EMGO Institute Annual Report 2006

EMGO Institute 

Annual Report 2006 


VU University Medical Center 

Van der Boechorststraat 7 

1081 BT Amsterdam 

The Netherlands 

Telephone: +31 20 4448180 

Facsimile: +31 20 4448181 

E-mail: emgo@vumc.nl 

Website: http://www.emgo.nl

Colofon 

Samenstelling Hilde Kos en Ellen Visser 

Vormgeving en druk Océ Business Services, Universiteit Maastricht 

Illustraties Guus van Rooy, Océ Business Services, Universiteit Maastricht 

Fotografie EMGO Institute, Amsterdam 

Oplage 1900 exemplaren 

ISBN/EAN: 978-90-5669-113-4 

NUR 870

Contents 

PAGE PART 

1 1 Introduction 

11 2 Mission 

13 3 Current trends and future perspectives 

19 4 Organization 

25 5 Societal impact 

35 6 Research programmes 

36 6.1 Diabetes and Overweight 

6.1.1 Programme leaders and senior scientific staff 

6.1.2 Programme description 

6.1.3 Research projects 

48 6.2 Common Mental Disorders 




64 6.3 Care and Prevention 




88 6.4 Musculoskeletal Disorders 




113 7 Research infrastructure 

114 7.1 Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam 

118 7.2 Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study 

127 7.3 Hoorn Study 

133 7.4 Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety 

135 7.5 VUmc Network of General Practitioners 

136 7.6 Research Centre Body@Work 

138 7.7 Research Centre for Insurance Medicine AMC-UWV-VUmc 

140 7.8 Knowledge Centre Overweight 

142 7.9 Health Technology Assessment 

144 7.10 Clinimetrics 

146 7.11 VUmc Amsterdam Palliative Care Centre of Expertise

147 8 Report of standing Committees 

148 8.1 Scientific Committee 

8.1.1 Annual two day seminar 

8.1.2 Scientific meetings and seminars 

150 8.2 Education Committee 

8.2.1 PhD programme 

8.2.2 Master programme in Epidemiology 

8.2.3 Other educational activities and courses 

8.2.4 Internships and trainees 

158 8.3 Quality Committee 

159 9 Publications from the four research programmes 

Bibliometrical evaluation 

162 9.1 Diabetes and Overweight 

168 9.2 Common Mental Disorders 

178 9.3 Care and Prevention 

189 9.4 Musculoskeletal Disorders 

203 Appendix 1 : Board members and faculty 

215 Appendix 2 : List of future dissertations 

235 Appendix 3 : Trends in input and output (in Dutch)

1 

Introduction 

1

2 

The EMGO Institute turned 19 in 2006, a year characterized by innovation 

and success. 

Inspired by plans arising from our policy study days in the autumn of 2005, 

we began 2006 full of expectations. What we were not expecting were the great 

changes that would occur in EMGO’s management. On September 1, Lex Bouter 

had the honour of being appointed vice chancellor of the VU University. During 

his very successful 15 years as scientific director, Lex brought EMGO to where it is 

today, which – according to the international review committee in 2005 – “is at the 

forefront internationally, [where it] will have an important and substantial impact 

in the field”. Just as Lex was making his transition, the Dutch government tapped 

Gerrit van der Wal, EMGO’s vice director and head of the VU University medical 

centre’s (VUmc) Department of Social Medicine, to be its Inspector General for 

Healthcare. Lex and Gerrit were important role models for EMGO’s senior staff; their 

open, critically constructive attitude, their strong track records in teaching, publications, 

and grants, their methodological expertise, and their pragmatic approaches to 

epidemiological research remain characteristic of our institute. We owe both of them 

our deepest gratitude. 

In December 2006, the executive board of the VUmc appointed Hans 

Brug to be the new scientific director of the EMGO Institute. Hans was professor 

of determinants of population health at the Erasmus University Medical Centre in 

Rotterdam. Since August 1, the EMGO directorate has included Wim Stalman, head 

of the Department of General Practice, and Willem van Mechelen, the new head 

of the Department of Social Medicine, both acting as vice directors. Wim, however, 

will leave EMGO on March 1, 2007, to become Dean and member of the executive 

board of the VUmc. 

The past year also brought sad news. On July 3, Jacqueline Cuperus-Bosma 

passed away at the age of 38 years. As doctor and lawyer, she brought unique 

qualities to her department and the institute. She played an important role in the 

End-of-Life research programme. Because of her expertise, she was the ideal project 

leader for our Patient Safety research programme. Unfortunately, she had to give up 

this function soon after beginning. We fondly remember her intelligence, conscientiousness, 

and warmth. 

BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS 

As part of a regular evaluation of academic medical research in the Netherlands, 

the deans of the eight academic medical centres (organized in the deans 

council of medical sciences of the Dutch federation of university medical centres) 

asked the Centre for Science & Technology Studies (CWTS) in Leiden to analyse the 

impact of Dutch medical research from 1997 to 2005. The CWTS report, published in 

2006, uses bibliometric data to measure the impact of research conducted at all eight 

medical centres, as well as other research institutes. The report gives EMGO stellar 

grades. Our average rating of 1.81 reflects a score 81% above the world average in 

the fields in which EMGO has contributed published research (see Chapter 9 (Table 

7) and appendix 3). Two of our four research programmes scored higher than twice 

the world average in their fields. 

POLICY PAPER 

The 2005 review committee’s report contained several specific and constructive 

recommendations to stimulate EMGO’s further development and to ensure a 

continuing high level of performance. During EMGO’s Policy Day in 2005, selected 

staff members contemplated these recommendations. In the resulting Policy Paper 

2006–2008 (available at our website), we defined 24 objectives, formulated to be 

as SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound) as possible. 

In 2006, all intentions resulted in specific actions by the directorate, the programme 

coordinators, the science and quality committees, the ICT Committee, an ad hoc Biobank 

Committee, the PhD Education Committee, and all project leaders. These actions 

resulted in 1) less exclusive focus on the extramural setting, 2) emphasis on the societal 

relevance of our research, and 3) the training of our researchers. As an institute,

we will evaluate our progress during a policy day to be organized later in 2007. More 

details on our policy intentions and activities can be found in Chapter 3. 

MILESTONES 

In 2006, three new professors were appointed to the EMGO Institute: Giel 

Nijpels (general practice, in particular diabetes care), François Schellevis (multimorbidity 

in general practice), and Jacqueline Dekker (diabetes epidemiology). 

In December, we celebrated the fifteenth anniversary of the Longitudinal 

Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). This study, financed to a great extent by the Dutch 

Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport, has followed a cohort of over 3000 elderly 

people since 1992. This has produced a unique data set and a large number of publications 

regarding determinants and consequences of changes in physical, cognitive, 

mental, and social functioning in the elderly. 

Rose-Marie Dröes received an award from the Society for Psychogeriatrics for 

her research and service in improving care for demented patients. On April 28, Remy 

Hira Sing (child healthcare) received a very prestigious Royal Dutch decoration as 

Officer in the Order of Orange-Nassau for his impressive efforts on numerous boards 

of directors, committees, and advisory bodies dedicated to improving the situation 

of youth in the Netherlands and abroad (principally Suriname). The Dutch Endocrine 

Society awarded Rob Heine the Novo Nordisk Award 2006 for his contribution to 

diabetes research. Willem van Mechelen took home no fewer than two honours in 

2006: the Hogeschool van Amsterdam established the prof. dr. W. van Mechelen 

essay award, and the Catholic University San Antonio in Murcia, Spain, appointed him 

as honorary professor. Sylvia Klomp-Vermeulen received the Talma Medal for writing 

the best scientific essay in the field of occupational medicine. 

ANNUAL REPORT 2006 

The three tables below offer a quick impression of the type of research the 

EMGO Institute undertakes. Table 1 provides an insight into the EMGO research that 

is most often cited by scientific peers, but the list, clearly biased towards older publications 

and those fields of research in which an intense citation culture exists, should by 

no means be read as an indicator of the scientific quality – and even less, the societal 

impact – of our work. Tables 2 and 3 offer alternative views, albeit also fragmental, by 

presenting the PhD papers that have won the EMGO Award (Table 2) and the research 

products or activities that have won our annual Societal Impact Award (Table 3). 

Following this introductory chapter, you will find a wealth of information about 

EMGO and its activities. Chapters 2 and 3 explain EMGO’s mission, its current trends, 

and its future perspectives. Chapter 4 briefly describes the organization of our activities. 

Chapter 5 reports on the societal impact of EMGO’s research programmes, while 

Chapter 6 provides information on our four programme areas, including a description 

of each programme, policy intentions, a list of staff, and ongoing research projects . 

Structured abstracts of these projects are available at our website. Chapter 7 focuses 

on longitudinal research, providing information on EMGO’s four large cohorts and 

other elements of our research infrastructure. 

Chapter 8 reports on EMGO activities that fall within the scopes of the scientific, 

PhD, education, and quality committees. Chapter 9 lists 2006 publications in 

the familiar categories of scientific prestige, separately for each of the four research 

programmes. Appendix 1 lists the members of EMGO’s advisory board and staff, 

Appendix 2 contains the PhD theses currently in preparation, and Appendix 3 records 

the trends in input (budgets and personnel) and output (publications) over the past 

five years. 

We hope that you find our 2006 annual report informative, and we look 

forward to receiving your comments, suggestions, or requests for more detailed 

information (e-mail: info.emgo@VUmc.nl). Please also visit our site on the Internet 

(www.emgo.nl). 

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4 

TABLE 1. CITATION TOPPERS OF THE EMGO INSTITUTE 

citation reference 

count 

453 Visser M, Bouter LM, McQuillan GM, Wener MH, Harris TB. Elevated C-reactive protein levels in 

overweight and obese adults. JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 1999; 282: 2131-5. 

302 van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM. Conservative treatment of acute and chronic nonspecific low 

back pain – A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the most common interventions. Spine 

1997; 22: 2128-56. 

270 Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture 

incidence in elderly persons: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 

1996; 124: 400-7. 

247 van der Maas PJ, van der Wal G, Haverkate I, de Graaff CLM, Kester JGC, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, 

van der Heide A, Bosma JM, Willems DL. Euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, and other medical 

practices involving the end of life in the Netherlands, 1990-1995. New England Journal of Medicine 

1996; 335: 1699-705. 

229 Penninx BWJH, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Simonsick EM, Deeg DJH, Wallace RB. Depressive symptoms 

and physical decline in community-dwelling older persons. JAMA: the Journal of the American 

Medical Association 1998; 279: 1720-6. 

224 Borch-Johnsen K, Neil A, Balkau B, Larsen S, Nissinen A, Pekkanen J, Tuomilehto J, Jousilahti, Lindstrom 

J, Pyorala M, Pyorala K, Eschwege E, Gallus G, Garancini MP, Bouter LM, Dekker JM, Heine 

RJ, Nijpels G, Stehouwer CDA, Feskens EJM, Kromhout D, Peltonen M, Pajak A, Erikson J, Qiao Q. 

Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality: comparison of fasting and 2-hour diagnostic criteria. 

Archives of Internal Medicine 2001; 161: 397-405. 

217 Penninx BWJH, Beekman ATF, Honig A, Deeg DJH, Schoevers RA, van Eijk JTM, van Tilburg W. 

Depression and cardiac mortality: results from a community-based longitudinal study. Archives of 

General Psychiatry 2001; 58: 221-7. 

196 Ooms ME, Roos JC, Bezemer PD, van der Vijgh WJF, Bouter LM, Lips P. Prevention of bone loss by 

vitamin D supplementation in elderly women: a randomized double-blind trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 

and Metabolism 1995; 80: 1052-8. 

195 Lips P. Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone 

loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocrine Reviews 2001; 22: 477-501. 

191 van Tulder MW, Assendelft WJJ, Koes BW, Bouter LM. Method guidelines for systematic reviews in the 

Cochrane Collaboration back review group for spinal disorders. Spine 1997; 22: 2323-30. 

182 Welten DC, Kemper HCG, Post GB, van Mechelen W, Twisk JWR, Lips P, Teule GJ. Weight-bearing 

activity during youth is a more important factor for peak bone mass than calcium intake. Journal of Bone 

and Mineral Research 1994; 9: 1089-96. 

180 Beekman ATF, Copeland JRM, Prince MJ. Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. 

British Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 174: 307-11. 

177 Ruige JB, Assendelft WJJ, Dekker JM, Kostense PJ, Heine RJ, Bouter LM. Insulin and risk of cardiovascular 

disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation 1998; 97: 996-1001.

TABLE 1. CITATION TOPPERS OF THE EMGO INSTITUTE (continuation) 


count 

175 Kriegsman DMW, Penninx BWJH, van Eijk JThM, Boeke AJP, Deeg DJH. Self-reports and general 

practitioner information on the presence of chronic diseases in community dwelling elderly: a study on 

the accuracy of patients self-reports and on determinants of inaccuracy. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 

1996; 49: 1407-17. 

174 Vermeulen EGJ, Stehouwer CDA, Twisk JWR, van den Berg M, de Jong SC, Mackaay AJC, van Campen 

CMC, Visser FC, Jakobs CAJM, Bulterijs EJ, Rauwerda JA. Effect of homocysteine-lowering treatment 

with folic acid plus pyridoxine on progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, placebocontrolled 

trial. Lancet 2000; 355: 517-22. 

169 Hoogeveen EK, Kostense PJ, Beks PJ, MacKaay AJC, Jakobs C, Bouter LM, Heine RJ, Stehouwer CDA. 

Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, especially in noninsulin-dependent 

diabetes mellitus: a population-based study. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular 

Biology 1998; 18: 133-8. 

167 Beekman ATF, Deeg DJH, van Tilburg T, Smit JH, Hooijer C, van Tilburg W. Major and minor depression 

in later life: a study of prevalence and risk factors. Journal of Affective Disorders 1995; 36: 65-75. 

166 van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM. A cost-of-illness study of back pain in the Netherlands. Pain 

1995; 62: 233-40. 

164 de Vegt F, Dekker JM, Ruhe HG, Stehouwer CDA, Nijpels G, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Hyperglycaemia 

is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the Hoorn population: the Hoorn Study. 

Diabetologia 1999; 42: 926-31. 

163 Verhagen AP, de Vet HCW, de Bie RA, Kessels AGH, Boers M, Bouter LM, Knipschild PG, The Delphi 

list: a criteria list for quality assessment of randomised clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews 

developed by Delphi consensus. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1998; 5: 1235-41. 

160 Wolff I, van Croonenborg JJ, Kemper HCG, Kostense PJ, Twisk JWR. The effect of exercise training 

programs on bone mass: A meta-analysis of published controlled trials in pre- and postmenopausal 

women. Osteoporosis International 1999; 9: 1-12. 

153 Beekman ATF, Deeg DJH, van Limbeek J, Braam AW, de Vries MZ, van Tilburg W. Criterion validity of 

the Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D): results from a community-based sample 

of older subjects in the Netherlands. Psychological Medicine 1997; 27: 231-5. 

151 Kwakkel G, Wagenaar RC, Twisk JWR, Lankhorst GJ, Koetsier JC. Intensity of leg and arm training 

after primary middle-cerebral-artery stroke: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 354: 191-6. 

146 Stehouwer CDA, Gall MA, Twisk JWR, Knudsen E, Emeis JJ, Parving HH. Increased urinary albumin 

excretion, endothelial dysfunction, and chronic low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes: progressive, 

interrelated, and independently associated with risk of death. Diabetes 2002; 51: 1157-65. 

142 Hoogendoorn WE, van Poppel MNM, Bongers PM, Koes BW, Bouter LM. Systematic review of 

psychosocial factors at work and in the personal situation as risk factors for back pain. Spine 2000; 25: 

2114-25. 

142 van der Lee JH, Wagenaar RC, Lankhorst GJ, Vogelaar TW, Devillé W, Bouter LM. Forced use of the 

upper extremity in chronic stroke patients: results from a single-blind randomized clinical trial. Stroke 

1999; 30: 2369-75. 

5

6 



count 

142 Penninx BWJH, Geerlings SW, Deeg DJH, van Eijk JTM, van Tilburg W, Beekman ATF. Minor and 

major depression and the risk of death in older persons. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999; 56: 889-95. 

142 Jager A, Kostense PJ, Ruhé HG, Heine RJ, Nijpels G, Dekker JM, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CDA. 

Microalbumi¬nuria and peripheral arterial disease are independent predictors of cardiovascular and 

all-cause mortality, especially among hypertensive subjects: five year follow-up of the Hoorn study. 

Arterioscle¬rosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 1999; 19: 617-24. 

140 Mooy JM, Grootenhuis PA, de Vries H, Valkenburg HA, Bouter LM, Kostense PJ, Heine RJ. Prevalence 

and determinants of glucose-intolerance in a Dutch caucasian population: the Hoorn study. Diabetes 

Care 1995; 18: 1270-3. 

138 Visscher TLS, Seidell JC. The public health impact of obesity. Annual Review of Public Health 2001; 22: 

355-75. 

135 Koes BW, Assendelft WJJ, van der Heijden GJMG, Bouter LM. Spinal manipulation for low back pain: 

an updated systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Spine 1996; 21: 2860-71. 

134 Hoogendoorn WE, van Poppel MNM, Bongers PM, Koes BW, Bouter LM. Physical load during work 

and leisure time as risk factors for back pain. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 

1999; 25: 387-403. 

134 Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Hofstee HMW, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM, Lips P. Falls in the elderly: a 

prospective study of risk factors and risk profiles. American Journal of Epidemiology 1996; 143: 1129-35. 

132 Koes BW, van Tulder MW, Ostelo R, Burton AK, Waddell G. Clinical guidelines for the management 

of low back pain in primary care: an international comparison. Spine 2001; 26: 2504-13. 

128 Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig LM, Moher D, Rennie D, de Vet 

HCW, Lijmer JG. The STARD statement for reporting studies of diagnostic accuracy: Explanation and 

elaboration. Clinical Chemistry 2003;49(1):7-18. 

126 Ooms ME, Lips P, Roos JC, van der Vijgh WJF, Popp-Snijders C, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. Vitamin 

D status and sex hormone binding globulin: determinants of bone turnover and bone mineral density in 

elderly women. Journal of Bone Mineral Research 1995; 10: 1177-84. 

125 Henry RMA, Kostense PJ, Bos G, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CDA. Mild 

renal insufficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality: The Hoorn Study. Kidney International 

2002; 62: 1402-7. 

122 Jager A, van Hinsbergh VW, Kostense PJ, Emeis JJ, Yudkin JS, Nijpels G, Dekker JM, Heine RJ, Bouter 

LM, Stehouwer CDA. Von Willebrand factor, C-reactive protein, and five year mortality in diabetic and 

non-diabetic subjects: the Hoorn study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1999; 19: 

3071-8. 

120 Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig LM, Lijmer JG, Moder D, Rennie 

D, de Vet HCW. Towards complete and,accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD 

initiative. British Medical Journal 2003; 326: 41-4. 

116 van der Wal G, van der Maas PJ, Bosma JM, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, Willems DL, Haverkate I, 

Kostense PJ. Evaluation of the notification procedure for physician-assisted death in the Netherlands. 

New England Journal of Medicine 1996; 335: 1706-11.



count 

115 van Tulder M, Malmivaara A, Esmail R, Koes B. Exercise therapy for low back pain - A systematic review 

within the framework of the Cochrane Collaboration back review group. Spine 2000; 25: 2784-96. 

112 Mooy JM, Grootenhuis PA, de Vries H, Kostense PJ, Popp-Snijders C, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Intraindividual 

variation of glucose, specific insulin and proinsulin concentrations measured by two oral 

glucose tolerance tests in a general Caucasian population: the Hoorn study. Diabetologia 1996; 39: 298- 

305. 

109 Beks PJ, Mackaay AJC, Deneeling JND, deVries H, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Peripheral Arterial-Disease in 

Relation to Glycemic Level in An Elderly Caucasian Population - the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 1995; 

38: 86-96. 

103 de Vegt F, Dekker JM, Jager A, Hienkens E, Kostense PJ, Stehouwer CDA, Nijpels G, Bouter LM, Hiene 

RJ. Relation of impaired fasting and postload glucose with incident type 2 diabetes in a Dutch population 

- The Hoorn study. JAMA-Journal of the American Medical Association 2001; 285: 2109-13. 

Note: This listing contains articles on projects embedded in the EMGO Institute mentioned in any of the 

Annual Reports of which at least one of the authors is still working as a senior researcher at the EMGO 

Institute. Only articles with a total of 100 citations or more, according to the (Social) Science Citation 

Index on 9 February 2007, are included in the Table. 

7

8 

TABLE 2. ARTICLES THAT HAVE WON THE EMGO AWARD 

year reference 

2006 van Boeijen CA, van Oppen PC, van Balkom AJLM, Visser S, Kempe PT, Blankenstein N, van Dyck R. 

Treatment of anxiety disorders in primary care practice: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of 

General Practice 2005; 55: 763-9. 

2005 Smits C, Houtgast T. Results from the Dutch Speech-in-Noise Screening Test by Telephone. Ear and 

Hearing 2005; 26: 89-95. 

and 

van Sluijs EM, van Poppel MN, Twisk JW, Chin A Paw MJ, Calfas KJ, van Mechelen W. Effect of 

a tailored physical activity intervention delivered in general practice settings: results of a randomized 

controlled trial. American Journal of Public Health 2005; 95: 1825-31. 

2004 de Boer MR, Pluijm SM, Lips P, Moll AC, Volker-Dieben HJ, Deeg DJ, Rens GH van. Different aspects 

of visual impairment as risk factors for falls and fractures in older men and women. Journal of Bone and 

Mineral Research 2004; 19: 1539-47. 

2003 Korthals-de Bos IBC, Hoving JL, van Tulder MW, Rutten – van Mölken MPMH, Adèr HJ, de Vet 

HCW, Koes BW, Vondeling H, Bouter LM. Cost-effectiveness of physiotherapy, manual therapy and 

general practitioner care for neck pain: economic evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial. 

British Medical Journal 2003; 326: 911-6. 

2002 Gerritsen AA, de Vet HC, Scholten RJ, Bertelsmann FW, de Krom MC, Bouter LM. Splinting vs 

surgery in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American 

Medical Association 2002; 288: 1245-51. 

2001 van Valkengoed IGM, Postma MJ, Morré SA, van den Brule AJC, Meijer CJLM, Bouter LM, Boeke 

AJ. Cost-effectiveness analysis of a population-based screening programme for asymptomatic chlamydia 

trachomatis infections in women by means of home-obtained urine specimens. Sexually Transmitted 

Infections 2001; 77: 276-82. 

2000 Geerlings MI, Schoevers RA, Beekman ATF, Jonker C, Deeg DJH, Schmand B, Adèr HJ, Bouter LM, 

Tilburg W van. Depression and risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease: results of two prospective 

community-based studies in the Netherlands. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 176: 568-75. 

1999 Schoevers RA, Beekman ATF, Deeg DJH, Geerlings MI, Jonker C, van Tilburg W. Risk factors for 

depression in later life; results of a prospective community-based study (AMSTEL). Journal of Affective 

Disorders 2000; 59: 127-37. 

1998 Poppel MNM, Koes BW, van der Ploeg T, Smid T, Bouter LM. Lumbar supports and education for the 

prevention of low back pain in industry. A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical 

Association 1998; 279: 1789-94. 

1997 Penninx BWJH, van Tilburg W, Kriegsman DMW, Deeg DJH, Boeke AJP, van Eijk JThM. Effects of 

social support and personal coping resources on mortality in older age: the Longitudinal Aging Study 

Amsterdam. American Journal of Epidemiology 1997; 146: 510-9. 

1996 der Does FEE, de Neeling JND, Snoek FJ, Kostense PJ, Grootenhuis PA, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. 

Symptoms and well-being in relation to glycemic control in type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 

204-10. 

1995 Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Hofstee HMA, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM, Lips P. Falls in the elderly: a 

prospective study of risk factors and risk profiles. American Journal of Epidemiology 1996; 143: 1129-36.

TABLE 2. ARTICLES THAT HAVE WON THE EMGO AWARD (continuation) 


1994 Wind AW, van Staveren G, Schellevis FG, Jonker C, van Eijk JThM. The validity of the judgement of 

general practitioners on dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1994; 9: 543-9. 

1993 Boeke AJP, Dekker JH, van Eijk JThM, Kostense PJ, Bezemer PD. Effect of lactic acid suppositories 

compared with oral metronidazole and placebo in bacterial vaginosis: a randomised clinical trial. 

Genitourinary Medicine 1993; 69: 388-92. 

Note: This list contains all articles that have won the annual EMGO Award. For this competition, junior 

researchers at the EMGO Institute may submit one article published or accepted for publication 

during the year prior to the deadline for submission. Members of the advisory board and the scientific 

committee judge the articles according to a predefined criteria list, with strong emphasis on the 

relevance for extramural healthcare. 

TABLE 3. RESEARCH PRODUCTS OR ACTIVITIES THAT HAVE WON THE SOCIETAL IMPACT 

AWARD 


2006 F. den Hertog, MD 

‘De gezonde wijk’ (The healthy suburb in Amsterdam – guidelines) 

2005 Ms. B.A.M. The, PhD 

In de wachtkamer van de dood. (In the waiting room of death; ISBN 9080811378) 

2004 Ms. R.M. Droës, PhD and Ms. F.J.M. Meiland, PhD 

Conditions for successful implementation of meeting centres for people with dementia and their carers. 

2003 Ms. H.R.W. Pasman, MA 

Final report: Withholding or withdrawing artificial food and fluids in nursing home patients. 

2002 Ms. G.E. Bekkering, MSc 

A training programme for physiotherapists to facilitate the implementation of the national physiotherapy 

guidelines for low back pain. 

9

2 

Mission 

11

12 

MISSION 

Excellence in research in public and occupational health, primary care, rehabilitation, 

and long-term care. 

STRATEGY 

EMGO contributes to the evidence base of prevention and care by generating 

and disseminating evidence. Our aim is to perform multidisciplinary research 

of both high scientific quality and high societal relevance. The main focus is on 

applicability and on outcomes relevant to individuals. EMGO also provides masters 

and PhD programmes in epidemiology and public health research. 

OPERATION 

EMGO consists of investigators, research groups, and departments of the VU 

University Medical Centre and the VU University Amsterdam. All research projects 

are embedded in one of four programmes, of which the coordinators advise the 

directorate on research prioritisation. A scientific committee advises on quality and 

relevance - and consequently on the acceptability - of research projects. A quality 

committee monitors and advises on the quality of the process of research. EMGO 

offers training in research methods, statistical consultation, and support in data 

management and financial project management. 

To prioritise research we apply the following criteria: 

1) relevance in terms of study impact on severity, frequency, and costs involved; 

2) contribution to Dutch healthcare; 

3) efficient utilisation of the expertise available within EMGO; 

4) international scientific appeal; 

5) collaboration with strong research groups outside EMGO; and 

6) good funding opportunities. 

A specific research project is acceptable if it: 

1) fits in one of the four programmes; 

2) is of adequate methodological quality; 

3) has a health outcome as primary dependent variable; 

4) leads to applicable results; 

5) has an adequate budget; and 

6) has been approved by the VUmc medical ethics review board.

3 

Current 

trends 

and future 

perspectives 

13

14 

CURRENT TRENDS 

The trends in EMGO’s external grants, expenditures, scientific staff, and 

output are presented in Figures 1 – 4. Ignoring minor annual fluctuations, one clearly 

observes overall linear growth. In the new millennium, however, the growth rate 

seems to have levelled off somewhat. This can be seen in the decreasing difference 

between external funding received (Figure 1) and research expenditures dispersed 

(Figure 2). Substantially less funding is coming in for individual projects, although 

this has been compensated so far by some large programme grants. Still, we 

currently have to supplement most budgets from EMGO’s rapidly shrinking reserves. 

Institutes such as ours, which depends on external funding for 75% of its budget, 

are especially vulnerable. EMGO’s challenge will be the acquisition of more stable 

and longer-lasting funding. Diversification of funding sources is highly desirable. This 

includes seeking funding from agencies in other countries, as we currently depend 

strongly on Dutch governmental health research budgets. We will specifically put 

more effort into obtaining additional funding from the European Union. Although 

we are confident that we can maintain a healthy amount of new funding, further 

growth of EMGO is rather improbable. 

The slow-down of EMGO’s growth need not be viewed as a negative 

phenomenon. We are aiming for a healthy, but stable dynamic in which at least 

25% of the total scientific staff will be senior and tenured. The fact that the number 

of tenured senior staff funded by internal university funds has remained almost 

constant during the past decade (Figure 3) is a good sign.

When evaluating trends in EMGO’s output (Figure 4), one must take into 

account a built-in lag of about five years. Between 1998 and 2001, the number of 

PhD students and postdocs grew rapidly, but much of their research is only now being 

published. And while it is tempting to measure output as the annual research budget 

divided by the number of papers published (the average cost per publication), we 

would not advocate such a one-dimensional assessment of scientific research. It is very 

difficult, in any case, to interpret such figures. Nonetheless, Figure 4 and the related 

bibliometric indicators presented in Chapter 9 (Table 7) are to some extent informative. 

Within specific fields of research, trends in counts of publications and citations in 

journals covered by the Scientific and Social Sciences Citation Indexes roughly measure 

quality. Similarly, trends in counts of publications in peer-reviewed Dutch journals are 

a primitive indicator of societal impact. 

To recognise quality not apparent from publication counts, EMGO has, since 

2003, presented a Societal Impact Award for a product or activity that disseminates 

and implements research in the real world. Chapter 5 further underlines this issue, 

reporting on indicators of societal impact in EMGO’s output in 2006. 

SWOT ANALYSIS 

As part of EMGO’s self-evaluation, we presented to the review committee in 

November 2004 an analysis of EMGO’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and 

threats (SWOT analysis). This analysis, presented below, provides a condensed over- 

15

16 

view of our current position. We intend to regularly discuss and update our SWOT 

analysis in order to keep a clear focus on a healthy future. 

TABLE 4. SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE EMGO INSTITUTE 

STRENGTHS 

- high scientific quality 

- strong societal impact 

- stimulating academic atmosphere 

- multidisciplinary collaboration 

- methodological expertise 

- talented and highly motivated 

investigators 

- quality assurance 

- well organised infrastructure 

- strong reputation 

OPPORTUNITIES 

- demand for evidence-based primary 

care and public health, including 

occupational health 

- international interest in general 

practitioners as gate-keepers to the 

healthcare system 

- growing attention for obesity and 

physical activity 

- masters programmes and research 

in health sciences on campus 

- changes in social security and the 

organisation of healthcare 

FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 

WEAKNESSES 

- dependency on external funding 

from a few sources 

- tension between professional 

disciplines and multidisciplinary 

programmes 

- small reserves and under-funded 

projects 

- understaffed financial project 

management 

- poor ICT support 

- small tenured staff 

- small support staff 

THREATS 

- decreasing availability of external 

funding 

- cuts in core budgets 

- dependency on research programming 

of external granting agencies 

- granting agencies focused on fast 

results and implementation 

- granting agencies shifting attention 

to more fundamental biomedical 

research 

During the past decade, EMGO has become an important research institute, 

nationally and internationally. EMGO’s scientific quality and societal impact have 

been established beyond doubt, as reflected in the review committee’s proclamation 

of excellence. Our greatest strength – multidisciplinary applied research in 

healthcare – should remain very relevant in the next ten years. We will continue 

to concentrate on aging and chronic diseases, as well as on further developing and 

extending academic networks for general practice, nursing-home medicine, and 

social medicine. 

We also anticipate that primary healthcare will increasingly operate according 

to the principles of evidence-based medicine, which has applied research at its core. 

In addition to evidence of clinical efficacy, data on cost-effectiveness will also play 

an increasingly important role. The resulting guidelines for prevention, diagnosis, 

and therapy will often transverse the traditional boundaries between extramural and 

intramural care. The VUmc is well positioned to lead the way – regionally, nationally, 

and internationally – as it already embraces intensive collaborations between 

extramural disciplines and the departments of endocrinology, general internal medicine, 

psychiatry, clinical psychology, medical psychology, rehabilitation medicine, 

clinical genetics, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, and clinical epidemiology and 

biostatistics. 

EMGO is eager to collaborate further with the other four VUmc research 

institutes, and all signs indicate that the interest is mutual. In our opinion, this will 

be essential to achieve new additional focus on transmural research, but extending

the already existing collaboration is also an attractive option. We already collaborate 

with the Cardiovascular Institute on diabetes, obesity, and their cardiovascular 

complications. Joint projects with the Institute for Neuroscience focus predominantly 

on dementia, depression, and anxiety. With the emerging Institute for Movement 

Disorders, we have already collaborated on projects regarding repetitive strain injury, 

and we envisage further projects in which they focus on translational research and 

we on applied research. Our work with the Oncology Institute has so far been 

limited, but collaborative efforts could look at screening, monitoring, and end-of-life 

care. Methodological collaboration with all four institutes seems feasible – indeed, 

highly desirable – in clinimetrics, economic analyses, and cohort facilities. 

As already discussed in Chapter 1, EMGO has formulated a future policy in 

response to recommendations made by the review committee. In our Policy Paper 

2006–2008, we formulate our ten general policy intentions for the coming years 

in a manner as SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound) 

as possible. This document is available at our website. Table 5 provides a summary 

of the ten general policy intentions. Programme-specific policy intentions will be 

discussed in Chapter 6. 

TABLE 5. GENERAL POLICY INTENTIONS 2006–2008 

1) Improve the (international) training and stimulate the creativity of PhD 

students. 

2) Promote innovation and theoretical reflection. 

3) Make the meetings schedule more efficient. 

4) Improve ICT facilities and support. 

5) Offer training in management and supervision skills. 

6) Improve bio-banking facilities. 

7) Stimulate a better use of available cohort data. 

8) Get more (European) funding. 

9) Develop academic networks further. 

10) Become more active in masters programmes. 

Taken together, our policy intentions constitute an ambitious programme. 

EMGO’s directorate will monitor progress on a regular basis and interact with the 

persons or committees responsible for specific policy intentions. We as an institution 

will evaluate our progress on Policy Day in 2007. Because changes occur and new 

needs arise, we will regularly revise and update our list of policy intentions. We will 

organise further policy days if necessary and at least every three years in the context 

of the self-evaluations required under the Standard Evaluation Protocol. 

17

4 

Organisation 

19

20 

EMGO is one of five research institutes in the VUmc, for which the VUmc 

board guarantees relative stability of senior staff and university budgets. The daily 

responsibility for and management of EMGO are delegated to the scientific director, 

who is supported by the vice-directors and financial manager. The advisory board 

monitors progress in implementing the research policy and offers guidance in matters 

concerning EMGO’s organisation and management (Figure 5). EMGO is one of the 

founding participants of the Netherlands School of Primary Care Research (CaRe), 

which was re-acknowledged in 2006 by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and 

Sciences for a second period of five years. 

Every EMGO research project is led by a senior investigator, while a tenured 

professor is responsible for the scientific content, the project management, and 

the dissertation expected if a PhD student or a junior investigator is involved. All 

projects receive statistical and methodological support from senior members of the 

Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Similarly, all projects can avail 

themselves of assistance with the design and execution of data management. 

Research projects that are closely related in subject matter, study population, 

research methodology, or type of intervention are grouped together in one of four 

EMGO programmes: 1) Diabetes and Overweight, 2) Common Mental Disorders, 

3) Care and Prevention, and 4) Musculoskeletal Disorders. All four programmes are 

closely linked to topics studied by at least one other VUmc research institute, and 

also to research carried out by other participants in CaRe. In each programme, ten 

to twenty senior investigators, with their PhD students, junior investigators, and 

postdocs, work closely together on related multidisciplinary research projects, under 

the leadership of two programme coordinators (Table 6). Within each programme, 

regular meetings are organised to discuss new study proposals, preliminary results, 

methodological and practical problems, and new developments in that particular 

field of research. An important task for the programme coordinators is to maintain 

and further optimise the quality and quantity of the output of their programme. 

Furthermore, they participate actively in the development and implementation of 

EMGO’s research policy. 

EMGO’s scientific committee, consisting of senior investigators, has the 

important task of advising the directorate on matters concerning new research 

proposals and research policy. New projects must comply with EMGO’s mission 

statement (see Chapter 2), fit into one of the four programmes, demonstrate good 

methodological quality, use a health outcome as the primary dependent variable, 

lead to applicable results, and have an adequate budget. Once a project is accepted 

and the budget is available, the financial management of the project becomes the 

responsibility of EMGO’s financial manager, who closely cooperates with the project 

leader and tenured professor who are responsible for the project. All procedures 

and regulations regarding project management are available in a regularly updated 

handbook (on our Intranet). 

EMGO’s quality committee advises the directorate on matters concerning the 

quality of the primary process of conducting research. In principle, this consists of 

performing audits and formulating practical guidelines for research. The committee 

also seeks opportunities for quality improvement. All guidelines are available in a 

regularly updated quality handbook (also on our Intranet). 

The PhD committee consists of two senior investigators and one PhD student. 

Its task is to advise the directorate on matters concerning the education, supervision, 

and assessment of PhD students. The PhD committee works in close collaboration 

with the CaRe training committee. The education committee is responsible for the 

Post-initial Epidemiology Programme, a joint venture with the Department of Clinical 

Epidemiology and Biostatistics in which many of EMGO’s PhD students and junior 

investigators participate.

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21

22 

TABLE 6. RESEARCH PROGRAMMES OF THE EMGO INSTITUTE 

Research Programmes Programme Co-ordinators Senior investigators and postdocs# 

Diabetes and overweight 

contributing disciplines: 

endocrinology, epidemiology, 

general practice, internal medicine, 

medical psychology, ophthalmology, 

dietetics, biostatistics, human movement 

science, social medicine 

Common mental disorders 


psychiatry, general practice, clinical 

psychology, medical psychology, 

epidemiology, biostatistics 

Care and prevention 


social medicine, general practice, 

nursing home medicine, medical 

psychology, epidemiology, clinical 

genetics, ophthalmology, audiology, 

dietetics, biostatistics, econometrics, 

social medicine 

Musculoskeletal disorders 


epidemiology, occupational medicine, 

rehabilitation medicine, endocrinology, 

general practice, biostatistics 

* Associate Professor; # Postdoc 

Ms. Prof. J.M. Dekker, PhD 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD 

Prof. J.C. Seidell, PhD 

Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD 

Prof. P. Cuijpers, MD, PhD 

Ms. B.W.J.H. Penninx, PhD* 

Ms. Prof. M.C. Cornel, MD, PhD 

Ms. B.D. Onwuteaka-Philipsen, PhD* 

Prof. J. Dekker, PhD 

Ms. Prof. H.C.W. de Vet, PhD 

M. Adriaanse, PhD# 

Ms. M.J. Alssema, MSc# 

Ms. M.A.E. van Bokhorst, PhD 

Ms. S. Bot, PhD# 

Prof. L.M. Bouter, PhD 

Ms. M.C. de Bruijne, MD, PhD 

Ms. M.J.M. Chin A Paw, PhD 

R. van Dam, PhD 

Ms. J.C. Dekkers, PhD# 

Ms. M. Diamant, MD, PhD* 

Ms. C. Doak, PhD# 

M.D. Dubbelman, PhD# 

Ms. E.M.W. Eekhoff, MD, PhD 

Prof. R.J. Heine, MD, PhD 

Ms. I.J.M. Hendriksen, PhD 

F. den Hertog, P hD# 

Prof. R.A. Hira Sing, MD, PhD 

Ms. M. Hopman-Rock, PhD 

L.L.J. Koppes, PhD# 

P.J. Kostense, PhD 

Prof. A.J. Maassen, PhD 

Prof. A.J.L.M. van Balkom, MD, PhD 

A.W. Braam, MD, PhD 

Ms. M.C. de Bruijne, PhD 

Ms. H.C. Comijs, PhD 

Prof. D.J.H. Deeg, PhD 

Prof. J.J.M. Dekker, PhD 

Ms. M.G. Dik, PhD# 

Ms. R.M. Dröes, PhD* 

Prof. R. van Dyck, MD, PhD 

Prof. J.A. Eefsting, MD, PhD 

Ms. C.M. van der Feltz-Cornelis, MD, PhD 

C. Gundy, PhD 

Prof. M. de Haan, MD, PhD 

H.P.J. van Hout, PhD 

Prof. C. Jonker, MD, PhD 

P.D. Bezemer, PhD* 

M. de Boer, MD, PhD# 


D.J. Bruinvels, MD, PhD 

Ms. J.M. Cuperus-Bosma, MD, PhD, LLM t 

Ms. Prof. D.J.H. Deeg, PhD 

Prof. L. Deliens, PhD 

Ms. M.G. Dik, PhD 

Prof. Th.A.H. Doreleijers, MD, PhD 

M.D. Dubbelman, PhD 

M.A. Echteld, PhD 


J.M. Festen, PhD 

Ms. B.J.M. Frederiks, PhD# 

S.T. Goverts, MD, PhD 

Ms. L. Henneman, PhD# 

G.L. van der Heijde, PhD 

C.M.P.M. Hertogh, MD, PhD 


Prof. T. Houtgast, PhD 

Ms. S.E. Kramer, PhD 

J.R. Anema, MD, PhD 

Prof. J.G. Becher, MD, PhD 

Ms. H. Beckerman, PhD 

A.J. van der Beek, PhD 

Ms. C.M. Bernaards, PhD# 

Ms. A.H. Blankenstein, MD, PhD 

Ms. B.M. Blatter, PhD 

A.J.P. Boeke, MD, PhD 

Ms. Prof. P.M. Bongers, PhD 


Ms. A.J. Dallmeijer, PhD 

Ms. P.J.M. Elders MD, PhD 

M.W. Heymans, PhD# 

V.H. Hildebrandt, PhD 

Ms. H.E. van der Horst, MD, PhD 

P. Jellema, PhD# 

D.L. Knol, PhD 

Prof. M.G.A.A.M. Nijpels, MD, PhD 

Ms. Prof. B.C.P. Polak, MD, PhD 

Ms. M.N.M. van Poppel, PhD 

F. Pouwer, PhD 

Ms. K.I. Proper, PhD# 

Ms. C.M. Renders, PhD 

Ms. J.M. Rijkelijkhuizen, PhD# 

Prof. P.J. Ringens, MD, PhD 

Prof. Y.M. Smulders, MD, PhD 

Prof. F.J. Snoek, PhD 

Ms. M.B. Snijder, PhD# 

Ms. A.M.W. Spijkerman, PhD# 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD 

Ms. I. Steenhuis, PhD 

Prof. M.W. van Tulder, PhD 

Prof. J.W.R. Twisk, PhD 

Ms. M. Visser, PhD* 

T.L.S. Visscher, PhD# 

P.J.M. Weijs, PhD 

Prof. J.S. Yudkin, MD, PhD 

D. van Kampen, PhD 

Prof. A.J.F.M. Kerkhof, PhD 

Prof. J.M. Koot, PhD 

H.W.J. van Marwijk, MD, PhD 

Ms. F.J. M. Meiland, PhD# 

Ms. P.C. van Oppen, PhD* 

Ms. A.M. Pot, PhD 

Prof. M.W. Ribbe, MD, PhD 

J.H. Smit, PhD* 

N. Smits, PhD 


Ms. A. van Straten, PhD 

R.J. Takens, PhD 

B. Terluin, MD, PhD 

Prof. W. van Tilburg, MD, PhD 

S. Visser, PhD 

Ms. A.A.M. Kuin, PhD# 

F.J.M. van Leerdam, MD, PhD 

Ms. Prof. F.E. van Leeuwen, PhD 

Prof. J. Legemaate, PhD, LLM 

J. Lyzenga, MD, PhD 

Ms. Prof. Th. Marteau, PhD 

Ms. A.C. Moll, MD, PhD 

Ms. L.M.C. Nauta-Jansen, PhD 

M.E. Ooms, MD, PhD* 

Ms. H.R.W. Pasman, PhD# 

Prof. G.H.M.B. van Rens, MD, PhD 

T. Schellart, PhD, MBA 



Ms. M.L. Rurup, PhD# 

Prof. T. Smid, PhD 

Ms. J.T. van der Steen, PhD# 

Ms. B.A.M. The, PhD, LLM 

Ms. D.R.M. Timmermans, PhD* 

Prof. R. Vermeiren, MD, PhD 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD 

Prof. G.J. Lankhorst, MD, PhD 

Prof. P.Th.A.M. Lips, MD, PhD 


R.W.J.G. Ostelo, PhD 

R.S.G.M. Perez, PhD 

Ms. E.E. Roelofsen, PhD# 

Ms. N.M. van Schoor, PhD# 



M.P.M. Steultjens, PhD 

Ms. C.B. Terwee, PhD 


E.A.L.M. Verhagen, PhD 

Ms. M. Visser, PhD 

Ms. H. van Wijnhoven, PhD# 

Ms. D.A.W.M. van der Windt, PhD

EMGO outing 

Early in the afternoon of May 23, EMGO employees 

gathered at Amsterdam’s Nieuwmarkt for the Institute’s 

annual outing. Everyone was full of anticipation, but nobody 

had a slightest idea what was planned, as the organizers 

had made sure to keep the day’s activities a total surprise. 

Divided into several teams, everyone received instructions 

for a game called The hunt for Mister Unique. Here is how 

it went. 

Each team received cell phone text messages which posed 

questions about Amsterdam and gave clues to the locations 

of the mysterious Mister X, Mister Y, and finally, Mister 

Unique. At first, the clues were as murky as the weather. It 

took a while before Mister X was found, but when the sun 

came out, the pace picked up. The teams started to work 

together better and they found Mister Y a lot faster. During 

the final stage – the search for Mister Unique – the competition 

became very intense, and in a rush to the finish line, he 

was found very quickly! 

That evening, the staff gathered at the Gonzalez restaurant 

where they enjoyed a barbecue buffet, grilling their meat 

and vegetables. Good conversation and companionship kept 

everyone late into the night. 

It was a great day! 

23

5 

Societal 

Impact 

25

26 

EMGO produces excellent scientific research, but we really only fulfil our 

potential when that research benefits the society around us. Striving for societal 

impact not only justifies our use of public funds, but also gives us direction, guiding 

our research policy. To convey to our staff the message that societal impact is, 

alongside scientific quality, of utmost importance, we have, since 2003, presented 

an annual Societal Impact Award (see Chapter 1, Table 2). 

Scientific quality is traditionally measured by the number of publications 

in international scientific journals and, in particular, by the number of citations 

made by peers to those publications. Measuring the societal impact of applied 

research, however, is still largely terra incognita. The contributions of EMGO’s 

research projects to improving public health, extramural healthcare, and general 

quality of life cannot be directly measured. We have therefore opted for a more 

pragmatic approach, borrowing the proxy measures of societal impact suggested 

by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (www.knaw.nl/publicaties/pdf/20021098.pdf). 

The reader should bear in mind that little is known about the validity of 

these indicators of societal impact. Furthermore, the indicators may substantially 

overlap, and their correlation with indicators of scientific quality may be substantial. 

From this perspective it is noteworthy to mention that the Dutch Health Research 

Council (RGO) has asked a committee to come up with a report on the assessment 

by academic medical centres of the societal impact of research. This report is 

expected to be released in 2007. At this moment we have no strong opinions about 

the relative weight of these indicators of societal impact. We are also unsure as to 

which norms should be applied to the different indicators, because there is no available 

information on previous years or for similar institutes. We restrict ourselves in 

this chapter to output indicators, and refer to Chapters 2 and 6 for an assessment 

of the societal relevance of our mission and our research programmes, respectively. 

The amount and sources of external funding, reported in Appendix 4, may serve as 

another input indicator of societal relevance. 

CLINICAL GUIDELINES AND HEALTH POLICY REPORTS 

EMGO’s staff members serve on many committees established to develop 

clinical guidelines. In this era of evidence-based medicine and evidence-based public 

health, guidelines are a very important means for implementing research findings. 

Ideally, we would measure the influence of EMGO’s research on the content of 

clinical guidelines, but the lack of citation and content analysis of clinical guidelines 

makes this impossible. Instead, we use co-authorship of guidelines as a proxy 

measure. Some currently applicable (new, updated, or still valid) clinical guidelines 

that were co-authored by our staff are listed below, along with the topics in which 

EMGO has contributed research.

28 

Clinical guidelines (currently applicable) count 

Dutch College of General Practitioners 5 

irritable bowel, depressive disorders, collaboration agreement general 

practitioner-occupational physician, shoulder disorders, 

SOA and sexual health 

Royal Netherlands Association for Physiotherapy 5 

stroke, osteoarthritis of hip and knee, shoulder complaints, 

whiplash, repetitive strain injury 

Institute for Quality in Health Care 5 

psychiatric assessment, dementia, osteoporosis, somatoform 

disorders, treatment after suicide attempt 

Dutch College of Occupational Physicians 3 

pregnancy and work, low back pain, mental disorders 

Health Council 2 

mamma carcinoma and return-to-work, depressive 

disorder and return-to-work 

Other 6 

eating disorders, anxiety disorders, retinopathies, depression, 

workplace adaptations, psychiatric assessment, anxiety and depression 

Co-authorship of guidelines is not the only indication of influence. Staff 

members also sit on committees that commission and approve guidelines. Han 

Anema and Willem van Mechelen, for example, sit on the authorization committee 

of the Dutch College of Occupational Physicians, Henriëtte van der Horst and 

Joan Boeke sit on the authorisation committee of the Dutch College of General 

Practitioners, while Remy Hira Sing is a member of the advisory board of the Dutch 

Association of Youth Health Care Physicians. 

Guidelines are one form of research given effect; health policies are another. 

In 2006, EMGO staff was involved as committee members or co-authors in the 

publication of a number of health policy reports. Again, we would ideally trace the 

direct influence of EMGO research on policy decisions and on the healthcare system, 

but content citation in official reports, laws, regulations, and decisions made by 

health authorities, government, and parliament are, for the most part, unavailable. 

Co-authorships and committee memberships remain the proxy measures. Some 

examples are mentioned below. 

Health policy reports (categorized bij topic) Count 

Common mental disorders 5 

monitor, dementia, prevention, predictors, risk factors, 

Public Health 3 

physical activity guidelines, overweight and obesity, 

guidelines healthy nutrition, 

Other 4 

life course, social participation, glaucoma, law implementation

30 

PUBLICATIONS NOT CONTRIBUTING TO CITATION ANALYSIS 

Only publications in indexed international scientific journals contribute to 

citation analysis, which is currently the dominant indicator of scientific quality. In 

Chapter 9, all EMGO publications in 2006 are listed, and a rough biblio-metric 

analysis is presented in Tables 7 and 8. 

There are other publications, however, that we consider important for measuring 

the societal impact of our research. In addition to the guidelines and policy 

reports listed above, there are trial reviews, national journal articles, and books. 

Hereafter, an overview of EMGO’s publication of such texts in our four programme 

areas: 

Publication counts Diabetes Common Care and Musculo- Total 

and Mental Prevention skeletal 

Overweight Disorders Disorders 

Cochrane Library 

reviews 1 - - 10 11 

protocols - 1 - 5 6 

National publications in journals 

peer reviewed 17 24 30 33 104 

not peer reviewed 4 18 28 9 59 

Textbooks or handbooks 

author or editor of book 2 13 3 4 22 

author of chapter 13 29 14 11 67 

PUBLICATION COUNTS IN SPECIFIC RESEARCH AREAS 

The Cochrane Library publishes and regularly updates high-quality, systematic 

reviews of randomised controlled trials. These reviews are important sources 

for clinical guidelines and consequently an indicator of societal impact. In terms of 

influence on Dutch healthcare and healthcare policies, national publications such 

as Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, Huisarts en Wetenschap, Tijdschrift 

voor Gezondheidswetenschappen and Tijdschrift voor Bedrijfs-en Verzekeringsgeneeskunde 

are much more widely read by Dutch physicians and policy-makers 

and are therefore more influential than articles published in even the most prestigious 

international journals, such as JAMA, the British Medical Journal, or The 

Lancet (although publications in those journals may very well have a societal impact 

abroad). Textbooks and handbooks also have a substantial societal impact as they 

shape the basic, vocational, and postdoctoral education of healthcare professionals. 

In 2006, EMGO staff members were involved as authors or editors of textbooks on 

exercise physiology, physical activity and health, care at the end of life, successful 

ageing, epidemiology, methodology and youth health care. 

MEDIA COVERAGE AND INVITED PRESENTATIONS 

In 2006, the results of EMGO research projects attracted substantial attention 

from the media. Members of our staff were interviewed on television about 4 

times, and some 12 radio interviews were broadcasted. Interviews and articles about 

research projects and their results were published locally or nationally in approximately 

19 newspapers and 20 magazines and newsletters. Noteworthy topics 

that received considerable media coverage were lifestyle and health in the elderly 

(Visser), depression (Felz-Cornelis), lunch walking (Hildebrandt) and self-help guides 

for persons with mental problems (Cuijpers). 

Another indicator of societal impact is the number of invitations EMGO staff 

receives to deliver lectures before healthcare professionals and policymakers (over 

170 in 2006) and non-professionals (around 18). Examples of the topics covered in 

these presentations are anxiety disorders later in life (Beekman), smoking and comorbid 

psychiatric disorders (Cuijpers), Alife@Work (Dekkers), risk perception and

genetic counseling (Henneman), physical inactivity: a new occupational hazard? 

(Hildebrandt), palliative care and new challenges (Ribbe), minimal intervention for 

burn-out (Terluin) and, dementia, care and quality of life (Dröes). 

INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET 

The Internet is becoming an increasingly important source of health information. 

Therefore, websites can be highly relevant for measuring the societal impact of 

EMGO’s research. We list some of our most important websites below. Of course, 

all links are also available at EMGO’s website. 

Practical information for the public and for healthcare professionals can be found 

on the websites under the heading ‘Health information’. The other websites 

concern specific, and often also practice-oriented, information on ongoing 

research projects, our research infrastructure, and the partners with whom we 

collaborate. 

Health information 

www.kennisnetwerkvalpreventie.nl Prevention of falls among the elderly 

www.overgewicht.org Prevention of obesity among children 

www.bedplassen.org Bed-wetting among children 

www.diabetescentrum.nl/ Multidisciplinary treatment of diabetes 

www.hooronderzoek.nl Impact of hearing disability 

www.gendeaf.org Impact of genetic deafness 

www.ontmoetingscentradementie.nl Meeting centres for people with dementia and 

relatives 

www.vokk.nl Children and retinoblastoma 

www.zorgvoorbeter.nl Care centers for people with dementia 

www.ontmoetingscentradementie.nl Care centers for people with dementia 

www.alzheimer-nederland.nl Care centers for people with Alzheimer 

Research projects 

www.revalidatieensport.nl Rehabilitation and sport 

www.foodsteps.nl Physical activity and dietary habits 

www.alifeatwork.nl Food and exercise at work 

www.pstproject.nl Problem-solving treatment of emotional disorders 

by nurses 

www.doitproject.com Diet and physical activity in adolescents 

www.pam.com/vu Physical activity monitor 

www.nesda.nl Course of depression and anxiety 

www.patientsafetyresearch.nl Patient safety 

www.hearcom.info Description HearCom project 

www.momatwork.nl Pregnancy, motherhood, and work 

www.iplaystudy.nl Sports injury prevention in primary 

school children 

www.2bfit.nl Secondary prevention of sports-related 

lateral ankle ligament injury 

www.degezondewijk.nl The Healthy Neighborhood project 

Research infrastructure 

www.bodyatwork.nl Physical activity, work, and health 

http://ssg.scw.vu.nl/lasa/ Longitudinal Ageing Study Amsterdam 

www.cvo.vu.nl/ Research on aging 

www.aggo.nl Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study 

www.lasa-vu.nl Longitudinal Ageing Study Amsterdam 

www.kcgv.nl Knowledge Centre for Insurance Medicine 

Collaborating partners 

www.sgvumc.nl/ Department of Public and 

Occupational Health 

www.vumc.nl/revalidatie/ Department of Rehabilitation Medicine 

http://users.keyaccess.nl/~aderh01/ Department of Clinical Epidemiology 

and Biostatistics 

www.nacg.nl Department of Clinical Genetics 

www.ggzbuitenamstel.nl Department of Psychiatry 

31

32 

MEMBERSHIPS RELEVANT TO SOCIETAL IMPACT 

EMGO’s staff members sit on many boards and committees. A selection of 

these is presented below, with an emphasis on the societal impact of the activities 

at issue. 

