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<strong>Protestantism</strong> - <strong>Wikipedia</strong>, <strong>the</strong> <strong>free</strong> <strong>encyclopedia</strong><br />
<strong>Protestantism</strong><br />
From <strong>Wikipedia</strong>, <strong>the</strong> <strong>free</strong> <strong>encyclopedia</strong><br />
(Redirected from Protestant Church)<br />
<strong>Protestantism</strong> is one of <strong>the</strong> major groupings within<br />
Christianity, and has been defined as "any Western<br />
Christian who is not an adherent of a Catholic, Anglican, or<br />
Eastern Church," [1] though some consider Anglicanism to<br />
be Protestant as well [2] . It is a movement that began in<br />
Germany in <strong>the</strong> early 16th century as a reaction against<br />
medieval Roman Catholic doctrines and practices,<br />
especially in regards to salvation, justification, and<br />
ecclesiology. The doctrines of <strong>the</strong> various Protestant<br />
denominations vary, but most include justification by grace<br />
through faith alone, known as Sola Gratia and Sola Fide<br />
respectively, <strong>the</strong> priesthood of all believers, and <strong>the</strong> Bible as<br />
<strong>the</strong> supreme authority in matters of faith and morals, known<br />
as Sola Scriptura, which is Latin for "by scripture alone".<br />
In <strong>the</strong> 16th century, <strong>the</strong> followers of Martin Lu<strong>the</strong>r<br />
established <strong>the</strong> evangelical (Lu<strong>the</strong>ran) churches of Germany<br />
and Scandinavia. Reformed churches in Hungary, Scotland,<br />
Switzerland and France were established by John Calvin<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>r reformers such as Huldrych Zwingli. In addition,<br />
John Knox established a Calvinist communion in <strong>the</strong><br />
Church of Scotland and also <strong>the</strong> Reformed Church in<br />
Hungary. Reforms in England led to The Church of<br />
England. There were also reformation movements<br />
throughout continental Europe known as <strong>the</strong> Radical<br />
Reformation which gave rise to <strong>the</strong> Anabaptist, Moravian,<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>r pietistic movements.<br />
Contents<br />
1 Etymology<br />
2 Lu<strong>the</strong>r's 95 <strong>the</strong>ses<br />
3 Protestant doctrines<br />
3.1 Conservative and liberal<br />
3.2 Dissension and separations<br />
4 History<br />
5 Fundamental principles<br />
6 Major groupings<br />
7 O<strong>the</strong>r groups rejecting Protestant label<br />
8 Denominations<br />
8.1 Anglicans and Episcopalians<br />
8.2 Main denominations<br />
9 Theological Tenets of <strong>the</strong> Reformation<br />
10 Christ's presence in <strong>the</strong> Lord's Supper<br />
11 Catholicism<br />
12 Radical Reformation<br />
13 Movements<br />
13.1 Pietism and Methodism<br />
13.2 Evangelicalism<br />
13.3 Adventism<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
Part of a series on<br />
Christianity<br />
Jesus · Christ<br />
Virgin birth · Crucifixion · Resurrection · Easter ·<br />
Jesus in Christianity<br />
Foundations<br />
Apostles · Church · Creeds · Gospel · Kingdom ·<br />
New Covenant<br />
Bible<br />
Old Testament · New Testament ·<br />
Books · Canon (Christian canons) · Apocrypha<br />
Theology<br />
Apologetics · Baptism · Christology · Fa<strong>the</strong>r ·<br />
Son · Holy Spirit ·<br />
History of <strong>the</strong>ology · Salvation · Trinity · Ten<br />
Commandments<br />
History and traditions<br />
Timeline · Mary · Peter · Paul ·<br />
Fa<strong>the</strong>rs · Early · Constantine <strong>the</strong> Great ·<br />
Ecumenical councils · Missions ·<br />
East–West Schism · Crusades ·<br />
Protestant Reformation<br />
Denominations and movements<br />
Western<br />
Adventist · Anabaptist · Anglican · Baptist ·<br />
Calvinism · Evangelicalism · Holiness ·<br />
Independent Catholic · Lu<strong>the</strong>ran · Methodist ·<br />
Old Catholic · Protestant · Pentecostal · Roman<br />
Catholic<br />
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13.4 Modernism and Liberalism<br />
13.5 Pentecostalism<br />
13.6 Fundamentalism<br />
13.7 Neo-orthodoxy<br />
13.8 New Evangelicalism<br />
13.9 Paleo-orthodoxy<br />
13.10 Ecumenism<br />
14 Founders: <strong>the</strong> first major reformers and<br />
<strong>the</strong>ologians<br />
14.1 Proto-Reformation<br />
14.2 Reformation Proper<br />
15 See also<br />
16 References<br />
17 External links<br />
Etymology<br />
The exact origin of <strong>the</strong> term protestant is unsure, and may<br />
come ei<strong>the</strong>r from French: protestant or German: protestant.<br />
However, it is certain that both languages derived <strong>the</strong>ir word from<br />
<strong>the</strong> Latin: protestantem, meaning "one who publicly<br />
declares/protests", [3] which refers to <strong>the</strong> letter of protestation by<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran princes against <strong>the</strong> decision of <strong>the</strong> Diet of Speyer in 1529,<br />
which reaffirmed <strong>the</strong> edict of <strong>the</strong> Diet of Worms in 1521, banning<br />
Martin Lu<strong>the</strong>r's 95 <strong>the</strong>ses of protest against some beliefs and<br />
practices of <strong>the</strong> early 16th century Catholic Church.<br />
The term Protestant was not initially applied to <strong>the</strong> Reformers, but<br />
later was used to describe all groups protesting Roman Catholic<br />
orthodoxy. Since that time, <strong>the</strong> term Protestant has been used in<br />
many different senses, often as a general term merely to signify<br />
Christians who belong to nei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> Roman Catholic, Eastern<br />
Orthodoxy, or Oriental Orthodoxy Churches.<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>r's 95 <strong>the</strong>ses<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
Catholic<br />
Eastern<br />
Eastern Orthodox · Eastern Catholic · Oriental<br />
Orthodox (Miaphysite) · Assyrian<br />
Nontrinitarian<br />
Jehovah's Witness · Latter Day Saint · Unitarian<br />
· Christadelphian · Oneness Pentecostal<br />
General topics<br />
Art · Criticism · Ecumenism · Liturgical year ·<br />
Liturgy · Music · O<strong>the</strong>r religions · Prayer ·<br />
Sermon · Symbolism<br />
Christianity Portal<br />
Protestant iconoclasm: <strong>the</strong><br />
Beeldenstorm during <strong>the</strong> Dutch<br />
reformation.<br />
In 1517, Martin Lu<strong>the</strong>r, a German Augustinian friar, published <strong>the</strong> 95 <strong>the</strong>ses. Popular history holds that<br />
<strong>the</strong>se were nailed to a church door in <strong>the</strong> university town of Wittenberg by Lu<strong>the</strong>r himself, but this claim<br />
has recently come under scrutiny (see article on Martin Lu<strong>the</strong>r for discussion). Lu<strong>the</strong>r's propositions<br />
challenged some portions of Roman Catholic doctrine and a number of specific practices.<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>r was particularly criticizing a common church practice of <strong>the</strong> day, <strong>the</strong> selling of indulgences. In<br />
Catholic <strong>the</strong>ology, an indulgence was <strong>the</strong> full or partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins<br />
which have already been forgiven. However, Pope Leo X had declared that indulgences were not only for<br />
<strong>the</strong> remission of temporal punishment, but also for guilt itself. To Lu<strong>the</strong>r, it appeared that selling<br />
indulgences was tantamount to selling salvation, something that he felt was against both biblical teaching<br />
and Roman Catholic doctrine. At <strong>the</strong> time, Rome was using <strong>the</strong> sale of indulgences as a means to raise<br />
money for a massive church project, <strong>the</strong> construction of St. Peter's Basilica.<br />
The Disputation of Doctor Martin Lu<strong>the</strong>r on <strong>the</strong> Power and Efficacy of Indulgences (commonly known as<br />
<strong>the</strong> 95 <strong>the</strong>ses) [4] was a request for a formal disputation that criticized <strong>the</strong> practice of selling indulgences.<br />
This kind of disputation was a common academic exercise during this era. Lu<strong>the</strong>r maintained that<br />
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justification (salvation) was granted by faith alone, saying that good works and <strong>the</strong> sacraments were not<br />
necessary in order to be saved. A copy of <strong>the</strong> disputation eventually made it to <strong>the</strong> hands of <strong>the</strong> regional<br />
bishop, who in turn forwarded <strong>the</strong> disputation to Rome. [5]<br />
Protestant doctrines<br />
Although <strong>the</strong> doctrines of Protestant denominations are far from<br />
uniform, some beliefs extending across <strong>Protestantism</strong> are <strong>the</strong><br />
doctrines ofsola scriptura and sola fide.<br />
Sola scriptura maintains that <strong>the</strong> Bible (ra<strong>the</strong>r than church<br />
tradition or ecclesiastical interpretations of <strong>the</strong> Bible) [6] is <strong>the</strong><br />
primary and supreme source of binding authority for all<br />
Christians. This does not exclude o<strong>the</strong>r sources of binding<br />
authority, ra<strong>the</strong>r it places o<strong>the</strong>r forms of authority in<br />
subordination to <strong>the</strong> authority of Scripture.<br />
Sola fide holds that salvation comes by grace through faith<br />
alone in Jesus as <strong>the</strong> Christ, ra<strong>the</strong>r than through good works.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
Destruction of icons in Zurich, 1524.<br />
Protestant churches generally reject <strong>the</strong> Catholic and Orthodox doctrines of papal supremacy and<br />
magisterial authority, including both papal infallibility and <strong>the</strong> general infallibility of <strong>the</strong> Church. Because<br />
of this, protestant ministers and church leaders have somewhat different roles and authority in <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
communities than do Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox priests and bishops.<br />
Conservative and liberal<br />
<strong>Protestantism</strong> has both conservative and liberal <strong>the</strong>ological strands within it. Protestant styles of public<br />
worship tend to be simpler and less elaborate than those of Roman Catholics, Anglicans, and Eastern<br />
Christians, sometimes radically so, though <strong>the</strong>re are exceptions to this tendency.<br />
Dissension and separations<br />
The reformers soon disagreed among <strong>the</strong>mselves and divided <strong>the</strong>ir movement according to doctrinal<br />
differences—first between Lu<strong>the</strong>r and Zwingli, later between Martin Lu<strong>the</strong>r and John Calvin—<br />
