Protestantism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Protestantism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 13.4 Modernism and Liberalism 13.5 Pentecostalism 13.6 Fundamentalism 13.7 Neo-orthodoxy 13.8 New Evangelicalism 13.9 Paleo-orthodoxy 13.10 Ecumenism 14 Founders: the first major reformers and theologians 14.1 Proto-Reformation 14.2 Reformation Proper 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Etymology The exact origin of the term protestant is unsure, and may come either from French: protestant or German: protestant. However, it is certain that both languages derived their word from the Latin: protestantem, meaning "one who publicly declares/protests", [3] which refers to the letter of protestation by Lutheran princes against the decision of the Diet of Speyer in 1529, which reaffirmed the edict of the Diet of Worms in 1521, banning Martin Luther's 95 theses of protest against some beliefs and practices of the early 16th century Catholic Church. The term Protestant was not initially applied to the Reformers, but later was used to describe all groups protesting Roman Catholic orthodoxy. Since that time, the term Protestant has been used in many different senses, often as a general term merely to signify Christians who belong to neither the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodoxy, or Oriental Orthodoxy Churches. Luther's 95 theses http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church Catholic Eastern Eastern Orthodox · Eastern Catholic · Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) · Assyrian Nontrinitarian Jehovah's Witness · Latter Day Saint · Unitarian · Christadelphian · Oneness Pentecostal General topics Art · Criticism · Ecumenism · Liturgical year · Liturgy · Music · Other religions · Prayer · Sermon · Symbolism Christianity Portal Protestant iconoclasm: the Beeldenstorm during the Dutch reformation. In 1517, Martin Luther, a German Augustinian friar, published the 95 theses. Popular history holds that these were nailed to a church door in the university town of Wittenberg by Luther himself, but this claim has recently come under scrutiny (see article on Martin Luther for discussion). Luther's propositions challenged some portions of Roman Catholic doctrine and a number of specific practices. Luther was particularly criticizing a common church practice of the day, the selling of indulgences. In Catholic theology, an indulgence was the full or partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven. However, Pope Leo X had declared that indulgences were not only for the remission of temporal punishment, but also for guilt itself. To Luther, it appeared that selling indulgences was tantamount to selling salvation, something that he felt was against both biblical teaching and Roman Catholic doctrine. At the time, Rome was using the sale of indulgences as a means to raise money for a massive church project, the construction of St. Peter's Basilica. The Disputation of Doctor Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences (commonly known as the 95 theses) [4] was a request for a formal disputation that criticized the practice of selling indulgences. This kind of disputation was a common academic exercise during this era. Luther maintained that 29/04/2012 09:25 Page 2 of 24
Protestantism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia justification (salvation) was granted by faith alone, saying that good works and the sacraments were not necessary in order to be saved. A copy of the disputation eventually made it to the hands of the regional bishop, who in turn forwarded the disputation to Rome. [5] Protestant doctrines Although the doctrines of Protestant denominations are far from uniform, some beliefs extending across Protestantism are the doctrines ofsola scriptura and sola fide. Sola scriptura maintains that the Bible (rather than church tradition or ecclesiastical interpretations of the Bible) [6] is the primary and supreme source of binding authority for all Christians. This does not exclude other sources of binding authority, rather it places other forms of authority in subordination to the authority of Scripture. Sola fide holds that salvation comes by grace through faith alone in Jesus as the Christ, rather than through good works. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church Destruction of icons in Zurich, 1524. Protestant churches generally reject the Catholic and Orthodox doctrines of papal supremacy and magisterial authority, including both papal infallibility and the general infallibility of the Church. Because of this, protestant ministers and church leaders have somewhat different roles and authority in their communities than do Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox priests and bishops. Conservative and liberal Protestantism has both conservative and liberal theological strands within it. Protestant styles of public worship tend to be simpler and less elaborate than those of Roman Catholics, Anglicans, and Eastern Christians, sometimes radically so, though there are exceptions to this tendency. Dissension and separations The reformers soon disagreed among themselves and divided their movement according to doctrinal differences—first between Luther and Zwingli, later between Martin Luther and John Calvin— consequently resulting in the establishment of diverse Protestant denominations such as the Lutheran, Reformed, Anabaptist, and others. However, while the first half-dozen mainline denominations came about through sectarianism and dissent in Europe, most of the subsequent denominations came about in a non-sectarian manner in America. This initial explosion of denominations largely came about in the first two Great Awakenings, and the birth of these denominations was of an entirely different character than that of the Lutheran, Reformed, Anabaptist, etc. History Main article: History of Protestantism Further information: Protestant Reformation, English Reformation, Reformation in Switzerland, Scottish Reformation, and European Wars of Religion The Protestant Reformation of the early 16th century began as an attempt to reform the Catholic Church. German theologian Martin Luther wrote his Ninety-Five Theses on the sale of indulgences in 1517. Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Ulrich Zwingli. The political separation of the Church of England from Rome 29/04/2012 09:25 Page 3 of 24
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