Clinical guideline development and health policy reports 

Health Council (GR) (Bouter, Kemper, Dekker) 

Health Council committees (Beekman, Dröes, Dekker, Cornel, Hira Sing, 

Timmermans, Terluin, Blankenstein, Boeke, Deeg, Van der Wal) 

Institute for Quality in Health Care (CBO) (Jonker, Pluym, Stalman, Van der 

Horst, Kemper) 

Council for Health Research committees (RGO) (Dekker, Van Dyck) 

Dutch College of General Practitioners (NHG) (Terluin, Van der Horst, Boeke) 

Royal Dutch Association for Physiotherapy (KNGF) (Bouter, Terluin, Dekker) 

Netherlands Central Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects (CCMO) 

(Bouter) 

Dutch College of Occupational Physicians (NVAB) (Anema, van Mechelen) 

Funding agencies 

Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) 

(Bouter, Cornel, Van Dyck, Van Mechelen, De Vet, Van der Wal, The, Beekman, 

Dekker, Van der Horst, Cuijpers, Deeg) 

Netherlands Federation for Mental Health (NFGV) (Beekman) 

Dutch Society for Rheumatism and Arthritis (NRF) (Stalman) 

Dutch Diabetes Fund (DFN) (Heine, Snoek) 

Netherlands Heart Foundation (NHS) (Stehouwer) 

Journal editorships and associate editorships 

Cochrane Collaboration, Back Review Group (Bouter, Van Tulder) 

Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde (Van der Wal) 

Huisarts en Wetenschap (Van der Horst) 

Tijdschrift Jeugdgezondheidszorg (Hira Sing, Van Leerdam) 

Tijdschrift voor gezondheidswetenschappen (Cuijpers, Deeg) 

Tijdschrift voor Verpleeghuisgeneeskunde (Hertogh) 

Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie (Hertogh) 

International memberships 

European initiative on early diagnosis in dementia (INTERDEM) 

(Dröes, Van Hout, Meiland) 

European Society for General Practice (WONCA Europe) (Stalman, Van der 

Windt) 

European guidelines for the management of low back pain (COST Action B13) 

(Van Tulder, Van der Beek) 

International Society of Behavioural Medicine (Dekker) 

Forum on low back pain in primary care (Bouter, Van Tulder) 

International Consensus on Standards for Developing and Evaluation of Patient 

Decision Aids (Timmermans) 

Clinical Guidelines Task Force of the International Diabetes Federation (Snoek) 

Other examples of relevant memberships include chair of the Dutch Association 

of Human Movement Sciences (Van der Beek), chair of the international review 

committee for the quality of vocational medical education of the medical faculties 

of the Flemish Universities (van Mechelen), chair of the guideline development 

committee of the Dutch College of Nursing Home Medicine (Smalbrugge), president 

of the Nederlandse Vereniging voor Audiologie (Festen), chair of the committee for 

societal aspects of genomics of the Centre of Excellence for Medical Systems Biology 

(Cornel)chair of the scientific committee of the Dutch Association of Youth Health 

Care Physicians (Hira Sing), and chair of the Netherlands Society for Gerontology 

(Deeg).

RESEARCH-BASED CONTRIBUTIONS TO POST-INITIAL EDUCATION 

Members of our staff are frequently involved in teaching programmes based 

on the results of EMGO projects. The most important contributions to the post-initial 

education of healthcare professionals are listed below, excluding contributions to the 

regular curriculum of medicine and health sciences. EMGO’s MSc and PhD Epidemiology 

Programmes are described in Chapter 8. 

Audience Topic Staff member 

General practitioners critical assessment papers Van der Windt 

osteoarthritis Van der Windt 

visually impaired elderly Rens 

palliative care and dementia Hertogh 

Nursing-home physicians dementia and meeting centres Droes 

fall prevention without constraints Hertogh 

Occupational health prevention repetitive stress injury Bongers 

physicians work stress Van der Beek 

scientific competence Van der Beek 

Youth healthcare physicians enuresis Van Leerdam 

community genetics Cornel 

overweight Renders 

van Wiechen-scheme Bulk 

Physical therapists psychosomatics Van der Horst 

clinimetrics Ostelo 

Psychiatrists somatisation Van der Horst 

cognitive behavioural therapy Van Oppen 

epidemiology Beekman 

Pharmacists pain Van der Horst 

Rehabilitation physicians various topics Dekker 

Medical psychologists cognitive behavioural therapy Van Oppen 

Ergonomists systematic observation Van der Beek 

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 

Each year, to enliven our description of indicators of societal impact, the 

annual report presents one particularly illustrative example. This year we pay special 

attention to the work of Filip Smit and the group on the prevention of common 

mental disorders. Filip has systematically used epidemiological data from the 

NEMESIS study (adults) and the LASA study (elderly) to identify which preventative 

strategies may be most fruitful. A parallel development was to develop and test 

the feasibility, acceptability and (cost)effectiveness of preventative interventions. 

This work is done within the EMGO programme of Common Mental Disorders and 

rests on the well developed interdisciplinary collaboration which exists within the 

programme. The work is done in collaboration with the National Institute on Mental 

Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute). The work done has had major impact on 

the recent policy paper on prevention issued by the government. Filip Smit and Pim 

Cuijpers were two of the authors of the RIVM report, which was issued to inform 

the government. For the first time a mental disorder (depression) is now on the short 

list as an area in which prevention is not only necessary and potentially fruitful, but 

also possible. This will have major impact on the development of the field and is has 

resulted in enormous attention from media and the public 

33

34 

FINAL REMARKS 

This is our fourth annual report on indicators of societal impact. Despite 

an ever more structured approach; it remains difficult to classify and quantify that 

impact. There certainly remains a substantial amount of under-reporting of influence. 

We will continue to refine the indicators and their implementation, and we hope to 

present a more complete overview in the years to come. Although this initiative 

started as an attempt to document the societal impact of EMGO’s research, its implications 

may go much further. The debate on how best to measure societal impact 

may itself influence the research policy of EMGO and its programmes. Furthermore, 

indicators of societal impact may influence the professional priorities of researchers 

as they adjust their curriculum vitae to meet new professional expectations.

6 

Research 

Programmes 

35

6.1 Diabetes and Overweight 

36 


6.1.1 Programme leaders, senior scientific staff, and 

postdocs# 

Ms. Prof. J.M. Dekker, PhD* 



M. Adriaanse, PhD# 

Ms. G.A.M. Ariëns, PhD 


Ms. S. Bot, PhD# 




R. van Dam, PhD 

Ms. J.C. Dekkers, PhD# 

Ms. M. Diamant, MD, PhD 

Ms. C. Doak, PhD# 

M.D. Dubbelman, PhD# 

Ms. E.M.W. Eekhoff, MD, PhD 



F. den Hertog, PhD# 



L.L.J. Koppes, PhD# 


Prof. A.J. Maassen, PhD 

M.G.A.A.M. Nijpels, MD, PhD 

Ms. Prof. B.C.P. Polak, MD, PhD 



Ms. K.I. Proper, PhD# 


Ms. J.M. Rijkelijkhuizen, PhD# 

Y.M. Smulders, MD, PhD 


Ms. M.B. Snijder, PhD# 

Ms. A.M.W. Spijkerman, PhD# 


Ms. I. Steenhuis, PhD 


J.W.R. Twisk, PhD 


T.L.S. Visscher, PhD# 


Prof. J.S. Yudkin, MD, PhD 


INTRODUCTION 

The pathophysiologies of diabetes and cardiovascular 

diseases share at least two major factors: physical inactivity 

and obesity. The programme Diabetes and Overweight 

combines the expertise available within EMGO and 

across the VU campus on lifestyle-related health risks 

and disease prevention. The multidisciplinary programme 

brings together epidemiological, clinical, and life-science 

researchers to collaborate in uncovering the many causes 

and consequences of being overweight. 

OBJECTIVES 

The Diabetes and Overweight programme focuses on the 

prevention of overweight, diabetes, and cardiovascular 

disease, and on their complications. Researchers develop 

and evaluate lifestyle-modification programmes for all 

age groups, particularly focusing on the role of physical 

activity or the lack thereof. Previous studies have shown 

that lifestyle interventions tailored to specific groups are 

the most successful, and so future research will focus on 

particular high-risk groups, such as children, low socioeconomic 

class, and ethnic groups. 

In addition, data from observational longitudinal cohort 

studies, such as the Hoorn Study, the Amsterdam Growth 

and Health Longitudinal Study, and the Terneuzen Study, 

are analysed to identify, in the general population, risk 

factors relating to lifestyle, such as nutrition and physical 

activity, and also genetic and biomedical risk factors, such 

as insulin resistance and secretion. 

Further research that develops and evaluates structured 

care systems will be directed at the prevention of diabetes 

complications. Patient cohorts are available in the Hoorn 

Diabetes Care System and, as of 2005, also in the 

Amsterdam Diabetes Metabolic Centre, for the study of 

prognostic factors. 

RECENT RESULTS 

As shown in the list of international collaborations, 

researchers at EMGO’s Diabetes and Overweight 

programme have a large international network and are 

active partners in several international studies. They fulfil 

a variety of prestigious international functions, serving on 

committees of scientific or professional institutes, editorial 

boards of peer-reviewed journals, and steering committees 

of large studies. The complete listing of their international 

functions is posted at our website. 

In 2006, about 5,500 primary-school children and their 

parents were surveyed (ChecKid). In addition to anthropometric 

measurements, they completed detailed questionnaires 

concerning health-related behaviour and their 

determinants. Within this project, five researchers started 

their PhD tracks in topics that include developing and 

evaluating a community-based intervention, monitoring 

the development of overweight in children, effectively 

educating parents to promote healthy lifestyles in children, 

understanding economic circumstances and food choice, 

and evaluating policies in secondary schools to promote 

healthy choices. 

At the Institute for Health Sciences, progress was made 

in several projects. With funding from NWO, Willemijn 

Vermeer began looking at the influence of portion size on 

energy intake. Mary Nicolaou, working with the Department 

of Social Medicine at the University of Amsterdam, 

AMC, completed collecting data on dietary habits, body 

perception, and socio-cultural factors. Helma Ijzelenberg

had to prematurely stop the ALANT study (in collaboration 

with VUmc) on the efficiency of lifestyle intervention 

in patients with cardiovascular disease because of problems 

with health insurance reimbursement and the recruitment 

of patients. Noor Heim started her PhD project on obesity 

in old age. 

Physical activity and health 

In the past, interventions to promote physical activity 

focused predominantly on counselling individuals and 

were tailored to their current behaviour and intent to 

change. However, the physical and social environments 

also play important roles in promoting physical activity. 

At the EMGO Institute, two projects concluded in 2006 

showed that the environment can indeed be important for 

physical activity. In ‘FoodSteps’ (www.foodsteps.nl), Luuk 

Engbers evaluated the effectiveness of an environmental 

intervention in an office building on physical activity, 

nutrition, and cardiovascular risk indicators. This modest 

intervention encouraged office workers to more often use 

the stairs, at least in the short term. For longer effects, 

more intensive or frequent interventions are needed. In 

‘The Healthy Neighbourhood’ (www.degezondewijk.nl), 

Frank den Hertog studied the cross-sectional relationship 

between the environment in residential neighbourhoods 

and the physical activity levels of residents. In this project, 

a more urban design (high density, many and scattered 

facilities) was associated with more physical activity among 

adults than a suburban design (lower density, fewer and 

clustered facilities). Aside from these studies on the role of 

the environment, numerous studies on the effectiveness of 

tailored interventions for promoting physical activity are 

still going on in different subgroups and settings. 

Risk factors for diabetes complications 

Patients with type 2 diabetes have a very high risk of cardiovascular 

disease. Additionally, a considerable proportion 

of patients will develop complications in the eye (diabetic 

retinopathy) and the kidney. Recent work in a longitudinal 

population-based cohort study, the Hoorn Study, 

allowed the comparison of factors involved in abnormalities 

in the retina, in kidney function, and in cardiovascular 

structure and function in patients with type 2 diabetes 

and in participants without diabetes. Two PhD projects, 

both completed in 2006, showed that early changes in 

the retina, kidney, and cardiovascular system also occur 

in non-diabetic individuals who have cardiovascular risk 

factors, and these changes are associated with increased 

risk of mortality. However, with the onset of high glucose 

levels, besides the shared risk factors, several other mechanisms 

also start playing a role in the development of 

diabetes complications. 

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 

At present, EMGO’s Diabetes and Overweight programme 

is developing new intervention strategies, to be tested 

in collaboration with stakeholders, including insurance 

companies, municipalities, and the government. Tailored 

lifestyle interventions will be developed for specific settings, 

such as schools, working environments, neighbourhoods, 

and care facilities, and for specific populations, such as children, 

ethnic minorities, the elderly, and socially deprived 

subjects. 

Studies have already begun to find effective ways to identify 

individuals with high risk of diabetes and cardiovascular 

disease, and to evaluate life-style interventions to reduce 

those risks. Studies will also explore perceptions and family 

communication regarding inheritance and primary prevention. 

A new system of structured diabetes care is being implemented 

in the region of the VUmc hospital in Amsterdam, 

and a cost-effectiveness evaluation will be performed. 

The setting of structured diabetes care systems enables 

further development of methods for improving care. In the 

‘Westfriese Diabetes Zorgsysteem’ in Hoorn, the consequences 

on well-being of self-monitoring of blood glucose 

and its effects on glucose control will be studied. Additional 

research will focus on methods to improve medication 

safety and compliance. Since there is new evidence that 

genes contribute to the risk of developing diabetes complications, 

studies on the contribution of genetic risk factors 

will be initiated. 

Furthermore, we expect to do more research on the role 

of the environment on physical activity, preferably using 

natural experiments to tease out cause and effect. More 

attention in our projects on promoting physical activity will 

be given to disadvantaged populations, such as lower SES 

groups and groups with chronic diseases. We aim to collaborate 

with relevant field organisations in every project, 

preferably as early as the design phase of the study. 

37 

6.1 Diabetes and Overweight


38 

INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION 

Project title Prominent associates Type of collaboration and results 

Department Funding 

Location and Country 

Psychosocial assessment and intervention 

in diabetes 

Joslin Diabetes Centre/ Harvard 

Medical School, section Behavioural 

Research and Mental Health, 

Boston, MA, USA 

Cardiovascular complications 

of type 1 diabetes: EURODIAB 

Studies 

Department of Epidemiology, 

Imperial College, London, UK 

Predictability of markers of 

endothelial dysfunction for the 

onset of (micro)albuminuria and 

cardiovascular disease in patients 

with non-insulin-dependent 

diabetes mellitus 

The role of markers of endothelial 

function and inflammatory markers 

in type 2 diabetes 

Steno Hospital, Copenhagen, 

Denmark 

Cardiovascular complications of 

type 2 diabetes: Steno Studies 

Steno Diabetes Centre, 

Copenhagen, Denmark 

Relationship between insulin 

sensitivity and cardiovascular 

disease 

CNR Institute of Clinical 

Physiology, University of Pisa, 

Italy 

INSERM, Paris, France 

Prof. A.M. Jacobson, MD 

G.W. Welch, PhD 

K. Weinger, PhD 

Prof. N. Chaturvedi, PhD 

Prof. J. Fuller, PhD 

EURODIAB 

Department of Internal Medicine 

VUmc 

Department of Clinical Chemistry 

VUmc 

Prof. H.H. Parving, MD, PhD 

Dutch Kidney Foundation 


M.A. Gall, MD, PhD 


Steno Diabetes Centre 

Department of Internal Medicine 

VUmc 

Department of Clinical Chemistry 

VUmc 

E. Ferrannini, MD, PhD 

B. Balkau, PhD 

Pharmaceutical industry 

European Union 

Collaborative development and 

validation of measures, data analyses, 

and joint publications 

Joint publications on the aetiology of 

cardiovascular complications of type 

1 diabetes 

Blood analyses and writing publications, 

including statistical analyses of 

longitudinal data 

Joint publications, analyses of 

longitudinal data 

Joint publications on the aetiology of 

cardiovascular complications of type 

2 diabetes 

Coordination of a multicentre study 

on the role of insulin resistance in 

the pathophysiology of diabetes and 

cardiovascular disease

INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION (CONTINUATION) 




Genetic diabetes epidemiology 

University of Kuopio, Finland 

The DECODE Study Group 

Steno Diabetes Centre, Gentofte, 

Denmark 

Diabetes Self-efficacy: development 

and validation of a measure for 

type 1 diabetes 

Joslin Diabetes Centre, Section 

Behavioural Research, Boston, MA, 

USA 

Health-related quality of life 

education on diabetes 

Research and Education Department, 

MAPI Research Institute, 

Lyon, France 

The European Depression in 

Diabetes Study (EDIDS) 

Centre for Health Psychology, 

School of Sciences, Staffordshire 

University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK 

ALIFE@Work: Amsterdam Lifestyle 

Intervention on Food and 

Exercise at Work. A randomised 

controlled trial on the preventive 

effects of a physical activity 

enhancing and healthy eating 

programme among an overweight 

working population 

Health Partners, Centre for Health 

Promotion, Minneapolis, MN, 

USA 

Centre for Diabetes and 

Cardiovascular Risk, 

Department of Medicine, 

University College London 

Medical School, Whittington 

Hospital, London, UK 

M. Laakso, MD, PhD 

K. Borch-Johnsen, MD, PhD 

J. Tuomilehto, MD, PhD 

Prof. A.M. Jacobson, MD, PhD 

K. Weinger, PhD 

L. Lobo-Luppi, PhD 


A. Nouwen, PhD 

Novo Nordisk, Denmark 

N.P. Pronk, PhD 

Netherlands Organisation for Health 

Research and Development (ZonMw) 

The Netherlands Heart Foundation 

(NHF) 

Body@Work, Research Centre on 

Physical Activity, Work, and Health 

TNO-VUmc 

Prof. J.S. Yudkin, MD, FRCP 

Collaborative genetic epidemiology, 

sharing of databases 

Epidemiological study using 

combined data from 11 European 

population studies 

Collaborative data collection and data 

management and joint publications 

Development and implementation of 

a training course on health-related 

quality of life and depression in 

diabetes 

Collaborative research on aetiology, 

assessment, and treatment of 

depression in diabetes within 

European countries 

Member of the research project team, 

developing and implementing the 

‘leef-je-fit’ intervention 

Collaboration in experimental and 

epidemiological studies, co-authorship 

of resulting papers 

39 



40 





INITIATE: A multicentre, multinational, 

randomised, open study 

to establish the optimal method 

for initiating Lantus® (insulin 

glargine) therapy to determine 

metabolic and economic outcomes, 

safety, and satisfaction in subjects 

with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 

Department of Medicine, Helsinki 

University Hospital, Helsinki, 

Finland 

Interventions to improve the 

management of diabetes mellitus 

in primary care, outpatient, and 

community settings 

Department of Public Health 

and Primary Care, University of 

Cambridge, UK 

MacColl Institute for Healthcare 

Innovation, Center for Health 

Studies Group, Health Cooperative 

of Puget Sound, Seattle, WA, USA 

Relationships between lifestyle, 

biological risk factors, homocysteine, 

and arterial properties 

School of biokinetics, recreation, 

sport, and health sciences 

North West University, 

Potchefstroom, South Africa 

The relation between physical 

characteristics of residential 

districts and overweight, nutrition, 

and physical activity 

Institute of Sports Sciences, Graz, 

Austria 

Hannele Yki-Järvinen, MD, PhD, 

Helsinki, Finland 

David Matthews, MD, PhD, Oxford, 

UK 

Mikael Alvarsson MD,PhD, Stockholm, 

Sweden 

Tor Bystedt, MD,PhD, Stockholm, 

Sweden 

Giel Nijpels, MD,PhD, Amsterdam, 


Velma Harkin, MD, PhD, Dublin, 

Ireland 

Aventis Pharma 

S.J. Griffin, MD, PhD, MRCGP 

E.H. Wagner, MD, MPH 

Netherlands Organisation for 

Scientific Research (NWO) 

S.J. Moss, PhD 

S.J. Herbst, MSc 

VU Fellowship Programme 

Ms. Sylvia Titze, PhD 

Netherlands Organisation for Scientific 

Research (NWO) 

Multicentre study aiming to 

investigate individual versus group 

education in the initiation of insulin 

therapy, leading to joint publications 

Joint preparation of a systematic 

review within the Cochrane Effective 

Practice and Organisation of Care 

Review Group that resulted in two 

publications: one in the Cochrane 

Library and one in Diabetes Care 

Development of a joint research 

project 

Research on the relation between 

physical characteristics of residential 

districts and overweight, nutrition, 

and physical activity





Mediators of children’s physical 

activity and sedentary behaviors 

in the ‘Switch-Play’ intervention 

study 

School of Exercise and Nutrition 

Sciences, Faculty of Health, 

Medicine, Nursing and Behavioral 

Sciences 

Deakin University, Melbourne, 

Victoria, Australia 

Jo Salmon, PhD 

Ms. Kylie Ball, PhD 

Ms. Clare Hume, PhD 

Prof. David Crawford, PhD 

Writing joint publications, analysis 

of experimental data 

41 



42 


DO iT (Dutch Obesity Intervention in Teenagers): 

a school-based intervention programme to improve 

dietary and physical activity behaviour in adolescents 

in order to maintain energy balance 

08.02 - 08.06 

Netherlands Heart Foundation 

Ms. A.S. Singh, MSc 


J. Brug, PhD 


WC02-031 

ALIFE@Work: Amsterdam Lifestyle Intervention on Food 

and Exercise at Work. A randomised controlled trial on 

the preventive effects of a physical-activity-enhancing 

and healthy-eating programme within an overweight 

working population 

08.02 - 08.06 

Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and 

Development (ZonMw) 

Netherlands Heart Foundation (NHF) 

Body@Work, Research Centre on Physical Activity, Work, 

and Health, TNO-VUmc 

Ms. M. van Wier, MSc 

Ms. J.C. Dekkers, PhD 




WC00-055-2 

An intervention aimed at the prevention of excessive 

weight gain during pregnancy 

10.02 - 09.07 



Ms. G.H.C.W. Althuizen, MSc 




Ms. D.R.M. Timmermans, PhD 

WC01-076 

Postprandial hyperglycaemia versus dyslipidaemia in 

relation to markers of cardiovascular disease in women 

with type 2 diabetes and in normoglycaemic women: 

the Hoorn prandial study 

10.02 - 10.06 

Dutch Diabetes Fund (DFN) 

Ms. M.J. Alssema, MSc 

R.K. Schindhelm, MD, MSc 



Ms. M. Diamant, MD PhD 

WC01-045 

Screening for depression at diabetes outpatient clinics: 

point-prevalence of major depression and the impact of 

case finding on the course of depression and glycaemic 

control 

11.02 - 11.06 

Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation 






WC00-027 

Food-Steps: lifestyle interventions at the workplace - the 

effects of modifications in the building and canteen on 

physical activity and dietary habits 

01.03 - 03.06 



L. Engbers, MSc 



WC01-077-2 

Early detection and prevention of overweight 

01.03 - 01.07 



Ms. M.L.A. de Kroon, MD, MSc 


J.P. van Wouwe, MD, MSc 

G.A. de Jonge, MD, PhD 

Prof. R.A. Hirasing, MD, PhD 

WC02-028

PAM study: promotion of an active lifestyle among 

adolescents and young adults by means of an activity 

monitor and individually tailored advice using Internet 

technology 

01.03 - 07.06 



S.M. Slootmaker, MSc 


Ms. A.J. Schuit, PhD 



WC01-021 

The relationship between insulin sensitivity and 

cardiovascular disease (RISC): cause or consequence? 

05.03 - 05.07 

Dutch Heart Foundation 


W. Boorsma, MD 





WC02-004 

Minimal Intervention Strategy for preventing 

overweight in children 

10.03 - 06.06 

Community Healthcare Foundation (OGZ) 

Ms. C.W.E. van de Laar, MSc 



WC03-057 

Onset and recurrence of depression in older persons 

diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose 

tolerance: who is at risk? A prospective study. 

11.03 - 11.06 

European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD) 


F. Pouwer PhD 





WC02-001 

INITIATE: a multi-centre, multinational, randomised 

open-label study to establish the optimal method for 

initiating Lantus® (insulin glargine) therapy to determine 

metabolic and economic outcomes, safety, and 

satisfaction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 

02.04 - 02.05 

Pharmaceutical industry (Aventis) 





WC03-030 

The Healthy Neighbourhood: the relationship between 

physical characteristics of residential districts and physical 

activity 

03.04 - 06.06 

Community Healthcare Foundation (OGZ) 

F. den Hertog, PhD 



WC03-065-2 

Vitamin D status in relation to obesity and type 2 

diabetes 

04.04 - 04.07 



R.M. van Dam, PhD 

Ms. M.B. Snijder, PhD 




WC04-019 

The impact of homocysteine and its metabolic 

intermediates on vessel-wall properties and cardiac 

structure and function in non-diabetic and type 2 

diabetic individuals 

07.04 - 03.07 

Netherlands Heart Foundation 

Ms. A.M.W. Spijkerman, PhD 

Prof. C.D.A. Stehouwer, MD, PhD 

Prof. Y.M. Smulders, MD, PhD 



WC01-044 

43 



44 

The effectiveness of a cognitive behaviour intervention 

focused on lifestyle in optimal diabetes care 

09.04 - 09.07 


Ms. L.M.C. Welschen, MSc 


Ms. P.C. van Oppen, PhD 

Ms. S.D. Bot, PhD 


WC04-040 

Monitoring health-related quality of life in adolescents 

with type 1 diabetes prior to periodic outpatient 

consultation: impact on psychosocial adaptation, 

satisfaction with care, and glycaemic control. A 

randomised controlled crossover study. 

09.04 - 09.08 


Ms. M. de Wit, MSc 


Prof. H.A. Delemarre-Van de Waal, MD, PhD 

Prof. R.J.B.J. Gemke, MD, PhD 

WC05-056 

Meal-related hypertriglyceridaemia and low-grade 

inflammation in relation to beta-cell function in the 

general population 

11.04 - 02.08 

Merck & Co., Inc 

Ms. J.M. Rijkelijkhuizen, PhD 





WC04-026 

Activity, lifestyle, and nutrition and therapy study 

(ALANT-study) 

01.05 - 03.08 


Development (ZONMW) 

Ms. W. IJzelenberg, MSc 



Ms. I.H. Hellemans, PhD 

Ms. W.H. Scharwächter, MSc 

WC05-018 

The impact of ‘dance/movement’ therapy on physical 

functioning and psychological well being of older adults 

living in long-term care facilities 

01.05 - 01.09 

Health Insurance Company ZilverenKruis/ACHMEA, 

Foundation ‘Hervormde Diaconale Huizen’ (SHDH) 

R.M. Poitier, MSc ✝ 


P. van Wieringen, PhD 

R. Bosscher, PhD 

W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD 

WC2005-088 

(The project has been temporary stopped because of the death of the investigator) 

A single-centre, randomised, three-period, crossover 

study to evaluate the response to three standard meals 

in type 2 diabetic patients 

04.05 - 02.08 

Merck & Co., Inc 




Ms. K. McQuarrie, PhD 

Ms. C.J. Girman, PhD 

WC05-046 

Changes in the anterior eye segment with diabetes 

mellitus 

05.05 - 10.08 

National Foundation for the Blind and Sight-Impaired, 

Rotterdam Society for the Interests of the Blind, Help for the 

Blind Foundation, Eye Foundation, Dutch Foundation for 

Research in Eye Surgery 

N.G.M. Wiemer, MD 

M. Dubbelman, PhD 



Prof. B.C.P. Polak, MD, PhD 

WC05-014 

Implementation of JUMP-in: effect and process 

evaluation of a primary-school-based programme aimed 

at promoting physical activity among children 

08.05 - 12.09 

Larger City Policy funds of Amsterdam 

Ms. J. S. B. de Meij, MSc 


M. F. van der Wal, PhD 


WC05-019

What is the extra value of the PRISMA program versus 

regular care considering outcomes of dietetic care for 

patients with diabetes mellitus type 2? 

11.05 - 11.07 


Ms. A.J. Leibbrandt, MSc 



WC05-012 

The New Hoorn Study, 

Prevalence and determinants of impaired glucose 

regulation 

11.05 - 11.09 

Pharmaceutical industry (Novartis Pharma B.V.) 

Ms. E. van ’t Riet, MSc 





WC06-012 

Susceptibility to type 2 diabetes: perceptions and family 

communication regarding inheritance and primary 

prevention 

01.06 - 01.09 


Ms. S.C.M. van Esch, MA 





WC05-102 

GO4IT the effectiveness of a group intervention 

programme on the lifestyle of adolescents with obesity. 

01.06 - 01.10 

Netherlands Organization for Health Research and 


Ms. G.H. Hofsteenge, MSc 



Ms. Prof. H.A. Delemarre-van de Waal, MD, PhD 

WC05-023 

Cost-effectiveness of care for patients with type 2 

diabetes, an evaluation of an innovative shared diabetes 

care model (Ketenzorg model). 

01.06 - 01.10 



A. van der Heijden, MSc 

Prof. G. Nijpels, MD, PhD 

C. Baan, PhD 

T. Feenstra, PhD 

L. Niessen, PhD 


WC04-045 

Addition of eicosapentaenoic acid to maintenance antidepressant 

therapy in diabetes patients with major 

depressive disorder: a double-blind, placebo 

controlled pilot study. 

03.06 - 03.07 

Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation (Diabetes Fonds) 

Minami Nutrition Therapy 



Prof. A.T.F. Beekman MD, PhD 

WC04-056 

The (cost-) effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention for 

male workers at risk for cardiovascular disease in the 

construction industry in The Netherlands 

04.06 - 03.10 

Stichting Arbouw 

Ms. I.F. Groeneveld, MSc 

Ms. K.I. Proper, PhD 





WC05-095 

The role of dairy intake during adolescence and young 

adulthood for adult-age health; the Amsterdam Growth 

and Health Longitudinal Study (AGHLS) 

08.06 - 08.07 

Dutch Dairy Association 

L.L.J. Koppes, PhD 



WC06-071 

45 



46 

Obesity in old age 

09.06 - 12.10 

Ms. N. Heim, MSc 


Ms. M.B. Snijder, PhD 


WC06-025 

ON-LINE: Web-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy 

(CBT) for Diabetic Adults with Minor to Moderately 

Severe Depression. A Randomised Controlled Trial. 

10.06 - 10.10 


K.M.P. van Bastelaar, MA 


Prof. P. Cuijpers, PhD 


WC06-002 

Predictors of Left Ventricular Deterioration in Type 2 

Diabetes: The Hoorn Study 

12.06 - 12.10 


K. van den Hurk, MSc 

Ms. M. Alssema, MSc 



O. Kamp, MD, PhD 

G.J. Biessels, PhD 

WC-2005-011 

Development of a Dutch diabetes risk score 

12.06 - 12.09 


M. Alssema, MSc 


WC06-006 

ChecKid: Monitoring overweight, healthy behaviour and 

environmental determinants in 4-12 year old children in 

Zwolle 

12.06 - 12.09 

Ms. D.F. Schokker, MSc 

Ms. S. Bleeker, MSc 


T.L.S. Visscher, PhD 

Prof. R.A. HiraSing, MD, PhD 

Preventing overweight in students (12 - 14 year) at 

lower vocational schools 

12.06 - 12.09 

Research Fund Windesheim and Research Centre Prevention 

Overweight Zwolle (promotiefonds Windesheim en OPOZ) 

Ms. M.A.M. Ridder, MSc 


T.L.S. Visscher, PhD 

R.A. HiraSing, MD, PhD 

J.C. Seidell, PhD

6.2 Common Mental Disorders 

48 



postdocs# 



Ms. B.W.J.H. Penninx, PhD 



Ms. M.C. de Bruijne, PhD 




Ms. M.G. Dik, PhD# 

Ms. R.M. Dröes, PhD 



Ms. C. van der Feltz, MD, PhD 

Prof. M. van der Gaag, PhD 




D. van Kampen, PhD 


Prof. I. Marks, PhD 


Ms. F.J. M. Meiland, PhD# 




F. Rijmen, PhD 

MS. A. van Schaik, MD, PhD 

Ms. J. Schuurmans, PhD 

J.H. Smit, PhD 

N. Smits, PhD 



R.J. Takens, PhD 



S. Visser, PhD 


This programme, an interdisciplinary collaboration 

of general practice, nursing-home medicine, clinical 

psychology, and psychiatry (covered by various departments 

at both the VU and the VUmc), concentrates 

on common mental disorders (CMDs). CMDs include 

depression, anxiety disorders, stress-related disorders, and 

dementia. Extensive research into CMDs is important 

considering their high prevalence, their enormous impact 

on individuals and health resources, and the fact that their 

treatment is often successful. 

DISCIPLINES 

General practice 

CMDs, a major component of the workload in general 

practice, have long been an important research topic in 

this discipline. These disorders place a great burden on 

patients and result in frequent use of healthcare resources. 

Despite the high prevalence of CMDs in primary care, 

the empirical basis for their diagnosis and treatment needs 

further development. The Department of General Practice 

is interested in using data derived from randomised 

controlled trials and (naturalistic) epidemiological followup 

studies to generate hypotheses for further intervention 

studies. The department has ongoing experience in 

research into the feasibility, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness 

of various therapeutic intervention strategies for depression 

and anxiety disorders in daily practice. It also investigates 

interventions for informal caregivers of older adults 

with dementia. In addition, various researchers from the 

department have participated in preparing standard guidelines, 

which have been endorsed and issued by the Dutch 

College of General Practitioners. 

Nursing-home medicine 

CMDs such as depression, anxiety, and dementia are 

highly prevalent in long-term care settings. The Department 

of Nursing-Home Medicine researches the epidemiology 

of CMDs in residential and nursing homes, with 

special attention paid to the co-morbidity of CMDs and 

physical complaints. Co-morbidity often makes recognition 

of CMDs difficult; further research is needed to 

clarify indications that signal the need for interventions. 

Various databases are being used for studies on depression 

and anxiety in residential and nursing homes, including the 

Amsterdam Groningen Depression Study, conducted in 

collaboration with the VUmc’s Department of Psychiatry 

and the University of Groningen’s Department of Social 

Psychiatry. Data from large-scale national and international 

databases, obtained using the Resident Assessment 

Instrument, are also being analysed. The department 

is examining the feasibility and effectiveness of various 

types of care and intervention strategies in long-term care 

facilities, currently focusing research on nursing-home 

residents with depression. 

Psychiatry 

The Department of Psychiatry has extensive expertise in 

the study of dementia, depression, and anxiety disorders. 

Data from the department’s randomised controlled trials 

have contributed to the formulation of national guidelines 

for treatment in psychiatric out-patient settings and 

nursing homes. The department is currently conducting 

research in specific population groups, such as the elderly, 

patients with co-morbid anxiety and alcoholism, and 

patients who resist treatment. In 2006, the department 

began a multicentre trial examining a specific intervention 

(Cognitive Behavioural Analysis System of Psychotherapy) 

for chronically depressed outpatients, and a large-scale 

study into the subjective needs of people with dementia 

and their informal caregivers. 

The Department of Psychiatry also has experience in 

organising longitudinal databases. One large-scale psychiatric–epidemiological 

study among the elderly is ongoing: 

the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA, see 

Section 7.1). When this study was planned, very little

was known about the basic psychiatric–epidemiological 

parameters related to the elderly. In LASA, attention was 

directed towards cognitive decline, depression, and anxiety 

– the CMDs most prevalent in later life. The central 

research questions focus on whether the symptoms, prevalence, 

incidence, prognosis, consequences, help-seeking 

behaviour, and co-morbidity patterns change with age and, 

if so, what causes these changes. 

Clinical psychology 

The Department of Clinical Psychology focuses on the 

processes that lead to, the prevention of, and the treatments 

for CMDs. It is currently conducting several 

randomised controlled trials examining the effects of 

prevention programmes. One trial examines the effects of 

a universal prevention programme on the development of 

behaviour problems in primary school. Several other trials 

started in 2006: two focus on self-help for sleep problems 

and for excessive worrying, and one focuses on stepped 

care for mild depression. Another line of studies examines 

the predictors and effects of psychological treatments of 

CMDs. The department is also conducting meta-analyses 

of the effects of treatment for depression and a trial 

comparing the effects of cognitive–behavioural therapy 

with those of brief psychodynamic therapy. 

Psychological treatment using the Internet is becoming 

one of the major interests of the department. Several 

studies began in 2006 to examine the effects of Internetguided 

self-help for several CMDs, including one in which 

effect predictors of Internet-based self-help for depression 

are being examined using innovative longitudinal analytic 

techniques. Finally, the department is conducting several 

studies aimed at suicide prevention. These projects seek 

to improve the registration of suicide and suicide attempts 

in and outside healthcare in order to identify high-risk 

groups and high-risk periods. Several controlled trials have 

been initiated to assess the effects of suicide-prevention 

programmes. 

Collaboration 

Within EMGO’s CMD programme, the above mentioned 

departments collaborate extensively. To ensure the recruitment 

of enough patients for these studies, the programme 

also collaborates with other psychiatric out-patient departments 

(e.g. GGZ Buitenamstel, Geestgronden, Mentrum, 

Parnassia), primary-care centres, memory clinics, nursing 

homes, and meeting centres for dementia patients and 

caregivers. Special emphasis requires the collaboration 

with the Trimbos Institute - Netherlands Institute of 

Mental Health and Addiction - with whom several collaborative 

projects are run, e.g. secondary data analyses using 

data from the NEMESIS study as well as newly started 

intervention projects examining the cost effectiveness of 

treatment of depression in primary care, general hospitals, 

or in the work environment. In 2006, the Trimbos 

Institute launched the Depression Initiative to improve 

care for depressed patients by implementing multidisciplinary 

guidelines and evaluating cost effectiveness. These 

cost-effectiveness trials, in the primary-care setting, the 

occupational-health setting, and the hospital setting, are 

embedded in the EMGO CMD programme and include 

five dissertation trajectories. EMGO and the Trimbos 

Institute formalized their collaboration in 2006 in a signed 

agreement. 

NESDA: A NEW MULTIDISCIPLINARY PSYCHIATRIC-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL 

PROJECT 

Together with the Departments of General Practice 

and Clinical Psychology, the Department of Psychiatry 

has initiated the formation of a multi-centre research 

consortium, the Netherlands Study of Depression and 

Anxiety (NESDA), in collaboration with the Universities 

of Groningen and Leiden. Non-academic participants 

are the Trimbos Institute, the Netherlands Institute for 

Health Services Research, and the Centre of Quality of 

Care Research in Nijmegen. The NESDA study (see also 

Section 7.4) is a large, longitudinal cohort study, in which 

2850 patients with varying degrees of psychopathology 

(no symptoms, sub-threshold symptoms, or anxiety or 

depressive disorders) in primary and secondary care will be 

monitored for eight years. The central research objective 

is to study the long-term course of depression and anxiety 

and to find their neurobiological, genetic, psychosocial, 

and somatic predictors. 

OBJECTIVES 

Dementia, depression, and anxiety disorders are the most 

important CMDs occurring in the general population. 

These disorders are interrelated and often concurrent. 

They sometimes have a common aetiology, and in some 

cases they can be considered risk factors for each other. 

For the benefit of primary prevention and risk profiling, 

this programme investigates risk factors for these CMDs. 

The research includes observational studies of aspects such 

as life events, biomedical factors, and genetic predisposition. 

As an onset for secondary prevention, the programme 

is studying instruments that facilitate early diagnostics 

and measure the development and consequences of these 

disorders. Internationally, longitudinal research on these 

themes outside the clinical setting is scarce. 

Furthermore, research is being carried out to investigate 

the effectiveness and the implementation of psychosocial 

and pharmacological management for patients with 

dementia in nursing homes and in the community, and 

to study the effectiveness and implementation of interventions 

to reduce the burden imposed on caregivers. A 

number of specific projects focus on the adaptation and 

application of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in 

primary or secondary care. 


Researchers within the CMD programme are currently 

involved in various international collaborations (see Table 

on international collaboration). Several also serve international 

functions, some as members of editorial boards 

of scientific journals (Prof. Beekman for Journal of Aging 

and Mental Health, Prof. Cuijpers for Chronic Illness, Prof. 

Kerkhof for Crisis: the Journal of Suicide Prevention, Dr. 

Penninx for the International Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 

European Journal of Aging and the Journal of Geron- 

49 

6.2 Common Mental Disorders


50 

tology: Medical Sciences, and Dr. Terluin for Work & Stress), 

others as partners in international consortia (Dr. Droes 

and Dr. Meiland in the European Community Concerted 

Action on the Epidemiology and Prevention of Dementia 

Group, Prof. Beekman and Dr. Braam in a European 

consortium to study late-life depression (EURODEP), 

Prof. Cuijpers in the board of the International Society 

of Research on Internet Interventions, Prof. Jonker in the 

European Dementia Panel of the European Federation of 

Neurological Societies, and Prof. Kerkhof in the World 

Health Organisation’s European Network on Suicide 

Prevention). Below you will find some topic-specific 

results described in more detail. 

Dementia 

Positive effects of the Meeting Centres Support Programme 

for people with dementia and their caregivers were found 

in a multi-centre study: dementia patients in meeting 

centres developed fewer behavioural problems, were less 

depressed, and had later nursing-home admissions than 

those who visited regular day-care centres in nursing 

homes. Within the framework of a large communicationtechnology 

project (Freeband User eXperience), EMGO 

has started a large scale study into the subjective needs of 

400 people with dementia and of their caregivers. 

With data from the LASA, EMGO researchers studied 

the role of inflammation and the metabolic syndrome 

in cognitive decline and found, in line with neuropathological 

findings, that α1-antichymotripsin and hyperglycaemia 

was associated with cognitive decline. International 

collaboration has been established to study the role 

of cholesterol metabolites, including brain cholesterol, 

in cognitive decline. In collaboration with the Dutch 

Ministry of Health, classification trees were developed to 

identify persons who are at risk for cognitive decline. 

Depression 

EMGO researchers have analysed data from communitybased 

cohort studies (LASA and the Amsterdam Study of 

the Elderly), studies in general practice (the West Friesland 

Depression Study), studies carried out in residential 

and nursing-home settings (AGED), and psychiatric 

studies. They conclude that the prevalence of depression 

is very high in all these settings, and its impact on quality 

of life and daily functioning qualifies it as one of the most 

important health problems in older people. Two recently 

completed studies indicated that both hyper- and hypoactivity 

of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis are 

associated with late-life depression, indicating that the 

pathophysiological basis of late-life depression is complex 

and involves different mechanisms. The prognosis of 

depression deteriorates with aging, with increasing levels 

of physical or cognitive handicaps, and depression is an 

independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cognitive 

decline, and mortality. 

These results have prompted the design of several intervention 

studies, mostly in primary care, but some in 

nursing homes and specialised mental health care settings. 

The rationale for the designs of these intervention studies 

was derived from epidemiological research. Based on 

systematic observations, the studies investigate transitions 

from health to high risk to early disease stage to full-blown 

disorder and subsequently either to chronic disease, with 

its attendant disabilities and handicaps, or to recovery with 

or without residual symptoms. The resulting data, systematically 

comparing patients in different healthcare settings, 

will spotlight promising points of intervention. Moreover, 

studying the factors that predict important transitions in 

the natural history of the disorder (depression) provides 

the basis for a rational strategy to prevent the development 

of depression. From the provisional analyses, it appears 

that systematic screening, diagnosis, and enhanced treatment 

of depression in primary care is feasible and has 

modest effects on patient outcomes. The existing barriers 

to care are being studied, and the results of the trials will 

suggest ways in which the care for depressed patients can 

be further improved. 

Anxiety 

In recent years, the programme’s reviews and randomised 

controlled trials have focused on panic disorder, social 

phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Recent efforts 

have included studies on the treatment of anxiety disorders 

in specific populations, such as the elderly, and in 

primary care, and a randomised controlled trial on the 

treatment of hypochondria. These studies, now nearing 

completion, will result in several dissertations in 2007. 

Furthermore, a five-year follow-up study on the treatment 

of obsessive-compulsive disorder has been completed, 

as has a study on therapy-resistant obsessive-compulsive 

patients. New funding has been obtained for a randomised 

controlled trial on problem-solving therapy in primary 

care, a stepped-care programme for anxiety and depression, 

and a study on the implementation and effectiveness 

of the newly developed Netherlands Multidisciplinary 

Guidelines for Anxiety Disorders. 

Stress-related disorders 

Recently, two randomised controlled trials have been 

conducted in general practice. Both trials focussed on 

patients with stress-related disorders who had gone on sick 

leave. The first trial compared care as usual with a short 

structured intervention carried out by primary care social 

workers. The second trial compared care as usual with a 

minimal intervention carried out by general practitioners. 

The primary outcome was sick-leave duration. The social 

workers’ intervention did not reduce sick-leave duration, 

but the GP intervention led to a higher recognition rate of 

mental disorders and to a reduction of sick-leave duration 

in patients in whom the GPs recognised a stress-related 

disorder. 


The programme will continue to make use of epidemiological 

and clinical data as a basis for CMD intervention 

studies conducted in different healthcare settings (all 

clinical trials are summarized in Section 6.2.3). These 

studies will include both traditional outcomes and, wherever 

possible, economic analyses of the benefits achieved. 

Moreover, the results of internal and external evaluations

suggest that biological parameters need to be included 

more often in epidemiological and intervention studies. 

The development of adequate technology and access to 

relevant resources constitute a major future objective. The 

Department of Psychiatry has also developed a neuropsychiatric 

research line on CMDs within the framework of 

the VUmc’s Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience. This is 

intended to produce the optimal combination and collaboration 

of epidemiological and neurobiological expertise. A 

grant obtained in 2006 from the US National Institutes of 

Health will further stimulate our genetic epidemiological 

research of depression; the grant allows a genome-wide 

scan for about 1900 participants in the NESDA study. 

This grant is the result of intensive collaboration with the 

University of North Carolina (Prof. Sullivan) and the VU 

Department of Biological Psychiatry (Prof. Boomsma, De 

Geus). 

We will continue to use data from observational cohort 

studies. LASA continues to offer possibilities for investigating 

determinants of cognitive decline, depression, 

and anxiety disorders among the elderly. It also presents 

a unique opportunity to integrate epidemiological and 

biological research paradigms. The relationship between 

the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and depression 

and the role of inflammatory factors in both the onset 

and the consequences of late-life depression and cognitive 

decline will be studied within the framework of LASA. 

The NESDA study will finish recruiting the required 2850 

respondents in February 2007, providing a unique research 

infrastructure that can address many epidemiological 

research questions concerning the course of depression 

and anxiety among adults. Follow-up assessments will be 

conducted after one and two years. 

In the recent external review, the CMD research 

programme was rated as ‘very good’ with regard to 

quality, productivity, and vitality, and ‘excellent’ in terms 

of relevance. The overall rating of publications was well 

above the world average on almost all indicators for the 

quality of the scientific output, which appears to be rising 

rapidly. The programme’s acquisition of new funding for 

the NESDA study, continued funding for LASA, and 

successful proposals for a series of intervention studies 

demonstrate its vitality. One of the strengths of the 

programme is its ongoing interdisciplinary collaborations, 

which bring together all the key players in the field. Much 

effort has gone into establishing a firm basis for collaboration 

within the university and nationwide. The review 

committee drew attention to the fact that international 

collaboration represents a logical next step in the development 

of the programme. The committee also suggested 

that the programme should make co-morbidity of CMDs 

and physical illnesses a key area of research; this has been 

endorsed by programme participants and will receive 

specific attention in the coming years. 

51 



52 





Brain-specific 24S-hydroxy- 

cholesterol: an early marker for 

late-onset Alzheimer’s Disease? 

University of Goettingen and 

University of Bonn, Germany 

DIADEM, Obstacles and facilitators 

in diagnosing and managing 

early dementia in EU member 

states 

NL: University Medical Centre St 

Radboud 

BE: University of Leuven 

UK: Royal Free UCL, University 

of Hull 

ES: Fundacion Intras 

IT: IRCCS 

PO: Hospital de Magalhaes 

FR: Hospital Broca 

Validation of the Camberwell 

Assessment of Need in the Elderly 

(CANE) and comparison of ‘needs 

in dementia’ research in NL and 

the UK 

Department of Psychiatry and 

Behavioural Science, University 

College London, UK 

Early interventions for persons 

with dementia and their carers 

Guidelines on the use of psychosocial 

outcome measures in dementia 

University of Hull, UK 

Women’s Health and Aging Study 

National Institute on Aging, 

Bethesda, MD, USA 

Prof. K. Fassbender, MD, PhD 

Prof. D. Lutjohann, MD, PhD 

Hersenstichting Nederland 

H. van Hout, PhD 

Ms. M. Vernooij-Dassen, PhD 

Prof. J. De Lepeleire, MD, PhD 

S. Iliffe, MD, PhD 

Prof. M. Moniz-Cook, PhD 

T. Orihuela, MD, PhD 

A. Fabello, MD, PhD 

Prof. A. Leuschner, MD, PhD 

Ms. A Rigaud, MD, PhD 

EU (No: QLRT-2001-00296) 

M. Orrell, PhD 


Prof. E.D.Moniz-Cook, MD, PhD 

Prof. E.D.Moniz-Cook, MD, PhD 

University of Hull, UK 

J.M. Guralnik, MD, PhD 

National Institute on Aging 

Determination of 24S hydroxylcholesterol 

and other cholesterol 

metabolites, and publications within 

the framework of the LASA study 

Exploring obstacles and facilitators 

in diagnosing and managing early 

dementia in EU member states 

International validation of CANE 

Preparation of a book on this subject 

by the INTERDEM group 

Preparation of guidelines on the 

use of psychosocial outcome measures 

in dementia research by the 

INTERDEM group 

Exchange of data and various joint 

publications





InChianti Study 


Baltimore, MD, USA 

The epidemiology of stress and the 

metabolic syndrome 

Wake Forest University School of 

Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 

USA 

University of Florida, Gainesville, 

FL USA. 

Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions 

Working Group/Department of 

Psychology, Smith College, 

Northampton, MA, USA 

Metabolic syndrome and inflammation 

as risk factors for cognitive 

decline in older persons 

Department of Psychiatry, 

Neurology and Epidemiology, 

University of California, San Francisco, 

CA, USA 

Longitudinal Studies Section, 

Clinical Research Branch, National 

Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 

USA 

EURODEP 

Collaboration between 14 

departments of psychiatry and 

epidemiology in 11 European 

countries 

Internet-based treatment of mental 

disorders 

Department of Behavioural 

Sciences, Linköping University, 

Sweden 

L. Ferrucci, MD, PhD 


M. Pahor, MD 

B. Nicklas, PhD 

S. Kritchevsky, PhD 

M. Cesari, MD 

National Health, Lung and Blood 

Institute, National Institutes of 

Health 

R. Frost, PhD 

G. STeketee, PhD 

Ms. K. Yaffe, MD 


Internationale Stichting Alzheimer 

Onderzoek (ISAO) 

Prof. J.R. Copeland, MD PhD 

(Liverpool) 

Prof. K. Wilson, MD, PhD (Liverpool) 

Prof. M. Prince, MD, PhD (London) 

Prof. I. Skoog, MD, PhD (Sweden) 

Biomed I EU and the participating 

centres 

Prof. Gerhard Andersson 

Exchange of data and various joint 

publications 

Collaboration and various joint 

publications 

Annual meetings for members to 

develop and validate standardised 

measurements for patients with 

obsessive compulsive disorders, 

resulting in four publications in 

Behaviour Research and Therapy 

Joint publications 

Ongoing collaboration, resulting in 

eight international scientific papers 

Collaborative research on internetbased 

treatment of mental disorders 

53 



54 





Professor Emeritus of Experimental 

Psychopathology, Institute 

of Psychiatry, King’s College, 

Univ. of London 

DESCRIPA, European collaboration 

of cohort studies to study 

screening guidelines for early diagnosis 

of Alzheimer’s disease and 

dementia 

Dept. of Brain and Behaviour, 

University Maastricht 

The “European Alliance Against 

Depression (EAAD)” is an international 

network of experts with 

the aim to promote the care of 

depressed patients by initiating 

community-based intervention 

programmes in 18 European countries 

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität 

München 

Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie 

und Psychotherapie 

The Depression Initiative. Depression 

management in the Netherlands 

Trimbos Instituut, the Netherlands 

P.I. IMPACT trial, University of 

Washingtton, Seattle 

P.I. EAAD, University of Leipzig, 

Germany 

The “European Forum for Primary 

Care” is an international network 

of experts in 36 countries with the 

aim to improve the health of the 

population by promoting strong 

Primary Care. 

The Netherlands Institute for Care 

and Welfare (NIZW) 


Prof. Isaac Marks, PhD 

P.J. Visser, MD, PhD 

European Union (EU) 

Prof. Ulrich Hegerl, MD, PhD 

18 other European colleagues 

EAAD is co-funded within the EC 

Public Health Programme until 2008 

Ms. C.M. van der Feltz-Cornelis, 

MD, PhD 

International advisors: 

Prof. J. Unutzer, PhD 

Prof. U. Hegerl, PhD 

RVVZ Foundation 

Prof. Jan de Maesener, PhD 

(Ghent University). 

D. Aarendonk, PhD 

And another 36 European countries 

Funded by the EU. European Forum 

for Primary Care 

Writing publications 

To establish an international 

consortium of partners that initiate 

comprehensive community-based 

interventions in model regions in 18 

European countries within a period 

of less than two years. 

To disseminate the concepts and 

materials, developed in the model 

regions, to other regions in the 

participating countries 

The collaboration with Prof Hegerl 

consists of joint trials and a complementary 

project on suicide prevention 

The collaboration with Prof Unutzer 

consists of training of the researchers 

in collaborative care 

To establish a leading international 

network in primary care. By linking 

policy practice and research the 

Forum intends to stimulate policy 

making based on vision and evidence 

as much as it intends to support PC 

practice oriented towards quality and 

equity. 

Organizing annual conferences and 

several joint publications of position 

papers for primary care


Paroxetine and cognitive behaviour therapy in the 

treatment of hypochondriasis 

07.97 - 09.06 

Glaxo SmithKline 

Ms. A. Greeven, MD 


Prof. Ph. Spinhoven, PhD 

S. Visser, MD, PhD 

WC97-012 

A protocol study of the obsessive-compulsive disorder 

07.98 - 01.07 



Prof. P.M.G. Emmelkamp, PhD 


WC97-049 

Depression in long-term care facilities: prevalence, 

course, and effects of training and feedback on the 

process of care and outcomes 

02.99 - 12.05 

Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) 

Ms. K. Jongenelis, MD 

Ms. A.M. Eisses, MSc 



H. Kluiter, PhD 

WC97-014-2 

Late-life depression in primary care: a randomised trial to 

improve detection, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome 

05.99 - 05.06 

Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development 

(ZonMw) 

D. Bijl, MD 





WC97-055 

Post-traumatic stress disorder in the elderly: 

a community-based study of prevalence, 

phenomenology, risk factors, and protective factors 

01.00 - 06.06 

- 

Ms. W.H. van Zelst, MD 


E. de Beurs, PhD 



WC00-031 

Effects of life-review interventions on depressive 

symptoms, mastery, and meaning in the elderly 

01.00 - 08.06 

This project is a collaboration with the Netherlands Institute 

for Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Instituut). 

E. Bohlmeijer, MSc 

G. Westerhof, PhD 




WC04-022 

Prevention of prolonged disability due to stress-related 

neurasthenia: effectiveness and feasibility of a systematic 

intervention by social workers in primary care 

02.00 - 08.06 


(ZonMw) 

P.F.M. Verhaak, PhD 

Ms. B.G. Tiemens, PhD 

Ms. J.M. Bensing, PhD 



WC99-040-2 

Anxiety disorders in the elderly 

03.00 - 03.06 


Ms. J. Schuurmans, MSc 



Prof. P. Emmelkamp, PhD 

WC02-002 

55 



56 

Feasibility and effectiveness of a transmural 

psychotherapy intervention for late-life depression 

12.00 - 08.06 



D.J.F. van Schaik, MD 





WC99-034 

Prognosis of minor and major depression in older 

primary-care patients. The West Friesland Study 

01.01 - 09.07 


E. Licht-Strunk, MSc 




WC99-007 

Atypical thoracic complaints as a manifestation of panic 

anxiety in the emergency department: a randomised 

trial of brief cognitive-behavioural interventions 

02.01 - 01.07 

Heathcare Insurance Council (CVZ) 

G.A. van Zijderveld, PhD 


A.M. Beek, MD 


Ms. E.S.M. de Lange, MD, PhD 

WC00-008 

Exploring pathophysiologic and behavioural pathways in 

the link between depression and cardiovascular disease 

09.01 - 04.06 


K. van der Kooij, MSc 




Prof. C.D.A. Stehouwer, MD, PhD 

WC00-035 

Genetic and biological risk factors for cardiovascular 

morbidity and mortality in depressed older persons 

10.01 - 07.07 

Funding: Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research 

(NWO) 

M.A. Bremmer, MD 


W.J.G. Hoogendijk, MD, PhD 


WC01-079 

The effect of a phased-care intervention for nursinghome 

residents with depressive symptoms 

12.01 - 10.06 



Ms. A. de Wit, MSc 




WC00-062 

Development of an instrument to measure quality of life 

in dementia 

12.01 - 06.07 



Association ‘Het Zonnehuis’ 

Association of support of Christian care for persons 

with mental and nervous diseases 

T.P. Ettema, MSc 

J. de Lange, MSc 


M.E. Ooms, MD, PhD 

G. Mellenbergh, PhD 

WC00-029-2 

Psychological determinants of relapse of depression in 

the elderly 

12.01 - 10.06 

B. Steunenberg, MSc 




WC05-73

Anxiety disorders in nursing homes: prevalence, riskfactors, 

consequences, and co-morbidity 

01.02 - 01.06 

- 

M. Smalbrugge, MD 


Ms. K. Jongenelis, MD 



WC03-002 

Frailty and vitality: the impact of chronic conditions and 

depressive symptoms 

05.02 - 08.06 





WC02-022 

The (cost-)effectiveness of nurse support for dementia 

patients living at home and their primary caregivers 

07.02 - 11.06 



Ms. A.P.D. Jansen, MSc 





WC00-061-2 

The cost-effectiveness of a systematic home visits 

by nurses to frail alderly primary-care patients: 

a randomised controlled trial 

07.02 - 07.06 

Partly by Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and 

Development (ZONMw) 




F. Frijters, PhD 

WC01-080-2 

Are anxiety disorders or mixed anxiety/depression 

predictors of cognitive decline? 

