Honey-suckers
Vishwanath Srikantaiah et al
Vishwanath Srikantaiah et al
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<strong>Honey</strong>-<strong>suckers</strong><br />
Sanitation systems without pipes<br />
Eco-san at work ?
Partially based on a research<br />
Sludge Reuse from Mega-Cities – A<br />
Southern India Case<br />
Elisabeth Kvarnström, Vectura Consulting, Inc.<br />
Joep Verhagen, IRC<br />
Mats Nilsson, MN Context<br />
Vishwanath Srikantaiah, Biome (responsible for this slide show)<br />
Karan Singh, Biome<br />
Shubha Ramachandran, Biome
Bangalore – Population 9 million
Septic tanks and Pit Latrines<br />
India has 102 million septic tanks or<br />
pit latrines . (National Family Health<br />
Survey, 2006)<br />
India has more than 68 million single<br />
pit or double pit toilets in rural areas<br />
(ddws.nic.in 2012)<br />
This represents a massive sludge<br />
management challenge
Current Drivers of Sanitation<br />
The employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry<br />
Latrines (Prohibition) Act 1993<br />
• Karnataka has adopted this Act in 1997<br />
• All toilets should have a water seal of at least 20cm.<br />
• No removal of human waste by human hands
Bangalore urban and sanitation<br />
• No. of Households 2,377,056<br />
• HH’s having toilets 2,254,599<br />
• Piped sewer system 1,715,904<br />
• Septic Tank 169,046<br />
• Pit toilets 325,175<br />
• Total 494,221<br />
• Source : Census of India 2011
The city utilities response<br />
• Only 400 MLD out of 1000 MLD sewage<br />
generated is collected<br />
• Of the 400 MLD collected only around 180<br />
MLD is treated<br />
• Sanitation is subsidized. People pay Rs 15 a<br />
month for sewage connection charges<br />
• The externality is pollution of rivers
Foam rivers<br />
Untreated sewage primary cause
From untreated sewage
The informal sector in urban sanitation
Pre-cast concrete rings
In informal vacant sites
Pit toilet connected to WC
The user interface remains conventional
Pit toilets are common in the urban<br />
periphery
The <strong>Honey</strong>sucker vacum sucks a pit<br />
toilet
Mechanization eliminates manual<br />
scavenging
Trucks are now indigenously<br />
developed
They have a water jetting and vacum<br />
sucking pump (upto 30 H.P.)
Assembling a honey-sucker
The barrels – informal sector body<br />
building works
All over the country –<br />
Mobile Technology
Mobile technology
We estimate nearly 300 honey-<strong>suckers</strong><br />
in Bangalore
Protocol for safe disposal needs to be<br />
evolved
The sewage is nutrient rich but also<br />
pathogenic
Cost to building Rs 1200/ to Rs 3000/
Soil as a nutrient recipient rather than<br />
water
In many apartments a daily visit
In the most expensive of buildings
Behind the bushes
BWSSB (Guidelines for discharging domestic waste water from soak pits/<br />
mobile toilets into Board Sewers in the premises of BWSSB STP)<br />
• Non refundable deposit amount equivalent to 6 months as<br />
indicated by the applicant at the rate of Rs 50/kl<br />
• Rs 50/kl charge per month<br />
• Domestic wastewater which will be disposed to the Board<br />
sewer in the premises of STP shall comply for BWSSB<br />
standards fixed for discharging trade effluent<br />
• Till now 75 permits have been issued for 1mld. ( Contrast with<br />
494,221 households having septic tanks or pit toilets.)
