roads,
a “Pegasus” crossing can be installed. This is a signalised
crossing with the button to control lights placed both at
pedestrian (or horse handler) height and one at rider height
2 m above the ground. More information about Pegasus
Crossings can be found in the reference section of this
Guide.
Instead of having a pictogram of a person walking or standing,
this is replaced by a horse pictogram. The lights are
coupled with a fence panel or barrier to keep horses away
from the road edge while waiting for the lights to change.
The light interval timings need to be discussed with road
authorities, to allow for horses to cross.
The crossing points are supported with signage.
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Construction material
Crossing points needs to be well signed.
A “bump rail” can be placed at appoximate1.4 m height on a firm
natural surface or with equestrian matting.
Road related infrastructure for other user groups is often suitable
to raise awareness of horses being in the vicinity.
Siting Guidelines
Crossing points need to have maximum sight lines for oncoming
traffic.
The crossing point needs to be free of hazards such as street furniture,
poorly placed signage, excessive painted white road markings
(which horses find scary) or obstructive landscaping.
The waiting area needs to be located on a firm surface. Collapsing
road edges, ditches, drains or metal grates over road guttering
provide a dangerous surface.
Segregated areas for pedestrians and cyclists if possible, especially
if there are expected to be frequent or higher number of users.
Coast to Vines Rail Trail
School crossing intersecting
with Rail Trail
Main Road, Willunga
City of Onkaparinga,
South Australia
Photo: Julie Fiedler
© Horse SA 2010
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Rails sited to “bump” up horses
while waiting for a gap in traffic.
Upper Sturt Road,
City of Mitcham, South Australia
Photo: Julie Fiedler
AFT
© Horse SA 2010
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Signage
Introduction
Each trail will need a signage plan. This plan outlays
• Primary information – of the type to be displayed at trail
heads
• Secondary information- directional & reassurance markers
to keep trail users on route
• Tertiary signage (site specific information) – e.g. close the
gate
• Regulartory signage e.g. road signs
Many land managers will have other siganage plans, policies
and other requirements to consider. Signage plans will require
approval from the land manager.
This section will address information to consider specifically for
horse riders on multi-use trails.
Primary Information: Trail head sign example
Trail head signs are placed at major points of entry to/exit from
of a trail network, which includes float parking areas and at trail
heads used for camping. Seek a professional designer and sign
manufacturer to assist. Professional companies can recommend
signage construction materials, paint finishes and special coatings.
The Kidman Trail signs, for example, have a special coating which
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educes sun fade and damage from graffiti removal.
Each land manager will have application requirements and approval
processes for signage instalment including sign size, positioning,
wind strength and public safety specifications.
If a land manager is a trail project partner, their agency may very
well facilitate the development application and installation of the
sign for the trail.
Tips for horse riders helping signage consultants
1. Collect all the specifications, signage applications and any
other requirements land managers may have
Example of Trail Marker
2. Refer to the signage plan and/or policies to determine what
information will go onto the trail head sign including sign
dimensions, colours, font styles and sizes, which logos.
Existing signage may provide a guide.
3. Prepare all of the information to go onto the map and source
a contractor to complete this component first, as it will take
the longest
4. Prepare drafts of all of the text envisaged to appear on the
sign
5. Ensure each land manager, agency, community group and
any other stakeholder check the information
6. Run your own checks and test any phone numbers and
websites
7. Ask all stakeholders (land managers and funding agencies to
“sign off” on the draft trail map and signage.
8. Engage a graphic designer with experience in signage
development.
9. Circulate the final graphic design version for any comments
by all stakeholder groups. It may also pay to have a full size
print out done so it can be mounted on cardboard and placed
in the intended location. Consideration then be given to such
facts as font colour scheme and noting from how far away
words can be easily read. Font colors may be difficult to read
if the sign is in full sun or full shade.
10. It is always useful to ask somone not familiar with the trail
or trail project to give their interpretation on the information
provided to make sure key messages are understood.