consequently resulting in <strong>the</strong> establishment of diverse Protestant denominations such as <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran,<br />
Reformed, Anabaptist, and o<strong>the</strong>rs.<br />
However, while <strong>the</strong> first half-dozen mainline denominations came about through sectarianism and dissent in<br />
Europe, most of <strong>the</strong> subsequent denominations came about in a non-sectarian manner in America. This<br />
initial explosion of denominations largely came about in <strong>the</strong> first two Great Awakenings, and <strong>the</strong> birth of<br />
<strong>the</strong>se denominations was of an entirely different character than that of <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran, Reformed, Anabaptist,<br />
etc.<br />
History<br />
Main article: History of <strong>Protestantism</strong><br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>r information: Protestant Reformation, English Reformation, Reformation in Switzerland, Scottish<br />
Reformation, and European Wars of Religion<br />
The Protestant Reformation of <strong>the</strong> early 16th century began as<br />
an attempt to reform <strong>the</strong> Catholic Church. German <strong>the</strong>ologian<br />
Martin Lu<strong>the</strong>r wrote his Ninety-Five Theses on <strong>the</strong> sale of<br />
indulgences in 1517. Parallel to events in Germany, a movement<br />
began in Switzerland under <strong>the</strong> leadership of Ulrich Zwingli.<br />
The political separation of <strong>the</strong> Church of England from Rome<br />
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under Henry VIII, beginning in 1529 and completed in 1536,<br />
brought England alongside this broad Reformed movement. The<br />
Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped <strong>the</strong> Church of<br />
Scotland [7] and, through it, all o<strong>the</strong>r Presbyterian churches<br />
worldwide.<br />
Following <strong>the</strong> excommunication of Lu<strong>the</strong>r and condemnation of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Reformation by <strong>the</strong> Pope, <strong>the</strong> work and writings of John<br />
Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among<br />
various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and<br />
elsewhere. In <strong>the</strong> course of this religious upheaval, <strong>the</strong> German<br />
Peasants' War of 1524–1525 swept through <strong>the</strong> Bavarian,<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
Distribution of <strong>Protestantism</strong> (red) and<br />
Catholicism (blue) in Central Europe on<br />
<strong>the</strong> eve of <strong>the</strong> Thirty Years' War.<br />
Thuringian and Swabian principalities. After <strong>the</strong> Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) in <strong>the</strong> Low Countries and<br />
<strong>the</strong> French Wars of Religion (1562–1598), <strong>the</strong> confessional division of <strong>the</strong> states of <strong>the</strong> Holy Roman<br />
Empire eventually erupted in <strong>the</strong> Thirty Years' War of 1618–1648. This left Germany weakened and<br />
fragmented for more than two centuries, until <strong>the</strong> unification of Germany under <strong>the</strong> German Empire of<br />
1871.<br />
The success of <strong>the</strong> Counter-Reformation on <strong>the</strong> Continent and <strong>the</strong> growth of a Puritan party dedicated to<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r Protestant reform polarized <strong>the</strong> Elizabethan Age, although it was not until <strong>the</strong> Civil War of <strong>the</strong><br />
1640s that England underwent religious strife comparable to that which its neighbours had suffered some<br />
generations before.<br />
The "Great Awakenings" were periods of rapid and dramatic religious revival in Anglo-American religious<br />
history, generally recognized as beginning in <strong>the</strong> 1730s. They have also been described as periodic<br />
revolutions in colonial religious thought.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> 20th century, <strong>Protestantism</strong>, especially in <strong>the</strong> United States, was characterized by accelerating<br />
fragmentation. The century saw <strong>the</strong> rise of both liberal and conservative splinter groups, as well as a<br />
general secularization of Western society. Notable developments in <strong>the</strong> 20th century of US <strong>Protestantism</strong><br />
was <strong>the</strong> rise of Pentecostalism, Christian fundamentalism and Evangelicalism. While <strong>the</strong>se movements have<br />
spilled over to Europe to a limited degree, <strong>the</strong> development of <strong>Protestantism</strong> in Europe was more<br />
dominated by secularization, leading to an increasingly "post-Christian Europe".<br />
Fundamental principles<br />
The three fundamental principles of traditional <strong>Protestantism</strong> are <strong>the</strong> following:<br />
Scripture Alone<br />
The belief in <strong>the</strong> Bible as <strong>the</strong> supreme source of authority for <strong>the</strong> church. The early churches of <strong>the</strong><br />
Reformation believed in a critical, yet serious, reading of Scripture and holding <strong>the</strong> Bible as a source<br />
of authority higher than that of Church Tradition. The many abuses that had occurred in <strong>the</strong> Western<br />
Church prior to <strong>the</strong> Protestant Reformation led <strong>the</strong> Reformers to reject much of <strong>the</strong> Tradition of <strong>the</strong><br />
Western Church, though some would maintain Tradition has been maintained and reorganized in <strong>the</strong><br />
liturgy and in <strong>the</strong> confessions of <strong>the</strong> Protestant Churches of <strong>the</strong> Reformation. In <strong>the</strong> early 20th century<br />
<strong>the</strong>re developed a less critical reading of <strong>the</strong> Bible in <strong>the</strong> United States that has led to a<br />
"fundamentalist" reading of Scripture. Christian Fundamentalists read <strong>the</strong> Bible as <strong>the</strong> "inerrant,<br />
infallible" Word of God, as do <strong>the</strong> Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican churches, to name a<br />
few, but interpret it in a more literal way.<br />
Justification by Faith Alone<br />
The subjective principle of <strong>the</strong> Reformation is justification by faith alone, or, ra<strong>the</strong>r, by <strong>free</strong> grace<br />
through faith. It has reference to <strong>the</strong> personal appropriation of <strong>the</strong> Christian salvation, and aims to<br />
give all glory to Christ, by declaring that <strong>the</strong> sinner is justified before God (i.e., is acquitted of guilt,<br />
and declared righteous) solely on <strong>the</strong> ground of <strong>the</strong> all-sufficient merits of Christ as apprehended by a<br />
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living faith, in opposition to <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ory —<strong>the</strong>n prevalent, and substantially sanctioned by "<strong>the</strong> Council<br />
of Trent— which makes faith and good works co-ordinate sources of justification, laying <strong>the</strong> chief<br />
stress upon works. <strong>Protestantism</strong> does not depreciate good works; but it denies <strong>the</strong>ir value as sources<br />
or conditions of justification, and insists on <strong>the</strong>m as <strong>the</strong> necessary fruits of faith, and evidence of<br />
justification." [8]<br />
Universal Priesthood of Believers<br />
The universal priesthood of believers implies <strong>the</strong> right and duty of <strong>the</strong> Christian laity not only to read<br />
<strong>the</strong> Bible in <strong>the</strong> vernacular, but also to take part in <strong>the</strong> government and all <strong>the</strong> public affairs of <strong>the</strong><br />
Church. It is opposed to <strong>the</strong> hierarchical system which puts <strong>the</strong> essence and authority of <strong>the</strong> Church<br />
in an exclusive priesthood, and makes ordained priests <strong>the</strong> necessary mediators between God and <strong>the</strong><br />
people. [8]<br />
Major groupings<br />
The term Protestant is often used loosely to denote all non-Roman Catholic varieties of Western<br />
Christianity, ra<strong>the</strong>r than to refer to those churches adhering to <strong>the</strong> principles described below. Trinitarian<br />
Protestant denominations are divided according to <strong>the</strong> position taken on baptism:<br />
"Mainline Protestants," a North American phrase, are Christians who trace <strong>the</strong>ir tradition's lineage to<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ranism, or Calvinism. These groups are often considered to be part of <strong>the</strong> Magisterial<br />
Reformation and traditionally have adhered to <strong>the</strong> central doctrines and principles of <strong>the</strong><br />
Reformation. Lu<strong>the</strong>ranism, Calvinism, and a Zwinglian <strong>the</strong>ology are typically mainline, and as<br />
denominations, "mainline" is typically seen as referring to Methodists, Presbyterians, Moravians, and<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>rans, all large denominations with significant liberal and conservative wings.<br />
Anabaptists (lit. "baptized twice") were so named from <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong>y re-baptised converts. While<br />
not all agree, today's scholars believe that Anabaptists, by name, began with <strong>the</strong> Radical Reformers in<br />
<strong>the</strong> 16th century. A minority of o<strong>the</strong>r people and groups may still legitimately claim that <strong>the</strong>re were<br />
earlier forerunners. A full discussion of <strong>the</strong> origins of <strong>the</strong> Anabaptists is available at <strong>the</strong> article on<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir origins.<br />
Baptists was a name used to refer to any English Separatists that did not practice Infant Baptism.<br />
There were two main groups in England during <strong>the</strong> 17th century: General Baptists and Particular<br />
Baptists. "General" and "Particular" refer to <strong>the</strong> belief in ei<strong>the</strong>r General Atonement or Particular<br />
Atonement respectively. The General Baptists rose from a Separatist congregation headed by an ex-<br />
Anglican priest, John Smyth, who fled to <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands to escape persecution in England. While in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands, <strong>the</strong> group came under <strong>the</strong> influence of <strong>the</strong> Mennonites, and adopted <strong>the</strong>ir views on<br />
baptism. The Particular Baptists grew out of <strong>the</strong> Brownist movement, in particular <strong>the</strong> congregation<br />