08.02 - 03.07 



Ms. E.J.M. Bierman, MSc 




WC01-063 

Cost-effectiveness of treatment for depression in primary 

care 

09.02 - 09.06 

Healthcare Insurance Council (CVZ) 

Ms. J.E. Bosmans, MSc 





WC02-802 

Effectiveness of a minimal intervention for psychological 

distress carried out in general practice; a pragmatic 

randomised controlled trial 

01.03 - 12.06 



Dutch College of General Practitioners (NHG) Fund 

for Common Complaints 

Ms. I.M. Bakker, MSc 





WC02-015-2 

Effects on emotional disorders of problem-solving 

therapy (PST) provided by nurses 

01.03 - 03.07 

Ms. G.A. Schreuders, MA 



Ms. E. van Weel-Baumgarten, MD, PhD 


WC02-018 

57 



58 

Stepped care: A new model of care for common mental 

disorders 

05.03 - 05.07 

Adhesie, Deventer 

VUmc, Amsterdam 

D.B. Oosterbaan, MD, PhD 


M. Verbraak, PhD 

R. ten Doesschate, MD 


WC04-037 

Group living for older adults with dementia 



11.03 - 11.07 

Ms. S. te Boekhorst, MSc 

Ms. M. Depla, MSc 


Ms. J. de Lange, MSc 


WC03-054 

The epidemiology of anxiety disorders 

11.03 - 04.08 



N. Batelaan, MSc 


R. de Graaf, PhD 

Prof. W.A.M. Volleberg, PhD 


WC04-036 

Prevention of anxiety and depression in later life: a 

programme testing the feasibility and effectiveness of a 

generic stepped-care programme for the elderly at high 

risk of developing anxiety and depression 

12.03 - 12.07 



P.J. van ’t Veer-Tazelaar, MA 





WC03-051 

Brain-specific 24S-hydroxycholesterol: an early marker 

for late-onset Alzheimer-type dementia? 

04.04 - 12.06 

Dutch Brain Research Foundation 

Ms. T.N. van den Kommer, MSc 


Ms. H. Comijs, PhD 

K. Fassbender, MD 

D. Lütjohann, PhD 

Prevention of aggression and conduct disorder in 

elementary school children by means of a classroom 

intervention and a combination of a classroom and a 

parent intervention 

05.04 - 05.10 

The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and 


Ms. M. Witvliet, MSc 

Ms. J. Ashford, MSc 


Prof. J.M. Koot, PhD 

P. van Lier, PhD 

WC05-071 

Religious resources in older adults with common mental 

disorders 

06.04 - 06.08 




VENI 



WC03-011 

Care needs, appropriate care, and care utilisation of 

elderly patients with chronic disorders 

09.04 - 09.08 



Ms. E. van der Ploeg, MSc 



Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD

Study of the Implementation of the Guideline for 

the Multidisciplinary treatment of Anxiety disorders 

(SIGMA): An evidence-based treatment guideline put 

into practice 

09.04 - 01.10 

St. Adhesie GGZ Midden-Overijssel 

M.K. van Dijk, MSc 


D.B. Oosterbaan, MD, PhD 

M.J.P.M. Verbraak, PhD 

WC04-038 

What is the effect of a stabilising group treatment in 

complex PTSD patients? 

09.04 - 11.08 




WC00-031 (An additional objective of this project) 

Metabolic syndrome and inflammation as risk factors for 

cognitive decline in older persons 

11.04 - 10.06 

International Alzheimer Research Foundation (ISAO) 

VCVGZ Support Foundation 




Prof. P. Eikelenboom, MD, PhD 


WC04-024 

Mental health in the life course: the impact of work and 

social capital 

11.04 - 10.09 

Faculty of Social Sciences, Dept. Social Cultural Sciences, VU 

University Amsterdam 

I. Plaisier, MA 

J.G.M. de Bruijn, PhD 



B.W.J.H. Penninx, PhD 

WC06-035 

Freeband User eXperience - FRUX Healthcare pilot 

01.05 02.08 

Ministry of Economic Affairs 

RCOAK, NHDI, Neurology Association, Association 

‘Het Zonnehuis’ 

H.G. van der Roest, MSc 

Ms. F.J.M. Meiland, PhD 




WC05-006 

The effect of psychosocial stress and metabolic 

syndrome 

01.05 - 01.09 

National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA 

N. Vogelzangs, MSc 



WC04-048 

Minimal treatment of worrying (Stop het getob) 

01-05 - 12.06 

University funding 


S. Akhnikh, MSc 

A. Koopman, MSc 

M. van der Linde, MSc 

M. Stam, MSc 

WC05-075 

Prevention of depression in adolescents. Part 1: 

development of a school-based screenings questionnaire. 

01.05 - 03.06 



P.R. Boluijt, MSc 



WC05-078 

Cognitive behaviour therapy versus Self-examination 

therapy with depressive symptomatology 

05.05 - 04.09 

Ms. L. Warmerdam, MSc 


WC05-072 

59 



60 

Self-help treatment through television and book for 

insomnia: a randomised trial 

07.05 - 06.06 

Funded by National Fund for Public Mental Health (NFGV) 



WC05-076 

The effects of psychological treatment of depression: 

a comprehensive meta-regression analysis 

07.05 - 07.07 




L. Warmerdam, MSc 

WC05-077 

Development and cost-effectiveness evaluation for a 

participatory ergonomics protocol for mental health 

disorders. A randomised controlled trial 

09.05 - 09.09 

Aladdin Programme to stimulate research and development 

of work and health (STECR platform rehabilitation), VUmc, 

TNO Work & Employment, Trimbos Institute. 

S.H. van Oostrom MSc 


Prof. W. van Mechelen MD, PhD 


A. Venema MSc 

WC05-040 

Prognosis of depression: depressive course and 

trajectories of functional and work disabilities 

11.05 - 10.11 

GGZ Buitenamstel, Amsterdam 

D. Rhebergen, MD 



Prof. W. Hoogendijk, MD, PhD 

R. de Graaf, PhD 

WC05-048 

The pathophysiological basis of depression and anxiety: 

an epidemiological examination of the roles of the 

autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamuspituitary-adrenal 

axis 

12.05 - 12.10 



C. Licht, MSc 

S.A. Vreeburg, MSc 


Prof. E. de Geus, PhD 


WC04-065 

Brief psychodynamic supportive psychotherapy 

(SPSP) versus cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for 

depressive outpatients 

01.06 - 12.08 

Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Mentrum Institute of 

Mental Health 



J. Peen, MSc 

E. Driessen, MSc 

WC05-079 

The role of the Inspectorate in suicide prevention: The 

effects of the Inspectorate’s reactions to notifications of 

suicide 

01.06 - 12.09 

The Inspectorate for Healthcare in The Netherlands 


Ms. A. Huisman, MSc 


P.B. Robben, PhD 

WC05-074 

Prevention of panic disorder. A randomised clinical trial 

annex economic evaluation 

01.06 - 07.07 

P. Meulenbeek, MA 

Prof. J.A. Walburg, PhD 


M. Koopmanschap, PhD 

F. Smit, PhD 

WC06-104

The Netherlands Study on late-life depression, building 

an infrastructure and longitudinal cohort of depressed 

older persons (NESDO) 

04.06 - 04.10 

vacant 


Ms. B.W.H. Penninx, PhD 


M.L. Stek, PhD 

H. van Marwijk, MD, PhD 

WC205-045 

Treatment of chronically depressed patients: a randomized 

controlled trial testing the effectiveness of ‘Cognitive 

Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy’ (CBASP) 

for chronic depressions versus usual secondary care 

08.06 - 08.10 



VCVGZ Foundation 

Ms. J. E. Wiersma, MA 

Ms. P. C. van Oppen, PhD 

Ms. D.J.F. van Schaik, PhD 

Prof. A. T. F. Beekman, MD, PhD 

WC05-091 

COGKNOW 

09.06 - 08.09 

European Community 

A.M. Reinersmann, MSc 

Ms. F.J.M. Meiland, PhD 


Ph. Scheltens, MD, PhD 

WC06-039 

Stepped care for depression and anxiety: from primary 

to secondary care 

09.06 - 09.10 



Ms. L.M. Kool, MSc 





WC05-092 

The city: pros and cons. An investigation of urban/rural 

and inner-city differences in psychiatric morbidity 

09.06 - 09.07 

Mentrum Institute of Mental Health Amsterdam 

J. Peen, MSc 



R.S. Schoevers, MD, PhD 

WC06-027 

Towards a comprehensive system of internet-based 

self-help modules for mild to moderate common mental 

disorders 

10.06 - 10.07 

T. Donker, MSc 

A. van Straten, PhD 

Prof. I. Marks, PhD 


N. Smits, PhD 

WC06-028 

Effects of the application of domotics in small scale living 

facilities for people with dementia 

10.06 - 11.07 

Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports 

S. Lauriks, MSc 

J. Oste, MSc (GGD Amsterdam) 



HPA axis dysfunction and common mental disorders: to 

whom does it concern? 

10.06 - 04.11 

GGZ Buitenamstel, Amsterdam 

B. Verhoeff, MD 

B.W.J.H. Penninx, PhD 



R.H. de Rijk, PhD 

WC06-022 

61 



62 

Family Meetings in Memory Clinics: Indicated Prevention 

of developing Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in 

primary informal caregivers of demented patients 

01.07 - 01.11 

Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development 

(ZonMw) 

Ms. K. Joling, MSc 



Prof. P. Scheltens, MD, PhD 


WC06-007 

Depression, Anxiety and Atherosclerosis: shared 

pathways? Cardiovascular extension of the Netherlands 

Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) 

01.07 - 01.11 



Prof. P. Scheltens, MD, PhD 


WC05-096 

Future oriented group training for suicidal patients: 

a clinical trial 

01.07 - 01.10 

‘Rembrandthof’, Hilversum 

‘De Open Ankh’ 

W. van Beek, MSc 



WC06-060

63 


6.3 Care and Prevention 

64 



postdocs# 


Ms. B.D. Onwuteaka-Philipsen, PhD 

P.D. Bezemer, PhD 

M. de Boer, MD, PhD# 




AMW Bulk-Bunschoten, MD, PhD 

Ms. J.M. Cuperus-Bosma, MD, PhD, LLM ✝ 

A. Crijnen, MD, PhD 

Ms. Prof. D.J.H. Deeg, PhD 





M.A. Echteld, PhD# 



Ms. B.J.M. Frederiks, PhD# 

D.H.M. Frijters, PhD 

Ms. A.A.M. Gerritsen, PhD# 


Ms. L. Henneman, PhD 





Prof. L.P. ten Kate, MD, PhD 

Prof. H.C.G. Kemper, PhD 


F.J.M. van Leerdam, MD, PhD 

Ms. Prof. F.E. van Leeuwen, PhD 

Prof. J. Legemaate, PhD, LLM 


Ms. Prof. Th. Marteau, PhD 


Ms. L.M.C. Nauta-Jansen, PhD 


Ms. H.R.W. Pasman, PhD# 

Ms. A.M. Plass, PhD# 



Ms. M.L. Rurup, PhD# 

Prof. F.G. Schellevis, MD, PhD 


Ms. J.T. van der Steen, PhD# 




Ms. C. Wagner, PhD 



Long, healthy lives are the ultimate goal of the Care and 

Prevention research programme. In contrast to EMGO’s 

other three, disease-specific, research programmes, Care 

and Prevention focuses on preventing disease before it 

even starts and on helping patients deal with generic problems 

that arise in the course of chronic illness. It broadly 

promotes health in individuals, groups, and the population 

as a whole, in all phases of life, from preconception through 

death. The applicable aim of the programme’s research is 

to improve the quality of prevention programmes and 

healthcare services, empowering people to make informed 

health decisions, to prevent or delay the onset of chronic 

disease and disablement , to help patients adapt to disablement 

and help care for themselves, and to improve the 

quality of life of patients in the terminal phase of disease. 

Research takes place at both the individual and the 

group level. Studies consider generic risk factors (such 

as lifestyle) and health outcomes (such as functional 

autonomy or informed decisions) that are not linked 

exclusively to specific diseases. They cover co-morbidity 

and end-of-life care. Until 2006, the research projects 

were clustered in three interrelated domains: quality of 

care and prevention, functional autonomy, and end-of-life 

care. As a result of the discussions that took place within 

the programme following the comments of the external 

review committee, this was changed in 2006. To make the 

domains more coherent and recognizable and to acknowledge 

the growing importance of community genetics, the 

role of patients as active participants in healthcare decisions, 

and patient safety, the research projects are now 

clustered in four interrelated domains: 1) quality of care, 

shared decision making, and patient safety, 2) community 

genetics and risk communication, 3) functional autonomy, 

and 4) end-of-life care. 

Chronic diseases can progress through distinct phases: 

genetic predisposition, development of risk factors, 

onset of disease, early manifestation, progression, and 

the end of life. Prevention and care run in parallel 

to these phases, sometimes overlapping. Prevention 

can be primary (pertaining to the phases before onset), 

secondary (pertaining to the early manifestation phase), 

and tertiary (pertaining to the progression and terminal 

phases). Tertiary prevention, to a large extent, is identical 

to care. Care refers to different types of healthcare, both 

professional and informal, including paramedical, nursing, 

medical, and long-term care. 

The four domains 

Quality of care, informed decision making, and patient safety 

Research in this domain measures the extent to which 

available preventive or healthcare interventions conform 

with or improve upon professional standards. It examines 

the effectiveness of those interventions defined broadly 

to include biomedical outcomes, quality of life, and costeffectiveness. 

It asks whether the care provided by the 

caregiver corresponds to the care desired or needed by

the patient. It acknowledges the increasing role of patient 

participation in health decisions by also taking shared and 

informed decision making as an outcome measure. 

It considers various perspectives, such as those of the 

patient, the caregiver, and the funding agency. Research 

from the patient’s perspective concerns the interaction 

between doctors and patients, such as adequately informing 

patients, and the decision making process of patients and 

health consumers regarding healthcare. Research from 

the doctor’s perspective concerns the quality of care as 

compared with professional norms, especially the safety 

of care. Patient safety research determines the incidence 

and causes of adverse events. This research deals with 

complex systems. The interventions studied take place at 

all levels: micro (individual doctor and patient level), meso 

(e.g. organizational causes of adverse events), and macro 

(e.g. informed decisions as outcome measure for screening 

programmes). The outcomes measured range from the 

quality of individual decisions and the safety of individual 

patients to the systemic effects of quality control on the 

provision of care. 

VUmc’s Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 

also conducts research within this domain. Persistent 

delinquent behaviour constitutes a major public health 

problem, with substantial costs to society, the direct 

victims, and the delinquent adolescent his or herself. The 

research in this area investigates predictive factors, the 

prevalence of psychopathology and other characteristics 

(including neuro-biological characteristics), the development 

of antisocial and delinquent behaviour over time, and 

preventive interventions. Another important theme within 

this domain is multimorbidity. 

Community genetics and risk communication 

With increasing knowledge about the role of genes and 

their interaction with environmental factors in disease 

aetiology, the possibilities for care and prevention related 

to the genetic aetiology of diseases increase as well. 

Community Genetics is the application of medical genetics 

in the general population, and its aim is to maximise the 

benefits of medical genetics for the community, while 

minimising any threat or harm. Translating this knowledge 

into optimal care and prevention demands studies on (1) 

epidemiological aspects, (2) social scientific aspects, and 

(3) implementation and care research. Studies have been 

performed at different levels: micro (such as the impact of 

genetic risk information on healthy life styles), meso (such 

as the evaluation of a pilot project for preconceptional 

haemoglobinopathy screening; the translation of knowledge 

on disease aetiology to Internet sites), and macro 

(such as public health policies on genetic screening). The 

outcomes measured range from classical public health 

measures (the frequency of disorders; the use of folic acid 

in the periconceptional period) to measures evaluating 

the informed decision-making process, and concern individual 

as well as collective issues (such as standpoints of 

parties involved in potential implementation programs). 

Researchers set their sights as early as preconception, 

screening future parents as potential carriers of genetic 

illness. Studies investigate how patients and caregivers 

perceive and deal with information about genetic risks. 

The programme is researching the societal aspects of the 

mapping of the genome, with projects at two centres of 

excellence: the Centre for Medical Systems Biology in 

Leiden (focusing on the aetiology of common disorders) 

and the Centre for Society and Genomics in Nijmegen. 

Functional autonomy 

The programme’s research in this domain, primarily longitudinal 

and observational, addresses the process of aging. 

The studies are based on conceptual models set out in the 

World Health Organization’s International classification 

of functioning, disability, and health, in Verbrugge and 

Jette, and in Rolland’s work regarding the psychosocial 

characteristics of chronic diseases. In 2005, the studies in 

this domain grew even more rigorous as the programme 

coordinated its activities with those of the departments of 

ophthalmology, otolaryngology/audiology, and nutrition 

and dietetics. 

Otolaryngology/audiology 

A reduced ability to distinguish speech in a noisy environment 

appears to be the most prominent disability 

associated with hearing impairment. The research on 

diagnostic analysis of hearing disability in everyday conditions 

distinguishes auditory and cognitive factors. Recently 

a new test was devised to probe effects of language and 

cognitive skills. Tests on auditory signal processing supplemented 

with the test on language skill can account for the 

major part of speech hearing loss in noise among hearing 

impaired people. 

The available knowledge on the psychosocial impact of 

hearing impairment focuses mainly on the elderly population. 

For the younger population there is a clear lack 

of knowledge, while the impact on quality of life and 

employment may be large. In February 2006, the National 

Longitudinal Study on Hearing (NL-SH) was initiated to 

fill this gap. The study cohort consists of 1500 adults aged 

18–65 years with and without hearing problems. The study 

examines the relationship between hearing impairment, as 

assessed with the national speech-in-noise screening test 

on the Internet, and various aspects of life, such as work, 

psychosocial health, quality of life, and use of healthcare. 

Research on rehabilitation of hearing impairment takes 

place in the Hearcom project, a study in the European 

6th Framework programme on “Hearing in the Communication 

Society”. Part of the work within this context is 

devoted to the effectiveness of technical interventions, 

such as the contribution of text from an Automatic Speech 

Recogniser (ASR) to speech perception. Primary concerns 

in this study are the negative effects of ASR errors and the 

inherent time delay between acoustic and visual inputs to 

the listener. A protocol, including guidelines for use of 

an Automatic Speech Recogniser in daily practice, will be 

developed. 

The programme researches personal factors (e.g. personal 

resources) and environmental factors (e.g. availability of 

65 

6.3 Care and Prevention


66 

formal and informal care) that hinder or help the functional 

autonomy of chronically ill older persons. For example, 

LASA tracks the utilization of healthcare resources by subgroups 

with an income level less than the minimum and by 

sub-populations living alone, e.g. in relation to their use of 

care. Findings from these studies can help public health 

agencies monitor the aging population; they also provide a 

basis for further evaluation and intervention studies. In the 

future, the programme, using data from LASA, will study 

the relationships between biological and genetic markers 

and functional outcomes. 

End-of-life care 

Research in end-of-life care is still developing, both 

nationally and internationally, and the methodological and 

ethical problems involved are considerable. In focusing 

on the terminal phase of life of chronically ill patients, 

the programme evaluates diagnostics, provision of care, 

ways in which end-of-life care is regulated, treatment of 

symptoms, medical decision-making, quality of life, the 

course of the disease, the process of dying, and moral 

problems. In the future, it hopes to define appropriate 

outcome measures, discover indicators of quality of care, 

and develop good measurement instruments. 

Current intervention studies are investigating whether 

general practitioners can, by consulting with experts, 

improve the quality of their palliative care and their 

handling of requests for euthanasia. In coordination with 

partners at the Erasmus Medical Centre in Rotterdam 

and colleagues from abroad, the programme has prepared 

an international research agenda on the epidemiological 

and clinical aspects of end-of-life decision-making. This 

agenda includes the challenging combination of qualitative 

and quantitative research, integrating research on end-oflife 

decision-making and palliative care. This year, in the 

days before the inaugural speech of prof.dr. L. Deliens, 

the Department of Social Medicine organized an Invited 

Conference on research in the area of ‘public health at

the end of life’ for established end-of-life care researchers 

from Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia. In 

this conference, the participants agreed on the importance 

of and the need and willingness to cooperate on research 

themes such as advance care planning and the development 

of indicators of quality of end-of-life care. Another 

programme focus – understanding the patient’s perspective 

– has been strengthened by a new cohort of people with 

advance directives. 

INFRASTRUCTURE 

For a growing number of projects within the Care and 

Prevention programme, the Longitudinal Aging Study 

Amsterdam provides important longitudinal, observational 

data on the older segment of the general population. For 

several other projects, however, extramural academic 

workplaces are important settings. In the field of child 

and youth healthcare, EMGO has established the first 

academic centre in the Netherlands in collaboration with 

five regional child and youth healthcare organisations 

and three health-promoting institutes. In 2006, interdisciplinary 

collaboration in end-of-life research has been 

embedded in VUmc’s newly established Palliative Care 

Centre of Expertise. 

ORGANIZATION OF SEMINARS AND MEETINGS 

The Care and Prevention programme holds seminars four 

times each year for all programme participants. These 

gatherings are meant to stimulate discussion, not only on 

substantive issues, but also on EMGO’s general research 

policy. Senior researchers discuss the progress and development 

of the programme and its activities. Participants 

address topics that traverse the various projects and 

domains, such as screening, implementation, and informed 

consent in the age of genomics. They also discuss methodological 

issues, such as measuring quality of life. A 

desired by-product of these meetings is the establishment 

of a group identity. 


We want our research activities to have international 

relevance. Therefore, we collaborate, when possible, with 

colleagues from abroad. As can be seen in the table hereafter, 

there is international collaboration on a substantial 

number of projects within Care and Prevention. The 

type of collaboration varies from joint publications to 

major international projects funded, for instance, by the 

European Union. Several members of the programme 

also have international functions, such as board member 

of an international professional association or editor of an 

international journal. The complete list of international 

functions can be found on the EMGO website. 

CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTS 

Care and prevention is a field with a broad view. The risk 

is that the programme can become too heterogeneous. 

The advantage is that researchers can get excited about 

nurturing new lines of research. The challenge is to 

combine this creativity and commitment with coherence 

and consistency. With the change in domains that took 

place this year an important step towards this is taken. The 

programme already enjoys a sense of synergism, arising 

from collaborative research on palliative care, functional 

autonomy, end-of-life decisions, the health of nursinghome 

residents, and community genetics. In the future, 

we hope to develop more synergistic projects on such 

topics as preventive care, especially in early phases of life, 

and genetics. Another way of reaching this synergy is by 

programming the care and prevention seminars in such a 

way that the themes discussed are relevant for all domains 

and consist of presentations of projects of several of the 

four research domains. 

67


68 





Comparison of Longitudinal European 

Studies on Aging (CLESA) 

CNR-Centre on Aging 

Padova, Italy 

Department of Medical 

Epidemiology, Karolinska Institute, 

Stockholm, Sweden 

School of Public Health, 

University of Tampere, Finland 

Universidad autonoma de Madrid, 

Centro Universitario de Salud 

Pública-CUSP, Madrid, Spain 

Geriatric Institute of Education 

and Research, Rehovot, Israel 

Research on tracking of body 

composition in children 

University of Tartu, Department of 

Sport Pedagogy, Tartu, Estonia 

Development of research projects 

for (under)graduates 

Department of Health Sciences, 

Department of Education, 

University of the North (UNIN), 

Pietersburg, Republic of South 

Africa 

Research on factors affecting 

human health, with emphasis on 

coronary heart diseases 

Medical Research Centre of 

the Polish Academy of Science, 

Warsaw, Poland 

Research on quantifying genetic 

and environmental determinants of 

life-style, psychosocial, and biological 

variables, with a special focus 

on the changes in these determinants 

from 12–50 years of age 

Ms. S. Maggi, MD, MPH 

Ms. N. Minicuci, PhD 

Ms. N.L. Pedersen, PhD 

Ms. M. Jylhä, MD, PhD 

A. Otero, MD, PhD 

J. Gindin, MD 

EU-FP5 Programme 

Prof. T Jürimäe, PhD 

University of Tartu and Royal 

Netherlands Academy for Arts and 

Sciences (KNAW) 

Prof. P.A. Venter, PhD 

Prof. A. Toriola, PhD 

Prof. N. Steyn, PhD 

M.J. Thermane, MSc 

A.M. Monyeki, MSc 

Centre for International Co-operation, 

Vrije Universiteit (CIS) and 

University of the North (UNIN) 

Prof. H. Kaciuba Uscilko, PhD, 

DSc 

Prof. M. Mossakowski, PhD, DSc 

A. Ziemba, PhD 

Royal Netherlands Academy for 

Arts and Sciences (KNAW) 

Polish Academy of Science 

Partners in a European study 

Joint publication about statistical 

analyses of longitudinal databases 

on body composition 

Teaching and guiding 

(under)graduates from UNIN 

Collaboration to promote close 

bilateral scientific research, with 

special emphasis on coronary heart 

disease and metabolic risk factors: 

a joint research paper has been 

completed 

Development of a joint research 

project to be funded by the 

European Community





Catholic University of Leuven, 

Belgium 

Faculty of Psychology and Pedagogics, 

VU Amsterdam 

Chronic diseases and co-morbidity 

in nursing-home patients 

Institute of Gerontology, University 

of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 

Department of Health and 

Human Services / National 

Institute on Aging, University 

of Missouri-Colombia, USA 

Lower respiratory infection (LRI) 

as a terminal event in US and 

Dutch nursing-home patients 

/Pneumonia in demented nursinghome 

patients in the Netherlands 

and in the US: optimal treatment 

strategy and long-term prognosis 

Family and Community Medicine, 

University of Missouri-Colombia, 

USA 

Determinants of incontinence in 

nursing-home patients 

Research and Training Institute, 

Hebrew Rehabilitation Centre for 

the Aged, Boston, MA, USA 

The influence of psychological 

factors on the onset and course of 

cardiovascular disease in the elderly 

Epidemiology, Demography, and 

Biometry Program, National Institute 

on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA 

Department of Medicine and 

Epidemiology, School of Medicine, 

John Hopkins Medical Institutions, 

Baltimore, MD, USA 

Geriatric Department, “I Fraticini”, 

National Research Institute, 

Florence, Italy 

Prof. G.P. Beunen, PhD 

Prof. D.I. Boomsma, PhD 

B.E. Fries, PhD 

K. Burg, PT, PhD 

D.R. Mehr, MD, MSc 


Health Research and Development 

(ZonMw) 

D.R. Mehr, MD, MSc 

R.L. Kruse, PhD 

Prof. R.W. Madsen, PhD 

Prof. R.B. D’Agostino, PhD 

National Institutes of Health, USA 



(ZonMw) 

J.N. Morris, PhD 

S. Simon, MSc 

J.M. Guralnik, MD, PhD 

R.J. Havlik, MD, MPH 

S. G. Leveille, PhD 

Ms. L. P. Fried MD, MPH 




Joint project for the development 

and validation of co-morbidityindices 

for nursing-home residents, 

using data from Dutch and North- 

American nursing homes 

Pooling of collected data to 

compare treatment strategies, 

assess treatment effects, and predict 

mortality and functional decline 

Collaborative research and 

joint preparation of 

publications 

Exchange of data from gerontological 

studies (Women’s Health and 

Aging Study and the Established 

Populations for Epidemiological 

Studies in the Elderly [EPESE]) 

and various co-authorships of 

resulting papers 

Joint publications on the predictors 

and the consequences of poor 

physical performance in older 

persons 

69 



70 





Mobility problems in old age 

Department of Health Sciences. 

University of Jylväskylä, Finland 

A PACE-intervention in general 

practice 

Department of Psychology, 

San Diego State University, CA, 

USA 

InterRAI research 

Institute of Gerontology University 

of Michigan, 

Ann Arbor, MI, USA 

T. Rantanen, PhD 

E. Heikkinen, PhD 

Prof. J.F. Sallis, PhD 

K.J. Calfas, PhD 

Prof. R. Bernabei, MD, PhD (Italy) 

Prof. B. Fries, PhD (USA) 

I . Carpenter, MD, PhD (UK) 

J. Gindin, MD (Israel) 

Prof. J.C. Henrard, MD (France) 

Prof. J. Hirdes, PhD (Canada) 

Prof. S. Ikegami, MD (Japan) 

Prof. P. Jónsson, MD (Iceland) 

S.M. Kim, MD, PhD (Korea) 

Prof. V. Mor, PhD (USA) 

J.N. Morris, PhD (USA) 

J.N. DuPasquier, MD (Switzerland) 

Prof. M. Schroll, MD, PhD 

(Denmark) 

Prof. K. Steel, MD (USA) 

Prof. J. Stessman, MD (Israel) 

Health Care Financial Administration 

(USA), National Institute on 

Aging (USA) 



Joint preparation of publications on 

depression and longitudinal trajectories 

of muscle strength in older 

persons; joint preparation of an EU 

grant proposal 

Developing and implementing a 

physical activity counselling 

intervention 

Further development and 

implementation of the ‘Resident 

Assessment Instrument RAI’, 

international research projects 

and joint publications





Dying Well in Europe. A study of 

place of death by death statistics in 

seven European countries 

End-of-Life Care Research Group, 

Vrije Universiteit, Brussels, 

Belgium 

Department of Oncology, St Olavs 

Hospital, University Hospital of 

Trondheim, Norwegian University 

of Science and Technology, 

Norway 

Department of Medical Philosophy 

and Clinical Theory, University of 


Centre for Bioethics, Karolinska 

Institutet and Uppsala University, 

Sweden 

Department of Palliative Medicine, 

University of Bristol, UK 

Centre for Study and Prevention of 

Cancer, Florence, Italy 

Medical end-of-life decisions: attitudes 

and practices in six European 

countries 

Institut für Sozial- und Preventivmedizin, 

Zürich, Switzerland 

Department of Medical-social 

Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 

Brussels, Belgium 

Centre for Environmental Philosophy 

and Bioethics, University of 

Gent, Belgium 

Medicinsk Vindenskabsteori, 

Panumstituttet, Copenhagen, 

Denmark 

Department of Medical Ethics, 

Lund University, Sweden 

Presiodio per la Prevenzione 

Oncologica, Epidemiolgica, 

Florence, Italy 

J. Cohen, MD, PhD 

J. Bilsen, MD, PhD 

S. Kaasa, MD, PhD 

Ms. M. Piribauer, MD, PhD 

M. Norup, PhD 

R. Löfmark, PhD 

G. Hanks, MD, PhD 

G. Miccinesi, MD, PhD 

E. Paci, MD, PhD 

Research Council Vrije Universiteit 

Brussels (GOA27) 

K. Faist, MD, MPH 

L. Deliens, PhD 

F. Mortier, PhD 

M. Norup, MD, PhD 

T. Nilstun, PhD 

E. Pagi, PhD 


Partners in a European study and 

joint publications 



71 



72 





Mortality in pneumonia: validation 

of a predictive model 

Veterans Affairs, ENR Memorial 

Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, 

USA 

The Northern Ireland Young 

Hearts Project 

The Queen’s University of Belfast/ 

Dept. of Sport and Exercise Science, 

University of Ulster, Belfast, 

Jordanstown, Northern Ireland, 

UK 

Predictability of markers of 

endothelial dysfunction for the 

onset of (micro)albumineria and 

cardiovascular disease in patients 

with non-insulin-dependent 

diabetes mellitus 

Steno Hospital, Copenhagen, 

Denmark 

Genetics education (GenEd): 

improving non-genetics health 

professionals’ understanding of 

genetic testing 

Department of Medicine, Victoria 

University of Manchester, UK 

Erasmus Network for Congestive 

Heart Failure Outcomes Research 

in Europe (ENCORE) 

Department of Psychology, St. 

Andrews Hospital, Scotland, UK 

Prof. L. Volicer, MD, PhD 

N. Kowall, MD 

P. Lane, BSN, RNC 

Prof. C.A. Boreham, PhD 

Northern Ireland Chest, Heart and 

Stroke Association 

The British Heart Foundation 

The Welcom Trust 

Prof. H.H. Parving, PhD 

Dutch Kidney Foundation 

Prof. R. Harris, PhD (UK) 

Ms. H. Harris, PhD (UK) 

Prof. J. Schmidtke, PhD 

(Germany) 

Prof. Ms. I. Nippert, PhD 

(Germany) 

Ms. C. Julian-Reynier, PhD 

(France) 

Prof. U. Kristofferson, PhD 

(Sweden) 

European Commission, 

Directorate of General Research 

Prof. M. Johnston, PhD 

Prof. D. Johnston, PhD 

British Heart Foundation 

Prospective validation of a predictive 

model for mortality following 

pneumonia in nursing-home 

residents with dementia 

Statistical and methodological 

consultation, and joint publications 

Blood analyses and joint publications, 

including statistical analyses 

of longitudinal data 

Survey on genetic education as part 

of medical curriculae; assessment 

of educational needs. Joint publications, 

workshops on conferences 

Data-collection in Greece, Ireland, 

Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and 

the UK, and joint publications on 

adherence, readmission, symptoms, 

and quality of life in patients with 

congestive heart failure





Decision-making in demented 

patients with pneumonia: 

comparing the US and the 

Netherlands 

Family Medicine, University of 

North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 

USA 

Young people’s life-styles and 

sedentariness and the role of sports 

in the context of education as a 

means of restoring the balance 

Sportwissenschaft, Universität 

Paderborn, Germany 

School of Sport and Health 

Sciences, University of Exeter, UK 

Institute of Sports Science & 

Clinical Biomechanics, University 

of Southern Denmark, Denmark 

The Risky Self: understanding the 

relationships between self-image, 

genetic risk information, and 

health-related behaviour 

Psychology and Genetics Research 

Group. Health Psychology Section, 

Department of Psychology Institute 

of Psychiatry, King’s College, 

London, UK 

GENDEAF, European Network on 

clinical and diagnosis and societal 

impact of Genetic Deafness 

HearCom, European 6th Framework 

program on “Hearing in the 

Communication Society” 

Measurements on the optics of 

the eye 

Instituto de Optica (CSIC) 

Madrid, Spain 

M.R. Helton, MD 

T.P. Daaleman, DO, MPH 

G.R. Gamble, PhD 

P.D. Sloane, MD, MPH 


(AG01033) and the Fetzer Institute 

Prof. W.D. Brettschneider, PhD 

Prof. N. Armstrong, PhD 

Prof. K. Froberg, PhD 

European Commission, Education 

and Culture DG - Unit C.5 Sport 

Prof. Th. Marteau, PhD 

E. Dormandy, PhD 



Prof. D. Stephens, PhD, FRCP 

Prof. B. Danermark, PhD 

Prof. A. Martini, MD, PhD 

Prof. J. Wouters, PhD, Leuven 

Prof. B. Kollmeier, PhD, Olderburg 

Prof. A. Leijon, PhD, Stockholm 

Prof. M. Lutman, PhD, 

Southampton 

Prof. Larsby, PhD, Linköping 

S. Marcos, PhD 

P. Rosales, MSc 

Qualitative interview study 

comparing decision-making in the 

US and the Netherlands and joint 

publications 

Sub-contract for carrying out a 

comparative review on the medicalbiological 

aspects of current lifestyles 

(i.e. physical inactivity) and 

sedentariness of young Europeans 

PhD project and preparation of 






Collaborative research and joint 

preparation of publications 

73 



74 





Very young offenders in 


Pittsburgh University medical 

school, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 

International program on risk and 

protective factors for adolescent 

development 

The Yale Child Study Centre, 

CT, USA 

Arkangelsk State University Russia 

Karolinska Institute Sweden 

Simon Fraser University, Canada 

Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium 

Juvenile sex-offenders: a study on 

psychosocial functioning, mental 

health problems, and predictive 

factors for recidivism within two 

years 

Dept of child- and adolescent 

psychiatry/psychotherapy, 

University of Ulm, Germany 

Public and Professional Policy 

Committee of the European 

Society for Human Genetics 

Prof. R. Loeber, PhD 

M. Schwab-Stone, PhD 

V. Ruchkin, PhD 

R.Corrado, PhD 

R.Roesch, PhD 

Prof. D. Deboutte, MD, PhD 

Prof. Fegert, MD, PhD 

Dr. Ségolène Aymé, Paris, France 

Dr. Suzanne Braga, Bern, 

Switzerland 

Dr. Dagna Franca Bricanelli, 

Genova, Italy 

Pr. Gerry Evers-Kiebooms, 

Leuven, Belgium 

Pr. Shirley Hodgson, London, UK 

Pr. Helena Kääriäinen, Turku, 

Finland 

Pr. Gyorgy Kosztolanyi, Pecs, 

Hungary 

Dr. Ulf Kristoffersson, Lund, 

Sweden 

Dr. Christine Patch, London, UK 

Pr. Jorge Sequeiros, Porto, 

Portugal 

Pr. Lisbeth Tranebjaerg, 


Pr. Veronica van Heyningen, 

Edinburgh, UK 

ESHG 

Expertise in longitudinal design in 

children and adolescents with antisocial 

behaviour, joint publications 

in the context of a PhD thesis 

Collaboration on risk and protective 

factors for adolescent development 

using the Social and Health 

Assessment (SAHA) in various 

countries 

Joint publications in the context of 

a PhD thesis 

Developing recommendations for 

endorsement by Human Genetics 

Societies; published in European 

Journal of Human Genetics





Orphanet 

Inserm SC 11, Paris, France 

Psychopathology and neurobiological 

characteristics of delinquent 

boys. 

Stanford University, CA, USA 

University Southern California, 

CA, USA 

A cross-cultural exploratory study 

of uncertainty in physician 

decision-making regarding 

hospitalization: a pilot study in US 

and Dutch nursing home residents 

with dementia 

Department of Family Medicine, 

University of North Carolina, 

Chapel Hill, NC USA 

End of life in nursing home residents 

with advanced dementia 

Department of Medicine of Beth 

Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, 

and Division on Aging, Harvard 

Medical School / Hebrew Senior 

Life Institute for Aging Research 

Boston, MA 

USA 

Age Action Social Sciences Panel 

Institute for Ageing and Health, 

Henry Wellcome Laboratory 

for Biogerontology Research, 

Newcastle University, Newcastle, 

England 

Ségolène Aymé, PhD, Paris, France 

EU DG Public Health 

French Ministry of Health INSERM 

French Muscular Dystrophy 

Association 

Union des Caisses d’Assurance 

Maladies 

Les Entreprises du Médicament 

The Foundation « Groupama pour 

la Santé » 

Prof. H. Steiner, PhD 

Prof. A. Raine, PhD 

M.R. Helton, MD 

Prof. S. Zimmerman, PhD 

US local University funds - (1) 

the University of North Carolina 

(UNC) University Research Council 

and (2) the UNC Department of 

Family Medicine Small Grants 

Program 

S.L. Mitchell, MD, MPH 

D.K. Kiely, MPH, MA 

R.N. Jones, PhD 

H. Prigerson, PhD 

M.B. Hamel, MD, MPH 

Prof. L. Volicer, MD, PhD 

Prof. J.M. Teno, MD, MSc 

National Institutes of Health 

Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center 

Grant for dr. Mitchell 

Prof. T. Kirkwoon, PhD (Newcastle, 

UK) 

Prof. M. Jylhä, MD, PhD (Tampere, 

Finland) 

Prof. B. Jeune, MD, PhD (Odense, 

Denmark) 

Prof. J. Bond, PhD (Newcastle, UK) 

European Union Framework 

Programme 6 

Data collection for website with 

information on specialised clinics, 

clinical laboratories, research 

projects, registries, clinical trials 

and support groups in connection 

with rare diseases: www.orpha.net 


a PhD thesis 

Testing of an instrument to assess 

physician uncertainty in decisionmaking 

regarding hospitalization 

of nursing home residents with 

pneumonia, and exploration of 

differences between Dutch and US 

physicians 

Analyses of treatments and 

outcome of US residents and 

comparable Dutch residents. 

The sample of Dutch residents is 

comprised of a subset of residents 

with advanced dementia included 

in a similar prospective study 

Preparation for the European 

conference “Changing expectations 

of life”, Newcastle-Gateshead, 

April 23, 2007 

75 



76 





European Journal of Ageing 

Institute of Psychology, 

Department of Psychological 

Ageing Research 

University of Heidelberg, 

Heidelberg, Germany 

International Network on Health 

Expectancy and the Disability 

Process 

Institute of Psychology, 

Department of Psychological 

Ageing Research 

University of Heidelberg, 

Montpellier, France 

International Network on Ageing 

and Changing Environments 

Centre for Social Gerontology 

Keele University, Keele, United 

Kingdom 

Ageing and Genetics 

Epidemiology and Public Health 

Group, Peninsula Medical School, 

Exeter, United Kingdom 

Comparative study of self-rated 

health in older persons 

Department of Information Studies 

University of Sheffield, Sheffield, 

United Kingdom 

An international study of health 

transitions and trajectories 

College of Social and Behavioral 

Science 

Department of Sociology 

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 

Utah, United States of America 

Prof. H.-W. Wahl, PhD 

Springer (Dordrecht/Heidelberg) 

J.-M. Robine, PhD 

Wellcome Trust, Network member 

contributions 

Prof. T. Scharf, PhD (Keele, UK) 

Prof. M. Jylhä, MD, PhD 

(Tampere, Jyväskylä) 

Prof. H.-W. Wahl, PhD (Heidelberg, 

Germany) 

Dr. G.C.F. Thomése (Vrije Universiteit, 

Faculty of Social Sciences) 

Network member contributions 

Prof. D. Melzer, MD, PhD 

U.S. National Institute on Ageing 

P. Bath, PhD 

British Council 

Prof. Z. Zimmer, PhD (Univ. of 

Utah) 

M. Ofstedal, PhD (Univ. of 

Michigan) 

Contributions of project members 

Co-editor-in-chief 

Organisation of annual 

international conferences 

Organisation of international 

workshops 

Writing articles based on LASA 

data 

Writing articles based on data 

from LASA and the Nottingham 

Longitudinal Study of Activity and 

Ageing 

Writing a research proposal for a 

five-country study including Japan, 

China, Taiwan, USA, the Netherlands

77 



78 


Health attitude and adjustment to ill health during aging 

07.91 - 12.07 

Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport (VWS) 


R.J. Bosscher, PhD 



Expectations of competence in older age 

01.92 - 12.07 

- 

R.J. Bosscher, PhD 




The role of toileting skills in the development of 

incontinence in nursing home residents 

01.97 - 06.08 

‘Zonnehuisgroep’ Amstelveen 

P. van Houten, MD 

W. Achterberg, MD, PhD 

J. Morris, PhD (Boston) 


M. Dik, PhD 


Psychological well-being of pregnant women who are 

offered prenatal screening for congenital defects 

03.01 - 10.06 



Ms. J.M. Kleinveld, MA 




WC98-019-2 

Risk perception and decision-making of pregnant 

women who are offered prenatal screening for 

congenital defects 

01.02 - 07.06 



M. van den Berg, MSc 



Prof. J. van Vugt, MD, PhD 


WC98-019-2 

Maximum acceptable waiting times for elective surgery 

09.99 - 10.04 


J. Oudhoff, MSc 




WC98-042 

Knowledge of genetics relevant for medical practice 

among recently qualified physicians 

12.99 - 01.05 



Ms. M.J.H. Baars, MD 


F.A. Beemer, MD, PhD 

J.J.S. Broertjes, PhD 

A.J.J.A. Scherpbier, MD, PhD 

WC98-052-2 

‘Rehabilitation & Sports’: the effect of a sports and 

physical lifestyle stimulation programme during and after 

regular rehabilitation treatment 

02.00 - 01.05 



Dutch Association for Sports for the Disabled (NEBAS) 

H.P. van der Ploeg, MSc 

Ms. K.R.M. Streppel, MSc 



L.H.V. van der Woude, PhD 

WC98-058-2

Wanted and unwanted effects of drugs used for the 

administration of euthanasia and physician-assisted 

suicide 

04.00 - 04.07 

Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG) 

Ms. P. van Wigheren, MSc 



WC99-033-2 

The long-term aftermath of the Amsterdam air disaster: 

psychological well-being of professionally involved 

rescue workers 

07.00 - 04.06 


KLM Health Safety & Environment 

Ms. A.B. Witteveen, MSc 

Ms. I. Bramsen, PhD 


Prof. H.M. van der Ploeg, PhD 

Ms. P. Slottje, MSc 

WC99-015-B 

Epidemiological study of the air disaster in Amsterdam: 

long-term physical health effects in occupationally 

involved police officers, fire fighters, and accident and 

wreckage investigators compared to reference groups 

07.00 - 04.06 


KLM Health Safety & Environment 

Ms. P. Slottje, MSc 

Ms. N. Smidt, PhD 




WC99-015-B 

Reserved procedures in Dutch healthcare: practices, 

policies, and perspectives of nurses, physicians, and 

management 

08.00 - 07.06 



Ms. J. de Bie, MA 

Ms. J.M. Cuperus-Bosma, MD, PhD, LLM 


Prof. J.K.M. Gevers, JD 

WC01-042 

The Dutch disciplinary code for healthcare: an empirical 

research project 

09.00 - 04.05 



F.A.G. Hout, MSc 

Ms. J.M. Cuperus-Bosma, MD, PhD, LLM 


Prof. J.H. Hubben, MA, JD 

WC01-042 

Response shift in quality of life in the palliative treatment 

of patients with small-cell lung cancer 

09.00 - 09.07 

Dutch Cancer Society (KWF) 

Ms. M.J. Westerman, MPhil 

T. Hak, PhD 



H.J.M. Groen, MD, PhD 

WC98-027-2 

Prevalence and incidence of palliative terminal care for 

nursing-home patients 

09.00 - 11.07 

Ministry for Health, Welfare, and Sport (VWS) 

Centre for the Development of Palliative Care (COPZ) 

Ms. H.E. Brandt, MA 





WC99-038 

Palliative care in general practice 

09.00 - 12.06 


Centre for the Development of Palliative Care (COPZ) 

S.D. Borgsteede, PharmD, MSc 


Prof. J.Th.M. van Eijk, PhD 

A.F. Francke, PhD 


WC98-036-2 

79 



80 

Lower respiratory infection (LRI) as a terminal event in 

US and Dutch nursing-home patients / Pneumonia in 

demented nursing-home patients in the Netherlands 

and in the US: optimal treatment strategy and long-term 

prognosis 

12.00 - 05.06 

National Institutes of Health, USA 



Ms. J.T. van der Steen, PhD 

D.R. Mehr, MD, MS 




WC00-022-2 

Factors influencing the choice of a medical career 

01.01 - 06.07 

- 

M.B.M. Soethout, MD 


Th.J. ten Cate, PhD 

WC01-059 

The National Hearing Test: an automatic speech-in-noise 

screening test by telephone 

01.01 - 01.06 

- 

J.C.M. Smits, MSc 


WC05-028 

Suffering in terminal illness: experience and attitudes of 

patients and their attending physicians 

04.01 - 03.06 


Ministry of Justice 

J.J. Georges, MSc 


A. van der Heide, MD, PhD 

Prof. P.J. van der Maas, MD, PhD 


WC01-039 

Signal adaptation for individual hearing-impaired 

listeners 

10.01 - 04.06 

Stichting het Heinsius-Houbolt Fonds 

G.L.M. Hilkhuysen, MSc 


WC05-026 

Early detection of frailty in the medical, psychological, 

and social domains in a general population and in 

several healthcare settings 

12.01 - 12.05 

- 

M.T.E. Puts, MSc 



WC01-064 

The suffering of patients in general-practice care with 

incurable cancer and the request for and performance of 

euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide 

06.02 - 06.07 

Netherlands Organisation for Health Research an 


C.D.M. Ruijs, MD 




WC01-089 

The effects of a randomized controlled trial on the 

effects of COunseling of mental health problems by 

Occupational Physicians: the COOP-study. 

01.02 - 01.08 

Ministry of Internal Affairs 

Commit Arbo 

D.S. Rebergen, MA 


H. Hlobil, MD 



WC01-090 

Preconceptional screening for carriers of 

haemoglobinopathies and/or cystic fibrosis, dependent 

on ethnic background: feasibility of a combined offer in 

the Dutch population 

06.02 - 09.06 



Ms. P. Lakeman, MD 


Prof. M.C. Cornel, MD, PhD 


M.H. Breuning, MD, PhD 

WC99-042-2

Health and healthcare utilisation of asylum-seekers and 

refugees in the Netherlands 

08.02 - 03.06 



Ms. A.A.M. Gerritsen, PhD 

Ms. I. Bramsen, PhD 

Prof. H.M. van der Ploeg, PhD 

W. Devillé, MD, PhD 

Ms. L.H.M. van Willigen, MD, PhD 

WC01-023 

The effect of physical activity and vitamin 

supplementation on cognitive functioning and 

psychosocial health of older people with mild cognitive 

impairment (FACT) 

09.02 - 02.07 



Ms. J.G.Z. van Uffelen, MSc 

Ms. J.M.M. Chin A Paw, PhD 



WC02-008 

The cost-effectiveness of systematic home visits by 

nurses to frail elderly primary-care patients: 


07.02 - 07.06 



Social Insurance Bank (SKB) 




WC01-080-2 

Moral considerations with respect to the decision for or 

against prenatal screening and the implications for the 

desirability of prenatal screening as community screening 

10.02 - 08.07 

- 

Ms. E. Garcia, MD 


Prof. F.E. van Leeuwen, PhD 

WC98-019-2 

Prognostic factors for the quality of life of visually 

impaired adults 

11.02 - 11.06 


(ZonMw) 

M. Langelaan, MSc 



Prof. H.J. Völker-Dieben, MD, PhD 

WC01-082 

Very young ‘offenders’ in the Netherlands: a worrisome 

development? 

01.03 - 10.08 

WODC, Stadsregio Rotterdam, Politie & Wetenschap, Stichting 

Kinderpostzegels, Provincie Utrecht, Gemeente Utrecht, 

Gemeente Amersfoort 

Ms. L. van Domburgh, PhD 

Ms. C. Geluk, PhD 

Prof. Robert Vermeiren, MD, PhD 

Ms. L. Nauta-Jansen, PhD 


WC04-016 

Definition of speech transmission quality for hearingimpaired 

persons 

07.03 - 07.07 

Stichting het Heinsius-Houbolt Fonds 

E.L.J. George, MSc 



WC05-031 

Determinants of aggression in detained girls 

11.03 - 12.08 


Ministry of Justice, WODC 

Ms. S. Hamerlynck, MD 

Ms. A. Krabbendam, MD 

Prof. Robert Vermeiren, MD, PhD 


Prof. P. Cohen-Kettenis, PhD 

WC04-015 

81 



82 

End of life in nursing home residents with dementia: care 

and wellbeing in antroposofic oriented and traditional 

nursing homes 

12.03 - 12.07 

Ms. M.-J. Gijsberts, MD 


M.T. Muller, PhD 


WC05-008 

COMmunication in PAlliative Care Trial (COMPACT): 

effectiveness of a training 

programme on GP-Patient communication in palliative 

cancer care 

01.04 - 12.05 (preliminary studies) 

01.06 - 12.08 (controlled trial) 

Pfizer Pharmac. (Capelle a/d IJssel) ; OZ health insurance 

(Breda); Janivo Foundation Zeist); Comprehensive Cancer 

Centre South (IKZ, Eindhoven) 

W. Slort, MD 




Prof. N.K. Aaronson, PhD 

WC04-020 

Economic evaluations in occupational healthcare 

02.04 - 02.06 

- 

Ms. K. Uegaki, MHS, PT 



A.T.F. van der Beek, PhD 


WC03-018 

Economic aspects of patient safety in Dutch hospitals 

05.04 - 01.09 

Dutch Society of Medical Specialists with financial support 

from the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport 

Ms. L. Hoonhout, MSc 



Prof. M. van Tulder, PhD 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD PhD 

WC05-098 

The incidence of adverse events in Dutch hospitals 

05.04 - 01.09 



Ms. M. Zegers, MSc 



Prof. P. Groenewegen, PhD 


WC05-097 

The usefulness of existing patient safety registrations: 

the registrations of incidents, complications and claims 

05.04 - 01.09 

Ministery of Health 

Order of Medical Specialists 

Ms. I. Christiaans, MSc 


Prof. J. Legemate, PhD 


The Risky Self: understanding the relationships between 

self-image, genetic risk information, and health-related 

behaviour 

06.04 - 06.08 


L. Claassen, MSc 



Prof. T.M. Marteau, MD, PhD 


WC03-059 

Communicating breast-cancer risks: a genetic 

counsellor’s role in improving patient understanding to 

increase informed decision-making 

07.04 - 07.08 


K. Vermey, MSc 




F. Menko, PhD 

WC03-067

Second primary tumours in hereditary retinoblastoma 

patients 

09.04 - 09.07 


T. Marees, MSc 

M. de Boer, MD, PhD 


S.M. Imhof, PhD 


WC04-021 

Reshaping criteria for screening in the age of genomics 

- contemporary history, users’ perspective 

09.04 - 07.07 

Centre for Society and Genomics (CSG), Radboud University, 

Nijmegen 

Centre for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB-MAG), Leiden 

Ms. C.G. van El, PhD 

Ms. L.Krijgsman, MSc 


Prof. T. Pieters, PhD 


WC04-054 

Development of a clinical test for the assessment of 

cochlear compression 

09.04 - 03.08 

European Commission; Information Society Technologies 




WC05-027 

The Institutionalisation of Ethics in Science (INES) Policy: 

practices and impact 

Sixth Framework Programme on Research, Technological 

Development, and Demonstration Work Package IV: 

Ethics in Medical Genetics 

10.04 - 12.05 

Centre for Society and Genomics, Radboud University, 

Nijmegen 

Ms. J.E. Lunshof, MSc 


Prof. G. de Wert, PhD 

Prof. A. Tibben, PhD 

Prof. H. Zwart, PhD 

WC04-021 

Juvenile sex offenders: psychosocial and psychiatric 

characteristics and predictive value for recidivism within 

two years 

10.04 - 03.08 

Stichting Kinderpostzegels Nederland 

Ms. L. ’t Hart-Kerkhoffs, MSc 



Prof. Th. Doreleijers, MD, PhD 

WC06-003 

Epidemiology and aetiology of presbyopia and refractive 

errors 

11.04 - 11.08 

Technological collaboration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, 

The Hague (Senter) 


V.A. Sicam, MSc 

E.A. Hermans Zaal, MSc 



WC05-013 

Integration of visual and auditory information in speech 

perception 

11.04 - 11.08 

European Union (6th Framework) 

A.A. Zekveld, MSc 



WC05-030 

Using family history as a tool to increase risk awareness 

and to motivate preventive behaviour of individuals at 

risk for diabetes type 2 

01.05 - 08.07 

Societal Component of Genomics Research - MAGCMSB 

M. Pijl, MSc 



Prof T.M. Marteau, PhD 

WC03-013 

83 



84 

Evaluation of the euthanasia law in relation to medical 

end-of-life decision-making 

02.05 - 12.06 



Ms. H. Hansen-de Wolf, MSc 

Ms. H.R.W. Pasman, PhD 

Ms. M.L. Rurup, PhD 


Ms. A. van der Heide, MD, PhD 

WC05-004 

Causes of adverse events and near misses at the 

emergency department 

03.05 - 01.09 

Ministry of Health 


M. Smits, MSc 




Prof. P. Groenewegen, PhD 

WC06-059 

Blame free reporting of adverse events, a literature study 

06.05 - 09.06 

Royal Dutch Medical Association (KMNG) 

Ms. I. Christiaans, MSc 

R.M.S. Doppegieter, PhD 

Prof. J. Legemate, PhD 

P.R. de Roode, PhD 

Reasons for formulating an advance directive, changes in 

preferences over time, and effectiveness: a quantitative 

cohort-study with nested qualitative sub-studies 

06.05 - 06.09 

NVVE, NPV, Matty Brand Stichting, Stichting tot Steun van 

de VGVGZ, Pieter van Foreest Stichting 





WC05-041 

Undecided, Withdrawn, and Refused Requests for 

Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide 

06.05 - 06.07 

NVVE, Nederlandse Vereniging voor een Vrijwillig 

Levenseinde 



WC05-041 

Development and evaluation of an intervention in the 

well-baby clinic to inform women on periconceptional 

use of folic acid 

09. 05 - 12.07 

Ministry of VWS 



D.J. de Smit, PhD 



WC01-041A 

The role of the general practitioner and the district nurse 

in managing spiritual needs of patients at the end of life 

09.05 - 08.07 

Pieter van Foreest Foundation 


Prof. L Deliens, PhD 


WC05-032 

Good care and advance directives: An empirical-ethical 

research into the practice of dealing with advance 

directives and the way people with dementia, in 

particular Alzheimer’s disease, value their situation 

09.05 - 06.10 

Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sports 

‘Het Zonnehuis’ 

Ms. M.E. de Boer, MSc 




Prof. C. Jonker , MD, PhD 

WC04-060 

Cognitive causes of suboptimal diagnosis made by 

physicians and its consequences for the patient 

10.05 - 10.09 



L. Zwaan, MSc 

Ms. D.R.M Timmermans, PhD 


A. Thijs, PhD 


WC06-048

Quality of out-of-hours palliative care in general practice 

(PACT) 

11.05 - 11.09 

Comprehensive Cancer Centre Amsterdam (IKA) 

Stichting Huisartsen Dienstenposten Amsterdam 

AGIS Health Insurance (Amersfoort) 

Healthcentre Diemen-Zuid (Diemen) 

B.P.M. Schweitzer, MD 




WC05-055 

Transmural Nutritional Support 

12.05 -12.08 



F. Neelemaat, MSc 

Ms. M.A.E. van Bokhorst - de van der Schueren, PhD 

Prof. S.A. Danner, PhD 

A. Thijs, MSc 



WC04-039 

Preventive effects of transmural integrated care (TIC; 

ketenzorg) on residents in homes for the elderly: 

a controlled clinical trial 

12.05 - 06.07 



M. Boorsma, MSc 




WC05-069 

The evaluation of the Dutch Mental Health Act: 

international developments 

12.05 - 03.07 


Prof. J. Legemaate, PhD 

B.J.M. Frederiks, PhD 

R. de Roode, PhD 

Introduction and effects of structured drug counselling in 

the hospital 

01.06 - 08.07 

Ministery of Health 


Agis Health Insurance 

E. Hout, PhD 


D. Mangnus, PhD 

J. Hugtenburg, PhD 

N. Swart, PhD 

WC06-068 

Improving patient safety: the PRISMA-medical in an 

experiment to determine causes of diagnosis-related 

incidents leading to liability claims at emergency 

departments 

01.06 - 08.06 



Ms. I. van Noord, MSc 



Ms. A. Hamersma (Medirisk Insurance Company), MSc 

Genes without borders 

01.06 - 12.06 

Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Culture 

Ms. J. Lunshof, MA 

U. Naue, PhD, Vienna, Austria 

R. Hindmarsh, PhD, Griffith, Australia 

Prof. J. Reardon, PhD, Santa Cruz, USA 

Prof. N. Rose, PhD, London, UK 

WC06-005 

National Longitudinal Study on Hearing (NL-SH) 

02.06 - 02.10 

Stichting Het Heinsius Houbolt Fonds 

Ms. J. Nachtegaal, MSc 



C. Smits, PhD 

S.T. Goverts, PhD 

WC05-044 

85 



86 

Treatment decisions in nursing home residents with 

dementia and pneumonia: supporting decision making 

with a risk score for mortality. 