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Information on the trai head can be clustered into categories:
About the Trail
Trail logo
Cultural heritage reference
Map
Travel Information
Code of Practice
Emergency contacts
Contact for further information
Logos of funding bodies & support organisations
Watering points
Disclaimer
The information on the trail head includes:
trail route, tourism information points, water, hospital, public telephone,
public toilet, North marker, distance ruler, sealed roads,
unsealed roads, other trails in the area to help plan loop experiences
(e.g. The Mawson, Heysen Trails are included in The Kidman
Map series)
Example of Trail Marker
Geographical points: Watercourses, built up areas, airstrips, pines,
orchards, trig markers, relief impressions to indicate hills & valleys.
These are points that will not change significantly over time.
Traveller information may include:
Are permits required?
Will private landholdings be traversed? If yes, include Code of
Practice
Will livestock be expect to be passed? If yes, include Code of
Practice
Will horses need to tolerate traffic?
Will accommodation need to be booked ahead?
Who do you report trail hazards to?
Will the trail be closed on any days?
Are there any water crossings on the trail? If so, warn of depth
changes
If other trail users are expected, include duty of care statement
Include a general statement about risk
Is any Personal Protective Clothing recommended?
Is this trail overlayed on a public road governed by Australian
Road Rules?
Does this trail have neighbouring landholders?
Does this trail traverse private land?
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Sample signage
Further information can be included on a trail notes brochure
and/or website.
AFT
Sample signage used
extensively in United
States
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Shared Use Trail Marker
Belair National Park
Photo: Julie Fiedler
T
Far Right:
Sign on narrow verge,
Tom Roberts Horse Trail
City of Onkaparinga
Photo: Julie Fiedler
Right:
Awareness signage
Kidman Trail
City of Onkaparinga,
South Australia
Photo: Julie Fiedler
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Horse Yards
Introduction
Peri-urban horse trails are unlikely to need horse yards, unless a
number of loop rides can be joined to make up two or more days
of a good riding experience.
Yards hold horses for overnight stays and can be located on community
land, or private land if an agreement is arranged. Water will
need to be available.
Construction Materials
Timber or piping are the most common. A firm base with sand or
dolomite mix on top. Rural suppliers have prefabricated panels
which can be interlocked to form suitable yarding.
Design Guide
Yards need to be strong and solid as horses will rub, push, try to
lift or kick railings. Minimise or reduce protruding fittings. Keep
gaps between posts or gates and posts quite narrow, in order to
avoid a hoof getting caught between. To construct or refurbish
yards, engage a rural building contractor who understands livestock
behaviour.
Siting Guidelines
Level, well draining ground. Placement near natural or artificial
shelter to act as a wind break is desirable.
Horse Yards
Rockleigh Trail Head
Kidman Trail
Mid Murray Council
South Australia
Photo: Julie Fiedler
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Trail Heads
A trail head can be any entry point onto a trail network.
It provides
Trail head signage with key trail related information
Horse float parking on a firm surface
Tie up rails and maybe yarding
Stock water
Rider facilities, including toilet and picnic table
Facilities for other trail users, e.g. cycle racks
A trail head which can have perimeter fencing installed with gates
will add an extra level of security should horses get loose.
Land Managers will need to meet with local horse riders to
determine how available land can best be utilised. Discussion
points may include:
Entry and exit points to allow for best vision for towing vehicles
Gate positioning so that horse floats are not protruding onto b
Busy roadways while entry gates are opened
Traffic flow, including vehicle turning circles
Parking space for expected numbers
Select suitable tent sites or how existing public buildings can
Be accessed for overnight camping
Is power available?
Water for humans
Manure management
Fire pits, bbq areas or cooking areas
Rules for the site e.g. dogs, noise, booking system
Conservation or heritage areas to be protected
Relationships with neighbours
Yarding, toilet, water and ample parking
Rams Head Corner
Kidman Trail Head
Mid Murray Council
South Australia
Photo: Julie Fiedler
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Trail Design Notes
Horse trail design for peri-urban areas is really the subject of a
separate guide. However, some notes have been included to provide
guidance for Land Managers.
General Information
There are significant bodies of work which have been completed
by the International Mountain Bike Association (IMBA) and the following
publications
• Recreational Horse Trails in Rural and Wildland Areas by Dr.