headed by Henry Jessey, Henry Jacob, and John Lothropp. Eventually, in 1633, a large number of<br />
this congregation believed that scripture taught that only confessor's baptism was acceptable. Under<br />
<strong>the</strong> leadership of John Spilsbury <strong>the</strong>y began a new congregation. Though <strong>the</strong>se groups were<br />
historically unrelated, <strong>the</strong>y held in common <strong>the</strong> practice of Confessor's Baptism. At first nei<strong>the</strong>r group<br />
practiced immersion. In 1640, a Particular Baptist named Richard Blunt discussed his belief that<br />
immersion was both <strong>the</strong> scriptural and ancient mode of <strong>the</strong> ordinance. This view was eventually<br />
adopted by all Particular Baptists. It is unknown when General Baptists began to practice immersion,<br />
but it was given as <strong>the</strong> approved mode in <strong>the</strong>ir Standard Confession of 1660. Regarding <strong>the</strong><br />
sacramental view of baptism, <strong>the</strong> groups both had <strong>the</strong>ir own traditions. The Particular Baptist<br />
Confession of Faith teaches a Calvinistic view of sacraments. The catechism approved by <strong>the</strong><br />
National Assembly in 1677 also makes use of <strong>the</strong> word "sacrament". Though General Baptist<br />
confessions clearly state <strong>the</strong>ir opposition to infant baptism, <strong>the</strong> sacramental aspect is not explained.<br />
Today, <strong>the</strong> majority of Baptists deny that baptism is a sacrament, but merely an ordinance<br />
symbolizing but unattached to spiritual rebirth. Reformed Baptists however still hold a belief in <strong>the</strong><br />
ordinance as a sacrament in accordance with <strong>the</strong> Confession and Catechism of 1689.<br />
Today, denominations such as <strong>the</strong> Schwarzenau Brethren/German Baptists, Mennonites, Hutterites,<br />
and Amish eschew infant baptism and have historically been Peace churches. Typically, independent<br />
Pentecostal and Charismatic denominations, and <strong>the</strong> house church movement belong in this category,<br />
too.<br />
Certain Protestant denominations including <strong>the</strong> Quakers and <strong>the</strong> Shakers, do not practice baptism<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
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Certain Protestant denominations including <strong>the</strong> Quakers and <strong>the</strong> Shakers, do not practice baptism<br />
sacramentally. [9] These denominations view baptism as part of a process on ongoing renewal.<br />
Antecedents of <strong>the</strong>se beliefs may be found in Strigolniki <strong>the</strong>ology. Normatively, <strong>the</strong> Salvation Army<br />
does not practice baptism.<br />
There are many independent, non-aligned or non-denominational Trinitarian congregations that may take<br />
any one of <strong>the</strong>se or no particular position on baptism.<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r groups rejecting Protestant label<br />
Some religious movements, such as <strong>the</strong> The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Nontrinitarian<br />
movements, and New Religious Movements are often included in lists of Protestants by some outsiders.<br />
However, nei<strong>the</strong>r mainline Protestants nor <strong>the</strong> groups <strong>the</strong>mselves would consider <strong>the</strong> designation<br />
appropriate. Some groups associated with <strong>the</strong> Restoration Movement also do not consider <strong>the</strong>mselves to be<br />
Protestant. In addition, many groups within <strong>the</strong> Emerging church do not cleanly fit <strong>the</strong> moniker and would<br />
not consider <strong>the</strong>mselves part of this movement (or ra<strong>the</strong>r, would consider <strong>the</strong>mselves to have transcended<br />
or fulfilled <strong>the</strong> movement).<br />
Denominations<br />
Main article: Protestants by country<br />
Protestants refer to specific groupings of churches that share in<br />
common foundational doctrines and <strong>the</strong> name of <strong>the</strong>ir groups as<br />
"denominations". They are differently named parts of <strong>the</strong> whole<br />
"church"; Protestants reject <strong>the</strong> Roman Catholic doctrine that it is <strong>the</strong><br />
one true church. Some Protestant denominations are less accepting<br />
of o<strong>the</strong>r denominations, and <strong>the</strong> basic orthodoxy of some is<br />
questioned by most of <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs. Individual denominations also<br />
have formed over very subtle <strong>the</strong>ological differences. O<strong>the</strong>r<br />
denominations are simply regional or ethnic expressions of <strong>the</strong> same<br />
beliefs. Because <strong>the</strong> five solas are <strong>the</strong> main tenets of <strong>the</strong> Protestant<br />
faith, Non-denominational groups and organizations are also<br />
considered Protestant.<br />
Various ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or<br />
reorganization of <strong>the</strong> various divided Protestant denominations,<br />
according to various models of union, but divisions continue to<br />
outpace unions, as <strong>the</strong>re is no overarching authority to which any of<br />
<strong>the</strong> churches owe allegiance, which can authoritatively define <strong>the</strong><br />
faith. Most denominations share common beliefs in <strong>the</strong> major<br />
aspects of <strong>the</strong> Christian faith, while differing in many secondary<br />
doctrines, although what is major and what is secondary is a matter<br />
of idiosyncratic belief.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
Passional Christi und Antichristi, by<br />
Lucas Cranach <strong>the</strong> Elder, from<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>r's 1521 Passionary of <strong>the</strong><br />
Christ and Antichrist. The Pope as<br />
<strong>the</strong> Antichrist, signing and selling<br />
indulgences.<br />
There are about 800 million Protestants worldwide, [10] among approximately 2.1 billion Christians. [11][12]<br />
These include 170 million in North America, 160 million in Africa, 120 million in Europe, 70 million in<br />
Latin America, 60 million in Asia, and 10 million in Oceania.<br />
Protestants can be differentiated according to how <strong>the</strong>y have been influenced by important movements<br />
since <strong>the</strong> magisterial Reformation and <strong>the</strong> Puritan Reformation in England. Some of <strong>the</strong>se movements have<br />
a common lineage, sometimes directly spawning later movements in <strong>the</strong> same groups. Only general families<br />
are listed here (due to <strong>the</strong> above-stated multitude of denominations); some of <strong>the</strong>se groups do not consider<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves as part of <strong>the</strong> Protestant movement, but are generally viewed as such by <strong>the</strong> public at<br />
large. [citation needed]<br />
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Since <strong>the</strong> term "Protestant" often refers to those Christians not of <strong>the</strong> Roman Catholic, Anglican, Oriental<br />
or Eastern Orthodox faiths, members of <strong>the</strong> Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are occasionally<br />
called Protestant, but <strong>the</strong>y do not adhere to most Protestant principles. Nei<strong>the</strong>r do <strong>the</strong>y follow Catholic<br />
traditions or creeds. Contrary to traditional Christian practice, Mormons believe in a Priesthood<br />
organization consisting of Prophets, Apostles, Seventy, Patriarchs, High Priests, Elders, Priests, Teachers,<br />
and Deacons. [citation needed] Latter-day Saints do not hold to <strong>the</strong> sola scriptura principle of <strong>the</strong> Bible being<br />
<strong>the</strong> authority of God but in a literal Priesthood authority given to worthy male members to teach <strong>the</strong> Gospel<br />
and administer its ordinances. [citation needed] Nei<strong>the</strong>r do <strong>the</strong>y hold to <strong>the</strong> sola fide concept of faith in Jesus<br />
Christ alone, but believe in <strong>the</strong> combined efforts of deity and man to achieve salvation, that salvation is<br />
through <strong>the</strong> Atonement of Jesus Christ and obedience to <strong>the</strong> laws and ordinances of <strong>the</strong> Gospel, and that<br />
covenants are made to establish <strong>the</strong> standards necessary for salvation. Latter-day Saints have fervant<br />
convictions in Jesus Christ but due to <strong>the</strong> radical differences of <strong>the</strong>ir belief structure <strong>the</strong>y are sometimes not<br />
listed as Christians. [citation needed]<br />
Anglicans and Episcopalians<br />
The original separation of <strong>the</strong> Church of England (<strong>the</strong>n including <strong>the</strong> Church in Wales) and <strong>the</strong> Church of<br />
Ireland from Rome under King Henry VIII largely took a Catholic form. Through <strong>the</strong> efforts of Thomas<br />
Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Thomas Cromwell, both with Lu<strong>the</strong>ran sympathies, [13] <strong>the</strong><br />
churches later assumed a reformed character.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> 19th century some of <strong>the</strong> Tractarians proposed that <strong>the</strong> Church of England and <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Anglican<br />
churches were not Protestant but a "Reformed Catholic" or middle path (via media) between Rome and<br />
<strong>Protestantism</strong>. This assertion was attacked by, among o<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>the</strong> Church Association. [14] Today, <strong>the</strong><br />
Anglican Communion continues to be composed of <strong>the</strong>ologically diverse traditions, from Reformed Sydney<br />
Anglicanism to High-Church Anglo-Catholicism.<br />
Main denominations<br />
(Alphabetical)<br />
Anglican<br />
Baptist<br />
Congregational<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ranism<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
Christian Denominations<br />
in English-speaking countries<br />
Australia<br />
Australian Christian bodies<br />
Methodism Australian Interchurch<br />
Australian Evangelical Alliance • site (http://www.evangelicalalliance.org.au/)<br />
National Council of Churches<br />
Catholic & Anglican<br />
Anglican Church of Australia<br />
Roman Catholic Church<br />
Holiness & Pietist<br />
Christian and Missionary Alliance<br />
Christian Outreach Centre<br />
Church of <strong>the</strong> Nazarene<br />
Salvation Army<br />
Seventh-day Adventist Church<br />
Historical <strong>Protestantism</strong><br />
Australian Friends<br />