02.06 - 01.08 

Stichting Wetenschaps Bevordering Verpleeghuiszorg, 

Utrecht (SWBV) 



WC06-045 

Orphanet 

03.06 - 12.09 

EU DG Sanco 

R. Mangon, MSc 

J.J. Sikkens, MSc 

M. Teeuw, MD 

S. Weinreich, PhD 


WC06-100 

Behavioural problems and psychiatric co-morbidity 

of adolescent females after residential placement in a 

juvenile justice institution. 

05.06 - 01.11 

Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) 

Stichting Koningsheide 

A. Krabbendam, MD 

E. van der Molen, PhD 


L. Nauta-Jansen, PhD 

Prof. Th. Doreleijers, MD, PhD 

WC06-008 

Legal aspects of handling complaints in health care 

05.06 - 05.10 

VU University Medical Center (VUmc) 

Y. Alhafaji, MSc 

B.J.M. Frederiks, PhD 

Prof. J. Legemaate, PhD 

A.J. Akkermans, PhD 

WC06-038 

End of life of Dementia Patients in Nursing Homes: How 

to Relieve suffering 

06.06 - 05.11 


Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO 

Department of Nursing Home Medicine, EMGO 






WC05-008 

A cross-cultural exploratory study of uncertainty in 

physician decision-making regarding hospitalization: a 

pilot study in US and Dutch nursing home residents with 

dementia 

06.06 - 12.07 

US local University funds - (1) the University of North Carolina 

(UNC) University Research Council and (2) the UNC 

Department of Family Medicine Small Grants Program 

Ms. M.R. Helton, MD 


Ms. Prof. S. Zimmerman, PhD 

WC06-044 

Studying quality indicators of end-of-life by reviewing 

hospitalised cancer patients’ records 

06.06 - 05.09 

- 

M.L.H. van de Watering, MD 



A. de Graeff, MD, PhD 

Prof. W.W.A. Zuurmond, MD, PhD 

WC06-067 

Older people with the wish to die 

09.06 - 09.08 

Stichting tot Steun van de VCVGZ 



WC04-31

Monitoring Quality of end-of-life care in Flanders, 

MELC-study 

09.06 - 09.10 

Instituut voor Wetenschap en Technologie, België 

(IWT) 

Ms. E. Abarshi, MD 

M. Echteld, PhD 




WC06-063 

Monitoring quality of end-of-life care: a permanent endof-life 

care registration via the Dutch sentinel network of 

general practitioners 

10.06 - 09.10 

Instituut voor Wetenschap en Technologie, België 

(IWT) 

E.A. Abarshi, MD 


B. Onwuteaka-Philipsen, PhD 

G.A. Donker, MD, PhD 


WC06-063 

Quality indicators for palliative care 

12.06 - 12.08 





WC06-102 

Choosing for a health insurance: a deliberated choice? 

12.06 - 06.08 



B.A.M. Hesselink, MSc 



WC06-096 

87 


6.4 Musculoskeletal Disorders 

88 



postdocs# 


Ms. Prof. H.C.W. de Vet, PhD 



Ms. H. Beckerman, PhD 


Ms. C.M. Bernaards, PhD# 




Ms. Prof. P.M. Bongers, PhD 



Ms. P.J.M. Elders MD, PhD 

M.W. Heymans, PhD# 



Ms. P. Jellema, PhD# 






R.S.G.M. Perez, PhD 

Ms. E.E. Roelofsen, PhD# 

Ms. N.M. van Schoor, PhD# 








Ms. H. van Wijnhoven, PhD# 

Ms. D.A.W.M. van der Windt, PhD 


Musculoskeletal disorders occur frequently; out of the 16 

million people living in the Netherlands, approximately 3 

million – nearly one in five – suffer from musculoskeletal 

symptoms, and their incidence and prevalence are expected 

to increase rapidly as the population ages and people lead 

ever more unhealthy lifestyles. Musculoskeletal complaints 

include non-specific symptoms such as pain in the back, 

neck, and upper extremities, chronic inflammatory or 

degenerative rheumatic disorders, and a wide range of 

sports injuries. These disorders cause considerable disability 

and suffering, strongly impairing a person’s quality 

of life. They are a leading reason for patients to visit their 

general practitioners and therefore impose a considerable 

burden on the healthcare system. Furthermore, musculoskeletal 

disorders take a substantial economic toll by 

keeping people away from work. For all these reasons, it is 

highly important to maintain musculoskeletal health and 

manage musculoskeletal disorders. Yet, despite the magnitude 

of the problem, surprisingly little is known about the 

determinants of a healthy musculoskeletal system or about 

the aetiology and clinical course of most musculoskeletal 

disorders. Even the available diagnostic tests and common 

therapeutic interventions come with little insight into their 

actual value. 

These circumstances have led to the formulation of a 

consensus document, The Bone and Joint Decade 2000- 

2010 for prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders 

(Acta Orthop Scand [Suppl 281] 1998;69). Supported by 

the World Health Organisation, this initiative of several 

national and international medical and scientific societies 

and journals hopes to improve the health-related quality of 

life for people with musculoskeletal disorders throughout 

the world. 

OBJECTIVES 

EMGO’s Musculoskeletal Disorders research programme 

seeks knowledge about the development and lifelong maintenance 

of a healthy musculoskeletal system and about the 

occurrence, prognosis, and treatment of musculoskeletal 

disorders. The programme’s studies range in focus 

from influences on children’s developing musculoskeletal 

systems to causes of deterioration of the musculoskeletal 

system in the elderly. Other studies, on the occurrence 

and clinical management of musculoskeletal disorders, 

emphasise frequently occurring problems, such as back 

pain, neck pain, upper extremity symptoms, osteoporosis, 

and osteoarthritis. 

The research programme carries out studies in the general 

population, in general practices, in occupational settings, 

and in rehabilitation clinics. Outcome measures include 

pain, disability, work absenteeism, quality of life, and costs. 

Within the framework of these studies, the programme 

encourages innovative methodology in diagnostic research, 

systematic literature reviews, and the clinimetric evaluation 

of measurement instruments. 

RESEARCH TOPICS 

The programme encompasses three broad topics of 

research and a methodological line of investigation. The 

research topics are: 1) the development and maintenance 

of a healthy musculoskeletal system; 2) the occurrence, 

prognosis, and clinical management of musculoskeletal 

disorders; 3) the diagnosis and prognosis of minor ailments 

in primary care, and 4) research methodology, which 

is a central and important theme within the research 

programme and contributes to all three topics. 

1) Development and maintenance of a healthy musculoskeletal 

system 

The Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study 

(AGAHLS) focuses on determinants for developing a healthy 

musculoskeletal system. The AGAHLS cohort was created 

in 1976; as of the measurements taken in 2006, the participating 

men and women had been monitored for 30 years.

Within the framework of the Longitudinal Aging Study 

Amsterdam (LASA), determinants for maintaining the 

musculoskeletal system in older men and women are being 

studied in two lines of investigation. The first, started in 

1995, studies risk factors and the prevention of osteoporosis, 

falls, and fractures. A second line of investigation, initiated 

in 1998, studies sarcopaenia (age-related loss of muscle 

mass and muscle strength): this line of investigation focuses 

predominantly on biological markers and lifestyle as determinants 

of sarcopaenia. In addition to these two lines, the 

effects of hormonal changes, genetic predictors of these, and 

its consequences, e.g. physical performance, quality of life or 

admission to institutional care are studied in general. 

2) Occurrence, prognosis, and clinical management of musculoskeletal 

disorders 

This research focuses on three settings: occupational, 

primary care, and rehabilitation. Within these settings, 

occupational physicians, general practitioners, rehabilitation 

physicians, physiotherapists, and other professionals 

are interested in developing evidence-based management 

of the most important musculoskeletal disorders in their 

own specific fields. Analyses of cost-effectiveness are also 

often conducted as part of these studies. 

Occupational setting 

At the research centre, Body@Work TNO VUmc, which 

concentrates on physical activity, work, and health, research 

focuses on the determinants, prevention, and management 

of back pain, neck pain, and upper extremity symptoms. 

The research, which comprises both cohort and intervention 

studies, is intended to help prevent or reduce work 

absenteeism, disability, and (occupational) healthcare utilization 

due to musculoskeletal disorders. 

Primary care setting 

These studies investigate the clinical course, prognosis, 

prevention, and management of musculoskeletal disorders 

(including shoulder disorders, musculoskeletal symptoms 

of the upper and lower extremities, back and neck pain, 

chronic pain, hip fractures, and sports-related injuries). 

The results will give general practitioners and other 

professionals in primary care an evidence base for optimal 

treatment and referral. 

Rehabilitation setting 

Rehabilitation medicine prevents and reduces disabilities 

and handicaps in adults and children with chronic 

disorders. These research projects develop methods for 

predicting functional status in patients with chronic, 

invalidating musculoskeletal disorders and in patients with 

other disorders that affect musculoskeletal functioning. 

They also evaluate the outcomes of rehabilitation interventions, 

such as exercise therapy and botox injections. 

Cost-effectiveness analyses are included in most of the 

intervention studies that are being carried out in occupational 

settings, primary care, and rehabilitation. 

3) Diagnosis and prognosis of minor ailments in primary care 

Although disorders of the musculoskeletal system can 

result in longstanding disabilities, they are usually not lifethreatening, 

and for most patients referral to secondary 

or tertiary care is unnecessary. This also applies to other 

minor ailments in primary care, such as general fatigue, 

abdominal pain, and dizziness. More importantly, these 

ailments show many similarities with these less worrying 

musculoskeletal symptoms with respect to risk factors, 

prognostic factors, and possibilities for intervention. In 

view of these similarities, minor ailments in primary care 

are also included in this research programme. The studies 

in this section of the programme focus on the value of 

diagnostic tests (such as patient histories, physical examinations, 

and other tests) and their diagnostic and prognostic 

value in the exclusion of specific diseases, and in estimating 

the most likely course of symptoms (prognosis) in patients 

with medically unexplained symptoms. A network for 

education and research in general practice, initiated in 

2002, provides an excellent infrastructure for research on 

musculoskeletal pain and minor ailments in primary care. 

Research collaboration has facilitated the use of similar 

methods and outcome measures and provides many opportunities 

for investigating the overlap of various symptoms 

(such as musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and dizziness). 

4) Methodology 

Researchers within the Musculoskeletal Disorders 

programme pay considerable attention to methodology, 

including the methods used in clinimetrics, prognostic 

research, and systematic reviews. Investigators have studied 

the clinimetric properties of measurement instruments 

used in the programme’s randomised controlled trials and 

cohort studies, and aim to define the minimal important 

changes on these instruments. They have also reviewed 

the literature on specific symptoms to provide overviews 

of the clinimetric properties of available measurement 

instruments (such as shoulder disability questionnaires). 

Other systematic literature reviews have covered treatment 

efficacy, the value of diagnostic tests, and the prognosis 

of functional status. Many existing Cochrane reviews are 

continuously being updated, and many new reviews and 

protocols for reviews have been added. To facilitate systematic 

reviews of the accuracy of diagnostic tests, attention is 

paid to improving the quality of reporting of diagnostic 

studies, compiling a Cochrane handbook for diagnostic 

reviews, and participating in pilot reviews of diagnostic 

research for the Cochrane Collaboration. Members of the 

staff of Musculoskeletal Disorders programme are actively 

involved in both the Cochrane Methods group on Diagnostic 

Studies and on Prognostic Studies. 


2006 was an excellent year for the Musculoskeletal Disorders 

programme. Maurits van Tulder held his inaugural 

lecture as professor of health technology assessment. 

Daniëlle van der Windt became a part-time reader in 

general practice research in Keele (UK). Guus Lankhorst 

was elected president of the Académie Européenne de 

89 

6.4 Musculoskeletal Disorders


90 

Médecine Physique et de Readaptation. Riekie de Vet was 

appointed as Associate Editor of Quality of Life Research, 

Willem van Mechelen as Associate Editor of the Journal of 

Physical Activity and Health, and Joost Dekker as Editor-in- 

Chief of the International Journal of Behavioural Medicine. 

Allard van der Beek served as president of the Netherlands 

Society of Human Movement Sciences. 

Eight PhD students affiliated with the programme 

successfully defended their theses in 2006. Two of these 

theses addressed determinants of musculoskeletal disorders: 

Wendela Hooftman’s Gender differences in the risk of 

(sickness absence due to) musculoskeletal disorders and Swenneke 

van den Heuvel’s Work-related neck and upper limb 

symptoms. Four theses concerned (cost-)effectiveness of 

interventions: Petra Jellema’s Low back pain in general practice. 

Should treatment be aimed at psychosocial factors?; Hidde 

van de Ploeg’s Promoting physical activity in the rehabilitation 

setting; Nicole van der Roer’s Economic evaluations in 

low back pain. Getting the value back; and Cindy Veenhof’s 

The effectiveness of behavioural graded activity in patients with 

osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Two theses concerned school 

children in South Africa: Makama Andries Monyeki’s 

Health and physical fitness status of rural primary school children 

living in Ellisras, South Africa, and Mahlapahlapana 

Johannes Themane’s Health and educational achievements of 

rural primary school children living in Ellisras, South Africa. 

The list of international collaborations shows that members 

of the Musculoskeletal Disorders programme are plugged 

into a worldwide research network. These collaborative 

efforts include the preparation of systematic literature 

reviews (e.g. on the management of back pain and upper 

extremity disorders), the development of guidelines for the 

management of musculoskeletal disorders (e.g. low back 

pain) and standards for the selection of health measurement 

instruments; collaborative research projects (e.g. on 

physical activity and bone health; on genetic polymorphisms 

and the musculoskeletal system GENOMOS); 

and secondary analyses on data (e.g. on sarcopaenia). 

Furthermore, members of the programme hold a variety 

of positions within prestigious international organisations, 

including advisory boards of scientific and professional 

institutes (e.g. Institute for Work and Health, Toronto, 

Canada), editorial boards of international peer-reviewed 

journals (e.g. Applied Ergonomics; Scandinavian Journal of 

Work, Environment & Health; Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine; 

Clinical Rehabilitation; Spine; International Journal of 

Sports Medicine; International Journal of Behavioral Medicine; 

Journal of Gerontology; Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery 

and Psychiatry), scientific and organising committees of 

international congresses, boards of scientific and professional 

organisations (e.g. International Council for Physical 

Activity and Physical Fitness Research; Scientific 

Advisory Board of the International Osteoporosis Foundation), 

and steering committees of large international

studies (e.g. Standards for reporting diagnostic accuracy). 

The complete listing of international functions is posted 

on the web (www.emgo.nl). 


Discussions between programme leaders and project 

leaders on the future of the programme led to several 

goals: 

1) participating in EU grant proposals and funding; 

2) increasing collaboration with basic scientists; 

3) establishing partnerships with patient groups, 

practitioners, and policymakers; and 

4) integrating the creativity of PhD students into 

research projects. 

These goals are being actively pursued; their progress is 

evaluated at regular intervals. 

The calls for grant proposals of the EU Framework 

Program 7 are being monitored and researchers affiliated 

with the Musculoskeletal Disorders programme are 

participating in the preparation of proposals. 

The MOVE research institute was established through a 

joint effort of VUmc, the VU Faculty of Human Movement 

Sciences, and the Academic Centre for Dentistry 

in Amsterdam. MOVE focuses on translational research 

on the human neuro-musculo-skeletal system; that is, 

application-oriented research that bridges fundamental 

and applied science. MOVE researches 1) loading and 

tissue regeneration, 2) structure and function, and 3) 

movement coordination. MOVE and EMGO both study 

the musculoskeletal system and its disorders, and several 

joint research projects have already begun. This collaboration 

will be strengthened in the future. Several areas 

offering opportunities for collaboration have been identified: 

collaboration in these areas will be explored. 

Researchers affiliated with the Musculoskeletal Disorders 

programme have strong and active partnerships with 

practitioners and policymakers. In a discussion with other 

members of the program these partnership will be evaluated, 

exploring opportunities to enhance these partnerships 

and to build new partnerships. 

The LASA study will continue to investigate genetic and 

biological parameters as risk factors for osteoporosis, falls, 

and fractures. LASA focuses on vitamin D, parathyroid 

hormone, sex hormones, IGF-1, and cortisol as predictors 

of low bone density, decreased physical performance, falls, 

and fractures. Together with the GENOMOS consortium, 

it will also explore the effects of genetic polymorphisms of 

the vitamin-D-receptor gene, oestrogen-receptor gene, 

and cortisol-receptor gene. The fall risk profiles developed 

in LASA are currently validated in other populations. The 

study on the prevalence of vitamin-D deficiency in nonwestern 

immigrants has been followed by a clinical trial 

(in ten general practices and the Department of Internal 

Medicine) that compares the effects of different doses 

of vitamin D and ultraviolet irradiation. A clinical trial 

will soon be finished on the prevention of fall accidents 

in patients with a high fall risk that compares usual care 

and extensive care in a transmural setting. This project is 

a joint effort of EMGO and the departments of general 

practice, geriatrics, and internal medicine. Research on 

identifying determinants of sarcopaenia will focus on 

inflammatory markers, sex hormones, and lifestyle factors. 

A new line of investigation will start examining the components 

of physical activity (intensity, muscle strength, and 

mechanical force) and their relationship with the incidence 

of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee in participants of the 

LASA study. 

In the fields of occupational medicine, general practice, 

primary healthcare, and rehabilitation, randomized 

controlled trials and systematic reviews will continue to be 

important research activities in the future. The programme 

will closely cooperate with departments within VUmc to 

strengthen the scientific basis of medical practice in their 

specific fields. In cooperation with the Department of 

Public and Occupational Health, researchers will focus on 

developing and evaluating intervention programmes aimed 

at returning employees to work. Other research efforts will 

stress primary prevention of long-lasting musculoskeletal 

disorders in order to reduce occupational healthcare utilization, 

work absenteeism, and disability. 

Working with the Department of General Practice, 

researchers will continue to focus on the diagnosis and 

prognosis of medically unexplained symptoms. A new 

research project investigates diagnostic decision-making 

in patients with abdominal pain in general practice. 

Ongoing research will continue to investigate similarities 

across different symptoms (musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, 

and dizziness) with respect to patient characteristics, risk 

factors, and prognostic factors. This research aims to 

explore common mechanisms in the aetiology and prognosis 

of musculoskeletal pain and other common symptoms 

in primary care. 

In the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, knowledge 

obtained in current prognostic cohort studies and 

clinimetric studies will be used to guide future research 

on the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions. This 

research will focus on improvement of functional status 

in various disorders (e.g. multiple sclerosis, osteoarthritis). 

Furthermore, a trial on the contribution of patient-centred 

practice to the outcome of rehabilitation will be started. 

The Department of Rehabilitation Medicine will work 

closely with the Revalidatie Centrum Amsterdam and 

continue to collaborate with the Jan van Breemen Institute 

on the rehabilitation of patients with rheumatic disorders, 

extending this work to include the rehabilitation of 

patients with chronic pain. 

Research in the occupational setting will be further 

strengthened by initiatives within Body@Work TNO 

VUmc, where EMGO closely collaborates with TNO 

Quality of Life (www.bodyatwork.nl). For instance, three 

additional PhD studies on upper extremity symptoms 

are being conducted, two in close collaboration with the 

Faculty of Human Movement Sciences. Furthermore, 

91 



92 

three additional PhD studies are exploring return-to-work 

interventions, and one PhD study is looking at the prevention 

of sports injuries among school children. 

In line with the Body@Work TNO VUmc initiative, 

EMGO, the Coronel Institute (Academic Medical Centre/ 

University of Amsterdam), and the National Institute 

for Employee Benefits (UWV) have jointly established a 

research centre for Insurance Medicine. Approximately 

700,000 people in the Netherlands currently receive financial 

compensation for a work disability. This compensation 

scheme is taken care of by a single semi-governmental 

body – the Institution for Employee Benefit Schemes 

(UWV) – where over 800 specifically trained insurance 

physicians assess the functional limitations of employees 

who ask for financial compensation due to a work disability. 

To improve the quality of work disability assessments and 

to develop and evaluate new return-to-work strategies 

and tools, the UWV has dedicated 5,000,000 euros over 

a five-year period for this research centre. Several PhD 

students/insurance physicians and senior researchers are 

being financed by UWV. In addition, several projects for 

Insurance Medicine were financed by Stichting Instituut 

GAK. Part of the research has been integrated into the 

Musculoskeletal Disorders programme. 

VUmc has started the policy of creating academic workplaces 

in occupational health services. The Department 

of Public and Occupational Health will collaborate closely 

with these academic workplaces in the field of education 

and research. For this purpose, the department has signed 

contracts for an academic workplace with Occupational 

Health and Safety Services (OHS) of VU/VUmc and with 

the UWV. A similar contract with another large OHS will 

be signed in 2007. Finally, a ZonMw Clinical Fellowship 

2005-2010 is granted for the coordinator of Academic 

Workplaces in Occupational Health. Part of the research 

in the academic workplaces has been integrated into the 

Musculoskeletal Disorders programme. 

Following two policy reports – one on infrastructure for 

research in the field of sports medicine (presented to the 

Health Research Council) and the other on the health 

benefits of a physically active lifestyle (presented to the 

Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport) – the Ministry 

provided EMGO with grants in 2004, 2005, and 2006 to 

support infrastructure for research related to sports medicine 

and physical activity promotion. These grants will be 

used to strengthen the existing Body@Work TNO VUmc 

infrastructure. It is expected that this grant scheme will be 

continued in 2007, 2008, and 2009. 

Currently, the research programme focuses on primary 

healthcare, occupational medicine, rehabilitation, allied 

healthcare, and public healthcare; the professionals in 

these areas are mainly generalists. However, experts 

are predicting dramatic increases in the incidence and 

prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal disorders, which 

frequently require collaboration between specialists and 

generalists. In the future, therefore, new research projects 

will also look at transmural care; that is, care collaboratively 

provided by orthopaedic surgeons, rheumatologists, 

and specialised rehabilitation physicians on the one 

hand and general practitioners, occupational physicians, 

and physiotherapists in primary care on the other. The 

research projects will measure the efficacy and efficiency 

of these collaborative efforts. A project, for example, might 

assess rehabilitation physicians and physiotherapists and 

their treatments to improve impaired stability and balance 

in patients with osteoarthritis or their diagnosis of dizziness 

in elderly patients. 

New initiatives within methodology research will focus on 

primary prognostic studies and on prognostic reviews. In 

2006, a working group was set up to specifically address the 

methodological issues of prognostic research. Comparing 

various strategies of prognostic analysis, we will examine 

the best way to make valid and applicable prediction rules 

using data available in our own institute or our collaborative 

partners. Combining results of different prognostic 

studies is the main challenge of prognostic reviews. 

Future research in clinimetrics will involve further developing 

the methodology for systematic reviews of health 

measurement instruments. To enhance the interpretation 

of health-status questionnaires, researchers will determine 

the minimal important changes in the scores of wellknown 

measurement instruments (such as rating scales for 

pain intensity and the Roland Disability Questionnaire for 

low back pain). They will also explore the usefulness of 

item response theory models in developing and evaluating 

health questionnaires. Clinimetrics will be promoted in 

this and in other EMGO research programmes. Collaboration 

will also be sought with various departments and 

research institutes within the VUmc.

93 



94 





Physiotherapy for lateral 

epicondylitis: a systematic review 

Orthotic devices for tennis elbow: 

a systematic review 

Tampere Occupational Health 

Centre, Tampere, Finland 

The effect and cost-effectiveness 

of a preventive proprioceptive and 

balance-board training programme 

on the risk of sustaining acute 

lateral ankle injury: a randomised 

controlled trial in volleyball players 

in the third national league in the 

Netherlands 

Norwegian University of Physical 

Eduction and Sports, Oslo, 

Norway 

H. Arola, MD, PhD 

Prof. R. Bahr, MD, PhD 



(ZON) 

Collaboration on Cochrane reviews 

on the effectiveness of physiotherapy 

for lateral epicondilitys 

Member of the research project 

team





COST B13 European guidelines 

for the management of acute low 

back pain 

Department of General Practice, 

Georg-August University, Goettingen, 

Germany 

AECC Research, Bournemouth, 

UK 

Faculty of Occupational Medicine, 

University of London, UK 

Fundacion Kovacs, Madrid, Spain 

University of Sheffield, UK 

Ringe Hospital, Denmark 

Ulleval Hospital, Oslo, Norway 

Department of Occupational Medicine, 

Finnish Institute of Occupational 

Health, Helsinki, Finland 

Göteborg University, Sweden 

Vienna, Austria 

Geneva, Switzerland 

Hôpital Pitié-Salpetrière, Paris, 

France 

The Northern Ireland Young 

Hearts Project 

The Queen’s University of Belfast, 

Sport and Exercise Science, 

University of Ulster 

Belfast/Jordanstown, Northern 

Ireland 

Ms. A. Becker, MD 

A. Breen, DC, PhD 

T. Carter, MD 

Ms. M.T. Gil del Real, MD, PhD 

Prof. A. Hutchinson, MD, PhD 

P. Kryger-Baggeses, DC 

Prof. E. Laerum, MD, PhD 

A. Malmivaara, MD, PhD 

Prof. A. Nachemson, MD, PhD 

W. Niehus, MD 

E. Roux, MD 

Ms. S. Rozenberg, MD 

European Commission, Directorate 

General Research, Political Coordination 

and Strategy (COST) 

Prof. C. Boreham, PhD 

Northern Ireland Chest, Heart and 

Stroke Association 

The British Heart Foundation 

Welcom Trust, London, UK 

Working group responsible for 

the development of European 

guidelines for the management of 

acute non-specific low back pain in 

primary care 

Statistical and methodological 

consultation, and scientific publications 

95 



96 





Peak Bone Mass attainment - 

a prospective investigation in 

young adults 

University of Ulster, Jordanstown, 

Northern Ireland 

Amsterdam-Manchester-Keele 

Study Days 

Research Centre for Primary Care 

Sciences, Keele University, UK 

ARC Epidemiology Research Unit, 

University of Manchester, UK 

Department of Public Health, 

School of Medicine, University of 

Aberdeen, Aberdeen UK 

New models of multi-morbidity 

and associations with overall health 

status: a cross-national comparison 

of adult general practice populations 

Research Centre for Primary Care 

Sciences, Keele University, UK 

Clinimetric review on measures of 

anxiety and fear 

Department of Psychology, Royal 

Holloway University of London, 

UK 

Patterns of shoulder pain recovery 

Department of General Practice 

and Primary care, University of 

Aberdeen, Scotland, UK 

Project on Education of research 

methodology for physiotherapists 

Centre for Evidence-based Physiotherapy, 

University of Sidney, 

Australia 

Prof. C. Boreham, PhD 

Welcom Trust, London, UK 

Prof. P.R. Croft, MD, PhD 

Prof. E.M. Hay, MD, PhD 

Prof. A.J. Silman, MD, PhD 

Prof. G. Macfarlane, MD, PhD 


U. Kadam, MD 

Medical Research Council, United 

Kingdom 

Ms. T. Pincus, PhD 

X. Zheng, MSc 

Ms. J.A. Simpson, PhD 

Ms. A.M. Elliott, PhD 

B.H. Smith, MD, PhD 

Prof. R. Herbert, MD, PhD 

Prof. Kathryn Refshauge, PhD 

Expertise in longitudinal research 

on physical activity and bone health 

Collaboration in research on musculoskeletal 

disorders, exchange 

of junior researchers and postdoc 

fellows, and the organisation of an 

annual meeting 

Collaboration on two scientific 

papers on assessment and impact of 

multi-morbidity in general practice 

Consultancy on clinimetric methodology 

and collaboration in clinimetric 

research 

Secondary analysis of the results of 

a randomised trial in patients with 

shoulder pain, resulting in a joint 

publication 

Series of publications in the 

Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 

Master class Research Methodology 

Exchange of PhD students and 

postdocs





Back Review Group 

Department of Medicine and 

Health Services, University of 

Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 

Genetic determinants of body 

composition 

Icelandic Heart Association, 

Reykjavik, Iceland 

Muscle fat infiltration 

Obesity Research Centre, 

Columbia University, New York, 

NY, USA 

Determinants and consequences of 

sarcopenia 


Bethesda, MD, USA 

COSMIN (COnsensus-based 

Standards for the selection of 

health Measurement Instruments) 

study 

Department: School of Rehabilitation 

Science and Department 

of Clinical Epidemiology and 

Biostatistics, McMaster University, 

Hamilton, Canada, Health 

Services Research Unit, Institut 

Municipal d’Investigacio Medica 

(IMIM-IMAS), Barcelona, Spain, 

Department of Health Services, 

University of Washington, Seattle, 

WA, USA 

Prof. R. Deyo, MD, PhD 

Ms. C. Bombardier, MD, PhD 

Prof. R. de Bie, PhD 

F. Guillemin, PhD 

Prof. A. Nachemson, MD, PhD 

P. Shekelle, MD, PhD 

Prof. G. Waddell, MD, PhD 

J. Weinstein, MD, PhD 

Prof. M.W.van Tulder, PhD 

Ms. G. Eiriksdottir, MSc 

G. Sigurdsson, MD 

V. Gudnason, MD 

Ms. D. Gallagher, PhD 


Ms. T.B. Harris, MD, MSc 

Ms. N. de Rekeneire, MD 

T. Manini, PhD 

P.W. Stratford, PhD 

J. Alonso, MD, PhD 

Prof. D.L. Patrick, PhD 


Anna Foundation 

Collaboration in the Editorial 

Board of the Back Review Group 

of the Cochrane Collaboration 

Co-investigator in the Ages, 

Gene/Environment Susceptibility 

(AGES) Study 

Research on body composition, sex, 

and race as determinants of muscle 

fat infiltration 

Collaboration on body composition, 

sarcopenia and inflammation 

research. Co-investigator of the 

Health, Aging, and Body Composition 

(Health ABC) Study 

Members of the international 

steering committee 

97 



98 





Generalisability, course, and prognostic 

indicators for tennis elbow 

Staffordshire Rheumatology 

Centre, Straffordshire, UK 

Body composition and coronary 

heart disease 

Division of General Internal Medicine, 

University of California, CA, 

USA 

Body composition and disability 

Harvard Medical School Division 

on Aging, and Hebrew Rehabilitation 

Centre for the Aged, Research 

and Training Institute, Boston, 

MA, USA 

Weight loss and the risk of hip 

fracture 

Division of Acute Care, 

Rehabilitation Research and Disability 

Prevention, 

National Centre for Injury Prevention 

and Control, 

Centres for Disease Control and 

Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA 

Development of efficient exposure 

assessment strategies for the evaluation 

of ergonomic interventions 

with the aim of preventing workrelated 

musculoskeletal disorders 

School of Technology and Society, 

University of Malmö, Sweden 

Department of Occupational and 

Environmental Medicine, Lund 

University Hospital, Sweden 

E.M. Hay, MD, PhD 

M.A. Lewis, PhD 


Arthritis Research Campaign 

North Staffordshire Primary Care 

Research Consortium 

Dutch Organisation for Scientific 

Research (NWO) 

A. Kanaya, MD 

D.P. Kiel, MD, MPH 

M.T. Hannan, DSc 

D. Karasik, PhD 

Ms. J.A. Langlois, DSc, MPH 

S.E. Mathiassen, PhD 



Working visit at Primary Care 

Science Research Centre, Keele 

University, United Kingdom 

Research on obesity and fat distribution 

as determinants of coronary 

heart disease incidence/death in 

women 

Collaboration in research on body 

composition as a determinant of 

disability, insulin-like growth factor 

binding proteins 4 and 5, and bone 

mineral density 

Collaboration in research on the 

role of weight loss in the risk of hip 

fracture in middle-aged and older 

women 

Writing of scientific articles and 

organisation of several 

(pre-)conference workshops on 

exposure assessment in ergonomics 

and musculoskeletal epidemiology





Inflammation and health in elderly 

persons 

J. Paul Sticht Centre on Aging, 

Wake Forest University Medical 

Centre, Winston-Salem, NC, USA 

Factors influencing body composition 

in the elderly 

Department of Preventive Medicine 

and Epidemiology, Centre for 

Aging and Health, University of 

California, CA, USA 

Muscle strength and sarcopenia 

Department of Medicine, University 

of Pittsburgh, PA, USA 

Body composition and glucose 

metabolism 

MedStar Research Institute, 

WA, USA 

The effect of a PACE intervention 

in general practice on determinants 

and levels of physical activity: a 

randomised trial 

Department of Psychology, San 

Diego State University, San Diego, 

CA, USA 

S.B. Kritchevsky, PhD 

D. Houston, PhD 

M. Pahor, MD 

J. Paul Sticht Centre on Aging 

Ms. D. Mitchell, PhD 

A.B. Newman, MD 

B.H. Goodpaster, PhD 

H.E. Resnick, PhD 

Prof. J.F. Sallis, PhD 




(ZonMw) 

Research on nutrition and muscle 

loss with aging 

Collaboration in research on 

the association of inflammatory 

markers with muscle mass and 

physical performance 

Research on the influence of nutritional 

factors and physical activity 

on body composition in the elderly 

Collaboration in determining the 

role of muscle strength loss, muscle 

mass loss, and fat infiltration in the 

muscle in health and functioning, 

and development of a definition of 

sarcopenia 

Collaboration to investigate 

whether race differences in glucose 

metabolism can be explained by 

differences in body composition 

Member of the research project 

team, developing and implementing 

a PACE intervention 

99 



100 





Physical performance and bone 

quality 

School of Human Movement 

Studies, University of Queensland, 

Brisbane, Australia 

Research on physical activity, diet, 

and health in various ethnic groups 

in Indonesia 

Faculty of Medicine of the Universitas 

Kristen (UKI), 

Jakarta, Indonesia 

Longitudinal research on the 

growth and health of children 

in the Northern Province of 

South Africa and the relationship 

with important lifestyles 

(UNIHEALTH) 

Department of Health and Human 

Kinetics, University of the North 

(UNIN), Pietersburg, South Africa 

Epidemiology of osteoporotic 

fractures 

Quality of life in patients with 

osteoporosis 

Osteoporosis in men (NEMO) 

University of Gent, Belgium 

Genetics of osteoporosis 

(GENOMOS) 

Erasmus Medical Centre, 

Rotterdam 

D.R. Taaffe, PhD 

Prof. K. Tunggul Sirait, MD, PhD 

A. Simatupang, MD, PhD 

Ms. J. Luhulima, MD, MSc 

Universitas Kristen Indonesia 

(UKI) 

Centre for Development Co-operation 

Services (CDCS), Vrije Universiteit 

Amsterdam 

Prof. P.A. Venter, PhD 

Prof. M. Albers, PhD 

K.D. Monyeki, PhD 

Prof. A. Toriola, PhD 

Centre for Development Co-operation 

Services (CDCS), Vrije Universiteit 

Amsterdam (CIS) 

J. Reeve, MD, PhD 

Prof. C. Cooper, MD, PhD 

Prof. O. Johnell, MD, PhD 

Prof. J. Kanis, MD, PhD 

Working group of the International 

Osteoporosis Foundation 

International Osteoporosis 

Foundation (IOF) 

Prof. J.M. Kaufman, MD, PhD 

EU funding 

A. Uitterlinden, MD, PhD 

EU funding 

Collaboration to investigate 

the association between lower 

extremity performance and hip 

bone mineral density 


a PhD thesis 

Collaboration in two research 

projects: 1) pregnancy, birth, 

and future health, and 2) anthropometry, 

motor skills, and cognitive 

functioning in black children, 

born and raised in the Northern 

Province of the Republic of South 

Africa 

Research on the prevalence and 

incidence of osteoporotic fractures 

throughout the world; 

design and validation of 2 questionnaires 

Network on male osteoporosis 

Collaborative study on the genetics 

of osteoporosis (low bone density 

and fractures)








Health, Helsinki, Finland 

Corticosteroid injections for lateral 


Staffordshire Rheumatology 

Centre, Straffordshire, UK 



Surgery for lateral elbow pain in 

adults: a systematic review 

Shock-wave therapy for lateral 

elbow pain: a systematic review 

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory 

drugs (NSAIDs) for treating lateral 

elbow pain in adults: a systematic 

review 

Acupuncture for lateral elbow pain: 


Corticosteroid injections for lateral 


Orthotic devices for tennis elbow: 


Department of Epidemiology and 

Preventive Medicine, Monash 

Medical School, Monash University, 

Melbourne, Australia 

Sociocultural prognostic factors for 

occupational disability due to low 

back pain: a cross-national study 

between Canada and the Netherlands 

Université de Sherbrooke, Work 

Disability Prevention Research and 

Training Centre, Montreal, Canada 

International Collaboration in 

Evidence-Based Occupational 

Health Practice 


Health, Kuopio, Finland 

A. Malmivaara, MD, PhD 

E.M. Hay, MD, PhD 

Ms. S. Green, MD, PhD 

Ms. R. Buchbinder, MD, PhD 

Prof. P. Loisel, MD, PhD 

M.J. Durand, PhD 

Canadian Department of Foreign 

Affairs and International Trade 

J.H. Verbeek, MD, PhD 

Collaboration in a Cochrane 

Review on the effectiveness 

of physiotherapy for lateral 

epicondylitis 

Collaboration in a Cochrane 

Review on the effectiveness of 

corticosteroid injections for lateral 

epicondylitis 

Collaboration in seven Cochrane 

Reviews on the effectiveness of 

various treatments (physiotherapy, 

surgery, shock-wave therapy, nonsteroidal 

anti-inflammatory drugs, 

acupuncture, corticosteroid injections, 

orthotic devices) for lateral 

epicondylitis. 

Collaboration on a joint chapter on 

tennis elbow in Clinical Evidence 

Institutional research programme 

Joint Cochrane Collaboration 

Reviews in the field of occupational 

health 

101 



102 





MAPLE: Meta-Analysis of Pain 

in the Lower Back and Work 

Exposures (MAPLE) Collaborative 

Group 

Institute for Work and Health, 

Toronto, Canada 

Serum fasting cortisol in relationship 

to bone, and the role of 

genetic variations in the glucocorticoid 

receptor 

MRC Epidemiology Resource 

Centre, University of Southampton 

United Kingdom 

Lauren E. Griffith, MD 

Donald C. Cole MD, PhD 

Sheilah Hogg-Johnson, PhD 

Harry S. Shannon, PhD 

E. Dennison, PhD 

C. Cooper, MD, FmedSci 

Collaboration in a Delphi 

consensus study in order to come 

to a useful categorisation of low 

back pain outcome definitions and 

perform a meta analysis of the 

effect of work related exposures on 

low back pain 

Five-week visit in order to collaborate 

in an article about cortisol, 

bone and the glucocorticoid 

receptor

" You're the Vice director 

of the EMGO Institute 

now!" 

" Lex, what do you think 

about my ...NEW... bike?" 

REALLY??? 

"HMM..." 

103 



104 


Clinimetric evaluation in multiple sclerosis (MS) and 

determinants of prognosis 

06.97 - 12.04 


V. de Groot, MD 


C.H. Polman, MD, PhD 


WC95-020 

The Amsterdam ‘Sherbrooke model’ Evaluation Study 

(ASE study): effective prevention of chronic low back 

pain by integration of ergonomic measures, social 

medical guidance and early return to work 

09.99 - 05.04 





Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (SZW) 


I.A. Steenstra, MSc 

Prof. H.C.W. de Vet, PhD 

Prof. P.M. Bongers, PhD 

P. Loisel, MD 

WC97-048 

The cost-effectiveness of back schools in occupational 

care: the BOC study 

01.00 - 01.04 





Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (SZW) 

M. Heymans, PhD 


Prof. B.W. Koes, PhD 



WC97-046 

Determinants and consequences of sarcopaenia: 

the role of endocrine factors and physical activity 

05.00 - 05.05 

Royal Netherlands Academy for Arts and Sciences (KNAW) 


WC99-010-2 + WC02-042 

Prevention of chronic disability in patients with low 

back pain 

10.00 - 06.05 


(ZonMw) 

Ms. P. Jellema, MSc 





WC98-007 

Bolien: the effect of multilevel botulinum toxin type A 

treatment and intensive rehabilitation on walking ability 

in children with cerebral palsy 

02.01 - 08.06 

Johanna Kinder Foundation 

Princess Beatrix Foundation 

Stichting Bio-Kinderrevalidatie 

Ms. V.A.B. Scholtes, MSc 

J.G. Becher, MD, PhD 

Ms. A. Dallmeijer, PhD 


WC01-001 

The effectiveness of GRADIT, graded activity through 

intermittent exercise therapy for patients with arthritis of 

the hip and knee 

04.01 - 07.05 


C. Veenhof, MSc 

Ms. E. van den Ende, PhD 

Ms. I.B.C. Korthals-de Bos, PhD 



WC01-031 

Functional prognosis of children (9-15 years) with 

cerebral palsy (PERRIN) 

05.01 - 05.09 



Ms. J.M. Voorman, MD 




C. Schuengel, PhD 

WC00-071-2

Effectivity of different ways of vitamin D 

supplementation with or without calcium in elderly 

residents in nursing homes in the Netherlands 

07.01 - 12.05 



V. Chel, MD 



WC00-002 

The course of functional status of elderly patients with 

sequelae of poliomyelitis, osteoarthritis, and Parkinson’s 

disease (CARPA I) 

09.01 - 09.07 




Ms. J. Swüste, MSc 

Ms. G. van Dijk, MSc 

B. Post, MSc 



WC00-039 

Comorbidity and aging in rehabilitation patients with 

sequelae of poliomyelitis: the influence on activities 

(The CARPA study) 

09.01 - 08.07 



Ms. J.M. Swüste, MD 

F. Nollet, MD, PhD 

Ms. J.A.J.M. Beelen, MD, PhD 


WC00-039 

Sex differences in the risk of prolonged sickness absence 

and work disability: the role of work, leisure time, and 

healthcare 

09.01 - 08.05 


Ms. W.E. Hooftman-Schimmel, MSc 




WC00-021-2 

Do Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy 

(STARD statement) improve the quality of reporting of 

diagnostic studies? 

10.01 - 07.05 



Ms. N. Smidt, PhD 



Ms. A. Rutjes, MSc 



WC00-048 

The clinical assessment of energy expenditure in 

pathological gait (KAFO) 

01.02 - 06.07 


Development (Zon/Mw) 

Anna Fund 

Ter Meulen Fund 

Ms. M.A. Brehm, MSc 


J. Harlaar, MSEE, PhD 

Prof. F. Nollet, MD, PhD 

Ms. J.A.J.M Beelen, PhD 

WC00-069 

Comparison of two conservative treatment programmes 

for sub-acute neck pain: a cognitive behavioural graded 

activity programme versus manual therapy 

04.02 - 04.07 


J.J.M. Pool 

R.J.W.G. Ostelo, PhD 


J.W.S. Vlaeyen, PhD 



WC01-010-2 

The effectiveness of lumbar supports for the treatment 

of low back pain among homecare workers 

09.02 - 11.06 



P.D.D.M. Roelofs, MSc 

Ms. S. M.A. Bierma-Zeinstra, PhD 



Prof. B.W Koes, PhD 

WC02-030 

105 



106 

The PROMO study: Prospective Research On 

Musculoskeletal Disorders in Office workers 

09.02 - 09.07 



S. IJmker, MSc 

B. Blatter, PhD 




WC02-043 

Return to work after childbirth 

09.02 - 08.07 



Ms. S.G.M. Stomp-van den Berg, MSc 





WC02-038 

Illness perceptions and activity limitations in chronic 

low back pain: a component approach to innovate 

rehabilitation programmes for patients with chronic low 

back pain 

09.02 - 03.08 



P.C. Siemonsma, MSc, PT 

A.T. Lettinga, PhD 

C. Schroder, MSc 

J.H.M. Dekker, MD 


WC02-059 

The effect of improving physical activity and work style 

on work-related upper extremity complaints in VDU 

workers: a randomised controlled trial 

10.02 - 04.07 



Ms. C. Bernaards, PhD 

V. Hildebrandt, MD, PhD 

Ms. G.A.M. Ariëns, PhD 



WC02-044 

Long-term prognosis of functional outcome in 

neurological disorders (FuPro-II) 

12.02 - 12.07 





Prof. E. Lindeman, MD, PhD 

Prof. H.J. Stam, MD, PhD 

Prof. G.A.M. van den Bos, PhD 

WC02-013 

Vitamin D status in non-Western immigrants 

01.03 - 10.06 

Nuts Ohra Foundation 

Ms. I.M. van der Meer, MSc 

B.J.C. Middelkoop, MD, PhD 




WC03-028 

Ergonomic optimisation of occupational hand-arm 

precision tasks 

01.03 - 01.08 



Ms. M. Huysmans, MSc 

M.J.M. Hoozemans, PhD 

J.H. van Dieën, PhD 

B. Visser, MSc 

M.P. de Looze, PhD 

WC02-046 

Interculturalisation: diagnostic evaluation on immigrant 

patients with low back complaints (IDEAL) 

03.03 - 03.07 



E.F. Scheppers, MA, PT, RN 

Prof. J.H.B. Geertzen, MD, PhD 


E. van Dongen, MA, PhD 

J.H.M. Dekker, MD 

WC04-018

Measuring the disabling consequences of a disease: 

can we do better? 

04.03 - 10.07 

- 





WC03-075 

Cost-effectiveness of an intensive group training 

protocol compared to physiotherapy care according to 

the KNGF-guidelines for sub-acute and chronic low back 

pain: a randomised controlled trial 

04.03 - 09.06 

Healthcare Efficiency Research Programme of the Netherlands 

Organisation for Health Research and Development 

(ZonMw) 

N. van der Roer, MSc 




WC01-051-2 

Quality of life in patients with osteoporosis 

05.03 - 05.07 

Wyeth 

Ms. N.M. van Schoor, PhD 


Knee joint laxity and physical functioning in osteoarthritis 

of the knee 

10.04 - 12.05 

- 

M. van der Esch, PT 


J. Dekker, PhD 

W. Lems, MD, PhD 

L.D. Roorda, MD, PT 

WC03-016 

Determinants of the course of fatigue in primary care 

08.03 - 08.07 

VU University Medical Center Network of General 

Practitioners 

Ms. I. Nijrolder, MSc 




H. de Vries, MD, PhD 

WC02-014 

Care, education, research: testing academic practices in 

networks (CERTAIN) 

09.03 - 09.07 

VU University Medical Center Network of General 

Practitioners 

Ms. J.M.C. van Os-Bleeker, MSc 





WC03-027 

The role of physical capacity in the development of 

low back and neck/shoulder disorders in a working 

population 

10.03 - 11.07 



Ms. H.H. Hamberg-van Reenen, MSc 





WC03-024-2 

Functional status and work participation after traumatic 

hand injury 

11.03 - 12.04 

- 

S.J. Poerbodipoero, MSc, OT 



A. van der Beek, PhD 

Ms. S. Bakker-Renema, OT 

WC03-056 

Determinants of sarcopaenia: the role of inflammation 

and sex hormones 

12.03 - 12.08 

- 

Ms. L. Schaap, MSc 


Ms. S.M.F. Pluijm, PhD 


WC03-019 

107 



108 

Psychological factors as predictors for the transition from 

acute to chronic neck pain: measurement and meaning 

12.03 - 12.05 



Ms. S.R. Hiralal 

J.J.M. Pool 

R.J.W.G. Ostelo, PhD 

J.W.S. Vlaeyen, PhD 

Ms. M.J. Westerman, PhD 

WC03-035 

Sex differences in the development of chronic 

musculoskeletal pain: impact on prevention strategies 

12.03 - 12.05 



Ms. H.A.H. Wijnhoven, PhD 

Ms. H.S.J. Picavet, PhD 


Ms. W.M.M. Verschuren, PhD 

Ms. H.A. Smit, PhD 

WC03-034 

Prognostic factors of chronic pain in a cohort of low 

back pain patients 

12.03 - 12.05 



M.W. Heijmans, PhD 




S. van Buuren, PhD 


WC03-033 

Diagnosis and prognosis of hand and wrist complaints 

in general practice 

01.04 - 06.08 



Ms. M.N. Spies, MSc 





WC03-006-2 

Application of hip protectors in elderly people living at 

home or in homes for the elderly 

02.04 - 02.06 




WC03-037 

Vitamin D deficiency among non-Western immigrants: 

treatment with vitamin D supplementation or sunlight? 

03.04 - 06.06 



I.S. Wicherts, MSc 



WC03-029 

Effectiveness of the RSI QuickScan in relation to primary 

and secondary prevention of repetitive strain injury 

04.04 - 05.08 

Arbo Unie BV 



E.M. Speklé, MSc 

M.J.M. Hoozemans, PhD 


Prof. J.H. van Dieën, PhD 


WC04-030 

Positive and negative treatment outcomes associated 

with chiropractic care for neck pain 

09.04 - 09.06 

European Chiropractic Union 

S. Rubinstein, DC 


WC00-038

The long-term course of functional status of elderly 

patients with sequelae of poliomyelitis, osteoarthritis, 

and Parkinson’s disease: five-year follow-up, indications 

for referral and clinimetrical evaluation (CARPA-II) 

09.04 - 09.09 




Ms. J. Swüste, MSc 


B. Post, MSc 



WC03-055 

Cross-sectional clinimetrical analyses to establish the 

internal consistency, factor structure, and validity of the 

functional status measures in knee-joint stability and 

functional disability in osteoarthritis of the knee 

10.04 - 12.05 

-- 




W. Lems, PhD, MD 

L.D. Roorda, MD, PT 

WC03-016 

Longitudinal study on the course of the functional status 

and the utilisation of healthcare services and (unmet) 

needs in children (9-16 years) with cerebral palsy 

(PERRIN-II) 

10.04 - 10.06 

The Health Research and Development Council of the 

Netherlands (ZON) 

Ms. M. van Eck, MSc 





WC04-058 

A diagnostic protocol for the dizzy elderly in general 

practice 

11.04 - 11.07 



O.R. Maarsingh, MD 



WC03-071 

Preventing falls in patients at high risk for falling; a 

multidisciplinary study comparing transmural care with 

usual care 

02.05 - 02.09 

- 

G. Peeters, MSc 

O.J. de Vries, MSc 

P.J.M. Elders, PhD 



WC04-001 

Transmural occupational care for low back pain: a 

randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness 

evaluation 

03.05 - 03.09 

Board of Directors of the VUmc, TNO Work & Employment, 

Health Insurance Council (CVZ), Stichting Instituut 

GAK, Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and 

Development. 

L.C. Lambeek, MSc 


B.J. van Royen MD 



WC04-008 A 

The COSMIN study: COnsensus-based Standards for the 

selection of health Measurement INstruments 

03.05 - 09.08 

EMGO 

Anna Fund 

Ms. L.B. Mokkink, MSc 



P.W. Stratford, PT, MSc 

J. Alonso, MD, PhD 

WC04-062 

Development and distribution of an evidence-based 

instrument for the prediction of long-term absenteeism 

due to low back pain in cooperation with practitioners 

06.05 - 01.07 

Aladdin programme, programme to stimulate research and 

development of work and health (STECR platform rehabilitation), 

VUmc, TNO Work & Employment. 

M.W. Heymans PhD 


S van Buuren, PhD 



WC05-033 

109 



110 

Common complaints in general practice populations: 

impact, prognosis, and predictors of consultation. 

06.05 - 03.08 

VU Stimuleringsfonds 


Ms. M.N. Spies, MSc 

Ms. I. Nijrolder, MSc 

O. Maarsingh, MD 


WC04-068 

The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a 

proprioceptive balance-board training programme for 

the prevention of recurrent acute lateral ankle sprains; 


08.05 - 08.09 

ZonMw - the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research 

and Development 

M. Hupperets, MSc 



WC04-061 

Longitudinal study on course and determinants of daily 

functioning in primary school children (5-9 years) with 

cerebral palsy (PERRIN 5-9) 

09.05 - 08.09 

In collaboration with: Rehabilitation Centre De Hoogstraat, 

Utrecht 

Financed by: The Health Research and Development Council 

of the Netherlands (ZON) 

Ms. P.E.M. van Schie, MSc, PT 




Ms. G.M.P. Loots, PhD 

WC05-003 

The prevention of lower extremity physical activity 

injuries: a school-based randomised controlled trial in 

children aged 10-12 years 

10.05 - 10.08 



Ms. D.C.M. Collard MSc 

E.A.L.M. Verhagen PhD 



WC03-066 

Accuracy and cost-effectiveness of diagnostic testing 

in patients with abdominal pain in general practice: a 

decision model based on systematic reviews 

12.05 - 12.08 


Development Council (ZonMw) 

Ms. P. Jellema, MSc 



Ms. H.E. van der Horst, PhD, MD 


WC03-041-A 

Participatory interventions for return-to-work 

for temporary agency workers and un employed 

workers, sick-listed due to musculoskeletal disorders. 

A randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness 

evaluation 

01.06 - 01.10 



S. Vermeulen, MD 


T.S. Schellart, PhD 

D. Knol, PhD 

D. Bruinvels, MD, PhD 

WC06-030 

Study on the long term effects of selective dorsal 

rhizotomy (SDR) in children with a spastic diplegia 

02.06 - 07.07 

Dr. W.M. Phelps Foundation 

Ms. M. Schothorst, MSc 


Prof. J.G. Becher, PhD 

WC06-041 

Validation of a prediction rule to identify post-meningitic 

children at high risk for academic and behavioural 

limitations 

07.06 - 11.09 

VUmc 

R.C.J. de Jonge, MD 

I. Koomen, MD, PhD 

A.M. van Furth, MD, PhD 

L. de Sonneville, PhD 

C.B. Terwee, PhD 


WC06-018

A longitudinal study on the course of hearing loss after 

childhood bacterial meningitis 

07.06 - 11.09 

VUmc 

R.C.J. de Jonge, MD 

I. Koomen, MD, PhD 

A.M. van Furth, MD, PhD 

L. de Sonneville, PhD 

C.B. Terwee, PhD 


WC06-019 

Effect of a strength training program on physical 

functioning in children with cerebral palsy (the Popeye 

study) 

11.06 - 08.09 

Dr. W.M. Phelps Foundation 

Stichting Rotterdams Kinderrevalidatie Fonds Adriaanstichting 

Johanna KinderFonds 

V.A.B. Scholtes, PhD 



WC05-043 

Derivation and transportability of clinical prediction rules 

for musculoskeletal pain 

12.06 - 12.10 


D. Vergouw, MSc 


M.W. Heymans, PhD 

G.M. Peat, PhD 

P.R. Croft, PhD 

W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD 

WC06-037 

Physical activity and the development of osteoarthritis: 

which type of activity is of importance in older adults? 

