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Protestantism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia John Wycliffe, English reformer, the "Morning Star of the Reformation". 15th century Jan Hus, Catholic Priest and Professor, influenced by John Wycliffe's writings, father of an early Protestant church (Moravianism), Czech reformist/dissident; burned to death in Constance, Holy Roman Empire in 1415 by Roman Catholic Church authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After the devastation of the Hussite Wars some of his followers founded the Unitas Fratrum in 1457, "Unity of Brethren", which was renewed under the leadership of Count Zinzendorf in Herrnhut, Saxony in 1722 after its almost total destruction in the 30 Years War and Counter Reformation. Today it is usually referred to in English as the Moravian Church, in German the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine. Reformation Proper 16th century Jacobus Arminius, Dutch theologian, founder of school of thought known as Arminianism. Heinrich Bullinger, successor of Zwingli, leading reformed theologian. John Calvin, French theologian, Reformer and resident of Geneva, Switzerland, he founded the school of theology known as Calvinism. Balthasar Hubmaier, influential Anabaptist theologian, author of numerous works during his five years of ministry, tortured at Zwingli's behest, and executed in Vienna. John Knox, Scottish Calvinist reformer. Martin Luther, church reformer, Father of Protestantism, [32][33] theological works guided those now known as Lutherans. Philipp Melanchthon, early Lutheran leader. Menno Simons, founder of Mennonitism. John Smyth, early Baptist leader. Huldrych Zwingli, founder of Swiss reformed tradition. See also Anti-Catholicism Anti-Protestantism Islam and Protestantism List of Protestant churches Protestant work ethic References 1. ^ "Protestant } Define Protestant" (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/protestant?s=t) . http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/protestant?s=t. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 2. ^ http://www.icm-online.ie/resources/articles/68-anglicanism-a-protestant-and-reformed-confession.html 3. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary" (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Protestant&allowed_in_frame=0) . http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Protestant&allowed_in_frame=0. Retrieved 7 April 2012. 4. ^ Luther, Martin (1517). Disputation of Doctor Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences (http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/ninetyfive.txt) . Wittenburg. http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/ninetyfive.txt. 5. ^ "The Protestant Reformation" (http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1136.html) . http://www.u-shistory.com/pages/h1136.html. Retrieved 9 April 2012. 6. ^ O'Gorman, Robert T. and Faulkner, Mary. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding Catholicism. 2003, page 317. 7. ^ Article 1, of the Articles Declaratory of the Constitution of the Church of Scotland 1921 states 'The Church of Scotland adheres to the Scottish Reformation'. 8. ^ a b Johann Jakob Herzog, Philip Schaff, Albert. The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. 1911, page 419. http://books.google.com/books?id=AmYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA419 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church 29/04/2012 09:25 Page 22 of 24
Protestantism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 9. ^ "Religions - Christianity: Quakers" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/quakers_2.shtml) . BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/quakers_2.shtml. Retrieved 2010-11-19. 10. ^ Jay Diamond, Larry. Plattner, Marc F. and Costopoulos, Philip J. World Religions and Democracy. 2005, page 119.( also in PDF file (http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/bmoraski/Democratization/Woodberry04_JOD.pdf) , p49), saying "Not only do Protestants presently constitute 13 percent of the world's population—about 800 million people—but since 1900 Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America." 11. ^ "between 1,250 and 1,750 million adherents, depending on the criteria employed": McGrath, Alister E. Christianity: An Introduction (http://books.google.com.hk/books? id=ZYN3Rowp8ZYC&pg=PR16&lpg=PR16&source=web&ots=bNVoHZwx6H&sig=D961IonSSKBgItV4v57UCeYhvs0) . 2006, page xv1. 12. ^ "2.1 thousand million Christians": Hinnells, John R. The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion. 2005, page 441. 13. ^ Hall(2), Basil (1993), "Cranmer, the Eucharist, and the Foreign Divines in the Reign of Edward VI", in Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David, Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: The Boydell Press, [ISBN 0-85115-549-9] 14. ^ "Church Association Tract 049" (http://www.churchsociety.org/publications/tracts/CAT049_ProtestantCofE.pdf) (PDF). http://www.churchsociety.org/publications/tracts/CAT049_ProtestantCofE.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-19. 15. ^ Matt. 16:18 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Matt.%2016:18;&version=ESV;) , 1 Cor. 3:11 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=1Cor.%203:11;&version=;) , Eph. 2:20 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Eph.%202:20;&version=ESV;) , 1 Pet. 2:5–6 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=1Pet.%202:5–6;&version=;) , Rev. 21:14 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Rev.%2021:14;&version=ESV;) 16. ^ Engelder, T.E.W., Popular Symbolics (http://www.archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1) . St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. p. 95, Part XXIV. "The Lord's Supper", paragraph 131. 17. ^ "The Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, Article 8, The Holy Supper" (http://www.bookofconcord.com/fc-sd/supper.html) . Bookofconcord.com. http://www.bookofconcord.com/fcsd/supper.html. Retrieved 2010-11-19. 18. ^ Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). Outlines Of Doctrinal Theology (http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt) . Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 162. http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt. 19. ^ Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). Outlines Of Doctrinal Theology (http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt) . Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 163. http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt. 20. ^ Luther's Small Catechism, Part IV, The Sacrament of the Altar (http://www.bookofconcord.org/smallcatechism.php#sacrament) , "What is the benefit of such eating and drinking? That is shown us in these words: Given, and shed for you, for the remission of sins; namely, that in the Sacrament forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation are given us through these words. For where there is forgiveness of sins, there is also life and salvation." Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). Outlines Of Doctrinal Theology (http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt) . Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 163. http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt. 21. ^ Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church, June 29, 2007, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. 22. ^ Stuard-will, Kelly (2007). Karitas Publishing. ed. A Faraway Ancient Country. (http://books.google.com/books? id=q469xc7mbksC&lpg=PA1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false) . United States: Gardners Books. pp. 216. ISBN 978-0-615-15801-3. http://books.google.com/books? id=q469xc7mbksC&lpg=PA1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false. 23. ^ The Protestant Reformers formed a new and radically different theological opinion on ecclesiology, that the visible Catholic Church is "catholic" (lower-case "c") rather than "Catholic" (upper-case "c"). Accordingly, there is not an indefinite number of Parochial, or Congregational, or National churches, constituting, as it were, so many ecclesiastical individualities, but one great spiritual republic of which these various organizations form a part, although they each have very different opinions. This was markedly far-removed from the traditional and historic Catholic Christian understanding that the Catholic Church is the one true Church of Christ. Yet in the Protestant understanding, the "visible church" is not a genus, so to speak, with so many species under it. It is thus you may think of the State, but the visible church is a totum integrale, it is an empire, with an ethereal emperor, rather than a visible one. The churches of the various nationalities constitute the provinces of this empire; and though they are so far independent of each other, yet they are so one, that membership in one is membership in all, and separation from one is separation from all.... This conception of the church, of which, in at least some aspects, we have practically so much lost sight, had a firm hold of the Scottish theologians of the seventeenth century. Dr. James Walker in The Theology of Theologians of Scotland. (Edinburgh: Rpt. Knox Press, 1982) Lecture iv. pp.95- 6. 24. ^ "reformedcatholicism.com" (http://www.reformedcatholicism.com/?p=424) . reformedcatholicism.com. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church 29/04/2012 09:25 Page 23 of 24
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