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
Baptist Union of Australia<br />
Open Brethren<br />
Christian Reformed Churches of Australia<br />
Churches of Christ<br />
Fellowship of Congregational Churches<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Church of Australia<br />
Presbyterian Church of Australia<br />
Uniting Church in Australia<br />
Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia<br />
Antiochian Orthodox of Australia & New Z.<br />
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia<br />
Serbian Orthodox of Australia & New Z.<br />
Non-Chalcedonic<br />
Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia<br />
Australian Christian Churches (AOG)<br />
Christian City Church Intl.<br />
CRC Churches International<br />
Revival Centres International<br />
Vineyard Churches Australia<br />
Worldwide Church of God<br />
Canada<br />
Orthodox<br />
Pentecostal & Related<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r<br />
LDS Church<br />
Canadian Christian bodies<br />
Canadian Interchurch<br />
Canadian Council of Churches<br />
S. Conference of Orthodox Bishops in America<br />
North Am. Presbyterian & Reformed Council<br />
Anabaptist & Friends<br />
Canadian Mennonite Brethren Churches<br />
Canadian Yearly Meeting (Quakers)<br />
Mennonite Church Canada<br />
Baptist & Stone-Campbell<br />
Baptist<br />
Association of Regular Baptist Churches<br />
Baptist General Conference of Canada<br />
Canadian Baptist Ministries<br />
Canadian Convention of Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Baptists<br />
Fellowship of Evgcl. Baptist Churches, Canada<br />
North American Baptist Conference<br />
Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement<br />
Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)<br />
Evangelical Christian Church in Canada<br />
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
Catholic & Anglican<br />
Anglican Church of Canada<br />
Anglican Church in North America<br />
Polish National Catholic Church<br />
Roman Catholic Church<br />
Holiness & Pietist<br />
Christian and Missionary Alliance, Canada<br />
Church of <strong>the</strong> Nazarene<br />
Evangelical Free Church of Canada<br />
Salvation Army<br />
Wesleyan Church<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran<br />
Evangelical Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Church in Canada<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Church–Canada<br />
Wisconsin Evangelical Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Synod<br />
Methodist<br />
British Methodist Episcopal Church<br />
Free Methodist Church in Canada<br />
United Church of Canada<br />
Orthodox<br />
Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese, N.Am.<br />
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America<br />
Orthodox Church in America<br />
American-Canadian Macedonian Orthodox Diocese<br />
Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia<br />
Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada<br />
Non-Chalcedonic<br />
Armenian Apostolic Diocese of Am.<br />
Coptic Orthodox Church in Canada<br />
Pentecostal<br />
Apostolic Church of Pentecost<br />
Canadian Assemblies of God<br />
Church of God of Prophecy<br />
Intl. Foursquare Gospel, Canada<br />
Intl. Pentecostal Holiness Church<br />
Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada<br />
Pentecostal Church of God<br />
Oneness Pentecostal<br />
United Pentecostal Church Intl.<br />
Presbyterian & Reformed<br />
Canadian and American Reformed Churches<br />
Christian Reformed Church in North America<br />
L'Église réformée du Québec<br />
Presbyterian Church in Canada<br />
Presbyterian Church in America<br />
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
Reformed Church in America<br />
United Church of Canada<br />
Messianic Jewish Alliance of America<br />
Plymouth Brethren<br />
Seventh-day Adventists, North America<br />
LDS Church<br />
Vineyard Canada<br />
United Kingdom<br />
Christian denominations in <strong>the</strong> UK<br />
UK Interchurch<br />
Affinity (formerly British Evangelical Council)<br />
Churches Toge<strong>the</strong>r in Britain & Ireland<br />
Evangelical Alliance, UK<br />
Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches<br />
Churches Toge<strong>the</strong>r in England<br />
Action of Churches Toge<strong>the</strong>r, Scotland (ACTS)<br />
Associating Evangelical Churches of Wales • site (http://www.aecw.org.uk/)<br />
Churches Toge<strong>the</strong>r in Wales<br />
Evangelical Movement of Wales<br />
Anglican<br />
Church of England<br />
Free Church of England<br />
Church of Ireland<br />
Scottish Episcopal Church<br />
Church in Wales<br />
Baptist<br />
Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland<br />
Baptist Union of Great Britain<br />
Baptist Union of Scotland<br />
Baptist Union of Wales<br />
Grace Baptist Assembly<br />
Old Baptist Union<br />
Catholic<br />
Roman Catholicism<br />
England & Wales<br />
Ireland<br />
Scotland<br />
Old Catholicism<br />
British Old Catholic Church • site (http://www.holygrail-church.fsnet.co.uk/BOCC.htm)<br />
Old Catholic Church in Europe<br />
Old Catholic Mariavite Church<br />
Old Catholic Church of Great Britain<br />
Holiness & Pietist<br />
Christian Outreach Centre<br />
Church of <strong>the</strong> Nazarene<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r<br />
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
British Moravian Church<br />
Salvation Army<br />
Seventh-day Adventist Church<br />
Wesleyan Holiness Church<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran<br />
Evangelical Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Church of England<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Church in Great Britain<br />
Methodist & Wesleyan<br />
Free Methodist of <strong>the</strong> UK<br />
Methodist Church of Great Britain<br />
Methodist Church in Ireland<br />
Wesleyan Reform Union<br />
New Church Movement<br />
Vineyard Churches UK<br />
Ichthus Christian Fellowship<br />
Newfrontiers<br />
Pioneer Church • site (http://www.pioneer.org.uk/)<br />
Orthodox<br />
Eastern Orthodox Church<br />
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of G.B.<br />
Russian Orthodox Diocese, G.B. & Ire.<br />
Russian Tradition Vicariate, G.B. & Ire.<br />
Oriental Orthodox Church<br />
British Orthodox Church<br />
Celtic Orthodox Church<br />
Pentecostal<br />
Assemblies of God<br />
Church of God in Christ<br />
Elim Pentecostal Church<br />
Foursquare Gospel Church<br />
Worldwide Church of God<br />
Presbyterian & Reformed<br />
Asso. Presbyterian Churches, Scotland<br />
Church of Scotland<br />
Congregational Federation<br />
Evangelical Presbyterian Church<br />
Free Church of Scotland<br />
Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)<br />
Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland<br />
Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster<br />
Non-subscribing Presbyterian, Ireland<br />
Presbyterian Church in Ireland<br />
Presbyterian Church of Wales<br />
Reformed Presbyterian Church<br />
United Free Church of Scotland<br />
United Reformed Church<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r<br />
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
Brethren in Christ<br />
Churches of Christ<br />
Fellowship of Ind. Evangelical Churches<br />
LDS Church<br />
Quakers/ Britain Yearly Meeting<br />
Quakers/ Ireland Yearly Meeting<br />
United States<br />
United States Christian bodies<br />
United States Interchurch<br />
National Association of Evangelicals<br />
National Council of Churches<br />
Churches Uniting in Christ<br />
S. Conference of Orthodox Bishops in America<br />
North Am. Presbyterian and Reformed Council<br />
Anabaptist and Friends<br />
Brethren Church<br />
Church of <strong>the</strong> Brethren<br />
Evangelical Friends International<br />
Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches<br />
Friends General Conference<br />
Friends United Meeting<br />
Mennonite Brethren Churches<br />
Mennonite Church USA<br />
Amish<br />
Baptist and Stone-Campbell<br />
Baptist<br />
Alliance of Baptists<br />
American Baptist Association<br />
American Baptist Churches<br />
Baptist Bible Fellowship International<br />
Baptist General Conference<br />
Baptist Missionary Association of America<br />
Conservative Baptist Association of America<br />
General Association of Regular Baptist Churches<br />
National Association of Free Will Baptists<br />
National Primitive Baptist Convention<br />
North American Baptist Conference<br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Baptist Convention<br />
African-American Baptist<br />
National Baptist Convention of America<br />
National Baptist Convention, USA<br />
National Missionary Baptist Convention of America<br />
Progressive National Baptist Convention<br />
Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement<br />
Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)<br />
Christian Churches and Churches of Christ<br />
Churches of Christ<br />
International Churches of Christ<br />
Catholic and Anglican<br />
Anglican Church in North America<br />
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
Episcopal Church<br />
Old Roman Catholic Church<br />
Polish National Catholic Church<br />
Roman Catholic Church<br />
Holiness and Pietist<br />
Christian and Missionary Alliance<br />
Church of God (Anderson)<br />
Evangelical Covenant Church<br />
Evangelical Free Church of America<br />
Church of <strong>the</strong> Nazarene<br />
Salvation Army<br />
Seventh-day Adventist Church<br />
Wesleyan Church<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran<br />
Evangelical Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Church in America<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Church–Missouri Synod<br />
Wisconsin Evangelical Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Synod<br />
Methodist<br />
African Methodist Episcopal Church<br />
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church<br />
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church<br />
Free Methodist Church<br />
United Methodist Church<br />
Orthodox<br />
Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese<br />
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America<br />
Orthodox Church in America<br />
Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia<br />
Serbian Orthodox Church<br />
Non-Chalcedonic<br />
Armenian Apostolic of Am.<br />
Armenian Apostolic Diocese of Am.<br />
Coptic Orthodox Church<br />
Pentecostal<br />
Assemblies of God<br />
Church of God (Cleveland, TN)<br />
Church of God in Christ<br />
Church of God of Prophecy<br />
Church on <strong>the</strong> Rock- International<br />
Full Gospel Fellowship<br />
Intl. Church of <strong>the</strong> Foursquare Gospel<br />
Intl. Pentecostal Holiness Church<br />
Pentecostal Church of God<br />
Oneness Pentecostal<br />
Pentecostal Assemblies of <strong>the</strong> World<br />
United Pentecostal Church Intl.<br />
Presbyterian and Reformed<br />