01.07 - 01.08 

Scientific College for Fysiotherapy 

Ms. L. Verweij, MSc 




Prof. P. Lips, MD, PhD 

WC06-057 

Participatory ergonomics for the primary prevention of 

back and neck pain. A cost-effectiveness study 

01.07 - 01.11 



M. Driessen, MSc 


K.I. Proper, PhD 

P. Bongers, PhD 

D. Knol, PhD 

WC05-039 

Developing methodology for deriving stable and 

accurate clinical prediction rules 

01.07 - 01.09 

M.W. Heymans, PhD 


111 


112

7 

Research 

infrastructure 

113

7.1 Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam 

114 


INTRODUCTION 

The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) is a 

longitudinal research programme on predictors and consequences 

of changes in physical, cognitive, emotional, and 

social functioning in older persons. The study, started in 

1992, is well into its second decade. LASA’s concepts and 

design are extensively discussed in the book Autonomy and 

well-being in the aging population: Concepts and design of the 

Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (Deeg et al., 1993). 

MOTIVATION 

Changes in body functions and in various aspects of life 

are important characteristics of aging. Many such changes 

will affect the autonomy and well-being of older persons. 

Until the 1990s, almost all research among older persons 

in the Netherlands was cross-sectional. This precluded the 

possibility to study the effects of changing circumstances 

on the autonomy and well-being of older persons and the 

consequences of changes in autonomy and well-being. 

Moreover, the processes of change in older persons are 

essentially multifactorial; to obtain accurate insight into 

these processes, multi- or preferably interdisciplinary 

research is a prerequisite. In the Netherlands, like in other 

countries, this type of research has not been common. 

OBJECTIVES 

LASA was designed as an interdisciplinary, longitudinal 

study across a period of at least ten years. Although 

basically scientific in nature, the study should provide 

a basis for developing and evaluating social policies at 

the local and national levels, policies that enhance older 

persons’ autonomy, social integration, and quality of 

life. Longitudinal data can prospectively measure the 

effects of existing policies, test the assumptions underlying 

policymakers’ considerations, and suggest new policy aims. 

LASA is primarily an observational study – it does not 

include intervention studies – and its database can be used 

to test various specific hypotheses. 

CENTRAL RESEARCH QUESTIONS 

LASA’s main concerns are the autonomy and well-being 

of older persons. Autonomy is operationally defined as 

functioning and is measured in observable behaviour. 

Well-being is defined as the evaluation by older persons 

of their own functioning. Four components of functioning 

have been distinguished: physical, cognitive, emotional, 

and social. Each component contributes in a different way 

to autonomy and well-being, but this does not preclude 

overlaps and interrelationships. 

The LASA study looks for predictors of changes in functioning, 

describes the trajectories of those changes, and 

reveals their consequences. The following central research 

questions have been formulated: 

1) In older persons, what changes take place over time in 

the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social components 

of functioning? 

2) What are the predictors of change for each of the 

four components of functioning? 

3) How are changes in the four components of functioning 

interrelated? 

4) What are the consequences of changes in funct- 

ioning in terms of the contributions made by older 

persons to society, their adjustment to aging, 

and their need for care? 

More detailed research questions have been formulated, 

some of which make use of additional data collected in 

specific sub-populations. These sub-studies have investigated 

such issues as the course of depression, the course 

of anxiety disorders, risk factors for falls and osteoporotic 

fractures, the consequences of falls, changes in memory 

function, changes in the use of care by frail older persons, 

caregivers of frail older persons, changes in functioning 

and care arrangements in the final phase of life, the 

meaning of quality of life to older people themselves, and 

how older people view their life style. 

DESIGN 

Measures 

Measurement instruments correspond as much as possible 

to those used in potentially comparable research in the 

Netherlands and elsewhere in the world. Thus, a condition 

for wider use of the data is created, e.g. by pooling the 

data. Internationally, this makes it possible to carry out 

research on the effect of various socio-cultural developments 

and care systems on the autonomy and well-being of 

older persons. Measurement instruments are kept constant 

in successive study cycles in order to measure change. 

However, at each study cycle, some instruments that 

served specific purposes are discarded, resulting in room 

for new instruments. 

Changes in functioning are the dependent variables. 

In addition to self-reports obtained from face-to-face 

interviews, objective measurements provide indicators that 

are sensitive to change, and self-administered questionnaires 

provide additional information on health status and 

personality. 

Physical functioning is measured using self-reports on 

functional limitations and objective measurements of 

mobility, coordination, balance, strength, vision, and 

hearing. Cognitive functioning is measured by a brief 

screening test for dementia and tests of intelligence, 

learning capacity, memory, and psychomotor speed. 

Emotional functioning is measured with depression and 

anxiety screening scales and, in a sub-sample, by a diagnostic 

interview. Finally, social functioning is measured 

on the basis of the composi¬tion of the social network, 

frequency of contacts, exchange of support, and various 

forms of social participation. Thus, these four components 

of functioning are measured as behaviour.

Well-being is measured by participants’ self-evaluations 

of the four components of their functioning, including 

self-rated health and scales on meta-memory and loneliness. 

Participants also provide general self-evaluations 

regarding their satisfaction with life and quality of life. 

Characteristics that are expected to predict changes in one 

or more of the components of functioning (the independent 

variables) are related both to the environment and the 

individual: i.e. chronic conditions, medication use, blood 

parameters, objective clinical assessments (lung function, 

blood pressure, vision, hearing, anthropometry), 

subjective health perceptions, use of social services, lifestyle, 

personality, personal life history, housing and living 

arrangements, and socio-economic status. Furthermore, 

changes in functioning are expected to be related to life 

events prior to and during the study period. Life events 

are defined as changes in independent variables such as 

health, living arrangements, and personal relationships, as 

well as events such as falling victim to crime. In addition to 

these independent variables, mediating or modifying variables 

– such as personal standards or levels of aspiration 

and coping – may influence the trajectories of functioning. 

These are operationally defined as the participants’ sense 

of mastery, perceived self-efficacy, self-esteem, priorities 

in life, standards of affiliation, and humour as a coping 

strategy. 

The consequences of improvements and declines in 

functioning and the resulting levels of independence 

are quantified in terms of contributions to society and 

the need for health and social services. Ultimately, time, 

circumstances, and causes of death are studied in connection 

with the type of functional decline in the final phase of 

life. 

Cohort 

The initial sample was a stratified random sample of 

3107 persons, weighted according to expected mortality 

at mid-term (= after 5 years) in each age group (55–59, 

60–64, 65–69, 70–74, 75–79, and 80–85 years). A sample 

of this size was expected to provide sufficient opportunity 

for multivariate research and for obtaining adequate subsamples 

for specific studies. In addition, it should ensure 

that sufficient participants in each stratum would still be 

available for examination after a period of ten years. 

Municipal registries provided the sampling frame. The 

sample is constructed to reflect the national distribution of 

urbanisation and population density. The sample is based 

in three culturally distinct geographical areas: the West, 

the North-East, and the South of the Netherlands. Each 

area contains one medium-to-large city and two or more 

rural municipalities in the surroundings. The municipalities 

included in the sample are: Amsterdam, Wormerland, 

and Waterland (West), Zwolle, Ommen, Genemuiden, 

Zwartsluis, and Hasselt (North-East), and Oss, Uden, and 

Boekel (South). 

The sampling design was determined in collaboration 

with the Netherlands Programme for Research on Aging 

(Nederlands Stimuleringsprogramma Ouderenonderzoek, 

NESTOR). NESTOR’s study, Living arrangements and 

social networks of older adults (Knipscheer et al., 1995), is 

a cross-sectional study with follow-up of sub-samples 

aimed at developing theory and methods for the study of 

social networks among older people. The NESTOR team 

approached the cohort ten months before LASA’s baseline. 

Although the fieldwork procedures were the same, each 

study maintained its own specific objectives. 

In 2002, ten years after the baseline cycle, a new cohort 

of 1002 participants in the age range of 55–65 years was 

enrolled, sampled from the same municipal sampling 

frame as the original cohort, and using the same measurement 

instruments. Addition of this new cohort allows the 

distinction of age, period, and cohort effects. 

Schedule 

LASA includes as baseline material some data from the 

NESTOR baseline study, which took place from January 

to December 1992. LASA’s own baseline study was carried 

out separately from September 1992 to September 1993. 

Similar study cycles took place in 1995–96, 1998–99, and 

2001–02. The first data-collection cycle in the new cohort 

was carried out in 2002–03. In 2005-06, the 1992 and 2002 

cohorts were merged into one sample and approached for 

the most recent follow-up. 

Procedures 

The participants are visited at home by trained interviewers 

who use lap-top computers for data entry. This 

‘main interview’, comprising an interview and tests, takes 

approximately 1.5 hours. Additional data comes from a 

self-administered questionnaire. After having obtained 

the consent of the respondent, a nurse-interviewer pays 

a separate visit for the ‘medical interview’, to take clinical 

measurements and ask additional health-related questions. 

In a sub-sample of participants, the nurse-interviewers 

conduct a diagnostic interview on depression and anxiety 

disorders. Blood samples from the original cohort were 

collected in 1992–93 and 1995–96; from the new cohort in 

2002–03. These are partly used for analyses, partly stored 

for later use. Saliva samples were collected in 2001–02 

from the original cohort. In 2005–06, the nurse-interviewers 

collected tissue samples from participants’ oral 

cavity. Ethical aspects of the study procedures have been 

approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of VUmc. 

ORGANISATION 

LASA team 

The LASA study team, originally seven researchers, had 

grown to 40 by 2006. The research is organised in six, 

partly overlapping sub-programmes: physical, cognitive, 

emotional, and social functioning, falls and fractures, and 

use of care. Through the years, five or six team members 

have been mainly occupied with the logistics of data collection. 

One team member has the task of communicating 

research findings to policymakers and health professionals; 

this includes writing articles for lay audiences and 

discussing with these target groups their need for information 

that might be satisfied with LASA data. 

115 

7.1 Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam


116 

Funding 

LASA obtains its primary support from the Ministry of 

Health, Welfare, and Sports, the Department of Long-term 

Care, through a long-term grant to the Vrije Universiteit 

(now including also VUmc). From 2001 through 2004, 

in addition to regular internal university funds, LASA 

obtained support from the Vrije Universiteit in the context 

of the main research (‘width strategy’) programme ‘Frailty 

and vitality in aging: an interdisciplinary approach’. Other 

major funding bodies are the Netherlands Organisation 

for Scientific Research and the Netherlands Organisation 

for Health Research and Development. 

Collaboration 

LASA was originally a joint project of two Vrije Universiteit 

departments, Psychiatry (former Faculty of Medicine) 

and Sociology and Social Gerontology (former 

Faculty of Social and Cultural Sciences). They were soon 

joined by the EMGO Institute. Collaborating researchers 

come from the Departments of General Practice, Nursing- 

Home Medicine, Public and Occupational Health, Internal 

Medicine, Audiology, and Ophthalmology (all VUmc), 

Educational Sciences (Faculty of Human Move¬ment 

Sciences), Clinical Psychol¬ogy (Faculty of Psychology 

and Education), Social Research Methodology (Faculty of 

Social Sciences), Econometrics (Faculty of Economics), 

and Nutrition and Health (Faculty of Earth and Life 

Sciences). 

There are several external collaborative agreements with 

other institutions in the Netherlands: the Netherlands 

Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, the University 

of Maastricht Department of Medical Sociology, Statistics 

Netherlands, the National Institute of Public Health and 

Environment, the Social and Cultural Planning Bureau, 

the Social Insurance Council, the Isala Hospital in Zwolle, 

Zwolle’s municipal administration office, and Amsterdam’s 

municipal health service. There is international collaboration 

with the intramural Epidemiology, Demography, 

and Biostatistics programme of the US National Institute 

on Aging, the University of California at San Francisco, 

the University of Pittsburg, Wake Forest University, and 

Pennsylvania State University (all USA), the Universities 

of Jyväskylä and Tampere (Finland), the Universities of 

Cambridge, Exeter, and Sheffield (UK), and the German 

Centre for Aging Research in Berlin and the University 

of Göttingen (Germany). Furthermore, LASA takes part 

in several European projects: the European Concerted 

Action on Depress¬ion (EURODEP, coordinating centre: 

Department of Psychiatry, University of Manchester, 

England), Socio-Economic Determinants of Healthy 

Aging (SEdHA, coordinating centre: the Department of 

Public Health and Social Medicine, Erasmus University 

Rotterdam), and the Comparison of Longitudinal European 

Studies on Aging (CLESA, coordinating centre: 

CNR Centre on Aging, University of Padua, Italy). The 

close collaboration between scientists of various disciplines 

and prominent professionals is characteristic of both the 

design and the execution of the study. 

From the study’s birth through 2000, its progress was 

monitored by an international advisory board, which 

included experts from a wide range of disciplines. The 

Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sports was also represented 

on this board. Discussions with the board during 

the preparation phase, in 1991, resulted in a book that 

outlines the concepts and design of LASA (Deeg et al., 

1993). A second book was published in 1994 after the 

board discussed the first baseline findings (Deeg & Westendorp-de 

Serière, 1994). A third book describes the 

first longitudinal findings, covering two data-collection 

cycles, that were discussed with the board in 1997 (Deeg 

et al., 1998). A fourth advisory board meeting was held in 

2000, at which the first (almost) ten years of LASA and its 

future course were discussed. The board decided not to 

publish another monograph; instead, since 2003, a series 

of articles based on LASA data are being published in the 

journal Aging: Clinical and Experimental Research (Maggi 

et al., 2003). In 2006, LASA celebrated 15 years with a 

symposium and a special issue of the Netherlands Journal of 

Gerontology and Geriatrics. 


The scientific merits of longitudinal studies are obvious. 

Longitudinal studies, however, require jumping a great 

many hurdles and avoiding ever-looming pitfalls (Deeg, 

1989). Collecting longitudinal data is expensive, and the 

data become useful only long after the initiation of the 

study. These initial costs are off-set, however, by the relative 

cost-effectiveness of adding measurements for new 

research questions to an already existing infrastructure. 

The LASA study was fortunate to receive basic funding for 

the first ten years and to have its funding extended through 

2007. This allowed the inclusion of a new cohort of 55–64year-olds 

in 2002–03. This cohort is of particular interest 

because the upcoming generation of older persons may 

differ from previous generations in their levels of health 

and ways of coping with aging. An increasing amount of 

research effort will be spent on studying cohort differences 

and trends over time. 

Meanwhile, LASA researchers will continue following up 

the full cohort and the sub-populations, perhaps expanding 

the number of sub-studies to make full use of the data. 

They will monitor, at regular intervals, the study participants’ 

vital status and causes of death. The LASA team, 

their eyes set on the study’s original goals, will continue to 

translate, disseminate, and implement their research findings 

into policies and practices that will improve the lives 

of our older citizens. 

Since 2003, LASA has enjoyed a closer dialogue on policy 

information needs with the Ministry of Health, Welfare, 

and Sports, and other external parties, often non-academic, 

are increasingly making use of LASA-data. In 2006, the 

Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sports commissioned 

an evaluation to the Netherlands Organisation of Health 

Research and Development. The outcome of this evaluation 

will allow the ministry to decide how to continue its 

long-standing relationship with the LASA study.

Current research projects based on the Longitudinal 

Aging Study Amsterdam 

Are anxiety or mixed anxiety–depression predictors of 

cognitive decline? (6.2) 

Brain-specific 24S-hydroxycholesterol: an early 

marker for late-onset Alzheimer-type dementia? (6.2) 

Care trajectories of older chronically ill persons: 

adaptations to changes in disease course and use of 

health services (6.3) 

Determinants and consequences of sarcopaenia: the 

role of endocrine factors and physical activity (6.4) 

Determinants of sarcopaenia: the role of 

inflammation and sex hormones (6.4) 

Differentiating between various components in 

age-associated memory impairments (6.2) 

Early-life exposures and health during aging (6.3) 

Estradiol and cortisol in relation to bone density 

and fractures (6.4) 

Expectations of competence in older age (6.3) 

Genetic and biological risk factors for cardiovascular 

morbidity and mortality in depressed elderly (6.2) 

Health attitude and adjustment to ill health during 

aging (6.3) 

Historic trends in health and physical functio¬ning of 

older persons (6.3) 

Metabolic syndrome and inflammation as risk factors 

for cognitive decline in older persons (6.2) 

Post-traumatic stress disorder in the elderly: 

a community-based study of prevalence, 

phenomenology, risk factors, and protective factors (6.2) 

Psychological determinants of relapse of depression 

in the elderly (6.2) 

Quality of life in patients with osteoporosis (6.4) 

Religious resources in older adults with common 

mental disorders (6.3) 

Sex-differences in late-life depression (6.2) 

Vitamin D receptor polymorphism, falls, bone density, 

and fractures (6.4) 

References 

Deeg DJH. Experiences from longitudinal studies of aging: 

Conceptualization, organization and output. NIG-Trend Studies, 

no.3. Nijmegen: Netherlands Institute of Gerontology, 1989. 

ISBN 90-70911-17-5. 

Deeg DJH, Beekman ATF, Kriegsman DMW, Westendorp-de 

Serière M. Autonomy and well-being in the aging population 2. 

Report from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, 1992- 

1996. Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1998. ISBN 90-5383- 

622-5 

Deeg DJH, Bosscher RJ, Broese van Groenou MI, Horn LM, 

Jonker C. Ouder worden in Neder¬land: Tien jaar Longitudinal 

Aging Study Amsterdam [Aging in the Netherlands: Ten years 

Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam]. Amsterdam: Thela 

Thesis, 2000. ISBN 90.5170.534.4 

Deeg DJH, Knipscheer CPM, Tilburg W van (eds.). Autonomy 

and well-being in the aging population: Concepts and design of 

the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. NIG-Trend Studies 

no. 7. Bunnik: Netherlands Institute of Gerontology, 1993. 

ISBN 90 70911-24-8. 

Deeg DJH, Westendorp-de Serière M (eds). Autonomy and 

well-being in the aging population I: Report from the Longi- 

tudinal Aging Study Amsterdam 1992-1993. Amsterdam: VU 

University Press, 1994. ISBN 90-5383-336-6. 

Knipscheer CPM, Jong Gierveld J de, Tilburg TG van, Dykstra 

PA (eds.). Living arrangements and social networks of older 

adults in the Netherlands. First results. Amsterdam: VU Univer- 

sity Press, 1995. ISBN 90-5383-404-9. 

Maggi S, Deeg DJH, Visser M. Introduction to new series on 

longitudinal studies. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 

15; 2003: 162-163. 

Themanummer: Tien jaar Longitudinal Aging Study 

Amsterdam. [Special issue: Ten years Longitudinal Aging Study 

Amsterdam]. Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie 2000; 

31: 182-228. 

Themanummer: 15 jaar Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. 

[Special issue: 15 years Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam]. 

Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie 2006; 37: 216-262. 

117 

7.1 Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam

7.2 Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study 

118 

7.2 Amsterdam Growth and Health 

Longitudinal Study 

INTRODUCTION 

In 1974, a longitudinal study was planned to monitor 

over a period of four years the growth, health, and lifestyle 

of boys and girls entering secondary school. The 

reason for this follow-up was a series of intervention 

studies to measure the effectiveness of more intensive and 

extra physical education lessons in 12–13-year-old boys 

(Kemper et al., 1971; Kemper et al., 1976). In general, no 

clear effects were found. There were indications that any 

intervention effects were masked by large inter-individual 

differences between the pupils in biological development 

and habitual physical activity. 

At that time, health authorities were complaining about 

the level of fitness of youngsters in their late teens. The 

teenage years are an important period in life. As teenagers 

grow more independent, their lifestyles and habits change 

considerably (with regard to physical activity, eating, 

smoking, and drinking alcohol). Their health perspective 

may also change. Changes in growth and development can 

be described most precisely by studying the same participants 

over a long period of time. That is what led to the 

birth of the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal 

Study (AGAHLS). 

AGAHLS started by taking four annual measurements in 

a sample of over 600 healthy 13-year-old boys and girls. 

The boys and girls were pupils at two secondary schools 

(one in Amsterdam and one in Purmerend, a suburb of 

Amsterdam). After the original four years, the follow-up 

was extended to take measurements when the participants 

were 21-, 27-, 29-, 32-, and 36 years-old. In 2006, almost 

350 41-year-old participants attended the tenth repeated 

measurement, so that almost 30-year follow-up data are 

now available. 

This longitudinal database covers the important teenage 

and young-adult periods, and makes it possible to analyse 

the data to determine the tracking characteristics of 

biological and lifestyle variables, and also to investigate 

quasi-causal relationships between lifestyle variables and 

indicators for certain chronic diseases. Moreover, new 

techniques, such as the measurement of early signs of 

atherosclerosis and osteoporosis and genetic markers for 

chronic diseases, are continuously being added to the database, 

giving the longitudinal data even more dimensions. 

‘Reunion of AGAHLS participants and their children in 2001’ 

In 2001, a reunion was organised to celebrate AGAHLS’ 

25th anniversary. Because most of the participants have 

started families, their spouses and children were also 

invited. At this reunion, the participants received a Dutch 

version of the 1995 AGAHLS monograph (Kemper ed., 

1995), which was published for them and for other interested 

people (Kemper ed., 2001). 

OBJECTIVES 

Initial period: growth, health, and fitness of teenagers (1974– 

1983) 

AGAHLS was initially designed to answer four research 

questions: 

1. How do boys and girls grow and develop with respect 

to their physical and social-psychological well-being 

between the ages of 12 and 18? 

2. How does their lifestyle change, particularly in those 

aspects that seem important for health?

3. How healthy are these teenagers, and how healthy 

is their lifestyle with respect to diet, physical activity, 

smoking behaviour, and alcohol consumption? 

4. What relationship can be discovered between lifestyle 

and health? 

In 1976, the study took off with a six-year grant obtained 

from the Foundation for Educational Research (Dutch 

Ministry of Education) and the Dutch Prevention Fund 

(currently Health Research and Development Council 

[ZonMw]). In view of the many confounding factors 

inevitably connected with longitudinal measurements, 

researchers designed a multiple longitudinal study to 

enable confounding of ‘time of measurement’ and ‘birth 

cohort’ to be separated from the main ‘age effect’. In 

1976, researchers enrolled approximately 300 pupils from 

Amsterdam’s Pius X school in three different birth cohorts 

(1963, 1964, and 1965). They participated in four annual 

measurements (1977, 1978, 1979, and 1980). 

Another problem encountered in longitudinal measurements 

is the testing, or learning, effect. When measuring 

many variables - physical as well as psychological 

- a certain motivation or habituation is required from the 

participants. This can lead to differences between measurements 

that are due solely to changes in attitude towards 

the measurement procedure itself. Such testing effects may 

be positive (i.e. when habituation or learning is important) 

or negative (i.e. when motivation decreases). Therefore, a 

control group, approximately 300 students from Purmerend’s 

Ignatius College, were measured only once during 

the four-year period (25% of the pupils each year). The 

measurements of this “control” school were comparable 

with those of the “longitudinal” school, except that they 

were not repeated measurements, but were derived from 

independent samples (Kemper et al., 1978). Comparing 

the data from the two schools, possible systematic divergence 

of mean values over age is an indication of a testing 

effect. The multiple longitudinal design made it possible 

to estimate confounding effects that can interfere with 

the main age effects during the first four adolescent years, 

including drop-out effects and stochastic measurement 

errors (Kemper et al., 1983). 

The data collection was facilitated by a mobile research 

lab that was transported by trailer from the longitudinal 

school to the control school, and vice versa, and finally 

brought back to the VUmc in 2002. After almost 30 years 

of excellent service, the mobile research lab was dismantled 

after a new lab was installed in the VUmc. 

The results over the teenage period show clearly that, 

although physical fitness and health do not decline during 

this period in either boys or girls, habitual physical activity 

(measured by means of pedometers, heart-rate monitors, 

and interviews) declined dramatically, and that eating 

habits were characterised by a constant pattern of a toohigh 

fat and protein content and a too-low carbohydrate 

content. A significant increase was seen in the percentage 

of smokers and alcohol consumers (Kemper ed., 1985). 

‘Last picture of the 30 year-old mobile research laboratory on the VU 

campus’ 

Second period: young adulthood (1983–1995) 

The initial results required a continuation of the longitudinal 

study to find out whether lifestyle changes ultimately 

manifested in physical and psychosocial characteristics in 

adulthood and to find out what direction the changes take 

in young adulthood. Grants from several organisations 

in the Netherlands (Dutch Heart Foundation; Health 

Research and Development Council; Ministry of Health, 

Welfare, and Sport; Dairy Foundation on Nutrition and 

Health; NOC*NSF) enabled the study’s continuation. The 

participants in the longitudinal study were measured again 

at the mean age of 21 years in 1985, and at the mean ages 

of 27 and 29 years in 1991 and 1993. 

A critical update of the measurements was in order; some 

new measurements were included and old ones were 

dropped. New measurements included stress and isokinetic 

leg muscle force in 1985 and 1991, and bone-density 

of the lumbar region in 1991 and of the hip and wrist in 

1993. The bone density measurements were performed 

in collaboration with the VUmc’s Department of Nuclear 

Medicine (Prof. J. Teule, Dr. J.C. Roos, and Dr. P.Th. 

A.M. Lips). The measurement of skeletal age was dropped 

because all participants had already reached full maturity. 

Results over this 15-year follow-up period show an increase 

in a series of risk indicators for cardiovascular diseases. For 

example, at the age of 27, one-third of the population was 

overweight (body mass index ≥ 25), and blood pressure and 

cholesterol levels had increased considerably (Kemper et 

al., 1999). These findings indicate that even at the age of 

27 (and probably before), preventive strategies to reduce 

fat mass and serum cholesterol are of great importance. 

One important aspect of AGAHLS was the repeated measurement 

of various aspects of lifestyle, including nutritional 

intake, physical activity, and behavioural patterns 

such as stress and coping style. The descriptive nature of 

AGAHLS does not justify the drawing of firm conclusions 

about the effects of lifestyle and psychosocial patterns 

on health. However, modern statistical methods, such as 

longitudinal analysis with generalised estimating equations 

(GEE) give strong support to the assumption, for 

example, that physical activity during adolescence and 

young adulthood is an important determinant of maximal 

119 

7.2 Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study


120 

aerobic power at the age of 27, and that this relationship is 

not merely a result of self-selection (Mechelen et al., 2000; 

Kemper et al., 2001a; Kemper et al., 2001b). Tracking 

analyses show that physical activity (Twisk et al., 2000) 

and dietary intake (Post et al., 2001) have a low stability, 

which is certainly lower than biological factors such as 

overweight and serum cholesterol. 

Motivation of the participants: adherence and drop-out 

To motivate the participants to adhere to the longitudinal 

study, special measures were taken during the different 

age periods. During the adolescent period, the physical 

measurements (anthropometry, physical fitness) and the 

questionnaires and interviews took place during regular 

school hours in classrooms, gymnasiums, and the purposebuilt 

mobile research unit parked in front of the schools. 

The main reason for drop-out was leaving school (due to 

relocation and/or selection of the pupil by school authorities). 

The drop-out percentage was a foreseeable 24%. 

After 1985, the participants had left school and were spread 

throughout the country. They were asked to continue their 

participation by visiting the laboratories in Amsterdam 

for one whole day. The drop-out percentages were 14% 

in 1985, 9% in 1991, and 11% in 1993. Selective dropout 

was investigated by testing differences in the relevant 

characteristics between those who continued to participate 

and those who dropped out of the study. 

From the beginning, participants received booklets that 

reported AGAHLS’ general results and their personal 

records. Their own results were compared with the mean 

values of the entire longitudinal group and, if possible, 

with the age- and sex-specific norms of the entire Dutch 

population. 

PhD theses 

‘The first AGAHLS monograph, published in 1985’ 

Since the 1993 measurements, three published PhD theses 

have used AGAHLS’ longitudinal database. 

Jos Twisk developed a new methodological approach to 

track blood cholesterol over a 15-year period and measure 

its relationship with other risk factors for coronary heart 

disease (Twisk, 1995). His tracking analysis shows the 

stability of a certain risk factor over time and/or the 

predictability of future values by early measurements. A 

new method was applied to calculate tracking coefficients, 

based on a statistical model in which the initial value of 

the variable of interest is related to the entire longitudinal 

development of the same variable. The standard regression 

coefficient related to the initial value can be interpreted 

as a tracking coefficient (Twisk et al., 1994). The parameters 

of the model are estimated with GEE, a method 

suitable for the longitudinal analysis of both continuous 

and dichotomous outcome variables. Comparison of the 

GEE-tracking coefficients with more traditional methods 

revealed that the latter mainly underestimate the real 

tracking phenomenon. In addition to tracking analyses, 

further analyses were performed to determine the factors 

influencing the tracking of cholesterol and high-density 

lipoprotein (Twisk et al., 1996a). A study was also made of 

the longitudinal relationship between lifestyle and biological 

risk indicators for cardiovascular disease (Twisk et al., 

1996b; Twisk et al., 1997; Twisk et al., 1998a), between 

personality characteristics and risk indicators for cardiovascular 

disease (Twisk et al., 1998b) and between lifestyle 

and lung-function parameters (Twisk et al., 1998c). 

Desiree Welten studied calcium intake in relation to bone 

status during youth (Welten, 1996). Her thesis focused on 

the problems encountered in measuring dietary calcium 

intake longitudinally by means of the cross-check dietary 

history method. Furthermore, she analysed the relationship 

between calcium intake and (peak) bone mass, 

measured with dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in the 

lumbar spine. She formulated three research questions: 

1) Is there a relationship between calcium intake during 

youth and the development of peak bone mineral density 

when the influence of physical activity and body weight 

was accounted for? (Welten et al., 1994); 2) How well 

does the calcium and dairy intake track from adolescence 

into adulthood?; and 3) Is a newly developed dairy questionnaire 

a valid method to recall the calcium intake of 8 

and 16 years previously in 29-year old men and women? 

(Welten et al., 1995a; Welten et al., 1996). Her main 

conclusion was that no significant effects of calcium intake 

were found. However, a meta-analysis seems to provide 

overall evidence that 1% bone mass loss per year can be 

prevented in pre-menopausal women by a calcium supplement 

of 1000 mg/day (Welten et al., 1995b). The calcium 

and dairy intake track only modestly, and these intakes 

during adolescence seem to be relatively poor predictors 

for adult values. In young adults, the retrospectively 

reported calcium intake seems to be a relatively poor estimation 

of the actual calcium intake of 8–16 years ago.

Frank van Lenthe described the development of a central 

pattern of body fat from adolescence into adulthood 

(Lenthe, 1998). On the basis of the literature, it was 

speculated that not only total body fatness (as measured 

with the sum of four skin folds), but also its distribution 

over the body (as measured by trunk-extremity skin-fold 

ratios) is related to risk factors for cardiovascular diseases 

(Lenthe et al., 1998a). Between the mean ages of 13 and 

29 years, the trunk-extremity skin-fold ratios remained 

relatively constant in the women, but a marked increase 

was found in the men. The magnitude of the longitudinal 

tracking coefficient of 0.55 suggests that the roots of a 

central pattern of body fat in adulthood are already present 

in the teens (Lenthe et al., 1996a). The influence of the 

timing of biological maturation on the development of a 

central pattern of body fat showed that only girls with a 

relatively early menarche have significantly higher trunkextremity 

skin-fold ratios between 13 and 27 years of age 

than girls with relatively late menarche ([Lenthe et al., 

1996b). Behavioural variables (such as activity, nutrient 

intake, smoking, and alcohol consumption) did not affect 

the development of a central pattern of body fat in this age 

period (Lenthe et al., 1998b). However, type A behaviour, 

after adjustment for total body fatness, was significantly 

negatively correlated at the age of 27 (in both sexes), 

and the personality traits ‘dominance’ and ‘rigidity’ were 

significantly negatively correlated between 13 and 21 years 

of age (only in males) with trunk-extremity skin-fold ratios 

(Lenthe et al., 1998c). 

Van Mechelen et al. (1998) reported a significant longitudinal 

relationship between resting heart rate, on the one 

hand, and cardiovascular disease risk indicators (blood 

pressure and maximal oxygen uptake) on the other hand. 

These relationships did not change substantially when 

corrected for smoking and physical activity. 

Third period: a model for health promotion? (1995-1999) 

In 1996 and 1997, AGHLS researchers took follow-up 

measurements of approximately 450 participants at the 

mean age of 32. They measured not only participants in 

the longitudinal group, but also – for only the second time 

participants in the control group, who were measured only 

once during their teenage period. 

There were two reasons for including the control group. 

They were needed, after the inevitable drop-outs that 

had occurred in the previous 20–25 years, to retain the 

minimal number of participants for statistical analyses. 

The second, more important reason, was to answer 

the following research question: Does a programme of 

repeated measurements and reports of results between the 

ages of 12 and 34 years (compared to a programme of just 

two measurements) benefit health status? The results can 

be sub-divided into three categories: 

1) The effects on nine biological risk factors for chronic 

diseases were limited: in men, a borderline significant 

difference was found in the 20-year change for the 

body-fat distribution (ratio of subscapular and triceps 

skin fold, S/T ratio), favouring the longitudinal group 

(Kemper et al., 2002a). A significantly healthier effect 

was seen in systolic blood pressure in the control 

group. In women only, the change in S/T ratio was 

better in the intervention group. 

2) The effect on dietary intake was also relatively small: 

out of the 14 nutrients, the longitudinal group 

showed a significantly larger decrease in the mono 

and disaccharides only, compared to the control 

group (Vente et al., 2001). 

3) Contrary to the hypothesis that repeated medical 

check-ups combined with health information should 

increase the level of daily physical activity, both men 

and women in the control group showed a signif 

cantly smaller decrease in physical activity compared 

to the longitudinal group (Kemper et al., 2002b). 

‘The second AGAHLS monograph, published in 1995’ 

Last period: 2000-2004 

In 2000, a ninth repeated measurement took place, in which 

a non-invasive measurement was included to estimate preclinical 

atherosclerosis of blood vessels (in collaboration 

with Prof. C.D.A. Stehouwer), measurement of heel bone 

by ultrasound (Dr. P.Th.A.M. Lips), and retrospective 

measurement of birth weight (Prof. H.A. Delemarre-van 

de Waal). Collaboration has also been established with 

the Erasmus University Medical Centre in Rotterdam 

(Department of Internal Medicine). Genetic markers of 

obesity (Prof. S.W.J. Lamberts) and osteoporosis (Prof. 

H.A.P. Pols) were measured in the DNA of venous blood 

samples that had been collected from the participants in 

the past. 

Five other research questions were addressed in this 

period: 

1) What is the importance of lifestyle factors (physical 

activity, diet, alcohol consumption, and smoking) for 

the development of biological cardiovascular disease 

risk indicators? 

121 



122 

2) What is the relative importance of lifestyles during 

adolescence and young adulthood for the bone-mineral 

density of men and women in their 30s? 

3) What is the influence of biological risk indicators 

forcardiovascular disease (lipoproteins, blood pre 

sure, body fat, aerobic fitness), lifestyle risk indicators 

for cardiovascular disease (nutrient intake, physical 

activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking) and their 

interaction on preclinical atherosclerosis? 

4) Is there a relationship between birth weight andthe 

development of biological and lifestyle risk factors 

(between 12 and 36 years of age) and indicators of 

osteoporosis and atherosclerosis at the age of 36? 

5) What is the relationship between coffee consumption 

and subjectively experienced health, and what is the 

role of claimed sensitivity in this relationship? 

In 2002, Lando Koppes completed his PhD thesis on 

alcohol consumption (Koppes, 2002). He investigated the 

development of alcohol consumption from adolescence 

into adulthood: in women of all age groups, wine is the 

most popular alcoholic beverage, while men prefer beer. 

The mean amount of alcohol consumed peaks at the age of 

21 in men (13.5 units per drinker per week) and in women 

at the age of 36 (9.1 units per drinker per week) (Koppes 

et al., 2000a). 

The relationship between alcohol consumption and serum 

cholesterol (Koppes et al., 2000b) revealed that 32-year-old 

participants who consumed more than ten alcoholic drinks 

per week have more favourable HDL-cholesterol levels 

than non-drinkers. From the relationship between alcohol 

consumption and personality characteristics (Koppes et 

al., 2001), it was concluded that alcohol consumption was 

significantly associated with lower personality scores with 

regard to social inadequacy, rigidity, and self-sufficiently. 

With regard to the validity of the measurement of alcohol 

by means of a quantity-frequency questionnaire and/or a 

cross-check dietary history interview, it was found that 1) 

overall greater alcohol consumption was reported in the 

dietary history interview, and 2) the precision and validity 

of the quantity-frequency questionnaire appeared to be 

low (Koppes et al., 2002). Furthermore, he showed that 

widely used questionnaires such as the CAGE were poor in 

detecting alcohol-related problems (Koppes et al., 2004). 

In 2002, two supplements with AGAHLS data were 

published. The International Journal of Sports Medicine 

first published a supplement entitled “The relationship 

between physical activity and physical fitness in youth 

and cardiovascular health later in life - what longitudinal 

studies can tell” (van Mechelen et al., 2002; van Mechelen, 

2002). Included are research papers from several longitudinal 

studies, with three papers from AGAHLS (Twisk 

et al., 2002a; Twisk et al., 2002b; Twisk et al., 2002c). 

Subsequently, a supplement was published in Bone, entitled 

“Mechanical loading of bone, bridging the gap between 

animal and human studies” (Twisk et al, 2002c; Kemper et 

al., 2002). Included is an AGAHLS paper on the relationship 

between physical activity and bone mass (Kemper et 

al., 2002c). 

’Prof. Kemper handing a popular version of the 1995 monograph to one 

of the volunteers’ 

In 2003, Claire Bernaards published her thesis on smoking 

behaviour. She found that the prevalence of smoking over 

the 20-year period increased gradually in both sexes, and 

that biological maturation is not a better predictor of 

smoking during adolescence than calendar age (Bernaards 

et al., 2001a). The relative validity of instruments to 

measure lifetime smoking behaviour was estimated by 

comparing retrospectively with prospectively calculated 

pack-years over a period of 23 years (between 13 and 36 

years of age). The relative validity of comparing retrospectively 

with prospectively calculated pack-years was found 

to be moderate (Bernaards et al., 2001b). In both sexes, 

trends for a reduction in blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, 

body weight, and waist-to-hip ratio are demonstrated with 

increased smoking. Cardiovascular fitness and heart rate 

response to exercise are already reduced in young healthy 

smokers. In men, the adverse effects of smoking become 

stronger with increasing age, but appear to be reversible 

at the age of 36 (Bernaards et al., 2003). Smoking was also 

found to be inversely related with the quality of the heel 

bone, measured with ultrasound techniques (Bernaards et 

al., 2004a). In this population, self-reports of smoking and 

the NicCheck1®, a dipstick in urine that estimates nicotine 

metabolites, seemed to be equally valid (Bernaards et 

al., 2004b). 

Ingrid Bakker investigated the longitudinal relationship 

of genes, daily physical activity, and dietary intake with 

lumbar bone mineral density, measured from 27 until 

36 years of age (Bakker, 2003). She found that physical 

activity that causes mechanical loading on the lumbar 

spine has a small positive influence on the lumbar bone

mineral density in men, but not in women (Bakker et al., 

2003a). With respect to body composition parameters 

(body height, body weight, skinfolds, circumferences), fatfree 

mass appeared to be the most important determinant 

for the ten-year longitudinal development of lumbar bone 

in both sexes (Bakker et al., 2003b). Ingrid also developed 

a computer-guided cross-check dietary history interview 

based on the face-to-face cross-check dietary history interview 

that was initially used (Post, 1989), and this showed a 

reduction in interview bias but similar quality, compared to 

the face-to-face interview method (Bakker et al., 2003c). 

In her thesis, Isabel Ferreira analysed data on current 

and adolescent levels of cardiopulmonary fitness and the 

relationship with large artery properties at the age of 36 

(Ferreira, 2004). It was found that not only current, but 

also adolescent levels of VO2max were inversely and independently 

associated with carotid intima media thickness 

(but only in men), and also that current and adolescent 

levels of VO2max were positively associated with the 

compliance of both the elastic carotid and the muscular 

femoral artery, and with carotid but not femoral arterial 

distensibility (Ferreira et al., 2002a). Increases in VO2max 

that occur during adolescence and young adulthood were 

also found to be associated with less arterial stiffness 

(Ferreira et al., 2003). Improving VO2max by increasing 

daily physical activity levels may therefore be important 

in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Body 

fatness and body fat distribution are also associated with 

large artery structural and functional properties at an 

adult age, the roots of which may already be present in 

adolescence (Ferreira et al., 2004a; Ferreira et al., 2004b). 

The clustering of risk factors for the metabolic syndrome 

(hypertension, central obesity, and dyslipidaemia) appears 

to be associated with large artery stiffness in young and 

apparently healthy adults (Ferreira et al., 2005). 

Saskia te Velde tackled the Barker hypothesis concerning 

the foetal origins of chronic diseases later in life. She first 

investigated the relationship between birth weight, as a 

proxy of intra-uterine growth, and adult body composition. 

Lower birth weight was related to a higher adult-age 

subcutaneous and central fat mass, indicating a higher 

risk for obesity (Velde et al., 2003a). In a second study, 

she analysed the relationship between birth weight and 

musculoskeletal health: birth weight was positively associated 

with fat-free mass, but not with muscle strength, and 

with respect to bone mineral content, birth weight was 

only related with lumbar bone. However, birth weight 

was unexpectedly inversely related with heel bone mass, 

measured by means of ultrasound techniques (Velde et 

al., 2004a). In a third study, described in her thesis (Velde, 

2004), the mediating effect of arterial stiffness in the relationship 

between low birth weight and increased blood 

pressure was investigated: lower birth weight was related 

to increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and also 

to increased arterial stiffness (Velde et al., 2004b). 

The research group has completed a third monograph 

on the research findings from the 23 years of extensive 

longitudinal follow-up in AGAHLS (Kemper ed. 2004), 

entitled: Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study 

– a 23-year follow-up from teenage to adulthood investigating 

the relationship between life-style and health. This publication 

comprises 14 chapters, written by various authors who all 

are members of the AGAHLS research group. 

‘The third AGAHLS monograph, published in 2004. 

FUTURE ACTIVITIES 

After the principal investigator, Han Kemper, retired, 

Willem van Mechelen and Jos Twisk took over this job 

in collaboration with Lando Koppes (as project leader). 

The tenth round of measurements, has just finished. In 

this measurement round, the vessel wall characteristics 

of the remaining (about 350) participants will be remeasured, 

and the changes in these parameters will be related 

to changes in body composition, which will be measured 

by DEXA. Furthermore, repeated measurements will be 

made regarding lifestyle, biochemical blood parameters, 

anthropometrics, lung function, and physical fitness. A 

‘new’ outcome measurement will also be taken; i.e. (cognitive) 

functioning of the brain. 

Besides this more ‘topic related research’, AGHALS data 

will also be used to answer methodological questions, such 

as multivariate longitudinal data analysis and the analysis 

of time courses in determinants of adult health outcomes. 

To get the most out of this new measurement round, 

AGHLS has become a multidisciplinary project involving, 

in addition to EMGO, the Research Institute for Cardiology 

and Internal Medicine, the Department of Clinical 

Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of 

Neuropsychology, and the Institute of Health Sciences 

(which is part of the Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences of 

the Vrije Universiteit). 

123 



124 

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Post GB. Nutrition in adolescence: a longitudinal study in dietary 

patterns from teenage to adult. Thesis, Agriculture University 

Wageningen, De Vrieseborch, Haarlem, 1989. 

Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, Mechelen W van, Post GB, Lenthe 

FJ van. Body fatness: longitudinal relationship of body mass index 

and the sum of skinfolds with other risk factors for coronary heart 

disease. Intern J Obesity 1998a; 22:915-922. 

Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, Mechelen W van, Post GB. Tracking 

of risk factors for coronary heart disease over a 14-year period: a 

comparison between life-style and biological risk factors with data 

from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study. Am J Epid 1997; 

145:888-898. 

Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, Mechelen W van. Prediction of 

cardiovascular disease risk factors later in life by physical activity 

and physical fitness in youth: introduction. Int J Sports Med 

2002a; S1, vol 23: S5-S7. 

Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, Mechelen W van. Prediction of 

cardiovascular disease risk factors later in life by physical activity 

and physical fitness in youth: general comments and conclusions. 

Int J Sports Med 2002c; S1, vol 23:S44-S49. 

Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, Mechelen W van. The relationship 

between physical fitness and physical activity during adoles- 

cence and cardiovascular disease risk factors at adult age. The 

Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study, Int J Sports 

Med 2002b; S1; vol 23:S8-S14. 

Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, Mechelen W van. Tracking of activity 

and fitness and the relationship with cardiovascular disease risk 

factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32:1455-1461. 

Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, Mellenbergh GJ, Mechelen W van. 

Factors influencing tracking of cholesterol and high-density 

lipoprotein: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study. Prev Med 

1996a; 25:355-364. 

Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, Mellenbergh GJ, Mechelen W van. 

Relation between the longitudinal development of lipoprotein 

levels and biological parameters during adolescence and young 

adulthood in Amsterdam. J Epid Comm Health 1996b; 50:505- 

511. 

Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, Mellenbergh GJ. The mathematical 

and analytical aspects of tracking. Epid Rev 1994; 16:165-183. 

Twisk JWR, Snel J, Kemper HCG, Mechelen W van. Relation 

between the longitudinal development of personality characteris- 

tics and biological and lifestyle characteristics for coronary heart 

disease. Psychosomatic Med 1998b; 60:372-377. 

Twisk JWR, Staal JB, Brinkman MN, Kemper HCG, Mechelen 

W van. Tracking of lung function parameters and the longitudinal 

relationship with lifestyle. Eur Respir J 1998c;12:627-634. 

Twisk JWR. Tracking of blood cholesterol over a 15 year period 

and its relation to other risk factors for coronary heart disease: 

a new methodological approach with data from the Amsterdam 

Growth and Health Study. Thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 

1995. ISBN 90-802727-1-X. 

Velde SJ te, Twisk JWR, Mechelen W van, Kemper HCG. Birth 

weight, adult body composition, and subcutaneous fat distribu- 

tion. Obes Res 2003a; 11,2:202-208. 

Velde SJ te, Twisk JWR, Mechelen W van, Kemper HCG. Birth 

weight and musculoskeletal health in adulthood – results from the 

Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. Osteoporos 

Int. 2004a;15:382-388. 

Velde SJ te, Ferreira I, Twisk JWR, Stehouwer CDA, Mechelen W 

van, Kemper HCGr. Birth weight and arterial stiffness and blood 

pressure in adulthood – results from the Amste dam Growth and 

Health Longitudinal Sudy. Int J Epidemiol. 2004b;33:154-161. 

Velde SJ te, Twisk JWR, Mechelen W van, Kemper HCG. A 

birth-weight questionnaire indicated that life style modifies the 

birth weight and metabolic syndrome relationship at age 36. 

J Clin Epidemiol 2005;58:1172-9. 

Velde SJ te. Birth Weight and Adult Health. Thesis, Vrije Univer- 

siteit Amsterdam, 2004. ISBN 90-80272795. 

Vente W de, Post GB, Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, Mechelen 

W van. Effects of health measurements and health information 

in youth and young adulthood in dietary intake – 20-year study 

results from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal 

Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001;55:819-823. 

Welten DC, Kemper HCG, Post GB, Mechelen W van, Twisk 

JWR, Lips PThM, Teule GJ. Weight-bearing activity during 

youth is a more important factor for peak bone mass than calcium 

intake. J Bone Min Res 1994; 9:1089-1096. 

Welten DC, Kemper HCG, Post GB, Staveren WA van. A meta- 

analysis of the effect of calcium intake on bone mass in young and 

middle aged females and males. J Nutr 1995b; 125:2802-2813. 

Welten DC, Kemper HCG, Post GB, Staveren WA van. Compar- 

ison of a quantitative dairy questionnaire with a dietary history in 

young adults. Intern J Epid 1995a; 24:763-770. 

Welten DC, Kemper HCG, Post GB, Staveren WA van. Relative 

validity of 16-years recall of calcium intake by a dairy question- 

naire in young Dutch adults. J Nutr 1996; 126:2843-2850. 

Welten DC. Calcium intake in relation to bone health during 

youth: results from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longi- 

tudinal Study. Thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1996. ISBN 

90-802727-2-8.

7.3 Hoorn Study 

INTRODUCTION 

The modern lifestyle, short on physical activity and long 

on food, is creating a problem in societies around the 

world: obesity and its related diseases. Approximately 

20–25% of the adults in Western society suffer from 

the ‘metabolic syndrome’, a clustering of three or more 

cardiovascular risk factors, which include a large waist 

circumference, high blood pressure, high glucose levels, 

low HDL cholesterol levels, and high triglyceride levels. 

Men and women with the metabolic syndrome have a risk 

of cardiovascular disease twice as high as their healthier 

neighbours, and are more than five times more likely to 

develop type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is a major contributor 

to compromised quality of life and the high costs of 

healthcare. Diabetes is defined by the presence of elevated 

blood glucose levels and is usually accompanied by an 

unfavourable cardiovascular disease risk profile. In the 

Netherlands, approximately 10% of the population aged 

50–75 years old has type 2 diabetes mellitus. Partly due to 

the aging population and partly due to changes in lifestyle 

and the resulting epidemic of obesity, the percentage of 

people with diabetes is growing rapidly and is estimated to 

increase to one-third of the adult population in 2010. 

Previous studies have indicated that 30–50% of diabetic 

patients are undiagnosed. Only when symptoms and/or 

complications become manifest is diabetes diagnosed, 

usually by the general practitioner, and treatment is 

then initiated. However, despite treatment, most patients 

develop complications (cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, 

nephropathy, and neuropathy), which lower their quality 

of life considerably and impose a heavy burden on the 

healthcare budget. 

Since the onset of type 2 diabetes is also being observed 

in younger age groups, and the duration of diabetes is 

the strongest predictor of complications, the prevalence 

of complications is also expected to increase. Clearly, 

prevention or delay of the occurrence of type 2 diabetes 

and diabetes-related complications can contribute to the 

reduction of morbidity in the elderly. EMGO’s diabetes 

research is aimed at identifying risk factors for type 2 

diabetes and its complications and at developing strategies 

for prevention. 

In 1989, the Hoorn Study was initiated to study the prevalence 

and determinants of type 2 diabetes in the general 

population in the Netherlands. The Hoorn Study cohort 

has been monitored ever since and has been extended to 

include additional study populations. In 1996, to support 

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128 

diabetes care in the region, the West-Frisian Care System 

was initiated and a diabetes research centre built. Over the 

years, the number of patients with diabetes who participate 

in the West-Frisian Care System grew to more than 

4000. The number of ongoing research projects within the 

Hoorn Study also grew, and so, in November 2005, a new 

and larger diabetes research centre opened near Hoorn’s 

local hospital. The new centre is equipped with a vascular 

laboratory, an ophthalmologic examination unit, storage 

facilities, and test equipment, and well-trained research 

assistants have been appointed to guarantee the quality of 

the research. 

OBJECTIVES 

The initial objective of the Hoorn Study was to determine 

the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and associated risk factors 

in a study population of approximately 2,500 people. The 

objectives were later extended to study risk factors for 

diabetes and cardiovascular disease and other diabetes 

complications in a prospective follow-up of the original 

cohort. The study population has since been increased 

to include new samples of diabetic patients and patients 

with impaired glucose tolerance. Repeated medical examinations 

and follow-ups of morbidity and mortality in a 

well-defined population make it possible to study new 

risk factors and effective methods for the prevention 

and treatment of chronic disease. The many facets of 

diabetes are being studied in a multidisciplinary approach, 

involving collaboration with specialists from various fields 

of research. 

DESIGN 

Population and measurements 

The Hoorn Study is a population-based cohort study of a 

general population in the Netherlands. In 1989, a random 

sample was taken from Hoorn’s municipal register. Of the 

3553 men and women aged 50–75 years old who were 

invited, 2540 (71.5%) agreed to participate. Of those, 

researchers excluded 56 non-Caucasian subjects, resulting 

in the initial Hoorn Study cohort of 2,484 subjects. All 

participants, except those who were on glucose-lowering 

medication, underwent an oral glucose tolerance test, 

which consisted of drinking a solution of 75 g glucose in 

300 ml water after an overnight fast. They underwent a 

physical examination and completed questionnaires on 

their health status and lifestyle. 

The results showed that approximately 8% of all participants 

had diabetes, 4% of whom were previously undiagnosed. 

Another 10% had impaired glucose tolerance 

(Mooy, 1995). 

In 1991–1992, approximately 700 people, a sample of 

the original 2484 stratified by age and glucose tolerance, 

were invited to undergo more extensive measurements 

for diabetes-related complications at the Vrije Universiteit 

Academic Hospital in Amsterdam. These measurements 

included vascular- and autonomic-function tests 

and tests for the presence of atherosclerosis, neuropathy, 

nephropathy, and retinopathy. As expected, the risk of 

complications was highest in the known diabetic patients.

Researchers also found that patients with newly diagnosed 

diabetes, and even patients with impaired glucose tolerance, 

had a worse cardiovascular risk profile and also 

performed worse on a number of the function tests than 

people with normal glucose tolerance. In addition, the 

follow-up study of patients with impaired glucose tolerance 

showed that over 30% progressed to diabetes within 

five years (Beks, 1996; Nijpels, 1997). 

In collaboration with the general practitioners and the 

local hospital, researchers are monitoring morbidity and 

mortality in the Hoorn Study cohort. The population 

register of the city of Hoorn provides information on 

the vital status of the participants who gave informed 

consent. Causes of death and information about morbidity 

are extracted from the medical records in the general 

practices and the local hospital. A specially developed 

computer programme is being used to classify morbidity 

and mortality according to the International Classification 

of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death. A certified 

nosologist who checked the International Classification 

codes assigned to the deaths of a sample of 23 participants 

found an almost perfect agreement with regard to the 

category of cardiovascular mortality. During ten years of 

follow-up, participants with known diabetes had a fourto-five 

times higher risk for all-cause and cardiovascular 

mortality, compared to participants with normal glucose 

levels (De Vegt, 1999). 

In 1996–1998, original participants of the Hoorn Study 

were invited for a follow-up medical examination. Of the 

initial cohort, 150 people had died and 108 had moved 

away from Hoorn. For logistical reasons, 140 other 

participants were not invited. Of the remaining 2086 

participants, 1513 (72.5%) came in for the follow-up 

examination, at which researchers conducted a physical 

examination and redetermined the participants glucose 

tolerance. After a mean follow-up of 6.4 years, 133 (9.9%) 

new cases of diabetes were found in the 1342 participants 

who had no diabetes at baseline. Participants who had both 

impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose 

at baseline had the highest risk of progression to diabetes: 

64.5%. Similar risks of 33.8% and 33.0% were observed 

for participants with isolated impaired glucose tolerance 

and isolated impaired fasting glucose, respectively. Of 

the participants who had both normal fasting and postload 

glucose levels at baseline, only 4.5% had diabetes at 

follow-up. In addition to baseline glycaemia, the waist:hip 

ratio was also found to be a predictor of future diabetes 

(De Vegt, 2001). 

Microalbuminuria is a strong indicator of the risk of 

cardiovascular disease and renal dysfunction. In the Hoorn 

Study, microalbuminuria was determined in the subsample 

stratified by sex, age, and glucose tolerance, both 

at baseline in 1989–1990 and at the follow-up medical 

examination in 1996–1998. Of the 316 participants with no 

microalbuminuria at baseline, 14.0% of the non-diabetics 

and 22.7% of the diabetics had developed microalbuminuria 

at follow-up. High levels of homocysteine, an 

independent risk factor for atherothrombotic disease, was 

also found to be an independent risk factor for microalbuminuria 

(Jager, 2001). 

Researchers have reported an association between the 

concentration of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule- 

1 (sICAM-1) and the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause 

mortality. Participants who died had higher levels of 

129 

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130 

sICAM-1 than those who survived (506[164] vs. 477[162] 

ng/ml, respectively). After adjustment for age, sex, and 

glucose tolerance, participants with sICAM-1 levels in the 

upper quartile (≥550 ng/ml) had a relative risk for cardiovascular 

mortality of 2.05 (95% confidence interval, 1.10– 

3.81), compared to those with sICAM-1 levels in the other 

quartiles. Further adjustment for classical cardiovascular 

risk factors or indicators of (sub-)clinical atherosclerosis, 

endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and renal function 

showed no significant change in this relative risk. A high 

sICAM-1 level was more frequently found in participants 

with diabetes than in those with a normal glucose tolerance 

(33.3% vs. 17.8%) (Becker, 2002). 