The informal sectors response
The composting (?) pit
Diluted grey-water
Compost sells for Rs 2500/- to Rs 3500/- a<br />
tractor load (4 cu mt)
Compost sample being collected for<br />
testing
Fertilizer value of sewage sludge<br />
Kind of Nutrient<br />
1000 kg of sewage sludge<br />
(10% TS) grams<br />
Average nutrient content in<br />
N 5.5 17.5<br />
P2O5 17.5 17.5<br />
K2O 0.75 65<br />
S (Total) 12.5 25<br />
MgO 30 15<br />
Cu (Total) 1.2 0.03<br />
Zn (Total) 1.5 0.15<br />
Mn (Total) 0.6 0.4<br />
Mo (Total) 0.01 0.001<br />
B (Total) 0.03 0.035<br />
1000 kg of farm yard<br />
manure grams<br />
Source: Ludwig Sasse, BORDA, 1998, DEWATS Decentralised Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries
The city moves in
Application on banana
The crop
The fruits
The soil – alive with alive with<br />
earthworms and ants
Humanure for Arecanut
The Economics<br />
For the truck<br />
• A <strong>Honey</strong>sucker costs Rs 800,000 /-<br />
• Charges Rs 1500 / per trip<br />
• Can do 5 trips in a day<br />
• Income Rs 7500 a day Rs 225,000 a month<br />
• Income in a year Rs 2.7 million<br />
• Expenditure for O and M - Rs 400,000<br />
• Simple Return on Investment 6 months<br />
• One truck can service a population of 20,000<br />
assuming a 2 year pit emptying cycle
The Economics<br />
for the household<br />
• Rs 1500 / every 2 years<br />
• Rs 60 / a month approx<br />
• Rs 15 a month if you are connected to the<br />
sewage
• Free compost<br />
The Economics<br />
for a farmer<br />
• On labour - expenditure Rs 5000 /<br />
• Savings per acre Rs 20,000 to Rs 50,000 /- on<br />
manure alone (10 to 25 tractor load per acre<br />
per year )
Land required to absorb nutrients<br />
• 250 tanker loads per Hectare<br />
• 2500 peoples nutrients can be absorbed by 1<br />
Hectare of land<br />
• 50000 population town needs 20 Hectares of<br />
land<br />
• 100,000 - 40 Ha.<br />
• 1 Million 400 Hectares
Way forward…<br />
• Better understanding, from a business and<br />
sanitation perspective, of existing practices<br />
around the country<br />
• Embedding of current practices as an officially<br />
accepted option to sanitation service delivery<br />
for all urban dwellers
Way forward<br />
• Developing a protocol for the inclusion of nonsewerage<br />
based or on-plot sanitation systems in<br />
India<br />
• Developing a protocol and a legal frame-work for<br />
handling, transportation, composting and<br />
application of nutrients from septage and on-plot<br />
systems<br />
• Research on understanding nutrient – pathogens<br />
and safe application for nutrient reuse
Way forward<br />
• Civic authorities to incorporate sewage<br />
disposal systems in building plan approvals<br />
• Land use plans to earmark space for solid and<br />
liquid waste composting .<br />
• Separate systems for toilets and grey-water<br />
• Understanding the pit / groundwater interface<br />
and designing systems for non-pollution.
Guidelines for the safe use of<br />
wastewater, excreta and grey water<br />
Cost-effective strategies for controlling negative health impacts<br />
• Treatment of wastewater, excreta and greywater is used to prevent the contaminants<br />
from entering the environment.<br />
• Crop/produce restriction is used to minimize health risks to product consumers.<br />
• Waste application techniques (e.g. drip irrigation) and withholding periods aim to reduce<br />
contamination of the products or allow sufficient time for pathogen dieoff in the<br />
environment prior to harvest.<br />
• Exposure control methods (e.g. protective equipment, good hygiene) will prevent<br />
environmental contamination from reaching exposed groups.<br />
• Produce washing/rinsing/disinfection and cooking reduce exposures for product<br />
consumers.<br />
• Vector control reduces exposures for workers and local communities.<br />
• Chemotherapy and immunization can either prevent illness for those who are exposed or<br />
treat those who are ill and thus reduce future pathogen inputs into the wastewater,<br />
excreta or greywater.<br />
Source: WHO 2006
Thank you!<br />
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