Christian Reformed Church in North America<br />
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<strong>Protestantism</strong> - <strong>Wikipedia</strong>, <strong>the</strong> <strong>free</strong> <strong>encyclopedia</strong><br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
Conservative Congregational Christian Conference<br />
Cumberland Presbyterian Church<br />
Evangelical Presbyterian Church<br />
Korean Presbyterian Church in America<br />
International Council of Community Churches<br />
National Asso. of Congregational Christian Churches<br />
Presbyterian Church (USA)<br />
Presbyterian Church in America<br />
Reformed Church in America<br />
United Church of Christ<br />
Church of Christ, Scientist<br />
LDS Church<br />
Community of Christ<br />
Grace Gospel Fellowship<br />
Independent Fundamental Churches of America<br />
Jehovah's Witnesses<br />
Messianic Jewish Alliance of America<br />
Plymouth Brethren<br />
Vineyard USA<br />
See also: Non-denominational Christianity<br />
International Associations<br />
Interdenominational Associations<br />
World Council of Churches<br />
World Evangelical Alliance<br />
Denominational Associations<br />
Friends World Committee for Consultation<br />
Mennonite World Conference<br />
Anglican Communion<br />
Baptist World Alliance<br />
World Convention of Churches of Christ<br />
Eastern Orthodox Church<br />
Confessional Evangelical Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Conference<br />
International Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Council<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran World Federation<br />
World Methodist Council<br />
Pentecostal World Conference<br />
International Conference of Reformed Churches<br />
Reformed Ecumenical Council<br />
World Communion of Reformed Churches<br />
World Reformed Fellowship<br />
Regional Associations<br />
Africa<br />
All Africa Conference of Churches (AACC)<br />
Association of Evangelicals of Africa (AEA)<br />
All Africa Baptist Fellowship<br />
Africa Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Communion<br />
Asia<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r<br />
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<strong>Protestantism</strong> - <strong>Wikipedia</strong>, <strong>the</strong> <strong>free</strong> <strong>encyclopedia</strong><br />
Presbyterianism<br />
Reformed<br />
Theological Tenets of <strong>the</strong> Reformation<br />
Main article: Five solas<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
Christian Conference of Asia (CCA)<br />
Evangelical Fellowship of Asia<br />
Asia Pacific Baptist Federation<br />
Asia Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Communion<br />
Caribbean<br />
Caribbean Conference of Churches (CCC)<br />
Evangelical Association of <strong>the</strong> Caribbean<br />
Caribbean Baptist Fellowship<br />
Europe<br />
Conference of European Churches (CEC)<br />
European Evangelical Alliance<br />
European Baptist Federation<br />
Pentecostal European Fellowship<br />
Middle East<br />
Middle East Council of Churches (MECC)<br />
Latin America<br />
Latin American Council of Churches (CLAI)<br />
Latin American Evangelical Fellowship (FIDE)<br />
Union of Baptists in Latin America<br />
North America<br />
North American Baptist Fellowship<br />
Standing Conference of Orthodox Bishops in America<br />
North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council<br />
Pacific<br />
Pacific Conference of Churches (PCC)<br />
Evangelical Fellowship of <strong>the</strong> South Pacific (EFSP)<br />
Asia Pacific Baptist Federation<br />
The Five Solas are five Latin phrases (or slogans) that emerged during <strong>the</strong> Protestant Reformation and<br />
summarize <strong>the</strong> Reformers' basic differences in <strong>the</strong>ological beliefs in opposition to <strong>the</strong> teaching of <strong>the</strong><br />
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Catholic Church of <strong>the</strong> day. The Latin word sola means "alone", "only", or "single".<br />
The use of <strong>the</strong> phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during <strong>the</strong> reformation, based on <strong>the</strong><br />
over-arching principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone). This idea contains <strong>the</strong> four main doctrines on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all <strong>the</strong> doctrine necessary for salvation<br />
comes from <strong>the</strong> Bible alone (sufficiency); that everything taught in <strong>the</strong> Bible is correct (inerrancy); and that,<br />
by <strong>the</strong> Holy Spirit overcoming sin, believers may read and understand truth from <strong>the</strong> Bible itself, though<br />
understanding is difficult, so <strong>the</strong> means used to guide individual believers to <strong>the</strong> true teaching is often<br />
mutual discussion within <strong>the</strong> church (clarity).<br />
The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though <strong>the</strong>y later came<br />
under debate from outside during <strong>the</strong> Enlightenment. The most contentious idea at <strong>the</strong> time though was <strong>the</strong><br />
notion that anyone could simply pick up <strong>the</strong> Bible and learn enough to gain salvation. Though <strong>the</strong> reformers<br />
were concerned with ecclesiology (<strong>the</strong> doctrine of how <strong>the</strong> church as a body works), <strong>the</strong>y had a different<br />
understanding of <strong>the</strong> process in which truths in scripture were applied to life of believers, compared to <strong>the</strong><br />
Catholics' idea that certain people within <strong>the</strong> church, or ideas that were old enough, had a special status in<br />
giving understanding of <strong>the</strong> text.<br />
The second main principle, sola fide (by faith alone), states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal<br />
salvation. Though argued from scripture, and hence logically consequent to sola scriptura, this is <strong>the</strong><br />
guiding principle of <strong>the</strong> work of Lu<strong>the</strong>r and <strong>the</strong> later reformers. As sola scriptura placed <strong>the</strong> Bible as <strong>the</strong><br />
only source of teaching, sola fide epitomises <strong>the</strong> main thrust of <strong>the</strong> teaching <strong>the</strong> reformers wanted to get<br />
back to, namely <strong>the</strong> direct, close, personal connection between Christ and <strong>the</strong> believer, hence <strong>the</strong> reformers'<br />
contention that <strong>the</strong>ir work was Christocentric.<br />
The o<strong>the</strong>r solas, as statements, emerged later, but <strong>the</strong> thinking <strong>the</strong>y represent was also part of <strong>the</strong> early<br />
reformation.<br />
Solus Christus: Christ Alone.<br />
The Protestants characterize <strong>the</strong> dogma concerning <strong>the</strong> Pope as Christ's representative head of <strong>the</strong><br />
Church on earth, <strong>the</strong> concept of works made meritorious by Christ, and <strong>the</strong> Catholic idea of a<br />
treasury of <strong>the</strong> merits of Christ and his saints, as a denial that Christ is <strong>the</strong> only mediator between<br />
God and man. Catholics, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, maintained <strong>the</strong> traditional understanding of Judaism on<br />
<strong>the</strong>se questions, and appealed to <strong>the</strong> universal consensus of Christian tradition. [15]<br />
Sola Gratia: Grace Alone.<br />
Protestants perceived Roman Catholic salvation to be dependent upon <strong>the</strong> grace of God and <strong>the</strong><br />
merits of one's own works. The Reformers posited that salvation is a gift of God (i.e., God's act of<br />
<strong>free</strong> grace), dispensed by <strong>the</strong> Holy Spirit owing to <strong>the</strong> redemptive work of Jesus Christ alone.<br />
Consequently, <strong>the</strong>y argued that a sinner is not accepted by God on account of <strong>the</strong> change wrought in<br />
<strong>the</strong> believer by God's grace, and that <strong>the</strong> believer is accepted without regard for <strong>the</strong> merit of his works<br />
—for no one deserves salvation. [Matt. 7:21 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?<br />
passage=Matt.%207:21;&version=ESV;) ]<br />
Soli Deo Gloria: Glory to God Alone<br />
All glory is due to God alone, since salvation is accomplished solely through his will and action —<br />
not only <strong>the</strong> gift of <strong>the</strong> all-sufficient atonement of Jesus on <strong>the</strong> cross but also <strong>the</strong> gift of faith in that<br />
atonement, created in <strong>the</strong> heart of <strong>the</strong> believer by <strong>the</strong> Holy Spirit. The reformers believed that human<br />
beings —even saints canonized by <strong>the</strong> Catholic Church, <strong>the</strong> popes, and <strong>the</strong> ecclesiastical hierarchy—<br />
are not worthy of <strong>the</strong> glory.<br />
Christ's presence in <strong>the</strong> Lord's Supper<br />
Main articles: Real Presence and Eucharist<br />
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The Protestant movement began to coalesce into several distinct branches in <strong>the</strong> mid-to-late 16th century.<br />
One of <strong>the</strong> central points of divergence was controversy over <strong>the</strong> Lord's Supper. Early Protestants rejected<br />
<strong>the</strong> Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that <strong>the</strong> bread and wine used in <strong>the</strong><br />
sacrificial rite of <strong>the</strong> Mass lose <strong>the</strong>ir natural substance by being transformed into <strong>the</strong> Body, Blood, Soul,<br />
and Divinity of Christ. They disagreed with one ano<strong>the</strong>r concerning <strong>the</strong> presence of Christ and his body<br />
and blood in Holy Communion.<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>rans hold that within <strong>the</strong> Lord's Supper <strong>the</strong> consecrated elements of bread and wine are <strong>the</strong> true<br />
body and blood of Christ "in, with, and under <strong>the</strong> form" of bread and wine for all those who eat and<br />
drink it, [1Cor 10:16 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=1Cor%2010:16;&version=47;) ] [11:20,27<br />
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=1Cor%2011:20,27;&version=47;) ] [16] a doctrine that <strong>the</strong> Formula of<br />
Concord calls <strong>the</strong> Sacramental union. [17] God earnestly offers to all who receive <strong>the</strong><br />
sacrament, [Lk 22:19-20 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Lk%2022:19-20;&version=50;) ][18]<br />
forgiveness of sins, [Mt 26:28 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Mt%2026:28;&version=50;) ][19] and<br />
eternal salvation. [20]<br />