Becker also showed that women, but not men, with type 

2 diabetes had the same three-fold risk for cardiovascular 

events as those who already had a history of cardiovascular 

disease. The combined presence of diabetes and a 

history of cardiovascular disease was associated with an 

even higher, six-fold risk for a cardiovascular event in both 

men and women (Becker, 2003). Dekker showed that 

these differences also reflected associations between the 

metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (Dekker, 

2005). 

To study possible differences in the aetiology of cardiovascular 

disease in participants with and without diabetes, 

follow-up medical examinations were carried out in 2000– 

2001. As many patients with diabetes had died before 

this follow-up, newly diagnosed diabetic patients, who 

had recently been identified through a screening study 

in the region, were also included. Henry studied vascular 

function in 780 participants (179 with impaired glucose 

metabolism, 314 with type 2 diabetes) with a mean age 

of 68 years. Diabetic participants were characterised by 

impaired endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation, 

increased IMT, arterial and central stiffness (Schram, 

2004), and left ventricular mass (in women only) (Henry, 

2004). The higher left ventricular mass in women with 

diabetes was not explained by the reduced vascular function 

of stiffness, fasting insulin or glucose levels, or other 

cardiovascular risk factors. Increased arterial stiffness, 

but not impaired flow-mediated vasodilation, was already 

apparent in participants with impaired glucose metabolism, 

thus preceding diabetes. Snijder studied the contribution 

of different regional fat depots or lean tissue to arterial 

stiffness. Larger trunk fat mass was associated with higher 

peripheral arterial stiffness, but not with central arterial 

stiffness (Snijder, 2004). This may (partly) be explained by 

the relationship of fat distribution with lipid metabolism, 

since Bos showed that fat distribution was associated with 

differences in lipoprotein lipase activity and hepatic lipase 

activity, which are key enzymes in lipid metabolism (Bos, 

2005). 

These results suggest that high insulin and glucose levels 

contribute to atherosclerosis and impaired vascular function 

before the onset of diabetes. However, the presence 

of diabetes then accelerates the deleterious processes of 

cardiovascular disease. 

In 2005, the New Hoorn Study began. This study is 

creating a new cohort of 3000 men and women, aged 

40–65. This study will report the prevalence of impaired 

glucose regulation and diabetes in the Dutch general 

population, which is expected to have greatly increased. 

Recent studies have shown that even in subjects with 

normal glucose regulation, there is considerable variation 

in insulin secretion by the beta cells in the pancreas. 

Very little is known about the determinants of beta-cell 

function; therefore, this will be a major focus of the New 

Hoorn Study. As possible determinants of beta-cell function, 

initial studies will investigate the contributions of 

lifestyle, including stress. 


At present, a new follow-up examination is being carried 

out in the surviving participants of the Hoorn Study. This 

time, focus is on cognitive function in relation to insulin 

resistance, hyperglycaemia, and level of atherosclerosis. 

In the New Hoorn Study, sub-studies will be initiated to 

investigate additional hypotheses. 

In addition, there are initiatives to follow up the morbidity 

and mortality of more than 4000 participants in the West- 

Frisian Care System and to model the determinants of 

diabetes complications.

References 

Mooy JM, Grootenhuis PA, Vries H de, Valkenburg HA, Bouter 

LM, Kostense PJ, Heine RJ. Prevalence and determinants of 

glucose intolerance in a Dutch Caucasian population: the Hoorn 

Study. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 1270-3. 

Beks PJ, Mackaay AJC, Neeling JND de, Vries H de, Bouter LM, 

Heine RJ. Peripheral arterial disease in relation to glycaemic level 

in an elderly Caucasian population: the Hoorn Study. Diabeto- 

logia 1995; 38: 86-96. 

Nijpels G, Popp-Snijders C, Kostense PJ, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. 

Fasting proinsulin and 2-h post-load glucose levels predict the 

conversion to NIDDM in subjects with impaired glucose 

tolerance: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 1996; 39: 113-8. 

Vegt F de, Dekker JM, Ruhé HG, Stehouwer CDA, Nijpels G, 

Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Hyperglycaemia is associated with all- 

cause and cardiovascular mortality in the Hoorn population: the 

Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 1999; 42: 926-31. 

Jager A, Kostense PJ, Nijpels G, Dekker JM, Heine RJ, Bouter 

LM, Donker AM, Stehouwer CDA. Serum homocysteine levels 

are associated with the development of (micro)albuminuria : the 

Hoorn Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 74-81. 

Vegt F de, Dekker JM, Jager A, Hienkens E, Kostense PJ, 

Stehouwer CDA, Nijpels G, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Relation 

of impaired fasting and postload glucose with incident type 2 

diabetes in a Dutch population: the Hoorn Study. JAMA 2001; 

285: 2109-13. 

131 

7.3 Hoorn Study


132 

Becker A, Hinsbergh VWM van, Jager A, Kostense PJ, Dekker 

JM, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CDA. Why is 

soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-I related to cardiovascular 

mortality? Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32: 1-8. 

Becker A, Bos G, Vegt F de, Kostense PJ, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, 

Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CDA. Cardiovascular events in 

type 2 diabetes: comparison with non-diabetic individuals without 

and with prior cardiovascular disease. 10-year follow-up of the 

Hoorn Study. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 1406-13. 

Henry RMA, Ferreira I, Kostense PJ, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, 

Heine RJ, Kamp O, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CDA. Type 2 

diabetes is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent, 

flow-mediated dilation, but not with impaired glucose metabo- 

lism. Atherosclerosis 2004; 174: 49-56. 

Henry RMA, Kamp O, Kostense PJ, Spijkerman AMW, Dekker 

JM, Eijk R van, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Stehouwer 

CDA. Left ventricular mass increases with deteriorating glucose 

tolerance, especially in women: independence of increased arterial 

stiffness or decreased flow-mediated dilation: the Hoorn Study. 

Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 522-29. 

Bos G, Scheffer PG, Vieira D, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Diamant 

M, Teerlink T, Stehouwer CDA, Bouter LM, Heine RJ, Jansen 

H. The relationship of Lipoprotein Lipase Activity and LDL 

size is dependent on glucose metabolism in an elderly population. 

Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 796- 8. 

Snijder MB, Dekker JM, Visser M, Bouter LM, Stehouwer DCA, 

Yudkin JS, Heine RJ, Nijpels G, Seidell JC. Trunk fat and leg 

fat have independent and opposite associations with fasting and 

postload glucose levels. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 372-7. 

Dekker JM, Girman C, Rhodes T, Nijpels G, Stehouwer CDA,, 

Bouter LM, Heine RJ. The Metabolic Syndrome and 10-year 

cardiovascular disease risk in the Hoorn Study. Circulation 2005; 

112: 666-73. 

Bos G, Snijder MB, Nijpels G, Dekker JM, Stehouwer CDA, 

Bouter LM, Heine RJ, Jansen H. Opposite contributions of trunk 

fat and leg fat mass with plasma lipoprotein lipase and hepatic 

lipase activities: the Hoorn Study. Obesity Res 2005;13: 1817- 

1823. 

Current research projects based on the Hoorn Study 

CETP and cardiovascular disease in subjects with and without type 2 

diabetes, The Hoorn Study. 

Cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: course of development 

and relation to vascular disease. 

The New Hoorn Study, Prevalence and determinants of impaired 

glucose regulation. Predictors of left ventricular deterioration in type 2 

diabetes: The Hoorn study Risk function for diabetic retinopathy. 

Development of a Dutch Diabetes Risk Score.

7.4 Netherlands Study of Depression and 

Anxiety (NESDA) 

INTRODUCTION 

The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety 

(NESDA) is a ten-year longitudinal investigation into 

the course of depression and anxiety disorders. Inaugurated 

on December 1, 2003, and funded by a research 

grant from the GeestKracht programme of the Netherlands 

Organisation for Health Research and Development 

(ZonMw)., NESDA is a cooperative effort of several 

national academic and non-academic institutes with experience 

in epidemiological, biological, treatment-effect, and 

implementation studies concerning anxiety and depression. 

This consortium consists of the medical centres 

of Amsterdam’s VU Medical Centre (its departments of 

general practice, psychiatry, and clinical psychology), the 

University Medical Centre Groningen, and the Leiden 

University Medical Centre, along with the Centre for 

Quality of Care Research (WOK), the Netherlands Institute 

for Health Services Research (NIVEL Institute), 

and the Dutch National Institute for Mental Health and 

Addiction (the Trimbos Institute). 

MOTIVATION 

Depression and anxiety are common in all age groups. 

Approximately 19% of Dutch adults will experience 

depressive or anxiety disorders at some point in their lives. 

The considerable effects of these disorders on well-being 

and daily functioning are comparable to those of major 

chronic physical illnesses. In economic terms, the costs of 

depression – loss of productivity and use of health services 

– rank among the top five of all disorders. Depression 

is the most important risk factor for suicidal behaviour. 

Given the fact that several effective treatment options exist 

for both depression and anxiety, these disorders are promising 

targets for efforts to improve public health. 

Given their undisputed relevance for public health, it is 

surprising how little is known about the long-term course 

and consequences of anxiety and depression. From both a 

clinical and a public-health perspective, accurate data on 

the prognosis are necessary to make it possible to plan and 

monitor treatment and to educate patients. In addition, 

although it is well known that depression and anxiety often 

coincide, very little is known about the pathways leading 

to co-morbidity. This is of clinical importance, because 

patients with co-morbid anxiety and depression suffer 

from more severe symptoms, more disability, and longer 

illness episodes and are less likely to respond to treatment. 

There is a scarcity of large-scale epidemiological studies, 

either national or international, that monitor cohorts of 

patients with depressive and anxiety disorders over a long 

period of time. 

OBJECTIVES 

The main aim of NESDA is to examine the long-term 

(eight-year) prognosis and co-morbidity of anxiety and 

depression in order to improve quality of care and prevent 

chronicity. To achieve this aim, NESDA’s researchers have 

formulated four research objectives: 

1) To describe the long-term course of anxiety and 

depression and their consequences for public health. 

2) To identify important demographic, psychosocial, 

clinical, biological, and genetic determinants of the 

long-term course of anxiety and depression and their 

consequences for public health. 

3) To investigate the role of stress-regulating brain 

systems and gene-expression profiles in predicting the 

prognosis and consequences of anxiety and depression. 

4) To describe patients’ preferences in and barriers to 

the utilisation of healthcare, and their relationship to 

the long-term course of anxiety and depression, in 

order to promote the implementation of promising 

interventions in primary and specialised mental 

healthcare. 

In addition to these general research objectives, NESDA 

will address more detailed research questions. For some 

of these additional research questions, use will be made of 

additional data collected in specific sub-samples. 

DESIGN 

NESDA is a prospective cohort study spanning eight years 

of follow-up, during which the data needed to address the 

four study objectives will be collected. 

Sample 

NESDA’s patient sample (aged 18–65 years old) is designed 

to represent people with depression and anxiety in 1) 

different health-care settings and 2) different stages of the 

developmental history of the disorders. Therefore, the 

sample will be stratified according to setting (community, 

primary care, and specialised mental health care) and 

phase of illness (normal, high familial risk, sub-threshold 

disorders, and psychiatric disorders). Table 1 presents the 

stratified sampling frame and the projected number of 

participants with anxiety and/or depression. As the sample 

is intended to represent patients seen in different settings, 

there are very few a priori exclusion criteria. However, 

patients are excluded if they have a primary diagnosis of a 

psychotic disorder or an addiction disorder, because both 

the course and the care trajectories of such patients are 

largely determined by the primary disorder, which is not 

of interest in this study. 

133 

7.4 Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)

7.4 Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) 

134 

Table 1: Stratified sampling frame in NESDA 

Total 

Specialized mental health care 

Depression and/or anxiety disorder* 775 

Primary care 

Depression and/or anxiety disorder* 775 

Sub-threshold disorders 400 

Normal 300 

Community sample with prior diagnosis 

of depression and/or anxiety disorder 300 

Community with high familial risk 300 

Total 2850 

* includes major or minor depression, dysthymia, generalized anxiety 

disorder, social phobia and/or panic disorder 

Patients from specialised mental healthcare settings are 

being recruited from regional outpatient regional facilities 

for mental healthcare in Amsterdam (GGZ BuitenAmstel, 

GGZ Geestgronden, Mentrum), Leiden (Rivierduinen), 

and Groningen (GGZ Groningen, GGZ Friesland, GGZ 

Drenthe). Patients and controls from primary care are 

being recruited from approximately 60 general practices 

associated with the departments of general practice at the 

universities of Amsterdam, Leiden, and Groningen. In 

general practice, participants (both patients and controls) 

are identified through a three-step screening approach: 

1) a screening questionnaire (K-10), 2) a brief psychiatric 

telephone interview (Mini-International Neuropsychiatric 

Interview (MINI interview), and 3) a Composite International 

Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) during a study visit. 

The community samples are being formed from two 

already-available cohorts. The Netherlands Mental Health 

Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS) is a prospective, 

community-based mental health study conducted by the 

Trimbos Institute, in which data from three measurement 

cycles (1996, 1997, and 1999) are already available. Persons 

identified with a depression and/or anxiety disorder during 

one of the CIDI interviews will be recruited for further 

examination in the NESDA study. The Adolescents at Risk 

of Anxiety and Depression (Ariadne) study is a prospective 

study of the incidence of anxiety and depression in the 

children (16–25 years of age at inclusion) of parents who 

have been treated for depression or anxiety disorders in 

mental health centres in Groningen and Drenthe. In these 

adolescents, who have a high familial risk of developing 

anxiety and depression disorders, psychosocial and biological 

risk factors were measured at baseline and during two 

annual follow-ups. Ariadne respondents are also recruited 

for further participation in NESDA. 

Measurements 

The majority of NESDA measurements are taken during 

half-day baseline visits to a clinic. A self-report follow-up 

assessment is conducted after one year, and in-clinic visits 

are repeated two, four, and eight years after baseline. 

Data are collected through semi-structured interviews 

and self-administered questionnaires, which broadly cover 

concepts such as psychopathology, quality of life, physical 

functioning, healthcare utilisation and preferences, and 

personality and social characteristics. In addition, blood 

and saliva samples are collected during a physical examination. 

A sub-sample of 300 participants will be invited to 

undergo neuro-imaging (fMRI). 

Time schedule 

The NESDA study officially started on December 1, 2003. 

After a few months of preparation, the recruitment of 

participants started in August 2004. As of December 31, 

2006 a total of 2700 respondents have been successfully 

recruited. Recruitment of the required 2850 participants is 

expected to be completed by the end of February 2007. 


We are confident that the NESDA project, still in its 

recruitment phase, will grow into a research infrastructure 

of tremendous use to scientists interested in addressing 

questions related to anxiety and depression. We have 

already initiated about 20 ancillary projects that will 

investigate specific, more detailed research questions 

using NESDA data. Most of those projects are led by a 

multidisciplinary team of NESDA investigators and host 

a PhD-student who will complete a thesis in the coming 

years. Finally, we have received a grant from the US 

National Institutes of Health Gain program, which will 

pay for genome-wide scan information for the patients 

with depression in the NESDA study. We expect this 

grant to considerably boost our genetic epidemiological 

research in the area of depression.

7.5 VUmc Network of General Practitioners 

INTRODUCTION 

In 2001, the VUmc board, by providing structural financial 

support, established the VUmc academic network of 

general practices (ANH VUmc), a collaboration between 

the VUmc Department of General Practice and 26 general 

practices in Amsterdam, Amstelveen, and Haarlem. The 

general objective of the ANH-VUmc is to integrate 

scientific research, medical education, vocational training, 

and innovation in (transmural) general-practice care. The 

practices participating in the ANH-VUmc concentrate on 

all these academic tasks. With regard to scientific research, 

a specific aim of the ANH-VUmc is to supply data within 

a primary-care sampling framework. The research, which 

looks at anxiety, depression, diabetes, and common illnesses 

in general practice, focuses in particular on early diagnosis 

and prognosis, using descriptive and experimental designs. 

In determining and analysing outcomes, special attention 

is paid to the patient’s perspective. A prerequisite for 

achieving these objectives is the accurate registration of 

actual and longitudinal patient-related data. 


The ANH-VUmc coordinator, under the guidance of the 

chair of the Department of General Practice is responsible 

for developing and maintaining the network. The senior 

partner of the VUmc university practice (a group practice 

situated on the campus of the VUmc since February 2004) 

is responsible for the training in educational activities of 

general practitioners (GPs) in the ANH-VUmc. A senior 

researcher is responsible for the training in research activities 

and the participation of GPs in research projects. In 

2003, 29 GPs signed a contract to participate in the ANH- 

VUmc. Criteria for participation in the ANH-VUmc are 

motivation, academic ambition on part of the GPs, and 

particular characteristics of the practice’s population . In 

2006, three practices decided to terminate their participation 

because they could not meet their obligations. The 

GPs are being paid for their efforts. 

DATA COLLECTION 

In 2003, the ANH-VUmc began building a database of 

anonymous data about health problems and care of all 

practices within the network. In 2005, GPs entered data 

on 70,000 patients over the preceding three years. In 

2006, the data collection took place every six months. At 

the end of the year, the last test version of the database 

was completed. A postdoc researcher and a data manager 

retrieve the data for research and quality projects. 

The database provides longitudinal data on morbidity, 

healthcare, and relevant patient and practice characteristics, 

which can be used as sampling frames for research 

projects and analysed for quality purposes. Data on 

morbidity patterns and healthcare activities (for example, 

prescriptions and referrals) are used as feedback to inform 

participating GPs. 

PROJECTS 

The GPs of the ANH-VUmc participate on a regular basis 

in research projects. In 2006, they participated in three 

research projects initiated by EMGO: 

1) the Netherlands Study on Depression and Anxiety 

(see Section 7.4); 

2) a diagnostic protocol for dizzy elderly in general 

practice (WC03-071); and 

3) CC-DIP 

Analysis shows that ANH-VUmc GPs enrol substantially 

more patients in research projects than their fellow GPs. 

The ANH-VUmc GPs followed a post-initial education 

program on scientific research, carried out by Van der 

Windt en Van der Horst. A group of GPs is preparing, 

together with Van der Horst, Grol, and Licht-Strunk, a 

research project on obesity. 

In December, the Department of General Practice signed 

a contract with health insurance company, Univé, to 

develop two university general practices in Hoorn and 

Den Helder. Univé will manage the practices, and the 

Department of General Practice will be responsible for the 

GPs, research, education, and healthcare innovation. The 

project is managed by the team within the ANH-VUmc. 

135 

7.5 VUmc Network of General Practitioners

7.6 Research Center Body@Work TNO VUmc 

136 

7.6 Research Centre Body@Work TNO VUmc 

INTRODUCTION 

In 1996, EMGO and TNO (Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk 

Onderzoek (in English: Applied Scientific Research)) 

joined forces to research, consult, and solve problems in 

the broad field of occupational health. EMGO’s quality 

scientific research and TNO’s experience in applying such 

research make a perfect match. 

The growing collaboration has already resulted in several 

successfully defended PhD theses. In 2001, Lisette Hoogendoorn 

and Geertje Ariëns described their three-year study 

in a large cohort of workers of the aetiology of workrelated 

back and neck pain and the resulting absences from 

work. In 2003, Karin Proper presented the results from a 

randomised controlled trial that evaluated the effectiveness 

of a preventive lifestyle programme in an occupational 

setting aimed at promoting physical activity and healthy 

eating. In 2004, Han Anema and Ivan Steenstra evaluated 

a Dutch application of the Canadian Sherbrooke model, an 

intervention that brings workers on sick leave due to nonspecific, 

low-back pain back to work as soon as possible. 

They compared, in a four-arm randomised controlled trial, 

the usual care provided by occupational physicians with 

the Sherbrooke model’s participatory ergonomics, graded 

activity programme, and a combination of both. That same 

year, Martin Heymans described a three-arm randomised 

controlled trial that compared the effectiveness of the usual 

care provided by occupational physicians with that of low- 

and high-intensity physical training programmes. These 

projects are described in more detail on our website. 

The initially informal collaboration proved so fruitful that, 

in April 2002, the executive boards of the Vrije Universiteit 

and TNO signed a 3.63 million euro, five-year 

contract, establishing the research centre Body@Work 

TNO VUmc. Body@Work, active since August 1, 2002 

and located at the EMGO Institute, combines the expertise 

of EMGO and two TNO programmes (Work and 

Employment, and Prevention and Health – both now 

subsumed under TNO’s Quality of Life programme). 

THE STRUCTURE OF BODY@WORK 

Body@Work is not an independent organisation, but sits 

within EMGO. This enables easy collaboration within 

the institute. Its directors are Prof. Paulien Bongers 

(TNO Work and Employment), Marijke Hopman (TNO 

Prevention and Health), and Prof. Willem van Mechelen 

(EMGO). Prof. van Mechelen serves as chairman of the 

executive committee, which includes, in addition to those 

mentioned above, Allard van der Beek (EMGO) and 

Vincent Hildebrandt (TNO Work and Employment). The 

initial financial input of 3.63 million euros comes from the 

executive boards of the Vrije Universiteit and the central 

TNO organisation, as well as from the boards of TNO 

Quality of Life and the VUmc. VUmc and TNO participate 

as equal partners in terms of facilitating new research 

projects, and their contract stipulates an additional input 

over a five-year period of five junior PhD researchers, 

one postdoc researcher, two senior researchers at associate 

professorship level, and one administrative assistant. 

If Body@Work proves successful, it will continue after the 

initial five-year period. The Vrije Universiteit’s Faculty of 

Human Movement Sciences, which has already invested 

two PhD students on an informal basis, is also expected to 

join Body@Work as a formal partner pending successful 

collaboration in ongoing research projects. 

THE MISSION 

Personnel at Body@Work conduct high quality scientific 

research in two main areas of interest: 1) physical activity 

and health and 2) the aetiology and prevention of workrelated 

musculoskeletal disorders. In addition, senior staff 

members seek external funding for additional projects 

and to ensure Body@Work’s continued existence after the 

initial five-year period. In this way, Body@Work acts as a 

‘flywheel’. 


Given the fact that Body@Work is still young, some 

years had to pass before scientific output, as measured 

by publications of original research, could be shown. 

In recent years, however, scientific output has become 

impressive. Moreover, in 2006, Swenneke van den Heuvel 

and Wendela Hooftman successfully defended their 

Body@Work PhD thesis. Furthermore, Body@Work 

was increasingly productive as to other output, such as 

conference presentations and acquired grants. In 2004, 

Body@Work won a three-year infrastructure grant from 

the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and 

Development to initiate new research in the area of sports, 

physical activity, and health. In 2005, four new projects in 

occupational healthcare were funded under an umbrella 

grant from the STECR Aladdin program: 1) a randomised 

controlled trial on the effects of a participatory workplace 

intervention for workers on disability due to mental 

problems; 2) the development, from secondary analysis of 

existing data, of a model that predicts absence from work; 

3) the construction and evaluation of an internet tool that 

empowers workers on disability to return to work; and 4) a 

pilot study on optimal productivity among aging workers. 

In addition to those projects, Body@Work, at the request 

of the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare, and 

Sports, performed a systematic literature study on the 

effectiveness of primary care lifestyle interventions, specifically 

looking at interventions with significance for occupational 

health care. This project was performed under the 

acronym BRAVO (Bewegen, Roken, Alcohol, Voeding, en 

Ontspanning), which stands for sufficient daily physical 

activity, stopping smoking, moderate consumption of 

alcohol, maintaining a prudent diet, and sufficient relaxation. 

This one-year project resulted in five publications 

in the Dutch Journal for Occupational and Social Insurance 

Medicine in 2006, and it is expected that it will be 

followed up by a larger assignment for a cost-effectiveness 

study on the implementation of occupational health 

guidelines that stimulate physical activity and healthy

nutrition. Body@Work acquired a major research grant 

from Arbouw, a foundation that seeks to ensure healthy 

and safe workplaces in the construction industry. The 

grant finances a four-and-a-half-year project aimed at 

improving BRAVO-related behaviours in the construction 

industry, applying a high-risk approach. Finally, for 2007, 

it is expected that Body@Work will acquire a multi-million 

euro grant to develop, implement, and scientifically evaluate 

preventive lifestyle interventions in the occupational 

setting. 

THE FUTURE 

Over the next two years, some ten PhD candidates attached 

to Body@Work will complete their theses. In addition, 

now that Body@Work has become well-grounded in 

the partners’ institutes and accepted by the national and 

international scientific community, it will begin focusing 

on securing grants for new studies and preparing for its 

second funding period, which will begin in 2007-2008. 

More information about TNO’s ongoing activities can be 

found at www.tno.nl, http://www.tno.nl/kwaliteit_van_ 

leven/markten/gezondheidszorg/, and http://www.tno.nl/ 

kwaliteit_van_leven/markten/arbeid/. More information 

about the activities of Body@Work TNO VUmc can be 

found at www.bodyatwork.nl. Body@Work also issues a 

quarterly newsletter (in Dutch), subscriptions for which 

can be taken through the website. 

List of current research projects within Body@Work 

TNO VUmc 

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders 

The role of physical capacity in the development of low-back and 

neck/shoulder disorders in a working population. 

Sex differences in the risk of (sick leave due to) musculoskeletal 

complaints. 

Work-related and personal risk factors for upper-extremity 

disorders. 

Prospective cohort study on risk factors for upper-extremity 

disorders in visual display unit workers. 

Ergonomic optimisation of occupational hand–arm precision 

tasks (Faculty of Human Movement Sciences). 

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the RSI Quickscan in 

the prevention of upper-extremity disorders (Faculty of Human 

Movement Sciences). 

The (cost-)effectiveness of participatory ergonomics for workers 

on disability due to mental problems. 

Return to work after childbirth: effectiveness of an early interven- 

tion in reducing sick leave in women after maternity leave. 

Development and distribution of an evidence-based instrument 

for the prediction of long-term absenteeism due to low-back pain 

in cooperation with practitioners. 

How to control work absenteeism: activating on-line occupational 

health care. 

Ageing workers: determinants of enduring and optimal productivity: 

a qualitative study on the experience and opinion in the field 

supported by literature research. 

Physical activity and health 

The effects of physical activity and folic-acid/vitamin B12 supple- 

mentation on the cognitive functioning and psychosocial health of 

older persons with mild cognitive impairment. 

More physical activity for older persons: chances and challenges. 

The effect of an individualised physical-activity intervention on 

work-related upper-extremity complaints in computer workers: a 

randomised controlled trial. 

The Weight-To-Be by Phone, Mail, or Internet: a randomised 

controlled trial on the preventive effects of a physical activity 

enhancing and healthy eating programme among an overweight, 

physically inactive working population. 

The aetiology and prevention of sports injuries in adolescents 

studied in the school setting. Physical (in)activity of Dutch chil- 

dren. Who, when, and where? 

Health under construction: the (cost-) effectiveness of a lifestyle 

intervention among construction workers with a high cardiovas- 

cular risk profile. 

137 

7.6 Research Center Body@Work TNO VUmc

7.7 Research Centre for Insurance Medicine AMC-UWV-VUmc 

138 

7.7 Research Centre for Insurance Medicine 

AMC-UWV-VUmc 

INTRODUCTION 

In 2002, the VUmc, the University of Amsterdam 

Academic Medical Centre (AMC), and the National 

Institute for Employee Benefits (UWV) began negotiations 

to establish a collaborative research centre for work 

disability assessment. By the end of 2004, the partners 

reached a final agreement, and they signed a formal 

contract on January 25, 2005. The result of these negotiations, 

the Research Centre for Insurance Medicine AMC- 

UWV-VUmc (Kenniscentrum Verzekeringsgeneeskunde; 

KCVG), conducts research to provide a body of evidence 

upon which to base the daily practice of some 1050 insurance 

physicians, most of whom are currently employed by 

the UWV. 

STRUCTURE 

The three KCVG partners participate equally in the 

research centre. The VUmc and AMC provide physical 

locations (at the EMGO Institute and Coronel Institute, 

respectively) and research personnel (i.e. professors, senior 

staff, and technical assistance), while the UWV contributes 

funding (some five million euros over a five-year period), 

additional personnel, and statistical data. During the fiveyear 

period, the contract stipulates a total input into the 

KCVG research programme of six junior researchers (4.0 

full-time equivalent), six senior researchers (4.0 fte), a 

coordinator (0.4 fte), and an administrative assistant (1.0 

fte). Half of the staff has offices at EMGO and the other 

half at the Coronel Institute. The KCVG is directed by 

a management team consisting of Prof. Monique Frings- 

Dresen (chair, Coronel Institute), Prof. Frank van Dijk 

(Coronel Institute), Prof. Willem van Mechelen (EMGO 

Institute), Allard van der Beek (EMGO Institute), Herman 

Kroneman (UWV), and Henny Mulders (UWV). At the 

end of 2005, to create a synergistic match and prevent 

overlap between the KCVG and another national research 

programme dealing with insurance medicine, Prof. Han 

Willems also became a member of the management team. 

Finally, Prof. Lex Bouter (EMGO), Prof. Bert Schadé 

(AMC), and Joop Linthorst (UWV) compose the KCVG’s 

supervisory board. In 2006, Joop Linthorst was replaced 

by Geert Tillemans (UWV) as member of the supervisory 

board. 

OBJECTIVES 

The KCVG’s primary goal is to provide a better scientific 

basis for insurance medicine. This calls for a continuous 

exchange of information between the insurance physicians 

at the UWV and the scientific researchers at both universities. 

This free exchange guarantees an optimal fit between 

the needs for knowledge in everyday practice of insurance 

medicine and the ongoing research projects. 

Insurance physicians have two important tasks: medically 

assessing work disability and promoting return to work. 

The first involves measuring a worker’s capacity, which 

is needed in the assessment of his or her entitlement to 

work disability benefits, after two years of sick leave. The 

second involves, among other things, referring workers to 

interventions that facilitate their return to work. Although 

various instruments, methods, and models are available 

to the insurance physician for these tasks, hardly any are 

based on scientific evidence. Hence, the development and 

evaluation of evidence-based methods, assessment guides, 

and tools will be one of the primary goals of the KCVG. 


For the immediate future, the KCVG must ensure that 

it becomes well-grounded within both academic institutes 

and well-known to insurance physicians. In 2007, 

therefore, the focus will be on getting the projects further 

underway and publishing their first results. After that, 

there will also be emphasis on acquiring grants for additional 

studies and on collaboration between the KCVG 

and other research institutes and third parties. 

The KCVG’s initial evaluation report and its 2005–2010 

research programme can be acquired from the KCVG 

secretariat (MF-kamer C.507, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB 

Amsterdam). Further information can be obtained on the 

internet (www.kcvg.nl; in Dutch). 

List of PhD projects embedded within the Research 

Centre for Insurance Medicine AMC-UWV-VUmc 

(KCVG) 

Contribution of evidence-based medicine strategies to the quality 

of the insurance physician’s functioning. 

Assessment of work disability and promotion of return to work 

among employees with mental disorders. 

Cost-effectiveness of participatory interventions on return to 

work among temporary agency workers and unemployed workers 

with musculoskeletal disorders. 

Prediction of long-term and lasting work disability due to cancer 

using Markov models. 

Quality improvement of socio-medical guidance in the assessment 

of work disability after two years of sick leave. 

Development and evaluation of implementation strategies of 

guidelines for the insurance physician.

139 

7.7 Research Centre for Insurance Medicine AMC-UWV-VUmc

7.8 Knowledge Centre Overweight (KCO) 

140 

7.8 Knowledge Centre Overweight (KCO) 

INTRODUCTION 

The prevalence and severity of overweight and obesity is 

rapidly increasing worldwide, and this trend can also be 

observed in the Dutch population. In the Netherlands, 

40% of adults are overweight (body mass index [BMI] 

≥ 25.0 kg/m2) and 10% are obese (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2). 

Between 1980 and 1997, the prevalence in the Netherlands 

of overweight in boys aged 5–11 years increased from 

3–5% to 7–12%, and the prevalence of obesity in boys was 

eight times higher in 1997 (1.5%) than in 1980 (0.2%). 

Similar trends were found in girls. 

Overweight is associated with complications such as cardiovascular 

disease, diabetes, gallstones, and musculoskeletal 

and psychosocial disorders. Moreover, it is also related to 

hyperinsulinaemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia. 

These associations have been found in adults as well as in 

children and adolescents. An increasing amount of data 

also shows that overweight during childhood and adolescence 

is associated with type 2 diabetes. Until a few years 

ago, this disease was only diagnosed in adults older than 30 

years of age. The increase in the prevalence and severity of 

overweight in children is expected to be accompanied by a 

similar increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in this 

group, a trend already observed in several countries and 

also in the Netherlands. A study conducted in a hospital in 

the USA found that one-third of all new cases of diabetes 

in children could be classified as type 2 diabetes. Another 

study in the USA showed that obesity affected the number 

of chronic complications more than smoking or excessive 

alcohol consumption (Sturm, 2002). 

In West-European countries, the healthcare costs attributed 

to obesity are estimated at 1–5% of the total healthcare 

expenses. In the USA, where the prevalence of 

overweight and obesity is higher, these costs are estimated 

at 7% of the total healthcare costs. In the Netherlands, 

healthcare costs related to (direct consequences of) obesity 

are estimated to be 505 million euros. This is about 1.6% 

of the total healthcare costs for adults 20 years and older. 

The indirect costs (as a consequence of work disability and 

sick-leave) are estimated at 2 billion euros each year. It 

is expected that overweight and obesity will be a rapidly 

growing and costly public-health problem in the future 

because of the increasing prevalence, the risk of complications 

associated with overweight, and the lack of an 

evidence-based prevention strategy. 

Treatment of overweight and obesity requires a lasting 

approach and is difficult because of obstacles such as bad 

eating habits, inadequate physical activity, and increasing 

sedentary activities. Overweight requires a strong approach 

from various disciplines. 

In 2002, a Knowledge Centre Overweight (KCO) was 

established, financed by a grant from the Ministry of 

Health, Welfare, and Sports. 

OBJECTIVES 

The aim of the KCO is to make research and knowledge 

accessible to professionals and to stimulate, research in the 

field of aetiology, prevention, and treatment of overweight. 

This aim will be achieved by uniting expertise, making 

mutual use of networks, and presenting an identifiable 

profile. In addition to being a data-collection centre, the 

KCO is also a vade mecum for professionals working in the 

field of overweight, an information centre for the media, 

and a support for the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and 

Sports in developing a policy to deal with overweight. 


Different disciplines within EMGO, the VUmc’s Department 

of Paediatrics, and the Department of Food and 

Health of the VU University Faculty of Earth and Life 

Science participate in the KCO. The KCO has also established 

a platform for collaboration between experts from 

18 organisations that are actively involved in relevant 

research or in the treatment or prevention of overweight. 

Monitor Overweight 

In collaboration with TNO Quality of Life, KCO has 

obtained more recent prevalence rates of overweight and 

obesity in Dutch children. The resulting report, “Prevalence 

and overweight in children of 4-15 years in the 

period 2002-2004”, has received much attention in the 

media, such as News for Youth on television and in daily 

newspapers. 

Protocol to detect overweight in children 

In 2004, at the request of the Council of Public Health and 

Care, the KCO developed a protocol to detect overweight 

in children and adolescents within the youth healthcare 

system that was distributed nationally in 2005. In some 

regions, the KCO also provided postgraduate education 

on this topic. 

Transitional plan for the prevention of overweight in children 

In addition - again at the request of the Council of 

Public Health and Care - the KCO has developed a 

Transitional plan with advice and tools that can be used 

after a child with overweight is detected according to 

the protocol within the youth healthcare system. Various 

public health services have started to implement this plan. 

It is also recommended by Actiz and GGD-Nederland , 

the umbrella organisations of child healthcare organisations, 

and has received much attention in the media. The 

Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sports has nominated 

the Transitional plan for the WHO Counteracting Obesity 

Award. 

Transmural Research and Treatment Centre for Overweight 

and Obese Children 

In collaboration with the KCO, the VUmc has established 

a Transmural Research and Treatment Centre for 

Overweight and Obese Children (TOBOK). Treatment of 

the first obese children in this centre began in September 

2003. In 2005 and 2006, the Centre received so many 

applications for treatment from obese children that there 

is a long waiting list.

Registration of type 2 diabetes in children 

Another activity of the KCO, in collaboration with 

the VUmc’s Department of Paediatrics and the Dutch 

Paediatric Surveillance Unit, is the registration of all 

children and adolescents diagnosed by paediatricians with 

type 2 diabetes. The prevalence and incidence of type 2 

diabetes in overweight adolescents in the Netherlands was 

still unknown, although cases were being reported. The 

national registration system made it possible to gain more 

insight into the incidence and characteristics of children 

and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Although the registration 

has stopped for lack of finances, the preliminary 

results will be reported in an international publication. 

Expert meeting on youth healthcare and overweight 

In January 2006, a multidisciplinary congress on overweight 

and obesity in children was organised by the 

KCO in collaboration with Elsevier, the Dutch Youth 

Healthcare Organisation, the Dutch College of General 

Practitioners, and the Dutch Organisation of Paediatricians 

to exchange expertise, discuss existing initiatives 

and projects, and stimulate collaboration. Another aim of 

the congress was to strengthen the collaboration with the 

health-promoting organisations in the field of overweight 

such as the Dutch Food Centre, the Dutch Organisation of 

Sports and Physical Activity, and the Dutch Organisation 

of the Promotion of Health and Prevention of Disease. 

This has resulted in collaborations in various projects. 

The projects are presented on the KCO website (www. 

overgewicht.org). 

General practitioners and dieticians 

In November 2005, KCO organised an expert meeting in 

collaboration with the Dutch Organisation of Dieticians. 

During this meeting, researchers and dieticians exchanged 

information on treatments of overweight adults in daily 

practice, scientific evidence for treatments, and how to 

develop evidence-based treatments. These results are 

being used to determine daily practices among dieticians 

regarding treatment of obesity and overweight. Plans are 

also being made to involve general practitioners more in 

the generation, linking, and passing of knowledge in the 

field of prevention and treatment of overweight and obese 

persons. 

Multidisciplinary guideline for the treatment of obesity 

Members of the KCO are participating in a workgroup to 

develop multidisciplinary guidelines for the treatment of 

obesity. The guidelines are expected to be finished by the 

end of 2007. 

KCO website 

The KCO has developed a website, renewed and extended 

in December 2005 and the beginning of 2006, on which 

all relevant information for professionals is available (www. 

overgewicht.org). The number of visitors to the website has 

increased from 500 per month in 2003 to 5000 per month 

in 2006. In the first six months of 2006, the protocol to 

detect overweight was downloaded more than 1200 times 

and the Transitional plan for the prevention of overweight 

in children was downloaded more than 1000 times. 

Summary of output participants of the KCO 

International peer-reviewed publications: 20 

National publications: 8 

Chapters in books and proceedings: 15 

Reports: 3 

Presentations and lectures: at least 50 


The Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sports has extended 

the grant for the KCO through 2010. The KCO will 

increase its collaboration with Convenant Overweight, a 

group of 14 social partners that play an important role in 

preventing overweight. The partners include the Minister 

of Health, Welfare, and Sports, the Ministry of Education, 

Culture, and Science, the Dutch Food Industry Federation, 

the Association of Dutch Care Insurers, and the 

Association of Dutch Catering Organisations. 

The KCO will continue to provide products such as the 

protocol to detect overweight in children and the Transitional 

plan. It will also participate in developing protocols 

for best practices for dieticians, further improve its website 

(www.overgewicht.org), and issue new newsletters. 

141 

7.8 Knowledge Centre Overweight (KCO)

7.9 Health Technology Assessment Unit 

142 

7.9 Health Technology Assessment Unit 

INTRODUCTION 

The ever-rising cost of healthcare demands questions 

about how limited resources can be allocated to optimise 

health within the population. Health technology assessment 

(HTA) is an important tool in answering those 

questions. 

HTA is scientific research that systematically examines the 

short- and long-term consequences of the application of 

health-related technologies. It is characterised by its multidisciplinary 

and comprehensive nature. HTA researchers 

first identify and prioritise new and existing preventive, 

diagnostic, and therapeutic technologies in need of assessment. 

After collecting and analysing appropriate data, 

they then measure these technologies not only in terms of 

their clinical efficacy and effectiveness, but also in terms of 

such things as costs, ethics, and legality. HTA’s goal is to 

disseminate objective, valid, and reliable information that 

informs both the daily practice of healthcare professionals 

and the far-reaching decisions of policymakers. 

While it overlaps with other research sectors such as 

epidemiology, HTA focuses on economic evaluation. 

At EMGO, with its ample expertise in intervention 

studies, economic HTA evaluations are conducted alongside 

randomised controlled trials of diagnostic, preventive, 

and therapeutic interventions. In addition to economic 

evaluations, HTA researchers at EMGO also perform 

systematic reviews on interventions’ effectiveness (within 

the framework of the Cochrane Collaboration), develop 

evidence-based guidelines, and evaluate the implementation 

of those guidelines. 

In 2006, EMGO’s HTA Unit comprised two senior investigators 

(Maurits van Tulder and Martine de Bruijne) and 

five PhD students (Judith Bosmans, Nicole van der Roer, 

Kimi Uegaki, Lilian Hoonhouts, and Sidney Rubinstein). 

The HTA Unit’s activities are embedded within EMGO’s 

four research programmes (Diabetes and overweight, 

Common mental disorders, Care and prevention, and 

Musculoskeletal disorders). Prof. Van Tulder also has a 

chair in Health Technology Assessment at the department 

of Health Economics & Health Technology Assessment of 

the Institute of Health Sciences at the VU University. 

True to its multidisciplinary nature, HTA research is 

conducted in close collaboration with other organisations. 

The HTA Unit works with various departments 

in the VUmc: general practice, social medicine, occupational 

medicine, and psychiatry. HTA research within 

the programme Diabetes and overweight is conducted in 

cooperation with the VU Institute of Health Sciences. 

There is also collaboration with outside institutes and 

departments: the Netherlands Institute for Allied Healthcare 

(NPI) in Amersfoort (Professor R. Oostendorp, E. 

Hendriks); the Netherlands Institute for Health Services 

Research (NIVEL) in Utrecht (C. Veenhof); and the 

Department of General Practice of the Erasmus Medical 

Centre in Rotterdam (prof.dr. B. Koes). There is also 

international collaboration with the Institute for Work and 

Health in Toronto, Canada (Professor C. Bombardier, A. 

Furlan, J. Hayden, J. Clarke, P. Cote, G. Vandervelde) and 

the Finnish Institute for Health Technology Assessment in 

Helsinki (A. Malmivaara). 

OBJECTIVES 

The HTA Unit’s main objective is to establish a high 

quality scientific research programme, but it also consults, 

offering support and advice concerning economic evaluations 

to colleagues within the VUmc, and educates, 

training students in economic evaluation. At present, 

the education consists of a course on health economics 

as part of a module on public health for undergraduate 

medical students (4th grade), a half-day course as part of 

a course on application areas of epidemiology and a twoand-a-half-day 

course for the postgraduate epidemiology 

programme, and courses in HTA and health economics 

within the health sciences master programme at the Vrije 

Universiteit. 

Specific research objectives of the HTA Unit are: 

1) to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of new and existing 

preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions; 

2) to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the implementation 

of clinical guidelines; and 

3) to develop specific research methodology and to 

improve existing research methodology in the field 

of economic evaluations, systematic reviews, and 

clinical guidelines. 


HTA research activities started in 1998, and the first set of 

economic evaluations was recently finished. 

Good examples of recent results from EMGO’s HTA 

Unit are the PhD theses of Ingeborg Korthals–de Bos 

(May 2002), entitled Economic Evaluations in Musculoskeletal 

Disorders, Judith Bosmans (February 2006), entitled Costeffectiveness 

of treatment for depression in primary care, and 

Nicole van der Roer (November 2006), entitled Economic 

evaluations in low back pain: getting the value back. 

EDUCATION 

The HTA unit is responsible for organising a three-day 

course on Health Technology Assessment within the postinitial 

training programme (POE) and a two-week course 

(3 ECTs) on Health Technology Assessment within the 

differentiation Policy and Organisation of Health Care 

of the Master programme Health Sciences at the Vrije 

Universiteit. 


One of the HTA Unit’s main aims is to obtain primary 

funding and take on a more independent status. Until 

then, external funding will remain the main resource for 

future research projects. A challenge for the future will be 

to increase the number of modelling studies.

Current research projects at the EMGO Institute that 

include an economic evaluation 

Prevention of hip fractures by external hip protectors in elderly 

people at high risk. 

The effect and cost-effectiveness of a preventive propriocepsis and 

balance-board training programme on the risk of sustaining acute 

lateral ankle injury. 

The efficacy of a return-to-work training intervention for workers 

who are disabled as a result of non-specific neck pain: a randomised 

clinical trial in an occupational setting. 

Alife@work: a randomised controlled trial on the preventive effects 

of a physical-activity-enhancing and healthy-eating programme 

on an overweight, physically-inactive working population. 

The effects of changes in physical-activity patterns in workers with 

minimal repetitive strain injury (RSI) complaints: a randomised 

clinical trial. 

Cost-effectiveness of lumbar supports in the treatment of low- 

back pain in home-care nurses. 

Cost-effectiveness of specialised emergency nursing care 

compared with usual care for ankle distortions at the emergency 

department. 

Activity Lifestyle And Nutrition and Therapy study (ALANT). 

GO4IT, the (cost-) effectiveness of an intensive intervention 

programme on the lifestyle of adolescents with obesity. 

Cost-effectiveness of transmural nutritional support. 

Cost-effectiveness of brace vs. tape for patients with ankle 

distortions at the emergency department. 

143 

7.9 Health Technology Assessment Unit

7.10 Clinimetrics 

144 

7.10 Clinimetrics 

INTRODUCTION 

Clinicians constantly take measurements. Their tools 

range from the technical (such as x-ray and other imaging 

techniques) to the chemical (such as lab work-ups of blood 

or urine) or physical test (such as in-office examinations) 

to verbal tests (such as history-taking and questionnaires). 

The main objective of clinimetrics is the evaluation – and 

improvement – of those clinical measurements. It evaluates 

the quality of both the tools and the performance (that 

is, the taking of the measurements). The performance 

depends, for example, on the expertise of the x-ray technician, 

the quality of the urine sample, or the attention paid 

by the patient when answering the questionnaire. 

When clinicians or researchers want to use a clinical 

measurement, they should always first search the literature 

thoroughly for the best available measurement instruments. 

They should examine the clinimetric properties of 

candidate instruments and, if necessary, further validate or 

improve the reproducibility of the most promising one. 

Only when no suitable instrument is yet available should 

a clinician consider developing a new one. Before using it, 

this new measurement tool must be evaluated, of course, 

on its clinimetric properties. 

These clinimetric properties always encompass the tool’s 

validity (does it measure what it intends to measure?) and 

reproducibility (do repeated measurements yield similar 

results?). When a tool consists of several items, and those 

items are intended to measure the same construct, it 

should also have internal consistency. A tool must exhibit 

responsiveness (or longitudinal validity), which means that 

it can detect relevant changes in health status over time. 

Finally, a tool must be interpretable; scores and other results 

must be understood if they are to have clinical value. 

OBJECTIVES 

EMGO’s clinimetric group has the following objectives: 1) 

to promote research on the quality of measurement instruments; 

2) to give courses and to write educational papers 

on clinimetric issues; and 3) to advise colleagues on the 

choice of measurement instruments, the development of 

new ones, and the interpretation of results. 

The clinimetrics group consists of about 20 EMGO 

investigators, including PhD students, postdocs, and 

senior researchers and professors. The clinimetrics group 

convenes once a month to discuss clinimetrics on the 

basis of its own research, manuscripts in preparation, or 

methodological papers from the literature. In 2006, we 

mainly focused on two topics: clinimetric reviews and the 

assessment of when small changes in questionnaire scores 

become important. 

EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES 

Amsterdam School of Allied Healthcare Education 

In 2004, Raymond Ostelo was appointed as associate 

professor (lector) of allied healthcare research at the 

research group (lectoraat) of the Amsterdam School of 

Allied Healthcare Education. In close collaboration with 

EMGO’s Musculoskeletal Disorders research programme, 

the research group studies the quality of frequently used 

measurement instruments and how to improve the interpretability 

of scores. A project was initiated on the measurement 

on patients’ expectations regarding the effectiveness 

of the interventions they are going to receive. 

Masters classes in clinimetrics 

In 2006, four masters classes on clinimetrics issues were 

given on the following topics: reproducibility, responsiveness, 

minimal important changes, and item-response 

theory. The classes were attended by about 20 researchers 

representing all of EMGO’s research programmes and 

some from outside the Institute. Because of the participants’ 

enthusiastic responses, these masters classes will be 

repeated regularly. 

Workshop during EMGO’s annual two-day seminar 

About 10 persons attended the workshop. After an introduction 

to the essentials of clinimetrics, the participants 

discussed in small groups the potentials for clinimetric 

studies within their own research projects. This resulted in 

many ideas, a few of which are currently being executed. 

Other educational activities 

First-year medical students were introduced to clinimetrics 

as part of a project in which they completed a 

questionnaire about their own health, lifestyle, and health 

behaviour. Students in health sciences learned about measuring 

different health aspects in research from Wieneke 

Mokkink, who also supervised them in the development of 

a questionnaire. In addition, they attended an introductory 

course, taught by Caroline Terwee, on clinimetrics and 

quality criteria for measurement instruments. Raymond 

Ostelo, Riekie de Vet, and Jan Pool gave a one-day course 

on clinimetrics in the curriculum for manual therapists. 

Raymond Ostelo and Riekie de Vet also gave a pre-conference 

course in clinimetrics before the International Low 

Back Pain Forum in Amsterdam. This was a good preparation 

and pre-testing of the first full international course on 

clinimetrics, which is planned for the spring of 2007. 

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 

Systematic reviews of measurement instruments 

The clinimetrics group continued to perform systematic 

reviews of measurement instruments (clinimetric reviews). 

These included a performance-based method for measuring 

physical function of patients with osteoarthritis of 

the hip or knee, questionnaires for measuring physical 

activity, and measurement instruments for assessing participation. 

In 2006, we initiated a project in collaboration 

with the medical library. Ilse Jansma, in training to become 

an information specialist, will develop sensitive search 

strategies for finding clinimetric studies in PubMed and 

Embase. The group also further refined its checklist for 

evaluating the clinimetric properties of self-report questionnaires. 

This checklist will be published in the Journal 

of Clinical Epidemiology in January 2007 and has been 

implemented in EMGO’s quality-control system.

Delphi study to reach consensus on quality criteria for a measurement 

instrument 

Broad consensus about quality criteria for measurement 

instruments is needed, especially on the criteria for 

good clinimetric properties. Therefore, the COSMIN 

(COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health 

Measurement INstruments) study was initiated in 2005 

to obtain broad, international consensus on the following 

three issues: 1) which measurements properties should be 

included in the assessment of evaluative health-related 

patient-reported outcomes, and how should they be 

defined?; 2) how should these measurement properties be 

assessed in terms of study design and statistical analysis? 

(i.e. standards); and 3) which criteria should be applied 

to define what good measurement properties are? The 

study is supervised by an international steering committee, 

including Paul Stratford (McMaster University, Hamilton, 

Canada), Jordi Alonso (Institut Municipal d’Investigacio 

Medica, Barcelona, Spain), and Donald Patrick (University 

of Washington, Seattle, USA). The first two of the four 

rounds of the Delphi study were carried out in 2006. The 

international panel consists of over 40 experts. The final 

checklist will subsequently be field-tested by assessing the 

inter-rater reproducibility of the checklist. 

Interpretation of questionnaires 

A challenge is to interpret observed changes in measurements 

in terms of changes that are important or relevant 

for the patient or clinician. The most cited definition of a 

minimally clinically important difference (MCID) is “the 

smallest difference in score in the domain of interest which 

patients perceive as beneficial and which would mandate, 

in the absence of troublesome side-effects and excessive 

cost, a change in patient’s management”. Within the 

clinimetric group, several investigators have assessed the 

MCID of various frequently used questionnaires. Nicole 

van der Roer and Raymond Ostelo assessed the MCID of 

frequently used measurements in low-back pain, and Jan 

Pool assessed the MCID of frequently used questionnaires 

for neck pain. In 2006, we published three methodological 

papers on this issue. 

Raymond Ostelo and Riekie de Vet organised a workshop 

of experts during the Low Back Forum VIII in Amsterdam 

to work towards international consensus regarding what 

changes should be considered clinically important on 

questionnaires frequently used assessing in low back pain. 

Results of this workshop will be submitted to an international 

peer reviewed journal in 2007. 

To examine the interpretation of questionnaires, a qualitative 

study was performed aimed at eliciting the meaning 

of data retrieved by two frequently used questionnaires 

that measure psychological variables: the Pain Coping and 

Cognition List (PCCL) and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia 

(TSK). To get more insight into the meaning 

of the items of the PCCL and TSK and the meaning of 

patients’ answers, these questionnaires were subjected to 

qualitative research using the Three-Step Test Interview, 

which includes the ‘think aloud’ method. About 15 a-select 

patients were interviewed. All interviews were transcribed 

and analysed by two researchers. This qualitative study 

showed that patients have difficulties in understanding and 

answering various items on these questionnaires, despite 

the fact that the questionnaire have reasonably good 

psychometric properties. Therefore, qualitative research 

is a necessary step in the development of new questionnaires. 

Validation of questionnaires 

In 2005, Rianne Hoopman, previously working at the 

Netherlands Cancer Institute, joined the clinimetrics 

group to finish her thesis on the validation of four 

quality-of-life questionnaires for use among Turkish and 

Moroccan cancer patients in the Netherlands. In 2006, 

two papers were published on the clinimetric properties of 

the EORTC and the SF-36. Several questionnaires were 

validated with supervision of members of the clinimetrics 

group, e.g. in the field of musculoskeletal disorders 

(Symptom Severity Scale, Dutch AIMS2, HOOS, KOOS) 

and ophthalmology (LVQOL, VCM1), resulting in several 

clinimetric publications. 

FUNDING 

In general, it is difficult to find funds for methodological 

research. Therefore, we must be very creative in tying 

methodological research questions to subject-specific 

grant proposals. Caroline Terwee is preparing a VIDI 

grant proposal on the methodological issues concerning 

clinimetric reviews. Riekie de Vet is involved in two grant 

proposals on the development of measurement instruments 

for assessing quality of palliative care. 


Future research will encompass the further development 

of the methodology of systematic reviews of health measurement 

instruments. The international Delphi study 

performed by Wieneke Mokkink (PhD student) will 

form the core of this exercise. In addition the concept of 

minimal important changes will be applied on multi-item 

questionnaires in various fields. IRT-techniques will be 

applied to health measurement instruments with the aim 

of assessing the advantages over classical 

145 

7.10 Clinimetrics

7.11 The VUmc Amsterdam Palliative Care Centre of Expertise 

146 

7.11 The VUmc Amsterdam Palliative Care 

Centre of Expertise 

On October 7, 2006, the VUmc Amsterdam Palliative 

Care Centre of Expertise (Expertisecentrum Palliatieve 

Zorg, EPZ) was established. The EPZ’s goals are to 

generate, disseminate, and implement knowledge and 

expertise in order to improve palliative care on the local, 

regional, and national levels. 

The EPZ consists of four structures: its general management 

and three committees (patient care, education, 

and research). The patient care committee monitors the 

quality of palliative care and develops initiatives to safeguard 

quality of care. Centres for palliative care in the 

Amsterdam region, such as Hospice Kuria, and palliative 

care units in nursing homes are represented in this 

committee. The patient care committee offers a roundthe-clock 

palliative care consultation team. The education 

committee collects information on available palliative care 

education offerings and employs available expertise for 

education in all disciplines relevant to palliative care. This 

committee closely collaborates with the Comprehensive 

Cancer Centre Amsterdam. The research committee co- 

ordinates palliative care research within and outside of 

the VUmc. It also facilitates research collaboration among 

various departments. The management team makes sure 

that the three committees optimally exchange expertise 

and knowledge. 

Close collaboration was successfully initiated between 

various VUmc departments (Anaesthesiology, Medical 

Oncology, Haematology, Neurology, Public/Occupational 

Health, Nursing Home Medicine, General Practise, the 

EMGO institute, the VUmc Institute for Cancer and 

Immunology / Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Hospice Kuria, 

Comprehensive Cancer Centre Amsterdam). In addition, 

structural collaboration was realised between the palliative 

care centres of expertise of the Catholic University of 

Nijmegen and the Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam. 

The EPZ management team consists of prof. dr. Luc 

Deliens (chair, EMGO/Public Health department), prof. 

dr. Remco de Bree (department of Otolaryngology), prof. 

dr. Miel W. Ribbe (department of Nursing Home Medicine), 

and prof. dr. Wouter W. A. Zuurmond (department 

of Anaesthesiology). The team’s secretary is dr. Michael A. 

Echteld (EMGO/Public Health department).