Gene Wood (United States)
• Equestrian Design Guidebook for Trails, Trailheads and
Campgrounds by Federal Highway Administration (United
States)
These notes supplement the Horse Trail Classifications found in
the Sustainable Recreational Trails: Guidelines for the planning,
design and maintenance of recreational trails in South Australia.
http://www.recsport.sa.gov.au
Type of Trail
Horse riders, like walkers and mountain bikers, prefer single track
with interesting scenery and a range of challenges. Riding along
roadsides or the crossing of roads needs to be kept to a minimum.
Trails that are expected to service vehicles, or have other user
groups frequently access the area will need to be wider and have
the surface managed to resist erosion.
Network Design
Stacked loop system radiating out from a trail head where horse
transport can be parked is ideal. In peri-urban areas, the linking
of horse keeping and horse riding areas with short local routes is
very important for safety.
Trail Length
Peri-urban trails will need to cater for the needs of local horse riders.
Often it is more about defining the route, signage and infrastructure
rather than long distance. Typically horse owners work
during the day and can only fit in short rides of 5 – 10 km after
hours. Links to longer routes for day rides are valued.
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Trail Surface
Natural trail surfaces are preferred.
Avoid using long sections of asphalt or concrete as slippery
and does not absorb concussion well. Longer term use by
horses travelling faster than walking speed may cause concussive
injury to the horse.
Stones larger than a 10 mm across, loose debris which may
be slippery or hide holes, or an unstable travel surface are not
suitable.
Turning Radius
Turning radius is not critical on horse trails. Reference to a
“safety zone” (clear space) around gateways, cavaletti and other
infrastructure as described in this document is required.
Percent Grade
Horses are quite capable of going up and down steep slopes.
It is the trail design to manage water and prevent erosion that
needs to be considered as a priority.
Sight Distances
Sight distances are not critical on horse trails unless it is a busy
multi-use trail.
Sight distances are most important at road crossing points. A
sight line of 200 metres or more is desirable. Land Managers
have access to traffic management specialists who can inspect
sites and suggest modifications, signage or other modifications.
Water Crossings
Natural ford and creek crossings with a stable stream bank and
bed are best, if water average is less than 600 mm in depth.
Horses can use bridges successfully; refer to the guidelines
within this document.
Fencing
Fencing in of horses on trails is rarely required.
Land Managers who are planning to mark existing routes or
install horse trails should seek advice from experienced local
trail riders and utilise the recommended reading list.
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References and Useful Links
References
ACT Department of Territory and Municipal Services
Equestrian Cavaletti Design and Self-closing Gate
http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_
file/0015/12552/ds20_urbanedge.pdf
Design Standards for Urban Infrastructure 7. Bridges &
Underpasses
http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_
file/0003/12576/ds07_bridges.pdf
Equestrian Design Guidelines for Trails, Trailheads and
Campgrounds
http://www.hancockresources.com/book.html
Horse Trails in Rural and Wildland Areas: Design, Construction
and Maintenance by Dr Gene Wood
http://www.americantrails.org/views/woodhorsetrails.html
Ride UK The National Bridleroute Network Design Information
http://www.ride-uk.org.uk/info.htm
Ontario Trail Riders - Criteria for Hitching Rails
http://www.otra.ca/Criteria%20for%20Hitching%20Rails.pdf
Bridge Parapets Ltd.
http://www.bridge-parapets.com/pedestrian_bridleways.shtml
Design Criteria for Footbridges (Scotland/Wales/Ireland)
http://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/dmrb/vol2/sect2/
bd2904.pdf
Useful Links
Town of Apple Valley Calafornia - Multi Use and Equestrian
Trail Standards
http://www.applevalley.org/Index.aspx?page=369
Standards Australia
http://www.standards.org.au
Note: There are no standards for horse trail surface or infrastructure
design in Australia. This document is a guideline only and information
has been sourced from reference documents and experienced
horse riders.
It is anticipated that this document is widley circulated for 3 - 5
years. Horse SA invites further contributions, comments and examples
with the viewpoint that selected infrastructure items will
progress to becoming Australian Standards.
Horse SA http://www.horsesa.asn.au
E: horsesa.asn.au
© Horse SA 2010
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