The Reformed closest to Calvin emphasize <strong>the</strong> real presence, or sacramental presence, of Christ,<br />
saying that <strong>the</strong> sacrament is a means of saving grace through which only <strong>the</strong> elect believer actually<br />
partakes of Christ, but merely with <strong>the</strong> Bread and Wine ra<strong>the</strong>r than in <strong>the</strong> Elements. Calvinists deny<br />
<strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran assertion that all communicants, both believers and unbelievers, orally receive Christ's<br />
body and blood in <strong>the</strong> elements of <strong>the</strong> sacrament, but instead affirm that Christ is united to <strong>the</strong><br />
believer through faith—toward which <strong>the</strong> supper is an outward and visible aid. This is often referred<br />
to as dynamic presence. Why this aid is necessary in addition to faith differs according to <strong>the</strong><br />
believer. Some Protestants (such as <strong>the</strong> Salvation Army) do not believe it is necessary at all.<br />
A Protestant holding a popular simplification of <strong>the</strong> Zwinglian view, without concern for <strong>the</strong>ological<br />
intricacies as hinted at above, may see <strong>the</strong> Lord's Supper merely as a symbol of <strong>the</strong> shared faith of<br />
<strong>the</strong> participants, a commemoration of <strong>the</strong> facts of <strong>the</strong> crucifixion, and a reminder of <strong>the</strong>ir standing<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r as <strong>the</strong> Body of Christ (a view referred to somewhat derisively as memorialism).<br />
Catholicism<br />
The official view of <strong>the</strong> Catholic Church on <strong>the</strong> matter is that Protestant denominations cannot be<br />
considered "churches", but ra<strong>the</strong>r that <strong>the</strong>y are ecclesial communities or "specific faith-believing<br />
communities" because <strong>the</strong>ir ordinances, doctrines, are not historically <strong>the</strong> same as <strong>the</strong> Catholic sacraments<br />
and dogmas, and <strong>the</strong> Protestant communities have no sacramental/ministerial priesthood, and <strong>the</strong>refore lack<br />
true apostolic succession. [21][22]<br />
Contrary to how <strong>the</strong> Protestant reformers were often characterized, <strong>the</strong> concept of a catholic or universal<br />
Church was not brushed aside during <strong>the</strong> Protestant Reformation. On <strong>the</strong> contrary, <strong>the</strong> visible unity of <strong>the</strong><br />
Catholic Church was an important and essential doctrine of <strong>the</strong> Reformation. The Magisterial Reformers,<br />
such as Martin Lu<strong>the</strong>r, John Calvin, and Ulrich Zwingli, believed that <strong>the</strong>y were "reforming" <strong>the</strong> Catholic<br />
Church, which <strong>the</strong>y viewed as having become corrupted. Each of <strong>the</strong>m took very seriously <strong>the</strong> charges of<br />
schism and innovation, denying <strong>the</strong>se charges and maintaining that it was <strong>the</strong> Catholic Church that had left<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. [23] In order to justify <strong>the</strong>ir departure from <strong>the</strong> Catholic Church, Protestants often posited a new<br />
argument, saying that <strong>the</strong>re was no real visible Church with divine authority, only a "spiritual", "invisible",<br />
and "hidden" church— this notion began in <strong>the</strong> early days of <strong>the</strong> Protestant Reformation.<br />
Wherever <strong>the</strong> Magisterial Reformation, which received support from <strong>the</strong> ruling authorities, took place, <strong>the</strong><br />
result was a reformed national Protestant church envisioned to be a part of <strong>the</strong> whole "invisible church", but<br />
disagreeing, in certain important points of doctrine and doctrine-linked practice, with what had until <strong>the</strong>n<br />
been considered <strong>the</strong> normative reference point on such matters, namely <strong>the</strong> Papacy and central authority of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Catholic Church. The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity, founded on <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
doctrines of <strong>the</strong> five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on <strong>the</strong> 14th and 15th century<br />
Conciliar movement, rejecting <strong>the</strong> Papacy and Papal Infallibility in favor of Ecumenical councils, but<br />
rejecting <strong>the</strong> latest ecumenical council, <strong>the</strong> Council of Trent. Religious unity <strong>the</strong>refore became not one of<br />
doctrine and identity, but one of invisible character, wherein <strong>the</strong> unity was one of faith in Jesus Christ, not<br />
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common identity, doctrine, belief, and collaborative action.<br />
Today <strong>the</strong>re is a growing movement of Protestants, especially of <strong>the</strong> Reformed tradition, that reject <strong>the</strong><br />
designation "Protestant" because of its negative "anti-catholic" connotations, preferring <strong>the</strong> designation<br />
"Reformed", "Evangelical" or even "Reformed Catholic" expressive of what <strong>the</strong>y call a "Reformed<br />
Catholicity" [24] and defending <strong>the</strong>ir arguments from <strong>the</strong> traditional Protestant Confessions. [25]<br />
Radical Reformation<br />
Main article: Radical Reformation<br />
Unlike mainstream Evangelical (Lu<strong>the</strong>ran), Reformed (Zwinglian and Calvinist) Protestant movements, <strong>the</strong><br />
Radical Reformation, which had no state sponsorship, generally abandoned <strong>the</strong> idea of <strong>the</strong> "Church Visible"<br />
as distinct from <strong>the</strong> "Church Invisible". It was a rational extension of <strong>the</strong> State-approved Protestant dissent,<br />
which took <strong>the</strong> value of independence from constituted authority a step fur<strong>the</strong>r, arguing <strong>the</strong> same for <strong>the</strong><br />
civic realm.<br />
Protestant ecclesial leaders such as Hubmaier and Hofmann preached <strong>the</strong> invalidity of infant baptism,<br />
advocating baptism as following conversion, called "believer's baptism", instead. This was not a doctrine<br />
new to <strong>the</strong> reformers, but was taught by earlier groups, such <strong>the</strong> Albigenses in 1147.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> view of many associated with <strong>the</strong> Radical Reformation, <strong>the</strong> Magisterial Reformation had not gone far<br />
enough, with radical reformer, Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt, for example, referring to <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran<br />
<strong>the</strong>ologians at Wittenberg as <strong>the</strong> "new papists". [26] A more political side of <strong>the</strong> Radical Reformation can be<br />
seen in <strong>the</strong> thought and practice of Hans Hut, although typically Anabaptism has been associated with<br />
pacifism.<br />
Early Anabaptists were severely persecuted by Lu<strong>the</strong>ran, Reformed, and Roman Catholic civil authorities.<br />
Movements<br />
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Evolution of major branches and movements within <strong>Protestantism</strong><br />
Pietism and Methodism<br />
Main articles: Pietism and Methodism<br />
The German Pietist movement, toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> influence of <strong>the</strong> Puritan Reformation in England in <strong>the</strong><br />
17th century, were important influences upon John Wesley and Methodism, as well as new groups such as<br />
<strong>the</strong> Religious Society of Friends ("Quakers") and <strong>the</strong> Moravian Brethren from Herrnhut, Saxony, Germany.<br />
The practice of a spiritual life, typically combined with social engagement, predominates in classical<br />
Pietism, which was a protest against <strong>the</strong> doctrine-centeredness Protestant Orthodoxy of <strong>the</strong> times, in favor<br />
of depth of religious experience. Many of <strong>the</strong> more conservative Methodists went on to form <strong>the</strong> Holiness<br />
movement, which emphasized a rigorous experience of holiness in practical, daily life.<br />
Evangelicalism<br />
Main article: Evangelicalism<br />
Beginning at <strong>the</strong> end of 18th century, several international revivals of Pietism (such as <strong>the</strong> Great<br />
Awakening and <strong>the</strong> Second Great Awakening) took place across denominational lines, largely in <strong>the</strong><br />
English-speaking world. Their teachings and successor groupings are referred to generally as <strong>the</strong><br />
Evangelical movement. The chief emphases of this movement were individual conversion, personal piety<br />
and Bible study, public morality often including Temperance and Abolitionism, de-emphasis of formalism<br />
in worship and in doctrine, a broadened role for laity (including women) in worship, evangelism and<br />
teaching, and cooperation in evangelism across denominational lines. Some of <strong>the</strong> Major figures in this<br />
movement include Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott, and Martyn Lloyd-Jones.<br />
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Adventism<br />
Main article: Adventism<br />
Adventism is a Christian movement which began in <strong>the</strong> 19th century, in <strong>the</strong> context of <strong>the</strong> Second Great<br />
Awakeningrevival in <strong>the</strong> United States. The name refers to belief in <strong>the</strong> imminent Second Coming (or<br />
"Second Advent") of Jesus Christ. It was started by William Miller, whose followers became known as<br />
Millerites. Today, <strong>the</strong> largest church within <strong>the</strong> movement is <strong>the</strong> Seventh-day Adventist Church.<br />
The Adventist family of churches is regarded today as conservative Protestants. [27] Although <strong>the</strong>se churches<br />
hold much in common, <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>the</strong>ology differs on whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> intermediate state is unconscious sleep or<br />
consciousness, whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> ultimate punishment of <strong>the</strong> wicked is annihilation or eternal torment, <strong>the</strong> nature<br />
of immortality, whe<strong>the</strong>r or not <strong>the</strong> wicked are resurrected after <strong>the</strong> millennium, and whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> sanctuary<br />
of Daniel 8 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Daniel&verse=8&src=NKJV) refers to <strong>the</strong> one in<br />