8 

Report of 

standing 

Committees 

147

8.1 Scientific Committee 

148 

8.1 Scientific Committee 

The EMGO scientific committee consists of eight members 

of EMGO’s senior staff, two from each of the four research 

programmes. Members of the scientific committee in 

2006 were: Bregje Onwuteaka-Philipsen (chair until July 

1), Maurits van Tulder (secretary until July 1 and chair 

from July 1 onwards), Hannie Comijs (secretary from 

July 1 onwards), Daniëlle van der Windt, Giel Nijpels, 

Dirk Knol, Mette Rurup, and Mireille van Poppel. Karin 

Johnson provided secretarial support. 

The committee, which meets every two weeks, advises 

EMGO’s directorate on matters concerning new research 

proposals and research policy. Each new proposal is 

assessed as to its relevance for extramural medicine and its 

fit within EMGO’s programmes. In addition, the scientific 

quality of each proposal is extensively examined by at least 

one committee member, supported by one of EMGO’s 

other senior staff members. Once the scientific quality of a 

research proposal has been positively assessed, the project 

is assigned one of the four research programmes and scientific 

personnel are appointed. 

In 2006, the committee gave advice on 113 new research 

proposals, up from 102 in 2005, 68 in 2004, 76 in 2003, 61 

in 2002, 91 in 2001, and 71 in 2000. The majority of these 

proposals met EMGO’s methodological standards. In most 

cases, the committee’s advice consisted of minor suggestions 

for improving the grant application. Only a few 

research proposals needed extensive adjustments before 

being approved by the scientific committee. 

8.1.1 Annual seminar 

During a one-day informal seminar on January 25, 2006, 

150 members of the EMGO Institute discussed, among 

other things, new research projects and several general 

topics relevant to extramural research. 

The morning programme consisted of workshops, meetings 

of the four research programmes, and a meeting of the 

administrative staff. The workshops covered topics such as 

‘how to write a successful grant proposal’, ‘how to search 

the literature’, and ‘prevention research’. Recreational 

workshops included introduction classes to power yoga 

and Nordic walking. 

In the afternoon programme, two awards were presented. 

The 13th annual EMGO Science Award went to Christine 

van Boeijen. This award is for the best paper (published 

or accepted for publication within the preceding year) 

by a junior staff member. This year, 17 submitted papers 

were reviewed by all members of the advisory board, 

two members of the scientific committee, and one senior 

researcher from each of the four EMGO programmes. 

Christine van Boeijen received a certificate and 250 euros 

for her paper, Treatment of anxiety disorders in primary care 

practice: a randomised controlled trial. 

The fourth EMGO Societal Impact Award went to Frank 

den Hertog. This award recognises a research product or 

activity (generated with substantial input from an EMGO 

employee) of important societal relevance. After reviewing 

five submissions, the advisory board and all members of 

the scientific committee awarded the certificate and 250 

euros to Frank den Hertog for his project, The healthy 

suburb.

8.1.2 Scientific meetings and seminars 

January 13: Nynke Smidt and Joost Dekker (Musculoskeletal 

Disorders) organised a research workshop on osteoarthritis 

in Amsterdam. 

February 7 and September 7: Wim Kraan organised workshops 

to introduce Blaise. Students learned how to use the 

Blaise programme to make a data-entry form. 

February 9: EMGO invited Prof. Dr. Neil Aaronson, head 

of the Dutch Cancer Institute’s Department of Psychosocial 

Research and Epidemiology to give a talk, Peer review: 

A view from the trenches, in Amsterdam. 

April 25: Wim Kraan organised a one-day introduction to 

data management, primarily intended for EMGO’s PhD 

students. The following topics were addressed: information 

analysis of the data-collection process; inventory of 

possibilities for the efficient entry, storage, and retrieval 

of administrative and research data; database systems 

for controlling and managing data flow; the design of a 

code book; the transcription of questions into variables 

and the management of different kinds of missing values; 

the comparison and selection of certain methods and 

computer programmes for data entry; and the design of a 

data-entry form. 

May 10–11: Sophia E. Kramer, Ph.D. (VUmc Department 

of KNO/Audiologie, C&P) and Fei Zhao, MD, Ph.D. 

(University of Swansea, Swansea, UK) organised a twoday 

Hearing Science Seminar to provide researchers in 

audiology from within the UK and the Netherlands with 

an unique opportunity to exchange and share research 

ideas and knowledge and engage in scientific and academic 

research collaboration. Topics covered were: auditory 

cognition mechanisms, innovative psycho-acoustic tests, 

central auditory processing, and clinical investigations 

in patients with King-Kopetzky syndrome. Funded by 

the British council – NWO. Partnership Programme 

in Science, the seminar was held at the University of 

Swansea. 

May 16: Wim Kraan again organised a one-day introduction 

to data management, primarily intended for EMGO’s 

PhD students. The following topics were addressed: 

methods for verifying the data-entry process; file manipulation; 

data definition; data cleaning; variable transformation; 

and archiving data files. 

June 8–10: Maurits van Tulder and Raymond Ostelo 

organised the Amsterdam International Forum VIII on 

primary care research on low back pain. 

May 29-31: Dorly Deeg organised a three-day seminar 

for the International Network on Health Expectancy and 

the Disability Process. Topic: Differential trends in health 

expectancy - implications for the future. The seminar was 

held at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 

June 12: EMGO invited Prof. Rick Deyo of the 

University of Washington, Seattle, to talk about his book, 

Hype or Hope?, in Amsterdam. 

October 16–17: The Musculoskeletal Disorders programme 

discussed KARMA: Keele Amsterdam Rotterdam 

Manchester Aberdeen Study Days on musculoskeletal 

disorders, in Amsterdam. 

November 20: Dr. R.M. Dröes, in cooperation with the 

Leo Cahn Foundation’s working group, Quality of life 

in dementia, and Lundbeck, organised a symposium that 

focused on professionals and researchers in the care for 

people with dementia. 

November 27: Prof. dr. R.J. Heine gave a workshop, 

‘Topreferente Diabeteszorg’, in Amsterdam. 

November 30: Dr. R.M. Dröes and Dr. F.J.M. Meiland 

organised an international meeting of the COGKNOW 

consortium in Amsterdam with 24 representatives from 

France, Estonia, Malta, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, 

Norway, Spain, and Sweden. 

December 7: At EMGO’s invitation, Prof. Dr. Floor van 

Leeuwen, professor of cancer epidemiology, NKI/VUmc, 

and Dr. J. Lunshof, university lecturer, talked about 

informed consent in the KNAW report, Multifactoriële 

aandoeningen in het genomics tijdperk. 

December 14: Dorly Deeg organised a one-day seminar: 

‘15 years LASA study on ageing: science, policy, and 

practice: an evaluation. The seminar was held at the Vrije 

Universiteit Amsterdam 

149 

8.1 Scientific Committee

8.2 Education Committee 

150 


EMGO’s PhD education committee consisted of two senior 

staff members and one PhD student. In 2006, Mireille van 

Poppel and Raymond Ostelo represented the senior staff, 

while Amika Singh represented the PhD students. 

This committee is responsible for reviewing the progress 

of PhD students, especially with regard to education. This 

review takes place three times during each PhD project. 

The committee first reviews the ‘education and supervision 

agreement’, signed at the beginning of the project 

by the PhD student and the direct supervisor. This agreement 

lists the auxiliary and other selected courses that the 

student must complete alongside his or her project. The 

committee further reviews the evaluations conducted by 

the supervisor after ten months and again after three years. 

The committee also advises EMGO’s scientific director on 

matters of supervision and assessment of PhD students. 

Beyond its review and advice functions, the Committee 

also offers assistance when PhD students find themselves 

in a dispute with their supervisors. 

8.2.1. PhD Training Programme 

EMGO’s PhD training programme forms part of the 

PhD training programme developed by the Netherlands 

School of Primary Care Research (CaRe). Marjolein Stuij 

represented EMGO as a member of CaRe’s PhD education 

committee. The PhD training programme comprises 

the execution of a research project and participation in a 

comprehensive programme of courses. 

Within the scope of the PhD training programme, 

researchers gain specific knowledge in the field of extramural 

care. The training is tailored to suit the diverse 

backgrounds of the researchers, e.g. medical, paramedical, 

or nursing, socio-scientific, and health sciences. Within 

the scope of the PhD training programme, two profiles can 

be discerned: 1) the clinical epidemiological profile, and 2) 

the socio-scientific profile. 

1) The clinical epidemiological profile 

The emphasis in this option is on study of the effectiveness 

of extramural care, with a central variable focusing 

on individual healthcare. This requires specific expertise 

with regard to the health issues encountered in this field 

and the methodological and practical problems that arise 

during this type of research in extramural care settings. 

Complementary research is also carried out to determine 

the elements of illness that are relevant to care. The 

researchers involved gain insight into the development 

and course of an illness and expertise in the assessment of 

health and functional status. 

2) The socio-scientific profile 

The researchers who choose the socio-scientific profile 

gain specific expertise in the promotion of health in individuals 

and groups, the functioning of social networks in 

relation to health and sickness, the determinants of functional 

autonomy in the home situation, and socio-scientific 

problems in the field of health, quality of life, and functional 

status. This option also focuses on the quality of the 

care process in the extramural setting and the prerequisites 

for effective extramural care. Researchers can study either 

the primary care process or the organisation and implementation 

of the extramural care. These researchers gain 

specific knowledge about the study of care processes and 

the evaluation of these processes with the aid of (yet to be 

determined) quality criteria. 

For each new PhD student, an education and supervision 

agreement is formulated, including an outline of 

the research project, the names of the supervisors, and 

the courses to be followed. Because the theoretical background 

of each PhD student is different (e.g. medicine, 

health sciences, social and behavioural sciences, allied care 

disciplines), PhD students are encouraged to select, in 

consultation with their supervisor, a programme of courses 

in keeping with their preparatory training. 

The PhD training programme consists of basic courses, 

advanced courses, and facultative courses, depending on the 

profile. Both profiles include the following basic courses: 

CaRe introduction course, health services, research and 

practice, quality research methods, ethical and legal aspects 

of care, medical technology assessment, and systematic 

reviews. Furthermore, there are general auxiliary courses, 

which address the philosophy of health sciences, ethics, 

the organisation and management of research projects, 

communication skills, didactic skills, and computer skills. 

These courses are components of the regular programme 

of PhD courses provided by the participating faculties, 

including the VUmc. 

The PhD training programme includes the following 

advanced courses: writing research proposals and grant 

applications, clinimetrics, multilevel analysis, longitudinal 

analysis, data analysis in epidemiological research, diagnostic 

research, prevention and health awareness, research 

on quality of care, and international comparison of healthcare 

systems. 

Facultative courses include: advanced diagnostic research, 

advanced prognostic research, repeated measurements, 

and decision-making in healthcare. 

The basic and advanced courses are either jointly organised 

by various CaRe institutes or by one CaRe institute 

with specific expertise in a certain area of primary care 

research. These courses are essential for researchers who 

wish to specialise. EMGO’s master programme in epidemiology 

provides a major contribution to courses in this 

category (see Section 8.2.2). 

Other components of the PhD training programme 

include the annual CaRe seminar, various other seminars 

and workshops, specialist courses elsewhere, summer 

school activities, and paper and poster presentations at 

conferences.

Upon completion of the project, each candidate receives a 

certificate listing the components that have been successfully 

completed, including the courses followed and details 

of published papers, presentations, and (if applicable) 

teaching activities. Each PhD research project that meets 

the required scientific standards will culminate in a thesis, 

which is necessary to obtain a PhD degree. 

8.2.2 Postgraduate Epidemiology Programme 

Ms. M.C. Stuij, MSc 

Faculty: L.M. Bouter, PhD: until September 2006 


Ms. E.S.M. de Lange - de Klerk, MD, PhD 


The postgraduate epidemiology programme is a joint 

venture between EMGO and the VUmc Department of 

Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CEB). 

The postgraduate epidemiology programme includes: 

I. the Master Programme in Epidemiology 

II. other (advanced) courses. 

I. MASTERS PROGRAMME IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 

This education programme trains postgraduates in the 

disciplines mentioned below in epidemiological research 

work, focusing on applied research in primary care and 

public health. The programme provides methodological 

tools for evidence-based medicine and evidence-based 

health policies. 

The knowledge and abilities gained by the participants 

enables them to obtain positions as epidemiological 

research workers or policymakers at universities or in the 

government or in the pharmaceutical industry, managing 

the development and registration of new drugs. 

The programme is intended for postgraduates of the 

following disciplines: 

- medicine and related health sciences; 

- biomedical sciences; and 

- pharmacy. 

The Netherlands Epidemiological Society has drawn up 

requirements for the registration of epidemiologists (MSc 

level), and in 1992 this registration became effective. 

EMGO’s masters programme in epidemiology meets these 

requirements. 

In 2003, the masters programme in epidemiology was 

registered by the board of the Vrije Universiteit as an 

official postgraduate masters programme. This implies 

that from 2004 onwards, the students who graduate from 

this programme will be able to use the title master of 

epidemiology. 

Curriculum 

The masters programme takes 11 months and consists of 

a five-month theoretical part and a six month practical 

part. The theoretical part consists of both elementary and 

advanced courses and addresses all relevant topics in the 

field of epidemiology and biostatistics. The theoretical 

part consists of six obligatory courses and one optional 

course. All of these courses can also be attended separately. 

The six obligatory courses are described below. The 

optional courses are described in the paragraph “other 

advanced courses” on page 154. 

1) Epidemiological research: design and interpretation 

In 2006, 101 participants attended this five day course, 

which was taught by Lex Bouter (EMGO) and Martien 

van Dongen (Maastricht University) and given twice 

(January and September, in the Conference Centre Rolduc 

in Kerkrade). In lectures, study groups, and evening 

sessions, the participants addressed the fundamentals of 

epidemiological research. The topics included measures 

of frequency and association, design of epidemiological 

research, confounding, causality, diagnostic tests, experimental 

research, and decision analysis. 

2) Principles of epidemiological data analysis 

Seventy participants attended this six-day course led by 

Bernard Uitdehaag and Veerle Coupé (both from VUmc’s 

Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics). 

Given in February and October, the course is designed for 

epidemiological researchers who wish to analyse data, as 

well as for those who wish to critically assess the results 

of epidemiological research. The course deals with the 

basic applications of biostatistics, illustrated by examples 

from epidemiological practice. Some of the research topics 

are how to qua¬ntify the precision of measures of effect; 

how to analyse means, risks (cumulative incidences), and 

incidence densities, and how to correct for confoun¬ding 

in the analysis. 

3) Linear regression analysis and analysis of variance 

This five-day course was attended by 72 participants in 

March and November. Piet Kostense and Dick Bezemer 

(both from the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and 

Biostatistics) provided insight and expertise in the application 

of multiple linear regression analysis and variance 

analysis in applied medical research. They addressed the 

following topics: simple and multiple regression analysis; 

applications of regression analysis; elimination of 

confounding and analysis of modification; nominal and 

ordinal determinants; residues; personal computer use for 

regression analysis; principles of variance analysis; multiple 

comparisons; factorial designs; cross over designs; and 

fixed and random effects. 

4) Logistic regression analysis and survival analysis 

The April and November sessions of this five-day course 

were taught by Jos Twisk (Department of Clinical Epidemiology 

and Biostatistics) and Caroline Terwee (EMGO). 

The course deals with logistic regression analysis, which 

is of crucial importance for the analysis of case control 

data, which are binary by definition (i.e. a subject is either 

a case or a control). In clinical research, the primary 

outcome variable is often the time before the occurrence 

of a specific event (i.e. the time before recovery or death). 

Analysis of this type of data is complicated because it virtually 

always pertains to censored data; by the end of the 

151 

8.2 Education Committee


152 

study, many patients have not yet experienced the event in 

question. This course deals with some elementary methods 

for efficient analysis of this type of data. The courses were 

attended by 72 participants. 

5) Systematic reviews: theory and practice (CaRe, C203) 

Forty-nine enthusiastic participants from various research 

backgrounds attended this three day course in June at the 

Cenakel Conference Centre in Soesterberg. Alternating 

lectures with working groups, Lex Bouter, Riekie de Vet, 

Daniëlle van der Windt (EMGO), Pim Assendelft (Leiden 

University Medical Centre), and Rob Scholten (Dutch 

Cochrane Centre), led the actively involved participants 

in discussions on methods for searching literature, methodological 

assessment of the quality of randomised clinical 

trials and diagnostic studies and the publications that 

report their results, statistical pooling of randomised 

clinical trials and diagnostic studies, and interpretation and 

quality of systematic reviews. 

6) Application areas of epidemiology 

This five day course, held at Amsterdam’s Vrije Universiteit 

as September turned to October, was attended by 

40 participants. The guest speakers included Professor 

M. Cornel; D. Posthuma, PhD; Professor B. Kiemeney; 

Professor R.A. Coutinho; Professor W. van den Brink; 

Professor F.E. van Leeuwen; Professor E. van Leeuwen; 

Professor D.P. Engberts, PhD; Professor J.C. Seidell; 

M.C. de Bruijne, PhD; B.J.C. Middelkoop, PhD; M. 

Drijver, MSc; and I. Kreis, PhD. The course deals with the 

epidemiological aspects of diseases (in the Netherlands) 

and gives an overview of the most important fields of 

application of epidemiology. The topics vary each year. In 

2006, the following topics were addressed: genetic epidemiology, 

epidemiology of infectious diseases, psychiatric 

epidemiology, cancer epidemiology, medical technology 

assessment, public health epidemiology, nutritional epidemiology, 

ethics, and environmental epidemiology. 

7) Introduction to SPSS 

Thirty-one students of the masters programme, who had 

no prior experience in working with statistical software, 

attended the two sessions (February and September) of 

this course, tutored by Wim Kraan (EMGO). The twoday 

course can be attended facultative. The students learn 

how to use the SPSS programme for statistical analyses. 

The following topics are addressed: structure of the SPSS 

programme and user interface; data editor, syntax editor, 

output window, and output navigator; opening, editing, 

and saving SPSS data files; reading and definition of data 

files in different formats; variable transformation and case 

selection; file manipulation; introduction of statistical 

procedures; and graphics and pivot tables. 

The practical part 

During the practical part of the programme, the participants 

gain practical experience in epidemiological research. This 

research is carried out in an industrial or (non )university 

location. Although they cannot be involved in all phases 

of a single study (as epidemiological research often takes 

several years to complete), students are expected to work 

as independently as possible, but under supervision, on 

at least two phases (design, execution, data analysis, or 

reporting) within a current or prospective research project. 

This practicum is concluded with a final report or manuscript 

of an article for a scientific journal and an oral presentation 

at a mini symposium. 

Number of students and their educational background 

Nowadays, most participants attend only the theoretical 

part of the programme. They are mainly researchers already 

working in the field and clinicians who, in combining their 

clinical work with research, wish to receive further training 

in epidemiology. They take courses to refresh their 

knowledge, often spreading the curriculum over several 

years and taking the examination in the final year. They 

are exempted from the practical part of the programme 

because of their research work. 

In the period 2002-2006, an average of 29 students per 

year successfully completed the theoretical part of the 

programme. Their previous education is shown in Figure 

1: 27% had studied medicine, 25% health sciences, 3% 

social sciences, and 45% had completed other studies. 

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II. OTHER (ADVANCED) COURSES 

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In addition to the courses included in the masters 

programme in epidemiology, four other courses were 

organised in 2006, two of which are also part of CaRe’s 

PhD training programme. These are optional courses for 

students in the masters programme. 

1) Clinimetrics: development and evaluation of measurement 

instruments (CaRe, C202) 

Taught by Raymond Ostelo, Joost Dekker, Riekie de Vet, 

and Caroline Terwee (EMGO), this three-day course, 

given in October at the Cenakel Conference Centre in 

Soesterberg, attracted 29 participants. After an introduction 

to various measurement instruments, the course 

deals with clinimetric issues important for developing 

new instruments, such as item selection and reduction, 

response options, levels of measurement, and internal 

consistency. This is followed by a discussion on clinimetric 

issues relevant to evaluating measurement instruments, 

such as reproducibility, validity, and responsiveness.

2) Multilevel analysis (CaRe, C205) 

The June and November sessions of this three-day course 

were taught by Jos Twisk (Department of Clinical Epidemiology 

and Biostatistics). The courses covered the 

following topics: research designs, disaggregation and 

aggregation, random slope and covariates, linear multilevel 

models, logistic multilevel models, sample size, multilevel 

applications in longitudinal research, and advantages and 

disadvantages of multilevel analysis compared to ‘naive’ 

analyses. The courses attracted 52 participants. 

3) Longitudinal-data analysis 

In March, Jos Twisk (Department of Clinical Epidemiology 

and Biostatistics) and Wieke de Vente (University 

of Amsterdam) led 28 participants through this four-day 

course. They discussed the following topics: continuous 

outcome variables with two measurements and with more 

than two measurements (the paired t test and MANOVA 

for repeated measurements); analysis of relationships 

between the development of a continuous outcome variable 

and several other variables (i.e. ‘traditional’ methods, 

generalised estimating equations, and random coefficient 

analysis); other methods to model longitudinal data (alternative 

models, such as time-lag models, modelling of 

changes and autoregressive models); longitudinal analysis 

of dichotomous outcome variables; longitudinal analysis 

of categorical and ‘count’; outcome variables; longitudinal 

studies with two measurements - the definition and analysis 

of change; analysis of experimental studies; missing 

data in longitudinal studies; and software. 

4) Health technology assessment: methods and principles 

This three-day course, held in December, attracted 

29 participants, who attended lectures and completed 

computer exercises. Taught by Maurits van Tulder and 

Judith Bosmans (both EMGO and VU Institute for Health 

Sciences), and Hans Berkhof (Department of Clinical 

Epidemiology and Biostatistics), the course is designed 

for researchers who do economic evaluations and policymakers 

who are interested in interpreting and using 

those evaluations. The following topics were included: 

design of economic evaluations; measuring, valuing, and 

analysing costs; measuring, valuing, and analysing effects; 

cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis; quality of life; 

cost-effectiveness planes and acceptability curves; Markov 

models; and Monte Carlo simulation. 

Number of students and their place of employment 

Most of the students who attend the masters programme 

and/or the advanced courses mentioned above are 

researchers who are already working in the field of epidemiology 

and clinicians who combine their work with 

research and wish to receive further training in (clinical) 

epidemiology. 

Figure 2 shows that, in 2006, 19% of the students were 

employees (PhD student or senior researcher) of the 

EMGO Institute or the VUmc Department of Clinical 

Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Another 13% were 

working in an institute that participates in CaRe, and the 

remaining 68% were working elsewhere. 

Figure 2 

Figure 3 

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In 2006, 404 students attended one or more courses, 

resulting in a total of 573 course registrations. The number 

of students and the total number of course registrations in 

the period 2002-2006 are shown in Figure 3. 

8.2.3 Other educational activities and courses 

Research Methods Complementary Medicine 

Sixteen physicians, practising acupuncture, homeopathy, 

or natural healing, attended this seven-day course led by 

Lex Bouter, Daniëlle van der Windt, and Riekie de Vet 

(all EMGO Institute). The course was given from June 

through December 2006. In lectures and study groups, 

the participants addressed the fundamentals of epidemiological 

research. The topics included: diagnostic research, 

prognostic research, prognostic prediction, randomised 

controlled trials, systematic reviews, choosing outcome 

measures, and pilot studies (including N = 1 designs). 

Additionally, the participants were trained to critically read 

a scientific article, and they prepared a research proposal 

for a pilot study. 

The last day of the course, Prof. Klaus Linde (Centre for 

Complementary Medicine Research, München) taught 

a master class. He gave lectures on “The problem of 

placebo controls” and “Acupuncture research programs 

in Germany”. Together with Lex Bouter, he discussed the 

proposals for pilot studies written by of the participants. 

The course was financed by a grant from ZonMw. 

Training courses 

A post-initial training course, organized in cooperation 

with Alzheimer Nederland, was given for personnel of 

meeting centres for people with dementia and carers 

(4 days and 6 follow-up supervison/intervision meetings). 

153 



154 

8.2.4 Internships/trainees 

Student: W.M. Jacobs (Medicine VUmc) 

Project: The motivation of children aged 9-12 

years old to play an interactive dance 

stimulation video game and the 

effectiveness on body composition, 

perceived sport competence and aerobic 

fitness: a pilot study 

Supervisor(s): M. Chin A Paw, PhD 

Period: November 2004 - June 2006 

Student: B. Beentjes (Medicine VUmc) 

Project: The content and frequency of complaints 

and symptoms of patients in the last 

phase of life within general practice (De 

inhoud en frequentie van klachten en 

symptomen van patienten in de laatste 

levensfase in de huisartspraktijk) 

Supervisor(s): S. Borgsteede, PhD 

Period: January 2005 - April 2006 

Student: Ms. M. van Paridon (Health Sciences 

University Maastricht) 

Project: A randomised controlled trial on the 

effect of the NVAB-directive ‘Workplace 

physicians’ treatment of workers with 

psychological complaints’ 

(Een gerandomiseerd, gecontroleerd 

onderzoek naar het effect van de NVAB 

richtlijn ‘Handelen van de bedrijfsarts bij 

werknemers met psychische klachten’) 

Supervisor(s): D. Rebergen, MSc 

Period: February 2005 - May 2006 

Student: Ms. E. Vyth (Nutrition and Health 

Wageningen) 

Project: The PAM study 

Supervisor(s): S.M. Slootmaker, MSc 

Period: September 2005 - April 2006 

Student: W. Kropman (Sociaal Culturele 

Wetenschappen VU) 

Project: Prevention of obesity in youth: a cultural 

matter? (Preventie van obesitas bij 

jongeren: een culturele aangelegenheid?) 

Supervisor(s): Ms. A. Singh, MSc, Ms. M. Chin A Paw, 

PhD 

Period: September 2005 - February 2006 

Students: M. Oesterle and Ms. G.M. Dowden 

(Physiotherapy HvA Amsterdam) 

Project: RSI@Work 

Supervisor(s): Ms. C. Bernaards, PhD 

Period: September 2005 - February 2006 

Student: Ms. L. Bronkhorst 

(Social Psychology VU) 

Project: Patient Safety 

Supervisor(s): Ms. L. Zwaan, MSc, 

D.R.M. Timmermans, PhD 

Period: December 2005 - July 2006 

Student: Ms. A. Broersen (Physiotherapy 

Sciences Utrecht) 

Project: The relationship between quality of life 

and body movement (De relatie tussen 

kwaliteit van leven en lichaamsbeweging) 

Supervisor(s): Ms. M. van Wier, MSc, 

Ms. C. Dekkers, PhD 

Period: December 2005 - March 2006 

Student: Ms. M. ten Horn (Biomedical 

Sciences VU) 

Project: Genetic screening: what does the user 

think? - results from a focus group 

translated into a questionnaire 

(Genetische screening: wat vindt de 

gebruiker?- resultaten van de focu 

groepen vertalen naar een vragenlijst) 

Supervisor(s): Ms. L. Krijgsman, MSc, 


Period: February 2006 - July 2006 

Student: Ms. AMC Craenen (Medicine VUmc) 

Project: Guidelines for euthanasia in Dutch 

healthcare institutions 

Supervisor(s): Ms. H.R.W. Pasman, PhD 

Period: March 2006 - June 2006 

Student: C. van der Menk (Universiteit voor 

Humanistiek Utrecht) 

Project: The role of the general practitioner and 

the district nurse in managing spiritual 

needs of patients at the end of life 

Supervisor(s): M. Echteld, PhD 

Period: February 2006 - August 2006 

Students: T. Oirbans and J. Dusseljee 

(Health Sciences VU) 

Project: ALIFE@Work: a randomised controlled 

trial of a distance counselling lifestyle 

programme for weight control among an 

overweight working population 



Period: February 2006 - June 2006 

Students: M. van de Belt and A. van der Veen 

(Voeding en Dietetiek HVA Amsterdam) 

Project: Validation of a dietary questionnaire 

(Validatie voedingsvragenlijst) 



Period: March 2006 - June 2006

Student: Ms. E. van der Plas (Health 

Sciences VU) 

Project: You can’t blame people for making an 

error, but you can for not reporting it 

Supervisor(s): I. Christiaans, MSc 


Student: Ms. I. Chiew (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Correlates of physical activity in older 

adults with mild cognitive impairments 

Supervisor(s): Ms. J. van Uffelen, MSc 

Period: April 2006 - July 2006 

Student: T. Hajos (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Relationship between physical activity 

and cognition in older adults with mild 

cognitive impairments 

Supervisor(s): Ms. J. van Uffelen, MSc 


Student: T. Slotema (Medicine VUmc) 

Project: Research into aerobic stamina and body 

composition of 7-10-year-old children 

(Onderzoek naar het aërobe uithouding 

vermogen en de lichaamssamenstelling 

van kinderen in de leeftijd van 7-10 jaar) 

Supervisor(s): Ms. M. Chin A Paw, PhD 

Period: April 2005 - July 2005 

Student: Ms. M. Laverman (Psychologie, 

Arbeid & Organisatiepsychologie)) 

Project: Process evaluation of the mom@work 

intervention 

Supervisor(s): S. Stomp, MSc 


Student: S. Meijer (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: The role of insurance companies and 

workplace physicians in the addressing of 

sick leave (Rol van verzekeringsmaatschappijen 

en bedrijfsartsen bij het 

begeleiden van ziekteverzuim) 

Supervisor(s): H.N. Plomp, PhD 


Student: Ms. M. van Noord (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Feasibility of applying the PRIMSA 

analysis to claims files in the Medirisk 

archives (Haalbaarheid van de toepassing 

van PRISMA analyse op dossiers van 

claiMs. uit archief van Medirisk) 

Supervisor(s): M.C. de Bruyne, PhD 


Student: E. Gale (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: The right to complain in hospitals 

(Klachtrecht in ziekenhuizen) 

Supervisor(s): Ms. B. Frederiks, PhD 


,Student: A.M. van Sijl (Medicine VUmc) 

Project: Plasma asymmetric dimethyl arginine 

(ADMA) and microvascular 

complications related to type 2 diabetes 

(Plasma asymmetrisch dimethyl arginine 

(ADMA) en type 2 diabetes gerelateerde 

microvasculaire complicaties) 

Supervisor(s): Ms. A. Spijkerman, PhD, 

Prof. J.M. Dekker, PhD 

Period: December 2005 - August 2006 

Students: Ms. E. Kraakman and Ms. M. Pronk 

(Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Sports behaviour as risk factor for 

sport injuries 

Supervisor(s): M.N.M. van Poppel, PhD, 

M. de Boer, PhD 

Period: April 2006 - June 2006 

Student: Ms. L. Muis (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Guidelines for medical end-of-life 

decisions: experiences of medical specialists 

Supervisor(s): Ms. H.R.W. Pasman, PhD 


Student: J. van den Brugghen (Medicine VUmc) 

Project: Motivation and reasons to execute a 

living will and the expectations of people 

who have recently executed a living will 

Supervisors: Ms. M. Rurup, PhD 

Period: January 2006- September 2006 

Student: Ms. H. Drewes (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Trends in quality of life in the elderly, 

aged 76-85, who receive care and live 

independently (De trend van de kwaliteit 

van ouderen van 76-85 jaar die formeel 

zorg ontvangen en zelfstandig wonen) 

Supervisors: Prof. D.J.H. Deeg, PhD 


Student: Ms. D. Smit (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Trends in quality of life in the elderly, 

aged 76-85, who live in a care facility 

(De trend van kwaliteit van leven van 

ouderen van 76 tot 85 jaar die in een 

verzorgingshuis wonen) 



Student: B. Kooiman (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: The perception and importance of 

sexuality among the elderly (De beleving 

en het belang van seksualiteit voor 

ouderen) 



155 



156 

Student: Ms. J. Bouwmans (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: The effect of home care on quality of life 

in the elderly (Het effect van thuiszorg 

op kwaliteit van leven van ouderen) 



Student: Ms. M. Kampman (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Autonomous functioning in relation to 

glucose metabolism (Autonome functie in 

relatie tot de glucosestofwisseling) 

Supervisors: J.M. Rijkelijkhuizen, MSc, 

Prof. J.M. Dekker, PhD 


Student: Ms. F. Weber (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Returning to work after childbirth: 

the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness 

of early consultation by an executive 

with an employee during maternity leave 

on sick leave an disability benefit 

postpartum. 

Supervisors: Ms. K. Uegaki, MSc 


Student: Ms. G. Albers (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Literature review of the most effective 

interventions for influencing coping 

(Literatuurstudie naar de meest effectieve 

interventies om coping te beïnvloeden) 

Supervisors: W. Mokkink, Prof. H.C.W. de Vet 


Student: M. van der Meer (NSPOH) 

Project: Are we satisfied with the workplace 

physician? Study of the influence of the 

role of the workplace physician on 

workers’ satisfaction with their sick leave 

treatment (Zijn we tevreden over de 

bedrijfsarts? Onderzoek naar de invloed 

van de rol van de bedrijfsarts op 

werknemerstevredenheid over 

de verzuimbegeleiding) 

Supervisors: D. Rebergen, PhD 

Period: January 2006 - July 2006 

Student: M. Reilingh (Medicine VUmc) 

Project: Prognosis of acute and chronic 

shoulder pain in primary care 

Supervisors: D.A. van der Windt, PhD 

Period: December 2005 - December 2006 

Student: Ms. J. Wenink (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Exploring reasons why couples do 

not participate in carrier screening 

programmes for CF and HBP: a 

qualitative study among couples 

with positive intentions. 

Supervisors: A.M.C. Plass, PhD 


Student: Ms. L. Veldhuis (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: The effect of dietary fibre intake 

during adolescence on the components 

of the metabolic syndrome in adults; 

The Amsterdam Growth and 

Health Longitudinal Study 

Supervisor(s): L.L.J. Koppes, PhD, 

Prof. J.W.R Twisk, PhD 


Student: M. Driessen (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Coffee, the Metabolic Syndrome, and 

the Risk Components of the 

Metabolic Syndrome 




Student: M. Kok (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Association between muscular strength 

and lung function 




Student: Ms. I. Kreuk (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Personality: a predictor of overweight? 




Student: Ms. C. van Dijk (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Positive association between the course 

of vitamin D intake and bone mineral 

density at 36 years in men 




Student: Ms. K. van Rossum (Health 

Sciences VU) 

Project: Association between dairy intake 

and overweight 



Period: March 2006 - July 2006 

Student: Ms. M. Pijl (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Ten-year longitudinal relationship 

between blood pressure and bone mineral density 

Supervisor(s): L.L.J. Koppes, PhD, Prof. J.W.R Twisk, 

PhD 


Student: Ms. P. Versluis (Health Sciences VU) 

Project: Running economy; factors associated 

with oxygen consumption during running 

Supervisor(s): L.L.J. Koppes, PhD, Prof. J.W.R Twisk, 

PhD 

Period: April 2006 - June 2006

Student: R. Mulder (Health Sciences VU) 






Student: M. Maas (Health Sciences VU) 






Student: Ms. L. van Vark (Human Movement 

Sciences VU) 

Project: Relationship of physical activity with 

the metabolic syndrome: 

a cross-sectional analysis 



Period: May 2006 - November 2006 

Student: Ms. M. Maltha (Human Movement 

Sciences VU) 

Project: The association between back-pain 

and trunk balance 




Student: Ms. L. Roza (Human Movement 

Sciences VU) 

Project: The association between back-pain 

and trunk balance 



Period: December 2005 - July 2006 

Student: Ms. F. Konijn (Psychology VU) 

Project: The association between life style 

and cognitive function 




Student: Ms. E. Tieben (Psychology VU) 

Project: The association between blood pressure 





Student: C. Dik (Psychology VU) 

Project: The association between cognitive 

function and Magneto Encephalographic 

(MEG) findings 




Student: M. van Langen (Psychology VU) 

Project: The association between adiponectin 

levels and cognitive function 




Student: Ms. M. Nieuwets (Psychology VU) 

Project: The association between physical activity 





157 


8.3 Quality Committee 

158 

8.3 Quality Committee 

EMGO’s quality committee consists of eight members, 

who represent various professions, programmes, and 

departments of the institute. In 2006, the members were: 

Allard van der Beek (chair), Caroline Terwee (co-chair), 

Michel Paardekooper (quality functionary), Dorly Deeg, 

Chad Gundy, Wim Kraan, Roeline Pasman, and Laura 

Schaap. In 2006, Chad Gundy and Dorly Deeg left the 

committee and were replaced by Hein van Hout and 

Annemieke van Straten. 

The tasks of the quality committee are: 

1. To create, implement, develop, and maintain a quality 

system for supporting and improving EMGO’s 

research process. 

2. To advise EMGO’s directorate on quality issues. 

8.3.1 Developments in the quality system in 2006 

Quality manual 

During this year, a new guideline about blinding was 

written. Furthermore, all guidelines in the electronic 

quality manual were reviewed. As a result, many guidelines 

were partly rewritten and the guideline for qualitative 

research was completely revised. Also, the development of 

two new guidelines was started: one about coaching and 

guiding of PhD students and one about patient recruitment. 

The number of visitors to the quality manual on the 

intranet indicates a steady consultation of the manual. 

Audits 

Project audits 

The quality committee organised approximately 14 audits 

of complete projects (the goal of 20 was not achieved due 

to changes in the committee members and their workload). 

The goals for 2007 will be adjusted. Clear criteria 

for selection of projects to be audited will be developed. 

The committee communicated its general findings of the 

2006 audits with the directorate and will communicate a 

summary of the results with the whole EMGO institute 

as well. 

Theme audits 

A theme audit on recruitment of participants in research 

projects was started. In practise, this theme audit is a small 

study; the results of this study will be submitted to a scientific 

journal for publication. The results will also be used to 

develop the new guideline on patient recruitment. In May, 

the audit started with a selection of eligible projects from 

the EMGO project database. A total of 82 projects were 

included and the researchers or project leaders were asked 

to fill in a questionnaire. Of these, 65 returned the questionnaire. 

The data are being analysed. The first results are 

expected in March 2007. 

What are the benefits of the quality system? 

1. As they begin their projects, all new researchers andPhD 

students receive support as they are introduced to 

EMGO’s quality manual. 

2. Audits offer insight into the way research is performedwithin 

the institute. The overall indications are that 

studies are properly carried out, just as in 2005. Of 

course, there always remain areas for improvement, such 

as better documentation, more attention to the quality 

of questionnaires, more attention to physical instruments, 

a more critical attitude towards data from third 

parties, and more attention to handling privacy-sensitive 

information. A positive development was the improved 

attention to making back-ups of valuable data. 

3. Open-minded EMGO researchers see the audits as 

opportunities to learn, turning constructive comments 

and criticisms into improvements in their research. 

4. The theme audit on archiving and privacy will result 

in an extensive cleaning up and reorganisation of the 

archive room, creating more space for future projects. 

5. The obligatory reporting of privacy-sensitive projects 

is now being done internally by the quality functionary 

instead of externally by the college personal data protection 

authority. 

8.3.2 Ambitions and plans for 2007 

The quality committee helps EMGO researchers make 

the most of their projects with the available, often limited, 

financial resources. This requires the development of 

quality manual, which is an ongoing process. The most 

important step, though, is to create a culture in which 

every EMGO researcher uses the quality manual as a 

natural part of his or her work. This acculturation will 

take a few more years. In 2006, the committee wanted to 

reach a point where 70% of the researchers routinely use 

the quality manual. A survey will be conducted in 2007 to 

establish the percentage of users. 

To get researchers more involved in the quality culture, 

the committee is addressing two interesting topics. It is 

developing guidelines on supervising and coaching new 

researchers, an attention-grabbing topic that will certainly 

stimulate participation. It is also conducting a theme audit 

on the recruitment of participants in research projects. 

Project audits and general opinion suggest that the number 

of participants included in a study almost always falls short 

of expectations. 

In 2007, the quality committee will: 

1. finish the theme audit on the recruitment of study 

participants; 

2. perform about 15 project audits with the aid of senior 

investigators as auditors; 

3. evaluate researchers’ use of the quality manual; 

4. add new guidelines to the quality manual: guideline 

for the recruitment of participants in research 

projects, guideline on supervising and coaching junior 

researchers, guideline on pilot studies, guideline on 

efficient usage of personal literature database; 

5. update existing guidelines in the quality manual; and 

6. try to generate more feedback from the researchers on 

the quality system.

9 

Publications 

159

160 

BIBLIOMETRICAL EVALUATION 

Table 7. Total number and distribution of peer-reviewed publications in 2006 

category Diabetes Common Care Musculoskeletal total 

and Mental and Disorders 

Overweight Disorders Prevention 

in SCI 1 54 20 72 108 254 

in SSCI 2 - 17 6 2 25 

in SCI and SSCI 3 48 16 9 76 

international non- (S)SCI 10 23 20 32 85 

national non-(S)SCI 17 24 30 33 104 

total 984 132 144 184 544 

Table 8. Proportion of (S)SCI in upper quartile of the research field at issue 3 

year Diabetes Common Care Musculoskeletal total 

and Mental and Disorders 

Overweight Disorders Prevention 

1998 14/18 (78%) 17/28 (61%) 28/48 (58%) 31/49 (63%) 90/143 (63%) 

1999 32/35 (91%) 36/48 (75%) 30/51 (59%) 23/39 (59%) 121/173 (70%) 

2000 18/26 (69%) 24/38 (63%) 30/52 (58%) 28/59 (47%) 100/175 (57%) 

2001 26/39 (67%) 26/38 (68%) 23/42 (55%) 39/68 (57%) 114/187 (61%) 

2002 28/43 (65%) 15/27 (56%) 33/57 (58%) 41/75 (55%) 117/202 (58%) 

2003 45/59 (76%) 21/31 (68%) 38/68 (56%) 64/92 (70%) 168/250 (67%) 

2004 41/56 (73%) 30/54 (56%) 59/91 (65%) 52/87 (60%) 182/288 (63%) 

2005 58/80 (73%) 57/84 (68%) 72/115 (63%) 69/115 (60%) 256/394 (65%) 

2006 39/57 (68%) 52/85 (61%) 58/94 (62%) 73/119 (61%) 222/355 (65%) 

1 Science Citation Index 

2 Social Science Citation Index 

3 Based on the order of Impact Factors within the field (from both SCI and SSCI) in which the journal at issue has the 

highest relative position. This assessment is based on the latest edition of the Journal Citation Reports (Social) Science 

Edition (ranks) of the Institute of Scientific Information available in the year at issue.

161


162 


Dissertations 

Henry RMA. Arterial and left ventricular properties in diabetes 

and mild renal insufficiency. The Hoorn Study. (Vrije Universiteit 

Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof.dr. L.M. Bouter, Prof.dr. C.D.A. 

Stehouwer; Co-promotor: Dr. P.J. Kostense, Dr. O. Kamp). (Cat. 

A). 

Kruizenga H. Screening and treatment of malnourished hospital 

patients. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof.dr. 

J.C. Seidell; Co-promotor: Dr. M.A.E. van Bokhorst- van der 

Schueren). (Cat. A). 

Spoelstra-de Man AME. Clinical studies on new cardiovascular 

risk determinants in type 2 diabetes mellitus. (Vrije Universiteit 

Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof.dr. C.D.A. Stehouwer, Prof.dr. Y.M. 

Smulders). (Cat. A). 

van Hecke MV. Diabetic Retinopathy. In relation to risk factors, 

cardiovascular disease and mortality. (Vrije Universiteit van 

Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof. dr. B.C.P. Polak, Prof. dr. C.D.A. 

Stehouwer; Co-promotor: Dr. ir J.M. Dekker, Dr. G. Nijpels). 

(Cat. A). 

International scientific publications 

Adriaanse MC, Dekker JM, Nijpels GN, Heine RJ, Snoek FJ, 

Pouwer F. Associations between depressive symptoms and insulin 

resistance: The Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 2874-7. 

Adriaanse MC, Snoek FJ. The psychological impact of screening 

for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metabolism Research and Reviews 

2006; 22: 20-5. 

Althuizen E, van Poppel MNM, Seidell JC, van der WC, van 

Mechelen W. Design of the New Life(style) study: a randomised 

controlled trial to optimise maternal weight development during 

pregnancy. [ISRCTN85313483]. BioMed Central Public Health 

2006; 6: 168. 

Chin A Paw MJM, van Poppel MNM, van Mechelen W. Effects 

of resistance and functional-skills training on habitual activity and 

constipation among older adults living in long-term care facili- 

ties: a randomized controlled trial. BioMed Central Geriatrics 

2006; 6: 9. 

Chin A Paw MJM, van Poppel MNM, Twisk JWR, van Mechelen 

W. Once a week not enough, twice a week not feasible? A 

randomised controlled exercise trial in long-term care facilities 

[ISRCTN87177281]. Patient Education and Counseling 2006; 

63: 205-14. 

Ciapaite J, Bakker SJL, Diamant M, van Eikenhorst G, Heine 

RJ, Westerhoff HV, Krab K. Metabolic control of mitochondrial 

properties by adenine nucleotide translocator determines palmi- 

toyl-CoA effects. Implications for a mechanism linking obesity 

and type 2 diabetes. FEBS Journal 2006; 273: 5288-302. 

de Bruijn GJ, Kremers SPJ, Lensvelt-Mulders G, de Vries H, van 

Mechelen W, Brug J. Modeling individual and physical environ- 

mental factors with adolescent physical activity. American Journal 

of Preventive Medicine 2006; 30: 507-12. 

de Galan BE, Simsek S, Tack CJ, Heine RJ. Efficacy and safety of 

inhaled insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Netherlands 

Journal of Medicine 2006; 64: 319-25. 

de Jager J, Dekker JM, Kooy A, Kostense PJ, Nijpels GN, Heine 

RJ, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CDA. Endothelial dysfunction and 

low-grade inflammation explain much of the excess cardiovas- 

cular mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes; the Hoorn 

study. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2006; 

26: 1086-93. 

de Rekeneire N, Peila R, Ding J, Colbert LH, Visser M, Shorr 

RI, Kritchevsky SB, Kuller LH, Strotmeyer ES, Schwartz AV, 

Vellas B, Harris TB. Diabetes, Hyperglycemia, and Inflammation 

in Older Individuals: The Health, Aging and Body Composition 

study. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1902-8. 

Dekker JM, Balkau B. Counterpoint: impaired fasting glucose: 

the case against the new american diabetes association guidelines. 

Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1173-5. 

Doak CM, Visscher TL, Renders CM, Seidell JC. The prevention 

of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a review of 

interventions and programmes. Obesity Reviews 2006; 7: 111-36. 

Engbers LH, van Poppel MNM, Chin A Paw MJM, van Mechelen 

W. The effects of a controlled worksite environmental interven- 

tion on determinants of dietary behavior and self-reported fruit, 

vegetable and fat intake. BioMed Central Public Health 2006; 6: 

253. 

Faber MJ, Bosscher RJ, Chin A Paw MJM, van Wieringen PC. 

Effects of exercise programs on falls and mobility in frail and 

pre-frail older adults: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. 

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006; 87: 885- 

96. 

Farouhi NG, Balkau B, Borch-Johnsen K, Dekker JM, Glumer 

C, Qiao Q, Spijkerman AMW, Stolk RP, Tabac A, Wareham NJ. 

The threshold for diagnosing impaired fasting glucose: a posi- 

tion statement by the European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. 

Diabetologia 2006; 49: 822-7. 

Heine RJ, Diamant M, Mbanya JC, Nathan DM. Management of 

hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: the end of recurrent failure? 

British Medical Journal 2006; 333: 1200-4. 

Heine RJ. The role of postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperlipi- 

demia in CVD risk. Current Diabetic Report 2006; 6: 1-2. 

Kemper HCG, Koppes LLJ. Linking physical activity and aerobic 

fitness: Are we active because we are fit, or are we fit because we 

are active? Pediatric Exercise Science 2006; 18: 173-81.

Kemper HCG. European paediatric work physiology. In Memo- 

riam; remembering a cherished friend and collague Oded Bar-Or 

(1936-2005). Pediatric Exercise Science 2006; 18: 155-65. 

Knaapen P, Gotte MJ, Paulus WJ, Zwanenburg JJ, Dijkmans PA, 

Boellaard R, Marcus JT, Twisk JWR, Visser CA, van Rossum AC, 

Lammertsma AA, Visser FC. Does myocardial fibrosis hinder 

contractile function and perfusion in idiopathic dilated cardio- 

myopathy? PET and MR imaging study. Radiology 2006; 240: 

380-8. 

Knol MJ, Twisk JWR, Beekman ATF, Heine RJ, Snoek FJ, Pouwer 

F. Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes 

mellitus. A meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 837-45. 

Koppes LLJ, Dekker JM, Hendriks HFJ, Bouter LM, Heine 

RJ. Meta-analysis of the relationship between alcohol consump- 

tion and coronary heart disease and mortality in type 2 diabetic 

patients. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 648-52. 

Kremers SPJ, de Bruijn GJ, Visscher TL, van Mechelen W, De 

Vries NK, Brug J. Environmental influences on energy balance- 

related behaviors: A dual-process view. Internal Journal of Behav- 

ioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006; 3: 9. 

Kruizenga HM, de Jonge P, Seidell JC, Neelemaat F, van 

Bodegraven AA, Wierdsma NJ, van Bokhorst-van der Schueren 

MAE. Are malnourished patients complex patients? Health status 

and care complexity of malnourished patients detected by the 

Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ). European 

Journal of Internal Medicine 2006; 17: 189-94. 

Martin BW, Kahlmeier S, Racioppi F, Berggren F, Miettinen M, 

Oppert JM, Rutter H, Slachta R, van Poppel MNM, Maucec 

Zakotnik J, Meusel D, Oja P, Sjostrom M. Evidence-based phys- 

ical activity promotion – HEPA Europe, the European Network 

for the Promotion of Health-Enhancing Physical Activity. Journal 

of Public Health 2006; 14: 53-7. 

Mijnhout GS, Scheltens P, Diamant M, Biessels GJ, Wessels 

AM, Simsek S, Snoek FJ, Heine RJ. Diabetic encephalopathy: a 

concept in need of a definition. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 1447-8. 

Monyeki KD, Kemper HCG, Makgae PJ. The association of fat 

patterning with blood pressure in rural South African children: 

the Ellisras Longitudinal Growth and Health Study. International 

Journal of Epidemiology 2006; 35: 114-20. 

Mukuddem-Petersen J, Snijder MB, van Dam RM, Dekker JM, 

Bouter LM, Stehouwer CDA, Heine RJ, Nijpels GN, Seidell JC. 

Sagittal abdominal diameter: no advantage compared with other 

anthropometric measures as a correlate of components of the 

metabolic syndrome in elderly from the Hoorn Study. American 

Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006; 84: 995-1002. 

Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, Heine RJ, Holman RR, 

Sherwin R, Zinman B. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 

diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment 

of therapy : A consensus statement from the American Diabetes 

Association and the European Association for the Study of 

Diabetes. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 1711-21. 

Nieuwdorp M, Mooij HL, Kroon J, Atasever B, Spaan JA, Ince 

C, Holleman F, Diamant M, Heine RJ, Hoekstra JB, Kastelein 

JJ, Stroes ESG, Vink H. Endothelial glycocalyx damage coincides 

with microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2006; 55: 

1127-32. 

Peyrot M, Rubin RR, Lauritzen T, Skovlund SE, Snoek FJ, 

Matthews DR, Landgraf R. Patient and provider perceptions 

of care for diabetes: results of the cross-national DAWN Study. 

Diabetologia 2006; 49: 279-88. 

Pouwer F, Beekman ATF, Lubach CH, Snoek FJ. Nurses’ recog- 

nition and registration of depression, anxiety and diabetes-specific 

emotional problems in outpatients with diabetes mellitus. Patient 

Education and Counseling 2006; 60: 235-40. 

Proper KI, Cerin E, Brown WJ, Owen N. Sitting time and socio- 

economic differences in overweight and obesity. International 

Journal of Obesity 2006; 31: 169-76. 

Proper KI, van den Heuvel SG, de Vroome EMM, Hildebrandt 

VH, van der Beek AJ. Dose-response relation between physical 

activity and sick leave. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2006; 

40: 173-8. 

Proper KI, Hildebrandt VH. Physical activity among Dutch 

workers-differences between occupations. Preventive Medicine 

2006; 43: 42-5. 

Proper KI, Heymans MW, Chin A Paw MJM, van Sluijs EMF, van 

Poppel MNM, van Mechelen W. Promoting physical activity with 

people in different places-A Dutch perspective. Journal of Science 

and Medicine in Sport 2006; 9: 371-7. 

Proper KI, Cerin E, Owen N. Neighborhood and individual 

socio-economic variations in the contribution of work to total 

physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2006; 

3: 179-90. 

Schalk BWM, Visser M, Bremmer MA, Penninx BWJH, Bouter 

LM, Deeg DJH. Change of serum albumin and risk of cardio- 

vascular disease and all-cause mortality: Longitudinal Aging 

Study Amsterdam. American Journal of Epidemiology 2006; 164: 

969-77. 

Schindhelm RK, Diamant M, Dekker JM, Tushuizen ME, Teer- 

link T, Heine RJ. Alanine aminotransferase as a marker of non- 

alcoholic fatty liver disease in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus 

and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and 

Reviews 2006; 22: 437-43. 

Sibarani RP, Rudijanto A, Dekker JM, Heine RJ. Correlation 

between left ventricular mass and visceral fat thickness in obese 

women. Acta Medica Indonesiana 2006; 38: 142-4. 

Singh AS, Chin A Paw MJM, Bosscher RJ, van Mechelen W. 

Cross-sectional relationship between physical fitness components 

and functional performance in older persons living in long-term 

care facilities. BioMed Central Geriatrics 2006; 6: 4. 

163 



164 

Singh AS, Chin A Paw MJM, Kremers SPJ, Visscher TL, Brug J, 

van Mechelen W. Design of the Dutch Obesity Intervention in 

Teenagers (NRG-DOiT): Systematic development, implemen- 

tation and evaluation of a school-based intervention aimed at 

the prevention of excessive weight gain in adolescents. BioMed 

Central Public Health 2006; 6: 304. 

Snijder MB, van Dam RM, Visser M, Seidell JC. What aspects of 

body fat are particularly hazardous and how do we measure them? 

International Journal of Epidemiology 2006; 35: 83-92. 

Snijder MB, Heine RJ, Seidell JC, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CDA, 

Nijpels GN, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I, Dekker 

JM. Associations of adiponectin levels with incident impaired 

glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes in older men and women: 

the hoorn study. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2498-503. 

Spoelstra-de Man AME, van Ittersum FJ, Schram MT, Kamp O, 

van Dijk RA, IJzerman RG, Twisk JWR, Brouwer CB, Stehouwer 

CDA. Aggressive antihypertensive strategies based on hydrochlo- 

rothiazide, candesartan or lisinopril decrease left ventricular mass 

and improve arterial compliance in patients with type II diabetes 

mellitus and hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension 2006; 

20: 599-611. 

Stam F, van Guldener C, Becker A, Dekker JM, Heine RJ, Bouter 

LM, Stehouwer CD. Endothelial dysfunction contributes to renal 

function-associated cardiovascular mortality in a population with 

mild renal insufficiency: the Hoorn study. Journal of the American 

Society of Nephrology 2006; 17: 537-45. 

Struijs JN, Baan CA, Schellevis FG, Westert GP, van den Bos GA. 

Comorbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus: impact on medical 

health care utilization. BioMed Central Health Services Research 


The DECODE Study Group, Qiao Q. Comparison of different 

definitions of the metabolic syndrome in relation to cardiovas- 

cular mortality in European men and women. Diabetologia 2006; 

49: 2837-46. 

Tushuizen ME, Nieuwland R, Scheffer PG, Sturk A, Heine RJ, 

Diamant M. Two consecutive high-fat meals affect endothelial- 

dependent vasodilation, oxidative stress and cellular micropar- 

ticles in healthy men. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 

2006; 4: 1003-10. 

Tushuizen ME, Bunck MC, Pouwels PJW, van Waesberghe JH, 

Diamant M, Heine RJ. Incretin mimetics as a novel therapeutic 

option for hepatic steatosis. Liver International 2006; 26: 1015-7. 

van der Ploeg HP, Streppel KRM, van der Beek AJ, van der 

Woude LHV, Vollenbroek-Hutten MM, van Harten WH, van 

Mechelen W. Counselling increases physical activity behaviour 

nine weeks after rehabilitation. British Journal of Sports Medicine 

2006; 40: 223-9. 

van Esch SCM, Cornel MC, Snoek FJ. Type 2 diabetes and inher- 

itance: what information do diabetes organizations provide on the 

Internet? Diabetic Medicine 2006; 23: 1233-8. 

van Halm VP, Nurmohamed MT, Twisk JWR, Dijkmans BAC, 

Voskuyl AE. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are associ- 

ated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with 

rheumatoid arthritis - a case control study. Arthritis Research & 

Therapy 2006; 8: R151. 

van Hecke MV, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Stolk RP, Henry RM, 

Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CDA, Polak BC. Are retinal 

microvascular abnormalities associated with large artery endothe- 

lial dysfunction and intima-media thickness? The Hoorn Study. 