heaven or one on earth. [27] The movement has encouraged <strong>the</strong> examination of <strong>the</strong> New Testament, leading<br />
<strong>the</strong>m to observe <strong>the</strong> Sabbath.<br />
Modernism and Liberalism<br />
Main article: Liberal Christianity<br />
Modernism and Liberalism do not constitute rigorous and well-defined schools of <strong>the</strong>ology, but are ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
an inclination by some writers and teachers to integrate Christian thought into <strong>the</strong> spirit of <strong>the</strong> Age of<br />
Enlightenment. New understandings of history and <strong>the</strong> natural sciences of <strong>the</strong> day led directly to new<br />
approaches to <strong>the</strong>ology.<br />
Pentecostalism<br />
Main article: Pentecostalism<br />
Pentecostalism, as a movement, began in <strong>the</strong> United States early in <strong>the</strong> 20th century, starting especially<br />
within <strong>the</strong> Holiness movement. Seeking a return to <strong>the</strong> operation of New Testament gifts of <strong>the</strong> Holy Spirit,<br />
speaking in tongues as evidence of <strong>the</strong> "baptism of <strong>the</strong> Holy Ghost" or to make <strong>the</strong> unbeliever believe<br />
became <strong>the</strong> leading feature. Divine healing and miracles were also emphasized. Pentecostalism swept<br />
through much of <strong>the</strong> Holiness movement, and eventually spawned hundreds of new denominations in <strong>the</strong><br />
United States. A later "charismatic" movement also stressed <strong>the</strong> gifts of <strong>the</strong> Spirit, but often operated within<br />
existing denominations, ra<strong>the</strong>r than by coming out of <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
Fundamentalism<br />
Main article: Christian fundamentalism<br />
In reaction to liberal Bible critique, fundamentalism arose in <strong>the</strong> 20th century, primarily in <strong>the</strong> United<br />
States, among those denominations most affected by Evangelicalism.<br />
Neo-orthodoxy<br />
Main article: Neo-orthodoxy<br />
A non-fundamentalist rejection of liberal Christianity, associated primarily with Karl Barth and Jürgen<br />
Moltmann, neo-orthodoxy sought to counter-act <strong>the</strong> tendency of liberal <strong>the</strong>ology to make <strong>the</strong>ological<br />
accommodations to modern scientific perspectives. Sometimes called "Crisis <strong>the</strong>ology", according to <strong>the</strong><br />
influence of philosophical existentialism on some important segments of <strong>the</strong> movement; also, somewhat<br />
confusingly, sometimes called neo-evangelicalism.<br />
New Evangelicalism<br />
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Main article: Evangelicalism<br />
Evangelicalism is a movement from <strong>the</strong> middle of <strong>the</strong> 20th century, that reacted to perceived excesses of<br />
Fundamentalism, adding to concern for biblical authority, an emphasis on liberal arts, cooperation among<br />
churches, Christian Apologetics, and non-denominational evangelization.<br />
Paleo-orthodoxy<br />
Main article: Paleo-orthodoxy<br />
Paleo-orthodoxy is a movement similar in some respects to Neo-evangelicalism but emphasizing <strong>the</strong><br />
ancient Christian consensus of <strong>the</strong> undivided Church of <strong>the</strong> first millennium AD, including in particular <strong>the</strong><br />
early Creeds and councils of <strong>the</strong> Church as a means of properly understanding <strong>the</strong> Scriptures. This<br />
movement is cross-denominational and <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ological giant of <strong>the</strong> movement is United Methodist<br />
<strong>the</strong>ologian Thomas Oden.<br />
Ecumenism<br />
Main article: Christian ecumenism<br />
The ecumenical movement has had an influence on mainline churches, beginning at least in 1910 with <strong>the</strong><br />
Edinburgh Missionary Conference. Its origins lay in <strong>the</strong> recognition of <strong>the</strong> need for cooperation on <strong>the</strong><br />
mission field in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Since 1948, <strong>the</strong> World Council of Churches has been influential,<br />
but ineffective in creating a united Church. There are also ecumenical bodies at regional, national and local<br />
levels across <strong>the</strong> globe; but schisms still far outnumber unifications. One, but not <strong>the</strong> only expression of <strong>the</strong><br />
ecumenical movement, has been <strong>the</strong> move to form united churches, such as <strong>the</strong> Church of South India, <strong>the</strong><br />
Church of North India, The US-based United Church of Christ, The United Church of Canada, Uniting<br />
Church in Australia and <strong>the</strong> United Church of Christ in <strong>the</strong> Philippines which have rapidly declining<br />
memberships. There has been a strong engagement of Orthodox churches in <strong>the</strong> ecumenical movement,<br />
though <strong>the</strong> reaction of individual Orthodox <strong>the</strong>ologians has ranged from tentative approval of <strong>the</strong> aim of<br />
Christian unity to outright condemnation of <strong>the</strong> perceived effect of watering down Orthodox doctrine. [28]<br />
A Protestant baptism is held to be valid in a Catholic church because it is a sacrament borrowed from <strong>the</strong><br />
Catholic Church and derives its efficacy from Christ. However, Protestant ministers are not recognized as<br />
valid Church leaders, due to <strong>the</strong>ir lack of apostolic succession and <strong>the</strong>ir disunity from <strong>the</strong> Catholic Church.<br />
Therefore, laymen who convert are not re-baptized, although Protestant ministers who convert are ordained<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Catholic priesthood (cf Apostolicae Curae).<br />
In 1999, <strong>the</strong> representatives of Lu<strong>the</strong>ran World Federation and Catholic Church signed The Joint<br />
Declaration on <strong>the</strong> Doctrine of Justification, apparently resolving <strong>the</strong> conflict over <strong>the</strong> nature of Justification<br />
which was at <strong>the</strong> root of <strong>the</strong> Protestant Reformation, although Confessional Lu<strong>the</strong>rans reject this<br />
statement. [29] This is understandable, since <strong>the</strong>re is no compelling authority within <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
On July 18, 2006 Delegates to <strong>the</strong> World Methodist Conference voted unanimously to adopt <strong>the</strong> Joint<br />
Declaration. [30][31]<br />
Founders: <strong>the</strong> first major reformers and <strong>the</strong>ologians<br />
Proto-Reformation<br />
12th century<br />
Peter Waldo, founder of <strong>the</strong> Waldensians, a proto-Reformed group that continues to exist to this day<br />
in Italy.<br />
14th century<br />
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John Wycliffe, English reformer, <strong>the</strong> "Morning Star of <strong>the</strong> Reformation".<br />
15th century<br />
Jan Hus, Catholic Priest and Professor, influenced by John Wycliffe's writings, fa<strong>the</strong>r of an early<br />
Protestant church (Moravianism), Czech reformist/dissident; burned to death in Constance, Holy<br />
Roman Empire in 1415 by Roman Catholic Church authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy.<br />
After <strong>the</strong> devastation of <strong>the</strong> Hussite Wars some of his followers founded <strong>the</strong> Unitas Fratrum in 1457,<br />
"Unity of Brethren", which was renewed under <strong>the</strong> leadership of Count Zinzendorf in Herrnhut,<br />
Saxony in 1722 after its almost total destruction in <strong>the</strong> 30 Years War and Counter Reformation.<br />
Today it is usually referred to in English as <strong>the</strong> Moravian Church, in German <strong>the</strong> Herrnhuter<br />
Brüdergemeine.<br />
Reformation Proper<br />
16th century<br />
Jacobus Arminius, Dutch <strong>the</strong>ologian, founder of school of thought known as Arminianism.<br />
Heinrich Bullinger, successor of Zwingli, leading reformed <strong>the</strong>ologian.<br />
John Calvin, French <strong>the</strong>ologian, Reformer and resident of Geneva, Switzerland, he founded <strong>the</strong><br />
school of <strong>the</strong>ology known as Calvinism.<br />
Balthasar Hubmaier, influential Anabaptist <strong>the</strong>ologian, author of numerous works during his five<br />
years of ministry, tortured at Zwingli's behest, and executed in Vienna.<br />
John Knox, Scottish Calvinist reformer.<br />
Martin Lu<strong>the</strong>r, church reformer, Fa<strong>the</strong>r of <strong>Protestantism</strong>, [32][33] <strong>the</strong>ological works guided those now<br />
known as Lu<strong>the</strong>rans.<br />
Philipp Melanchthon, early Lu<strong>the</strong>ran leader.<br />
Menno Simons, founder of Mennonitism.<br />
John Smyth, early Baptist leader.<br />
Huldrych Zwingli, founder of Swiss reformed tradition.<br />
See also<br />
Anti-Catholicism<br />
Anti-<strong>Protestantism</strong><br />
Islam and <strong>Protestantism</strong><br />
List of Protestant churches<br />
Protestant work ethic<br />
References<br />
1. ^ "Protestant } Define Protestant" (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/protestant?s=t) .<br />
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/protestant?s=t. Retrieved 7 April 2012.<br />
2. ^ http://www.icm-online.ie/resources/articles/68-anglicanism-a-protestant-and-reformed-confession.html<br />
3. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary" (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Protestant&allowed_in_frame=0) .<br />
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Protestant&allowed_in_frame=0. Retrieved 7 April 2012.<br />
4. ^ Lu<strong>the</strong>r, Martin (1517). Disputation of Doctor Martin Lu<strong>the</strong>r on <strong>the</strong> Power and Efficacy of Indulgences<br />
(http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/lu<strong>the</strong>r/ninetyfive.txt) . Wittenburg.<br />
http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/lu<strong>the</strong>r/ninetyfive.txt.<br />
5. ^ "The Protestant Reformation" (http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1136.html) . http://www.u-shistory.com/pages/h1136.html.<br />
Retrieved 9 April 2012.<br />
6. ^ O'Gorman, Robert T. and Faulkner, Mary. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding Catholicism. 2003,<br />
page 317.<br />
7. ^ Article 1, of <strong>the</strong> Articles Declaratory of <strong>the</strong> Constitution of <strong>the</strong> Church of Scotland 1921 states 'The Church of<br />
Scotland adheres to <strong>the</strong> Scottish Reformation'.<br />
8. ^ a b Johann Jakob Herzog, Philip Schaff, Albert. The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge.<br />
1911, page 419. http://books.google.com/books?id=AmYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA419<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
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9. ^ "Religions - Christianity: Quakers"<br />
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/quakers_2.shtml) . BBC.<br />
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/quakers_2.shtml. Retrieved 2010-11-19.<br />
10. ^ Jay Diamond, Larry. Plattner, Marc F. and Costopoulos, Philip J. World Religions and Democracy. 2005, page<br />
119.( also in PDF file (http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/bmoraski/Democratization/Woodberry04_JOD.pdf) , p49),<br />
saying "Not only do Protestants presently constitute 13 percent of <strong>the</strong> world's population—about 800 million<br />
people—but since 1900 <strong>Protestantism</strong> has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America."<br />
11. ^ "between 1,250 and 1,750 million adherents, depending on <strong>the</strong> criteria employed": McGrath, Alister E.<br />
Christianity: An Introduction (http://books.google.com.hk/books?<br />
id=ZYN3Rowp8ZYC&pg=PR16&lpg=PR16&source=web&ots=bNVoHZwx6H&sig=D961IonSSKBgItV4v57UCeYhvs0)<br />
. 2006, page xv1.<br />
12. ^ "2.1 thousand million Christians": Hinnells, John R. The Routledge Companion to <strong>the</strong> Study of Religion. 2005,<br />
page 441.<br />
13. ^ Hall(2), Basil (1993), "Cranmer, <strong>the</strong> Eucharist, and <strong>the</strong> Foreign Divines in <strong>the</strong> Reign of Edward VI", in Ayris,<br />
Paul; Selwyn, David, Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: The Boydell Press,<br />
[ISBN 0-85115-549-9]<br />
14. ^ "Church Association Tract 049" (http://www.churchsociety.org/publications/tracts/CAT049_ProtestantCofE.pdf)<br />
(PDF). http://www.churchsociety.org/publications/tracts/CAT049_ProtestantCofE.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-19.<br />
15. ^ Matt. 16:18 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Matt.%2016:18;&version=ESV;) , 1 Cor. 3:11<br />
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=1Cor.%203:11;&version=;) , Eph. 2:20<br />
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Eph.%202:20;&version=ESV;) , 1 Pet. 2:5–6<br />
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=1Pet.%202:5–6;&version=;) , Rev. 21:14<br />
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Rev.%2021:14;&version=ESV;)<br />
16. ^ Engelder, T.E.W., Popular Symbolics (http://www.archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1) . St. Louis: Concordia<br />
Publishing House, 1934. p. 95, Part XXIV. "The Lord's Supper", paragraph 131.<br />
17. ^ "The Solid Declaration of <strong>the</strong> Formula of Concord, Article 8, The Holy Supper"<br />
(http://www.bookofconcord.com/fc-sd/supper.html) . Bookofconcord.com. http://www.bookofconcord.com/fcsd/supper.html.<br />
Retrieved 2010-11-19.<br />
18. ^ Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). Outlines Of Doctrinal Theology<br />
(http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt) . Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 162.<br />
http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt.<br />
19. ^ Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). Outlines Of Doctrinal Theology<br />
(http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt) . Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 163.<br />
http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt.<br />
20. ^ Lu<strong>the</strong>r's Small Catechism, Part IV, The Sacrament of <strong>the</strong> Altar<br />
(http://www.bookofconcord.org/smallcatechism.php#sacrament) , "What is <strong>the</strong> benefit of such eating and drinking?<br />
That is shown us in <strong>the</strong>se words: Given, and shed for you, for <strong>the</strong> remission of sins; namely, that in <strong>the</strong> Sacrament<br />
forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation are given us through <strong>the</strong>se words. For where <strong>the</strong>re is forgiveness of sins,<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is also life and salvation." Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). Outlines Of Doctrinal Theology<br />
(http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt) . Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 163.<br />
http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt.<br />
21. ^ Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of <strong>the</strong> Doctrine on <strong>the</strong> Church, June 29, 2007,<br />
Congregation for <strong>the</strong> Doctrine of <strong>the</strong> Faith.<br />
22. ^ Stuard-will, Kelly (2007). Karitas Publishing. ed. A Faraway Ancient Country. (http://books.google.com/books?<br />
id=q469xc7mbksC&lpg=PA1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false) . United States: Gardners Books. pp. 216.<br />
ISBN 978-0-615-15801-3. http://books.google.com/books?<br />
id=q469xc7mbksC&lpg=PA1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.<br />
23. ^ The Protestant Reformers formed a new and radically different <strong>the</strong>ological opinion on ecclesiology, that <strong>the</strong><br />
visible Catholic Church is "catholic" (lower-case "c") ra<strong>the</strong>r than "Catholic" (upper-case "c"). Accordingly, <strong>the</strong>re<br />
is not an indefinite number of Parochial, or Congregational, or National churches, constituting, as it were, so many<br />
ecclesiastical individualities, but one great spiritual republic of which <strong>the</strong>se various organizations form a part,<br />
although <strong>the</strong>y each have very different opinions. This was markedly far-removed from <strong>the</strong> traditional and historic<br />
Catholic Christian understanding that <strong>the</strong> Catholic Church is <strong>the</strong> one true Church of Christ. Yet in <strong>the</strong> Protestant<br />
understanding, <strong>the</strong> "visible church" is not a genus, so to speak, with so many species under it. It is thus you may<br />
think of <strong>the</strong> State, but <strong>the</strong> visible church is a totum integrale, it is an empire, with an e<strong>the</strong>real emperor, ra<strong>the</strong>r than<br />
a visible one. The churches of <strong>the</strong> various nationalities constitute <strong>the</strong> provinces of this empire; and though <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are so far independent of each o<strong>the</strong>r, yet <strong>the</strong>y are so one, that membership in one is membership in all, and<br />
separation from one is separation from all.... This conception of <strong>the</strong> church, of which, in at least some aspects, we<br />
have practically so much lost sight, had a firm hold of <strong>the</strong> Scottish <strong>the</strong>ologians of <strong>the</strong> seventeenth century. Dr.<br />
James Walker in The Theology of Theologians of Scotland. (Edinburgh: Rpt. Knox Press, 1982) Lecture iv. pp.95-<br />
6.<br />
24. ^ "reformedcatholicism.com" (http://www.reformedcatholicism.com/?p=424) . reformedcatholicism.com.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church<br />
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<strong>Protestantism</strong> - <strong>Wikipedia</strong>, <strong>the</strong> <strong>free</strong> <strong>encyclopedia</strong><br />
http://www.reformedcatholicism.com/?p=424. Retrieved 2010-11-19.<br />
25. ^ The Canadian Reformed Magazine, 18 (September 20–27, October 4–11, 18, November 1, 8, 1969)<br />
http://spindleworks.com/library/faber/008_<strong>the</strong>ca.htm<br />
26. ^ The Magisterial Reformation (http://www.reformationhappens.com/movements/magisterial/) .<br />
27. ^ a b "Adventist and Sabbatarian (Hebraic) Churches" section (p. 256–276) in Frank S. Mead, Samuel S. Hill and<br />
Craig D. Atwood, Handbook of Denominations in <strong>the</strong> United States, 12th edn. Nashville: Abingdon Press<br />
28. ^ "Orthodox Church: text - IntraText CT" (http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0804/__P1T.HTM) . Intratext.com.<br />
http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0804/__P1T.HTM. Retrieved 2010-11-19.<br />
29. ^ WELS Topical Q&A: Justification (http://arkiv.lbk.cc/faq/site.pl@1518cutopic_topicid19cuitem_itemid6741.htm)<br />
, stating: "A document which is aimed at settling differences needs to address those differences unambiguously.<br />
The Joint Declaration does not do this. At best, it sends confusing mixed signals and should be repudiated by all<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>rans."<br />
30. ^ "News Archives"<br />
(http://www.umc.org/site/c.gjJTJbMUIuE/b.1863123/k.FF49/World_Methodists_approve_fur<strong>the</strong>r_ecumenical_dialo<br />
gue.htm) . UMC.org.<br />
http://www.umc.org/site/c.gjJTJbMUIuE/b.1863123/k.FF49/World_Methodists_approve_fur<strong>the</strong>r_ecumenical_dialog<br />
ue.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-19.<br />
31. ^ "CNS STORY: Methodists adopt Catholic-Lu<strong>the</strong>ran declaration on justification"<br />
(http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0604186.htm) . Catholicnews.com.<br />
http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0604186.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-19.<br />
32. ^ Challenges to Authority: The Renaissance in Europe: A Cultural Enquiry, Volume 3, by Peter Elmer, page 25.<br />
33. ^ "What ELCA Lu<strong>the</strong>rans Believe." Evangelical Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Church in America. 26 July 2008 .<br />
External links<br />
Supporting<br />
Critical<br />
"Is Sola Scriptura a Protestant Concoction?"<br />
(http://www.inplainsite.org/html/sola_scriptura.html#Concoction) by Greg Bahnsen<br />
European Institute of Protestant Studies (http://www.ianpaisley.org)<br />
Catholic websites on sola scriptura (http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/mischedj/ct1_solascript.html)<br />
"<strong>Protestantism</strong>" (http://www.newadvent.org/ca<strong>the</strong>n/12495a.htm) from <strong>the</strong> 1917 Catholic<br />
Encyclopedia<br />
"Why Only Catholicism Can Make <strong>Protestantism</strong> Work"<br />
(http://catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0097.html) by Mark Brumley<br />
Miscellaneous<br />
The Future of American <strong>Protestantism</strong> (http://catalystresources.org/issues/303balmer.html) from<br />
Catalyst (United Methodist perspective)<br />
<strong>Protestantism</strong>—Christianity in View (http://protestant.christianityinview.com/)<br />
Archive of mainline protestant sermons and preaching (http://day1.org/)<br />
World Council of Churches (http://www.oikoumene.org) World body for mainline Protestant churches<br />
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=<strong>Protestantism</strong>&oldid=487590213"<br />
Categories: <strong>Protestantism</strong> Christianity in Europe Christian <strong>the</strong>ology by tradition Christian terms<br />
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