Clinical Science (London) 2006; 110: 597-604. 

van Hove EC, Hansen TK, Dekker JM, Reiling E, Nijpels GN, 

Jorgensen T, Borch-Johnsen K, Hamid YH, Heine RJ, Pedersen 

O, Maassen JA, ‘t Hart LM. The HADHSC gene encoding short- 

chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD) and type 2 

diabetes susceptibility: the DAMAGE study. Diabetes 2006; 55: 

3193-6. 

van Rossum CTM, Pijl H, Adan RA, Hoebee B, Seidell JC. 

Polymorphisms in the NPY and AGRP genes and body fatness 

in Dutch adults. International Journal of Obesity (London) 2006; 

30: 1522. 

van Sluijs EMF, van Poppel MNM, Twisk JWR, van Mechelen W. 

Physical activity measurements affected participants’ behavior in 

a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 

2006; 59: 404-11. 

van Wier MF, Ariëns GA, Dekkers JC, Hendriksen IJM, Pronk 

NP, Smid T, van Mechelen W. ALIFE@Work: a randomised 

controlled trial of a distance counselling lifestyle programme 

for weight control among an overweight working population 

[ISRCTN04265725]. BioMed Central Public Health 2006; 6: 

140. 

Visscher TL, Viet AL, Kroesbergen IH, Seidell JC. Underre- 

porting of BMI in Adults and Its Effect on Obesity Prevalence 

Estimations in the Period 1998 to 2001. Obesity (Silver Spring) 

2006; 14: 2054-63. 

Visser M, Deeg DJH, Puts MTE, Seidell JC, Lips P. Low serum 

concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older persons and the 

risk of nursing home admission. American Journal of Clinical 

Nutrition 2006; 84: 616-22. 

Voorhoeve PG, van Rossum EF, te Velde SJ, Koper JW, Kemper 

HCG, Lamberts SW, de Waal HA. Association between an IGF-I 

gene polymorphism and body fatness: differences between gener- 

ations. European Journal of Endocrinology 2006; 154: 379-88. 

Welschen LM, Nijpels G, Singh D. Self-management programmes 

for older people may help reduce blood pressure. Commentary 1. 

Evidence Based Cardiovascular Medicine 2006; 10: 52-3. 

Wessels AM, Rombouts SARB, Simsek S, Kuijer JP, Kostense PJ, 

Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Snoek FJ, Heine RJ. Microvascular disease 

in type 1 diabetes alters brain activation: a functional magnetic 

resonance imaging study. Diabetes 2006; 55: 334-40.

Wessels AM, Simsek S, Remijnse PL, Veltman DJ, Biessels GJ, 

Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Snoek FJ, Heine RJ, Rombouts SA. Voxel- 

based morphometry demonstrates reduced grey matter density 

on brain MRI in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 

2006; 49: 2474-80. 

Cochrane reviews and protocols 

Renders CM, Valk GD, Griffin SJ, Wagner EH, van Eijk JTM, 

Assendelft WJJ. Interventions to improve the management of 

diabetes mellitus in primary care, outpatient and community 

settings (completed review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 

2006. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [last update 29 

June 2000]. 

Letters to the editor 

Heine RJ. Trial of pioglitazone for the secondary prevention of 

cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2: 

insufficient evidence. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 

2006; 150: 931. 

Pouwer F, Knol MJ, Snoek FJ. Reply to comment on: Knol 

MJ, Twisk JWR, Beekman ATF, Hein RJ, Snoek FJ, Pouwer F 

(2006) Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes 

mellitus. A meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 2799-800. 

Seidell JC. Editor’s note. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 

2006; 60: 921. 

Snijder MB, van Dam RM, Visser M, Deeg DJH, Seidell JC, Lips 

P. To: Mathieu C, Gysemans C, Giulietti A, Bouillon R (2005) 

Vitamin D and diabetes. Diabetologia 48: 1247-1257. Diabeto- 

logia 2006; 49: 217-8. 

National scientific publications 

Bemelmans W, Schuit J, Seidell J, Visscher T. Overgewicht beleid 

is onaanvaardbaar. Medisch Contact 2006; 27: 170-1. 

Dekkers C, van Mechelen W. Overgewicht, lichamelijke inacti- 

viteit en ziekteverzuim bij werknemers. Tijdschrift voor Gezond- 

heidswetenschappen 2006; 1: 53-5. 

Heine RJ. Onderzoek naar pioglitazon als secundaire preventie 

van cardiovasculaire gebeurtenissen bij patienten met diabetes 

mellitus type 2: onvoldoende bewijs. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor 

Geneeskunde 2006; 150: 930-1. 

Hopman-Rock M, Stiggelbout M, Popkema DY, de Greef MHG. 

[More exercise for seniors: report of program evaluation]. Tijd- 

schrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie 2006; 37: 195-202. 

Muleer LMAJ, Gorter KJ, Hak E, Goudzwaard WL, Schellevis 

FG, Hoepelman IM, Rutten GEHM. Toegenomen risico op 

infecties bij patiënten met diabetes mellitus type 1 of 2. Neder- 

lands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2006; 150: 549-53. 

Nijpels G. Tegenstelling, het consensus statement ADA/EASD 

moet worden ingevoerd in Nederland. Insulineresistentie 2006; 

5: 11-2. 

Proper KI, Bakker I, van Overbeek K, Verheijden MW, van 

Mechelen M. De effectiviteit van interventies ter stimulering 

van gezonde voeding. Tijdschrift voor Bedrijfs- en Verzekerings 

geneeskunde 2006; 14: 243-9. 

Proper KI, Bergstra B, Bakker I, van Mechelen M. De effectiviteit 

van interventies ter stimulering van bewegen. Tijdschrift voor 

Bedrijfs- en Verzekeringsgeneeskunde 2006; 14: 103-8. 

Proper KI, van Mechelen M. Verandering naar gezond gedrag, 

hoe doen we dat? Tijdschrift voor Bedrijfs- en Verzekerings- 

geneeskunde 2006; 14: 101. 

Simsek S, Diamant M, Eekhoffen EM, Heine RJ. Diabetes 

mellitus: eenvoudige classificatie en bijpassende behandeling. 

Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2006; 150: 1007-12. 

Simsek S, de Galan BE, Tack CJ, Heine RJ. Behandeling van 

patienten met diabetes mellitus door middel van inhalatie- 

insuline. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2006; 150: 

829-32. 

van Overbeek K, Bakker I, Proper KI, van Mechelen M. Effecti 

viteit van interventies op het voorkomen of stoppen van overmatige 

alcoholconsumptie. Tijdschrift voor Bedrijfs- en Verzekerings- 


van Overbeek K, Bakker I, Proper KI, van Mechelen M. Effec- 

tiviteit van interventies op het voorkomen of stoppen van 

overmatig rookgedrag. Tijdschrift voor Bedrijfs- en Verzekerings- 


van Sluijs EMF, van Poppel MNM, van Mechelen W. Stimuleren 

van bewegen in de huisartspraktijk. Een samenvatting van het 

PACE project. Hartbulletin 2006; 37: 13-6. 

Welschen LMC, Bloemendal E, Nijpels GN, Dekker JM, Heine 

RJ, Stalman WAB, Bouter LM. Uit de Cochrane Library en 

Diabetes Care: zelfcontrole van bloedglucosewaarden bij diabetes 

mellitus type 2 zonder gebruik van insuline waarschijnlijk effec- 

tieve methode om glykemische instelling te verbeteren. Neder- 


Wiemer NG, Polak BC, Veckeneer MA. Behandelingsmogelijk- 

heden voor diabetisch macula-oedeem. Nederlands Tijdschrift 

voor Geneeskunde 2006; 150: 2183-7. 

Books and proceedings 

Bulk-Bunschoten AMW, Renders CM, van Leerdam FJM, Hira 

Sing RA. Overbruggingsplan voor kinderen met overgewicht. 

In: van Leerdam FJM, Hira Sing RA, eds. Basisboek JGZ. 

Maarssen: Elsevier Gezondheidszorg, 2006: 114-29. 

Bulk-Bunschoten AMW, Benninga MA, Kneepkens CMF, van 

der Wal G, Hira Sing RA. Fecesincontinentie bij kinderen. In: 

van Leerdam FJM, Hira Sing RA, eds. Basisboek JGZ. Maarssen: 

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Bulk-Bunschoten AMW. Voeding van zuigelingen en peuters. In: 

van Leerdam FJM, Hira Sing RA, eds. Basisboek JGZ. Maarssen: 

Elsevier Gezondheidszorg, 2006: 64-74. 

Bulk-Bunschoten AMW. Ontwikkelingsonderzoek in de Jeugd- 

gezondheidszorg. Het Van Wiechenonderzoek MS Laurent de 

Angulo. In: van Leerdam FJM, Hira Sing RA, eds. Basisboek JGZ. 

Maarssen: Elsevier Gezondheidszorg, 2006: 52-63. 

de Sonnaville JJJ, Heine RJ. Diabetes mellitus type 2: presentatie 

en behandeling. In: Heine RJ, ed. Diabetes mellitus in vogel- 

vlucht. Alphen aan den Rijn: Van Zuiden Communications BV, 

2006: 31-43. ISBN 90-8523-132-9. 

Dekker JM. Metabool syndroom: feit of fictie? In: Knuistingh- 

Neven NA, Bolk JH, Went PBM, eds. Boerhaave chronicles 

2005. Alphen aan de Rijn: Van Zuiden Communications BV, 

2006: 65-70. 

Elte JWF, Heine RJ, Valk GD. Endocrinologie. In: van Ever- 

dingen JJE, Glerum JH, eds. Diagnose en Therapie. Jaarboek 

2007. Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum, 2006: 137. ISBN 9798 

90 313 4793 3. 

Heine RJ. Diabetes mellitus in vogelvlucht. Aspecten van multi- 

disciplinaire diabeteszorg. Voorwoord. In: Heine RJ, ed. Diabetes 

mellitus in vogelvlucht. Alphen aan den Rijn: Van Zuiden 

Communications BV, 2006: 5. ISBN 90-8523-056-X. 

Heine RJ, Stehouwer CDA, Brand HS. Hoofdstuk 15. In: Brand 

HS, van Diermen DE, Makkes PS, eds. Algemene Ziekteleer voor 

Tandartsen. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2006: 199-211. 

ISBN 90-313-4816-3. 

Proper KI, Hildebrandt VH. Overgewicht en obesitas onder 

de Nederlandse werknemers-verschillen tussen beroepen en 

branches. In: Ooijendijk WTM, Hildebrandt VH, Hopman-Rock 

M, eds. Bewegen Gemeten 2002-2004. Leiden: TNO Kwaliteit 

van Leven, 2006: 53-61. ISBN 13 978 90 5986 201 5. 

Simsek S, Heine RJ. Toedienings- en doseringsvormen van 

insuline. In: Heine RJ, ed. Diabetes mellitus in vogelvlucht. 

Aspecten van multidisciplinaire diabeteszorg. Alphen aan den 

Rijn: Van Zuiden Communications BV, 2006: 19-30. ISBN 90- 

8523-132-9+. 

Snoek FJ, Skinner TC. Psychology in diabetes care. Zaltbommel: 

Pronounce, 2006. 

Snoek FJ. Diabetes Mellitus. In: Kaptein, Beunderman R, Dekker, 

eds. Psychologie en Geneeskunde. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van 

Loghum, 2006: 157-73. 

Snoek FJ, de Ridder DTD. Coping. Medische Psychologie. 

Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2006: 113-8. 

van Leerdam FJM, Hira Sing RA. Bedplassen. In: van Leerdam 

FJM, Hira Sing RA, eds. Basisboek JGZ. Maarssen: Elsevier 

Gezondheidszorg, 2006: 94-103. 

Other publications 

Bulk-Bunschoten AMW, Renders CM, van Leerdam FJM, Hira 

Sing RA. De oorzaken van overgewicht bij kinderen en de mogelijk- 

heden tot interventie. Tijdschrift voor Lichamelijke Opvoeding 

2006; 94: 6-9. 

den Hertog F, Bronkhorst M, Moerman M, van Wilgenburg R. 

De gezonde wijk. Een onderzoek naar de relatie tussen fysieke 

wijkkenmerken en lichamelijke activiteit. 2006; 1-158. 

Heinrich J, Proper KI, Hildebrandt VH. De kosten en baten 

van een bedrijfsfitnessprogramma. Tijdschrift voor Toegepaste 

Arbowetenschap 2006; 19: 4-9. 

Hopman-Rock M. “Blijf in beweging om het ontstaan van artrose 

tegen te gaan”! Pijnperiodiek 2006; 3: 2-5. 

Reports 

Buiting AMT, Verkerk PH, Wagenaar-Fischer MM, Hira Sing 

RA. Verslag Project rechtstreeks verwijzen van de jeugdgezond- 

heidszorg naar de 2e lijn. TNO Kwaliteit van Leven, 2006. ISBN 

011.75057/01.01. 

Proper KI, van der Beek AJ, van Mechelen M. Leefstijlinterven- 

ties bij werknemers in de bouwnijverheid met verhoogd risico 

voor harten vaatziekten. Een inventarisatie van mogelijkheden. 

Amsterdam: Arbouw, 2006. ISBN 90 77286403. 

Proper KI, van der Beek AJ, van Mechelen M. De ontwikkeling 

van een screeningsinstrument voor harten vaatziekten in de 

bouwnijverheid. Amsterdam: Arbouw, 2006. ISBN 90 77286462. 

Abstracts 

Alssema M, Schindhelm RK, Dekker JM, Diamant M, Kostense 

PJ, Teerlink T, Scheffer PG, Nijpels G, Heine RJ. Postprandial 

glucose is associated with carotid Intima Media Thickness but 

Postprandial Triglycerides are not. The Hoorn prandial study. 

Diabetologia 2006; 49(suppl 1): 727-8. 

Althuizen E, van Poppel MNM, Seidell JC, van Mechelen W. A 

randomised controlled trial to optimise maternal weight devel- 

opment during pregnancy: design and content of an interven- 

tion study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2006; 

13(suppl): 88. 

Althuizen E, van Poppel MNM, Seidell JC, van Mechelen W. 

Risk factors for weight retention after childbirth. International 

Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2006; 13(suppl): 200. 

Chin A Paw MJM, Jacobs WM, Vaessen EPG, Titze S, van 

Mechelen W. The motivation of children aged 9-12 years old to 

play an interactive dance stimulation video game and its effects 

on body composition and aerobic fitness: a pilot study. Obesity 

Reviews 2006; 7: 110.

Chin A Paw MJM, Jacobs WM, Vaessen EPG, Titze S, van 

Mechelen W. Children’s motivation to play an interactive dence 

stimulation video game and its effect on body composition and 

aerobic fitness. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 

2006; 13(suppl): 123. 

de Wit M, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Gemke RJBJ, Snoek FJ. 

Monitoring Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in Adoles- 

cents. Baseline data from a randomised controlled cross-over 

multi-centre study (RCT: ISRCTN65138334). Pediatric Diabetes 

2006; 7(suppl 5): 18-57. 

Engbers LH, van Poppel MNM, Chin A Paw MJM, van 

Mechelen W. Effects of a controlled worksite environmental trial 

on self-reported determinants of behavior, dietary intake and 

physical activity. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 


Nooyens ACJ, Koppes LLJ, Visscher TLS, Twisk JWR, Kemper 

HCG, Schuit AJ, van Mechelen W, Seidell JC. Adolescent 

skinfold thickness better predict adult high body fatness then 

adolescent body mass index: the Amsterdam Growth and Health 

Longitudinal Study (AGAHLS). Obesity Reviews 2006; 7(suppl 

2): 97. 

Proper KI, van den Heuvel SG, de Vroome EMM, Hildebrandt 

VH, van der Beek AJ. Dose-response relationship between 

physical activity and sick leave. International Journal of Behavioral 

Medicine 2006; 13: S347. 

Proper KI, Cerin E, Brown WJ, Owen N. Sitting time and socio- 

economic differences in overweight and obesity. International 

Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2006; 13: S173. 

Rijkelijkhuizen JM, Nijpels GN, Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Stehouwer 

CDA, Dekker JM. High risk of cardiovascular mortality in 

subjects with impaired fasting glucose is mostly explained by those 

who convert to diabetes. Diabetologia 2006; 49(suppl 1): 58. 

Schindhelm RK, Alssema M, Diamant M, Dekker JM, Scheffer 

PG, Teerlink T, Nijpels G, Heine RJ. Alanine aminotransferase 

is weakly associated with fasting and postprandial glucose and 

triglyceride responses in women with type 2 diabetes: The Hoorn 

Prandial Study. Diabetes 2006; 55(suppl 1): A521-A522. 

Singh AS, Chin A Paw MJM, Brug J, van Mechelen W. School- 

based obesity prevention can make a difference: positive short 

term effects of the Dutch Obesity Intervention in Teenagers 

(DOiT). International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2006; 

13(suppl): 85. 

Singh AS, Chin A Paw MJM, Brug J, van Mechelen W. School- 

based obesity prevention can make a difference: positive short 

term effects of the Dutch Obesity Intervention in Teenagers 

(DOiT). Obesity Reviews 2006; 7(suppl 2): 49. 

Slootmaker SM, Schuit AJ, Chin A Paw MJM, Seidell JC, van 

Mechelen W. Monitoring physical activity in Dutch adolescents 

and young adults by accelerometry and a physical activity ques- 

tionnaire. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2006; 

13(suppl): 253. 

Slootmaker SM, Chin A Paw MJM, Koppes LLJ, Schuit AJ, van 

Mechelen W. Concurrent validity of the PAM accelerometer for 

walking, cycling and stair walking. International Journal of Behav- 

ioral Medicine 2006; 13(suppl): 254. 

Snijder MB, Seidell JC, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CDA, Heine RJ, 

Nijpels G, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I, Dekker JM. 

Associations of adiponectin levels with incident impaired glucose 

metabolism and type 2 diabetes in older men and women. The 

Hoorn Study. Obesity Reviews 2006; 7(suppl 2): 177. 

Spijkerman AMW, Smulders YM, Dekker JM, Teerlink T, Jakobs 

C, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CDA. High 

vitamin B6 is associated with lower carotid distensibility and 

compliance in type 2 diabetes but not in normal or impaired 

glucose metabolism: The Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 2006; 

49(suppl 1): 728. 

van Poppel MNM, van Sluijs EMF, van Mechelen W. Are changes 

in psychosocial correlates of physical activity associated with 

changes in physical activity? A longitudinal cohort analysis. Inter- 

national Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2006; 13(suppl): 99. 

van Wier M, Dekkers C, Hendriksen JM, Pronk NP, Smid T, van 

Mechelen W. A 6 months lifestyle program with counseling by 

e-mail/internet or phone; effects of a RCT on body weight and 

body mass index. Obesity Reviews 2006; 7(suppl 2): 282. 

Verheijden MW, Jans MP, Hildebrandt VH. Werk in uitvoering: 

implementatie van de Leefstijlscan in bedrijven. Rotterdam 

Nederlands Congres Volksgezondheid, 12-13 april 2006. Tijd- 

schrift voor Gezondheidswetenschappen 2006; 84: 82. 

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168 


Dissertations 

Bijl D. Major depression in primary care. Aspects of screening, 

diagnosis and treatment of major depressive disorder in general 

practice. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof.dr. M. 

de Haan, Prof.dr. A.T.F. Beekman, Co-promotor: Dr. H.W.J. van 

Marwijk). (Cat. A). 

Boenink AD. Teaching and learning reflection on medical profes- 

sionalism. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof.dr. W. 

van Tilburg, Co-promotor: Dr. A.K. Oderwald, Dr. J.A. Smal). 

(Cat. A). 

Bosmans JE. Cost-effectiveness of treatment for depression in 

primary care. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof.dr. 

L.M. Bouter, Prof.dr. W.A.B. Stalman; Co-promotor: Dr. M.C. 

de Bruijne, Dr. H.P.J. van Hout). (Cat. A). 

Coppoolse KC. Ziektebeleving van chronisch zieken van 

Marokkaanse afkomst en morele dilemma’s in de zorgverlening. 

Een kwalitatieve analyse. (Vrije Universiteit van Amsterdam; 

Promotor: Prof. dr. M. de Haan; Co-promotor: Dr. A.K. Oder- 

wald, Dr. R. Reis). (Cat. A). 

Giesen-Bloo J. Crossing borders. Theory, Assessment and Treat- 

ment in Borderline Personality Disorder. (Universiteit Maas- 

tricht; Promotor: Prof.dr. A. Arntz, Prof.dr. R. van Dyck, Prof.dr. 

P. Spinhoven). (Cat. A). 

Jongenelis K. Depression in Dutch nursing homes. (Vrije Univer- 

siteit van Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof. dr. M.W. Ribbe, Prof.dr. 

A.T.F. Beekman; Co-promotor: Dr. A.M. Pot). (Cat. A). 

Latour CHM. Co-ordination of care for the complex medically 

ill. (Vrije Universiteit; Promotor: Prof.dr. W.A.B. Stalman; Co- 

promotors: Prof.dr. F.J. Huyse, Dr. R. de Vos). (Cat. A). 

Middeldorp CM. The role of genetic factors and life events in 

the development of anxiety and depression. (Vrije Universiteit 

Amsterdam; Prof.dr. D.I. Boomsma; Prof. dr. R. van Dyck). (Cat. 

A). 

Schuurmans J. Anxiety in late life. Moving toward a tailored 

treatment. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof.dr. R. 

van Dyck, Prof.dr. P.M.G. Emmelkamp; Co-promotor: Dr. H.C. 

Comijs). (Cat. A). 

Smalbrugge M. Anxiety and depression in nursing home patients. 

Prevalence, risk indicators and consequences. (Vrije Universiteit 

Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof.dr. J.A. Eefsting, Prof.dr. A.T.F. 

Beekman; Co-promotor: Dr. A.M. Pot). (Cat. A). 

Steunenberg B. Depression and personality in later life. (Vrije 

Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof.dr. A.J.F.M. Kerkhof, 

Prof.dr. A.T.F. Beekman, Prof.dr. D.J.H. Deeg). (Cat. A). 

Theunissen JR. Zorgvernieuwing in de chronische psychiatrie. 

Een vergelijkend onderzoek onder vier projecten voor lang- 

durig zorgafhankelijke patiënten. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; 

Promotor: Prof.dr. R. van Dyck; Co-promotor: Dr. J.H. Smit). 

(Cat. A). 

van Boeijen CA. Feasibility and efficacy of treatment of anxiety 

in primary care. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof. 

dr. A.J.L.M. van Balkom, Prof.dr. R. van Dyck; Co-promotor: Dr. 

P.C. van Oppen). (Cat. A). 

van Dam QD. Weerstand in de pyschoanalyse. (Vrije Universiteit 

Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof.dr. W. van Tilburg; Co-promotor: 

Dr. H.F.A. Schalken). (Cat. A). 

van Schaik DJF. Interpersonal psychotherapy for late life depres- 

sion in general practice. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: 

Prof.dr. M. de Haan, Prof.dr. R. van Dyck, Prof.dr. A.T.F. van 

Beekman; Co-promotor: Dr. H.W.J. van Marwijk). (Cat. A). 

Vellinga A. To know or not to be: development of an instrument 

to assess decision-making capacity of cognitively impaired elderly 

patients. (VU Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof.dr. 

C. Jonker, Prof.dr. E. van Leeuwen; Co-promotor: Prof.dr. W. 

van Tilburg, Dr. J.H. Smit). (Cat. A). 


Achterberg WP, Pot AM, Kerkstra A, Ribbe MW. Depressive 

symptoms in newly admitted nursing home residents. Interna- 

tional Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2006; 21: 1156-62. 

Anholt GE, Cath DC, Emmelkamp PMG, van Oppen PC, Smit 

JH, van Balkom AJLM. Do obsessional beliefs discriminate OCD 

without tic patients from OCD with tic and Tourette’s syndrome 

patients? Behaviour Research and Therapy 2006; 44: 1537-43. 

Bailey S, Doreleijers TAH, Tarbuck P. Recent developments in 

mental health screening and assessment in juvenile justice systems. 

Child and adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2006; 

15: 391-406. 

Bakker IM, Terluin B, van Marwijk HW, Gundy CM, Smit JH, 

van Mechelen W, Stalman WAB. Effectiveness of a Minimal 

Intervention for Stress-related mental disorders with Sick leave 

(MISS); study protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial 

in general practice [ISRCTN43779641]. BioMed Central Public 

Health 2006; 6: 124. 

Bijl D, van Marwijk HWJ, Ader HJ, Beekman ATF, de Haan M. 

Test-characteristics of the GDS-15 in screening for major depres- 

sion in eldery patients in general practice. Clinical Gerontologist 


Bosmans JE, de Bruijne MC, van Hout H, van Marwijk H, 

Beekman A, Bouter LM, Stalman WAB, van Tulder M. Cost- 

Effectiveness of a Disease Management Program for Major 

Depression in Elderly Primary Care Patients. Journal of Genetic 

Internal Medicine 2006; 21: 1020-6.

Braam AW, Bramsen I, van Tilburg TG, van der Ploeg HM, 

Deeg DJH. Cosmic transcendence and framework of meaning 

in life: patterns among older adults in the Netherlands. Journal 

of Gerontology - series B - Psychological Sciences and Social 

Sciences 2006; 61: S121-S128. 

Bremmer MA, Hoogendijk WJ, Deeg DJH, Schoevers RA, Schalk 

BWM, Beekman ATF. Depression in older age is a risk factor 

for first ischemic cardiac events. American Journal of Geriatric 

Psychiatry 2006; 14: 523-30. 

Breuk RE, Sexton TL, van Dam A, Disse C, Doreleijers TAH, 

Slot WN, rowland MD. The implementation and the cultural 

adjustment of functional family therapy in a Dutch psychiatric 

day-treatment center. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 

2006; 32: 515-29. 

Brook OH, van Hout HPJ, Stalman WAB, de Haan M. Nontri- 

cyclic antidepressants: predictors of nonadherence. Journal of 

Clinical Psychopharmacology 2006; 26: 643-7. 

Brouwers EPM, Tiemens BG, Terluin B, Verhaak PF. Effective- 

ness of an intervention to reduce sickness absence in patients 

with emotional distress or minor mental disorders: a randomized 

controlled effectiveness trial. General Hospital Psychiatry 2006; 

28: 223-9. 

Brouwers EPM, Terluin B, Tiemens BG, Verhaak PFM. Patients 

with minor mental disorders leading to sickness absence: a 

feasibility study for social workers’ participation in a treatment 

programme. British Journal of Social Work 2006; 36: 127-38. 

Caselein S, Bruggeman R, van Buschbach JT, van der Gaag M, 

Knegterink H, Wiersma D. The effectiveness of ‘professionally 

guided’ self-help groups: A multicenter randomized controlled 

trial. Schizophrenia Research 2006; 81: s102. 

Cohen D, Dekker JJM, Peen J, de Wied CC. European Neuropsy- 

chopharmacology 2006; 16: 187-94. 

Cuijpers P, Beekman ATF, Smit F, Deeg DJH. Predicting the 

onset of major depressive disorder and dysthymia in older adults 

with subthreshold depression: a community based study. Interna- 


Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Smit F. Psychological treatment of late- 

life depression:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2006; 21: 1139-49. 

Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Smits N, Smit F. Screening and early 

psychological intervention for depression in schools: systematic 

review and meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychi- 

atry 2006; 15(5): 300-7. 

Cuijpers P, Steunenberg B, van Straten A. When children of 

problem drinkers grow old: does the increased risk of mental 

disorders persist? Addictive Behaviors 2006; 31: 2284-91. 

De Leo D, Burgis S, Bertolote JM, Kerkhof AJM, Bille-Brahe U. 

Definitions of suicidal behavior: lessons learned from the WHO/ 

EURO multicentre Study. Crisis 2006; 27: 4-15. 

de Maat SCM, Dekker JJM, Schoevers R, de Jonghe F. Relative 

efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment 

of depression; a meta-analysis. Psychotherapy Research 2006; 16: 

566-78. 

Dröes RM, Meiland FJM, Schmitz MJ, van Tilburg W. Effect 

of the Meeting Centres Support Program on informal carers of 

people with dementia: results from a multi-centre study. Aging 

and Mental Health 2006; 10: 112-24. 

Dröes RM, Boelens-van der Knoop ECC, Bos J, Meihuizen L, 

Ettema TP, Gerritsen DL, Hoogeveen F, de Lange J, Schölzel- 

Dorenbos CJ. Quality of life in dementia in perspective. Dementia 

2006; 5: 533-58. 

Eisenstaedt R, Penninx BWJH, Woodman RC. Anemia in the 

elderly: current understanding and emerging concepts. Blood 

Reviews 2006; 20: 213-26. 

Figaro MK, Kritchevsky SB, Resnick HE, Shorr RI, Butler J, 

Shintani A, Penninx BWJH, Simonsick EM, Goodpaster BH, 

Newman AB, Schwartz AV, Harris TB. Diabetes, Inflamma- 

tion, and Functional Decline in Older Adults: Findings from the 

Health, Aging and Body Composition (ABC) study. Diabetes Care 

2006; 29: 2039-45. 

Frederiks BJM. The legal position of people with an intellectual 

disability: from restriction to development. Journal of Forensic 

Medicine 2006; 49: 34-5. 

Giesen-Bloo J, van Dyck R, Spinhoven P, van Tilburg W, Dirksen 

C, van Asselt T, Kremers I, Nadort M, Arntz A. Outpatient 

psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: randomized 

trial of schema-focused therapy vs transference-focused psycho- 

therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry 2006; 63: 649-58. 

Gorgels WJMJ, Oude Voshaar RC, Mol AJJ, van de Lisdonk 

EH, van Balkom AJLM, Breteler MHM, van den Hoogen HJM, 

Mulder J, Zitman FG. Predictors of discontinuation of benzodi- 

azepine prescription after sending a letter to long-term benzodi- 

azepine users in family practice. Family Practice 2006; 23: 65-72. 

Graafsma T, Kerkhof AJFM, Gibson D, Badloe R, van de Beek 

LM. High rates of suicide and attempted suicide using pesticides 

in Nickerie, Suriname, South America. Crisis 2006; 27: 77-81. 

Gray SL, Lacroix AZ, Hanlon JT, Penninx BWJH, Blough DK, 

Leveille SG, Artz MB, Guralnik JM, Buchner DM. Benzodi- 

azepine use and physical disability in community-dwelling older 

adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006; 54: 

224-30. 

Greeven A, van Balkom AJLM, van Rood YR, van Oppen 

PC, Spinhoven P. The boundary between hypochondriasis and 

obsessive-compulsive disorder: a cross-sectional study from the 

Netherlands. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2006; 67: 1682-9. 

Grimland M, Apter A, Kerkhof AJFM. The phenomenon of 

suicide bombing: a review of psychological and nonpsychological 

factors. Crisis 2006; 27: 107-18. 

169 



170 

Gutschner D, Kobel B, Hug C, Doreleijers TAH, Schmeck K. 

BARO – Screeningsinstrument zur Erstbeurteilung von jugendli- 

chen Straftätern. Zeitschrift fur Jugendkriminalrecht und Jugen- 

dhilfe 2006; 2: 133-9. 

Hakkaart-van Roijen LH, van Straten A, Maiwenn AL, Rutten 

FFH, Donker M. Cost-utility of brief psychological treatment 

for depression and anxiety. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 

188: 323-9. 

Hermens MLM, Adèr HJ, van Hout HPJ, Terluin B, van Dyck R, 

de Haan M. Administering the MADRS by telephone or face-to- 

face: a validity study. Annals of General Psychiatry 2006; 5: 3. 

Hertogh CMPM. Advance care planning and the relevance of a 

palliative care approach in dementia. Age and Ageing 2006; 35: 

553-5. 

Hesselink AE, van der Windt DAWM, Penninx BWJH, Wijn- 

hoven HAH, Twisk JWR, Bouter LM, van Eijk JT. What predicts 

change in pulmonary function and quality of life in asthma or 

COPD? Journal of Asthma 2006; 43: 513-9. 

Hoogendijk WJG, Lieverse R, Beekman ATF. Suicide risk and 

antidepressants: a pragmatic approach to the controversy. Drug 

Development Research 2006; 65: 184. 

Janssen J, Beekman ATF, Comijs HC, Deeg DJH, Heeren TJ. 

Late-life depression: the differences between early- and late-onset 

illness in a community-based sample. International Journal of 

Geriatric Psychiatry 2006; 21: 86-93. 

Kooij KG, van Hout HPJ, van Marwijk HWJ, de Haan M, 

Stehouwer CDA, Beekman ATF. Differences in heart rate varia- 

bility between depressed and non-depressed elderly. International 

Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2006; 21: 150. 

Koster A, Bosma H, Penninx BWJH, Newman AB, Harris TB, 

van Eijk JTM, Kempen GIJM, Simonsick EM, Johnson KC, 

Rooks RN, Ayonayon HN, Rubin SM, Kritchevsky SB. Associa- 

tion of inflammatory markers with socioeconomic status. Journal 

of Gerontology - series A - Biological Sciences and Medical 

Sciences 2006; 61: 284-90. 

Koster A, Bosma H, Broese van Groenou MI, Kempen GIJM, 

Penninx BWJH, van Eijk JTM, Deeg DJH. Explanations of 

socioeconomic differences in changes in physical function in older 

adults: results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. 

BioMed Central Public Health 2006; 6: 244. 

Koster A, Bosma H, Kempen GIJM, Penninx BWJH, Beekman 

ATF, Deeg DJH, van Eijk JTM. Socioeconomic differences in 

incident depression in older adults: The role of psychosocial 

factors, physical health status, and behavioral factors. Journal of 

Psychosomatic Research 2006; 61: 619-27. 

Kremers IP, Van Giezen AE, van der Does AJW, van Dyck R, 

Spinhoven P. Memory of childhood trauma before and after long- 

term psychological treatment of borderline personality disorder. 

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2006; 

38: 1-10. 

Kremers IP, Spinhoven P, van der Does AJW, van Dyck R. Social 

Problem Solving, Autobiographical Memory and Future Specifi- 

city in Outpatients with Borderline Personality Disorder. Clinical 

Psychology and Psychotherapy 2006; 13: 137. 

Lamers LM, Bouwmans CA, van Straten A, Donker MC, 

Hakkaart L. Comparison of EQ-5D and SF-6D utilities in mental 

health patients. Health Economics 2006; 15: 1229-36. 

Latour CHM, de Vos R, Huyse FJ, de Jonge P, van Gemert LA, 

Stalman WAB. Effectiveness of post-discharge case management 

in general-medical outpatients: a randomized, controlled trial. 

Psychosomatics 2006; 47: 421-9. 

Mangani I, Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Maraldi C, Carter CS, 

Atkinson HH, Penninx BWJH, Marchionni N, Pahor M. Physical 

exercise and comorbidity. Results from the Fitness and Arthritis in 

Seniors Trial (FAST). Aging, Clinical and Experimental Research 

2006; 18: 374-80. 

Marquenie LA, Schade A, van Balkom AJLM, Koeter MWJ, 

Frenken S, van den Brink W, van Dyck R. Comorbid phobic 

disorders do not influence outcome of alcohol dependence treat- 

ment. Results of a naturalistic follow-up study. Alcohol & Alco- 

holism 2006; 41: 168-73. 

McAuliffe C, Corcoran P, Keeley HS, Arensman E, Bille-Brahe 

U, De Leo D, Fekete S, Hawton K, Hjelmeland H, Kelleher 

M, Kerkhof AJ, Lonnqvist J, Michel K, Salander-Renberg E, 

Schmidtke A, Van Heeringen K, Wasserman D. Problem-solving 

ability and repetition of deliberate self-harm: a multicentre study. 

Psychological Medicine 2006; 36: 45-55. 

Mol AJJ, Oude Voshaar RC, Gorgels WJMJ, Breteler MHM, van 

Balkom AJLM, van de Lisdonk EH, Kan CC, Mulder J, Zitman 

FG. The absence of benzodiazepine craving in a general practice 

benzodiazepine discontinuation trial. Addictive Behaviors 2006; 

31: 211-22. 

Nicklas BJ, Cesari M, Penninx BWJH, chevsky SB, Di, J, Ne, 

an AB, Ki, man DW, Ka, ya AM, Pa, r M, Ha, is TB. Abdominal 

obesity is an independent risk factor for chronic heart failure in 

older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006; 

54: 413-20. 

Onrust SA, Cuijpers P. Mood and anxiety disorders in widow- 

hood: a systematic review. Aging and Mental Health 2006; 10: 

327-34. 

Oude Voshaar RC, Gorgels WJMJ, Mol AJJ, van Balkom AJLM, 

Mulder J, van de Lisdonk EH, Breteler MHM, Zitman FG. 

Long-term outcome of two forms of randomised benzodiazepine 

discontinuation. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 188: 188-9. 

Oude Voshaar RC, Gorgels WJMJ, Mol AJJ, van Balkom AJLM, 

Mulder J, van de Lisdonk EH, Breteler MHM, Zitman FG. 

Predictors of long-term benzodiazepine abstinence in participants 

of a randomized controlled benzodiazepine withdrawal program. 

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 51: 445-52.

Oude Voshaar RC, Couvee JE, van Balkom AJLM, Mulder PG, 

Zitman FG. Strategies for discontinuing long-term benzodi- 

azepine use: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 

189: 213-20. 

Oude Voshaar RC, Krabbe PF, Gorgels WJMJ, Adang EM, van 

Balkom AJLM, van de Lisdonk EH, Zitman FG. Tapering off 

benzodiazepines in long-term users: an economic evaluation. 

Pharmacoeconomics 2006; 24: 683-94. 

Penninx BWJH, Pahor M, Woodman RC, Guralnik JM. Anemia 

in old age is associated with increased mortality and hospitaliza- 

tion. Journal of Gerontology - series A - Biological Sciences and 

Medical Sciences 2006; 61: 474-9. 

Plaisier I, de Bruijn JG, de Graaf R, Have MT, Beekman ATF, 

Penninx BWJH. The contribution of working conditions and 

social support to the onset of depressive and anxiety disorders 

among male and female employees. Social Science and Medicine 

2006; 64: 401-10. 

Popma A, Vermeiren R, Geluk CA, Rinne T, van den Brink W, 

Knol DL, Jansen LMC, van Engeland H, Doreleijers TAH. 

Cortisol Moderates the Relationship between Testosterone and 

Aggression in Delinquent Male Adolescents. Biological Psychiatry 

2006; 61: 405-11. 

Popma A, Jansen LMC, Vermeiren R, Steiner H, Raine A, Van 

Goozen SHM, van Engeland H, Doreleijers TAH. Hypotha- 

lamus pituitary adrenal axis and autonomic activity during stress 

in delinquent male adolescents and controls. Psychoneuroendo- 

crinology 2006; 31: 948-57. 

Popma A, Raine A. Will future forensic assessment be neurobio- 

logic? Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 

2006; 15: 429-44, ix. 

Remijnse PL, Nielen MM, van Balkom AJLM, Cath DC, van 

Oppen PC, Uylings HB, Veltman DJ. Reduced orbitofrontal- 

striatal activity on a reversal learning task in obsessive-compulsive 

disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 2006; 63: 1225-36. 

Roozen HG, de Waart R, van der Windt DAWM, van den BW, 

de Jong CA, Kerkhof AJ. A systematic review of the effectiveness 

of naltrexone in the maintenance treatment of opioid and alcohol 

dependence. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 16: 

311-23. 

Roozen HG, van Beers SEC, Weevers HJA, Breteler MHM, 

Willemsen MC, Postmus PE, Kerkhof AJ. Effects on smoking 

cessation: naltrexone combined with a cognitive behavioral treat- 

ment based on the community reinforcement approach. Substance 

Use and Misuse 2006; 41: 45-60. 

Ruchkin V, Sukhodolsky DG, Schwab-Stone M, Vermeiren R, 

Koposov R. Association of depression with internalizing psycho- 

pathology and externalizing behavior and beliefs: A three country 

comparison. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2006; 194: 

106-13. 

Schoevers RA, Smit F, Deeg DJH, Cuijpers P, Dekker JJ, van 

Tilburg W, Beekman ATF. Prevention of late-life depression in 

primary care: do we know where to begin? American Journal of 


Schuurmans J, Comijs HC, Emmelkamp PMG, Gundy CM, 

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FrUX Health care pilot. CANE newsletter 2006. 

Mulder W, Tuinebreier W, van den Eijnden E, Zegerius R, 

Dekker JJM. Speodeisende psychiatrie in een grote stad als New 

York. Maandblad Geestelijke Volksgezondheid 2006; 61: 535-44. 

Oudewortel L, van Dijk P, Konings J, van der Linden A, Smal- 

brugge M. De ontwikkeling van een NVVA-richtlijn. Tijdschrift 

voor Verpleeghuisgeneeskunde 2006; 31: 34-6. 

Smalbrugge M. Nosologische dementie diagnostiek volgens de 

nieuwe CBO-richtlijn dementie:evidence based en bruikbaar voor 

verpleeghuisartsen en sociaal geriaters? Tijdschrift voor Verpleeg- 

huisgeneeskunde 2006; 31: 48-53. 

Smalbrugge M, Jongenelis K, Pot AM, Eefsting JA, Ribbe MW, 

Beekman ATF. Incidentie en beloop van depressie bij verpleeg- 

huispatienten. Tijdschrift voor Verpleeghuisgeneeskunde 2006; 

31: 40. 

Smalbrugge M, Jongenelis K, Pot AM, Beekman ATF, Ribbe 

MW, Eefsting JA. Depressie en pijn: een ongelukkig huwelijk. 

Tijdschrift voor Verpleeghuisgeneeskunde 2006; 31: 195-8. 

Smalbrugge M. Nederlandse verpleeghuisarts paternalistisch. 

Medisch Contact 2006; 61: 1224. 

Smalbrugge M. Gesignaleerd ‘Diagnostiek van longembolie en 

diep veneuze trombose: combinatie klinische beslisregels met 

D-dimeer bepaling waardevol’. Tijdschrift voor Verpleeghuis- 


Smalbrugge M. Incidentie en beloop van depressie bij verpleeg- 

huispatienten. Congresbundel Geriatriedagen 2006 2006; 97-8. 

van Balkom AJLM. Publicatieprijs arten in opleiding tot psy- 

chiater 2005/2006. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie 2006; 48: 891-2. 

van Wetten H, Franx GJ, van der Gaag M, Huyser J. Doorbreken 

in de GGz: kan dat? Kwaliteit in Beeld 2006; 2: 18-9. 


Abma TA, Frederiks BJM, van Hooren RH, Widdershoven 

GAM, van Wijmen FCB, Curfs LMG. Kwaliteiscriteria voor 

vrijheidsbeperking in de zorg voor mensen met een verstandelijke 

beperking. Maastricht: Universiteit van Maastricht, 2006. 

Hamerlynck SMJJ, Doreleijers TA, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Vermeiren 

R, Naute-Jansen LMC. Agressie en psychiasche stoornissen bij 

meisjes in justitiële jeugdinrichtingen. WODC rapport, 2006. 

Oattes M, Goffin JJM, Droes RM. Verslag helpdesk Ontmoetings- 

centra september 2005 t/m augustus 2006. Amsterdam: Afdeling 

Psychiatrie/Alzheimer centrum, 2006. 

Abstracts 

Cuijpers P, van der Meer M, ten Have M, de Graaf R. Smoking, 

smoking cessation and course of depression and schizophrenia. 

Epidemiology of smoking and co-morbid psychiatric disorders. 

European Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; s25. 

Dik MG, Jonker C, Comijs HC, Deeg DJH, Kok A, Yaffe K, 

Penninx BWJH. How do metabolic syndrome and inflammation 

affect cognition? The Gerontologist 2006; 46: 549. 

Dik MG, Penninx BWJH, Comijs HC, Deeg DJH, Kok A, Yaffe 

K, Jonker C. The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and cogni- 

tive decline. Alzheimer’s and Dementia 2006; 2(suppl 1): S414. 

Drieskens K, Bilsen J, van den Block L, Distelmans W, Deschepper 

R, Bauwens S, Deliens L. Prognostic characteristics of patients 

referred to a multidisciplinary palliative home care team. Journal 

of Palliative Care 2006; 22: 227. 

Dröes RM, Boelens-van der Knoop ECC, Meihuizen L, Ettema 

TP, Gerritsen DL, Hoogeveen F, de Lange J, Scholzel-Dorenbos 

CJ. Do people with dementia, carers and the literature agree on 

what is important for quality of life? Book of abstracts 16th Alz- 

heimer Europe Conference. Paris, 2006: 9. 

Hertogh CMPM. The BAM. The compexity of palliative care for 

people with dementia: a need for 'supportive care for caregivers '. 

4th research forum of the European Association for Palliative 

Care, 2006. 

Hertogh CMPM. Suffering from dementia; the patient's perspec- 

tive. Dementia and autonomy. Fundamentals of policy and deci- 

sion making. Onderzoekschooldag Care, 2006.

Hertogh CMPM, de Boer ME. La demence et la gestion des 

soins avancees: le point de vue du patient/dementia and advance 

care planning: the patient �s perspective. 16th Alzheimer Europe 

Conference, Book of abstracts, 2006; 30. 

Maraldi C, Volpato S, Penninx BWJH, Kritchevsky SB, Cesari 

M, Yaffe K, Simonsick E, Strotmeyer E, Perry S, Ayonayon 

HN, Pahor M. Diabetes predicts depressive symptoms in well 

- functioning older persons - results from the Health ABC study. 

Gerontologist 2006; 46: 251. 

Meiland FJM, van der Roest HG, Comijs H, Vernooij-Dassen 

M, Jonker C, Droes RM. Development of a demetia specific 

Dynamic Interactive Social Chart (DEM-Disc). Book of abstracts 

16th Alzheimer Europe Conference. Paris, 2006: 207. 

Michiels E, Deschepper R, Mortier E, van der Stichele R, Deliens 

L. The role of the general practioner in end-of-life care: a qualita- 

tive study of patient views. Palliative Medicine 2006; 20: 243. 

Penninx BWJH, Nicklas BJ. Metabolic syndrome in Aging: 

Concept, Consequences and Cures. Gerontologist 2006; 46: 

549-50. 

Saxena K, Torres E, Mora L, The S., Plattner B, Hallmayer J, 

Steiner H. The role of Pharmacogenetics in Youth with Maladap- 

tive Aggression. Scientific proceedings of the annual meeting of 

the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2006; 

213. 

Schuitemaker A, Dik MG, Schoonenboom NS, Kok A, van Elk 

E-J, Scheltens P, Jonker C. Inflammatory markers in MCI and 

AD patients with different biomarker profiles. Alzheimers and 

Dementia 2006; 2(suppl 1): S272. 

Smalbrugge M, Pot AM, Jongenelis L, Gundy CM, Beekman 

ATF, Eefsting JA. The impact of depression and anxiety on quality 

of life and use of health care services in nursing home patients. 

AAGP Poster Abstracts 2006, American Association for Geriatric 

Psychiatry 2006; 64-5. 

Steiner H, Karnik N, The S., Plattner B, Soller M, Blair J, 

Haapanen R. Predicting RADI/PIP aggression in incarcerated 

youths: nine months follow up. Scientific proceedings of the 

annual meeting of the american academy of child and adolescent 

psychiatry 2006; 227. 

The S.S.L., Stemmle P, Plattner B, Karnik N, Haapanen R, 

Steiner H. Predicting functioning in incarcerated youths: nine 

months follow up. Scientific proceedings of the annual meeting 

of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 

2006; 149. 

van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, Knispel A, Effedali I. Afbakening 

eerste en tweede lijnszorg voor psychische stoornissen in de eerste 

lijn. Trimbos Instituut 2006. 

van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, de Jong FJ. Gemiddelde behan- 

delduur in de GGZ. Trimbos Instituut 2006. 

van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, Knispel A, Effedali I. Een Research 

& Development structuur voor Arbeid en gezondheid. Inventari- 

satie en voorstel voor een ontwikkelingstraject. Trimbos Instituut 

2006. 

Vogelzangs N, Suthers K, Ferrucci L, Simonsick E, Ble A, 

Schrager M, Bandinelli S, Lauretani F, Guralnik JM, Penninx 

BWJH. Depression, urinary cortisol and the metabolic syndrome 

in an older population. Gerontologist 2006; 46: 216. 

177 



178 


Dissertations 

Borgsteede SD. Palliative care in general practice. (Vrije Univer- 

siteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof. dr. G. van der Wal, Prof. dr. 

J.Th.M. van Eijk, Prof.dr. L. Deliens). (Cat. A). 

de Bie J. Reserved procedures in Dutch health care. Practice, 

policies and perspectives of physicians, nurses and management. 

(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof. dr. G. van der 

Wal, Prof. dr. S. Gevers; Co-promotor: Dr. J. Cuperus-Bosma). 

(Cat. A). 

Duits N. Kwaliteit Onderzoek Pro Justitia van Jongeren. (Univer- 

siteit van Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof. dr. W.van den Brink, Prof. 

dr. Th.A.H. Doreleijers). (Cat. D). 

Georges JJ. Medical End-of-Life decisions in the context of 

terminal care. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof. dr. 

G. van der Wal, Prof. dr. P.J. van der Maas; Co-promotor: Dr. 

B.D. Onwuteaka-Philipsen, Dr. A. van der Heide). (Cat. A). 

Hout FAG. The Dutch disciplinary system for health care: an 

empirical study. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof. 

dr. G. van der Wal, Dr.mr. J.H. Hubben; Co-promotor: Dr.mr 

Cuperus-Bosma). (Cat. A). 

Jansen-van der Weide MC. Handling requests for euthanasia and 

physician-assisted suicide. (Vrije Universiteit; Promotor: Prof. dr. 

G. van der Wal; Co-promotor: Dr. B.D. Onwuteaka-Philipsen). 

(Cat. A). 

Monyeki AM. Health and physical fitness status of rural primary 

school children living in Ellisras, South Africa. The Ellisras Longi- 

tudinal Study (ELS). (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: 

Prof. dr. H.C.G. Kemper, Prof. dr. A.L. Toriola; Co-promotor: 

Dr. J.W.R. Twisk, Dr. K.D. Monyeki, Dr. L.L.J. Koppes). (Cat. 

A). 

Oudhoff JP. Queuing for care: a study on the consequences and 

the acceptability of waiting times for elective general surgery. 

(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: prof. dr. G. van der 

Wal, prof. dr. A.B. Bijnen ; Co-promotor: dr. D.R.M. Timmer- 

mans). (Cat. A). 

Popma A. Neurobiological factors of antisocial behavior in 

delinquent male adolescents. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; 

Promotor: Prof. dr. Th.A.H. Doreleijers, Prof. dr. H. van 

Engeland; Co-promotor: Dr. L.C.M. Nauta-Jansen, Prof.dr. R. 

Vermeiren). (Cat. A). 

Puts MTE. Frailty: biological risk factors, negative consequences 

and quality of life. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: 

Prof. dr. D.J.H. Deeg, Prof. dr. P.T.A.M. Lips). (Cat. A). 

Rietjens JAC. Medical decision-making at the End-of-Life. 

(Erasmus universiteit Rotterdam; Promotor: Prof. dr. P.J. van 

der Maas, Prof. dr. G. van der Wal; Co-promotor: Dr. A. van der 

Heide, Dr. B.D. Onwuteaka-Philipsen). (Cat. D). 

Slottje P. Long-term physical health effects of the air disaster 

in Amsterdam in professional assistance workers. (Vrije Univer- 

siteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof. dr. T. Smid, Prof. dr. W. van 

Mechelen; Co-promotor: Dr. N. Smidt, Dr. J.W.R. Twisk). (Cat. 

A). 

Smits JCM. Hearing screening by telephone: fundamentals & 

applications. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof. dr. 

ir. T. Houtgast). (Cat. A). 

Themane MJ. Health and educational achievements of rural 

primary school children living in Ellisras, South Africa. The 

Ellisras Longitudinal Study (ELS). (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; 

Promotor: Prof. dr. H.C.G. Kemper; Co-promotor: Dr. L.L.J. 

Koppes, Dr. K.D. Monyeki, Dr. J.W.R. Twisk). (Cat. A). 

van den Berg M. Decision-making on prenatal screening. (Vrije 

Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof. dr. J.M.M. van Vught; 

Co-promotor: Dr. D.R.M. Timmermans). (Cat. A). 

van Dijk S. Chances and Changes. Psychological Impact of 

Genetic counseling and DNA testing for breast cancer, focusing 

on women who receive an uninformative result. (Universiteit 

Leiden; Promotor: prof. dr. J. Kievit, prof. dr. M.H. Breuning; 

Co-promotor: dr. W. Otten, dr. D.R.M. Timmermans). (Cat. D). 

Visser O. Etiological and prognostic studies with the use of a 

population-based cancer registry. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; 

Promotor: Prof. dr. F.E. van Leeuwen). (Cat. A). 

Vrakking AM. End-of-Life decisions for children. Empirical 

studies on physicians’ practices and attitudes. (Erasmus Univer- 

siteit Rotterdam; Promotor: Prof. dr. P.J. van der Maas, Prof. dr. 

G. van der Wal). (Cat. A). 

Witteveen AB. The long-term aftermath of the Amsterdam 

air disaster: psychological well-being of professionally involved 

rescue workers. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof. 

dr. H.M. van der Ploeg, Prof. dr. T. Smid; Co-promotor: Dr. I. 

Bramsen). (Cat. A). 


Achterberg WP, Pot AM, Kerkstra A, Ribbe MW. Depressive 

symptoms in newly admitted nursing home residents. Interna- 


Bakker I, Uitterlinden AG, Twisk JWR, van Mechelen W, Pols 

HAP, Kemper HCG. Genetic determinants and gene-environ- 

ment interactions in relation to the 10-year longitudinal develop- 

ment of lumbar bone mineral density in (young) adults. Human 

Movement 2006; 7: 93-104. 

Baquet G, Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, van Praagh E, Berthoin S. 

Longitudinal follow-up of fitness during childhood: interaction 

with physical activity. American Journal of Human Biology 2006; 

18: 51-8.

Bekker MN, Twisk JWR, Bartelings MM, Gittenberger-de Groot 

AC, van Vugt JMG. Temporal relationship between increased 

nuchal translucency and enlarged jugular lymphatic sac. Obstet- 

rics and Gynecology 2006; 108: 846-53. 

Bemelmans WJ, van Lenthe F, Hoogenveen R, Kunst A, Deeg 

DJH, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Verschuren WM. 

Modeling predicted that tobacco control policies targeted at lower 

educated will reduce the differences in life expectancy. Journal of 

Clinical Epidemiology 2006; 59: 1002-8. 

Berkhof J, de Bruijne MC, Zielinski GD, Bulkmans NW, 

Rozendaal L, Snijders PJ, Verheijen RH, Meijer CJLM. Evalu- 

ation of cervical screening strategies with adjunct high-risk 

human papillomavirus testing for women with borderline or mild 

dyskaryosis. Internatopnal Journal of Cancer 2006; 118: 1759-68. 

Bernaards CM, Jans MP, van den Heuvel SG, Hendriksen IJM, 

Houtman ILD, Bongers PM. Can strenuous leisure time physical 

activity prevent psychological complaints in a working popula- 

tion? Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006; 63: 10-6. 

Bilsen JJ, Norup M, Deliens L, Miccinesi G, van der Wal G, 

Lofmark R, Faisst K, EURELD consortium. Drugs used to 

alleviate symptoms with life shortening as a possible side effect: 

end-of-life care in six european countries. Journal of Pain and 

Symptom Management 2006; 31: 111-21. 

Borgsteede SD, Graafland-Riedstra C, Deliens L, Francke AL, 

van Eijk JTM, Willems DL. Good end-of-life care according to 

patients and their GPs. British Journal of General Practice 2006; 

56: 20-6. 

Borgsteede SD, Deliens L, Francke AL, Stalman WAB, Willems 

DL, van Eijk JTM, van der Wal G. Defining the patient popula- 

tion: one of the problems for palliative care research. Palliative 


Brandt HE, Ooms ME, Deliens L, van der Wal G, Ribbe MW. 

The last two days of life of nursing home patients--a nationwide 

study on causes of death and burdensome symptoms in The Neth- 

erlands. Palliative Medicine 2006; 20: 533-40. 

Brandt HE, Ooms ME, Ribbe MW, van der Wal G, Deliens L. 

Predicted survival vs. actual survival in terminally ill noncancer 

patients in Dutch nursing homes. Journal of Pain and Symptom 

Management 2006; 32: 560-6. 

Cohen J, Marcoux I, Bilsen JJ, Deboosere P, van der Wal G, 

Deliens L. European public acceptance of euthanasia: Socio- 

demographic and cultural factors associated with the acceptance 

of euthanasia in 33 European countries. Social Science and Medi- 

cine 2006; 63: 743-56. 

Cohen J, Bilsen JJ, Hooft P, Deboosere P, van der Wal G, Deliens 

L. Dying at home or in an institution using death certificates to 

explore the factors associated with place of death. Health Policy 

2006; 78: 319-29. 

Cohen J, Marcoux I, Bilsen JJ, Deboosere P, van der WG, Deliens 

L. Trends in acceptance of euthanasia among the general public in 

12 European countries (1981-1999). European Journal of Public 

Health 2006; 16: 663-9. 

Cuperus-Bosma JM, Hout FAG, Hubben JH, van der Wal G. 

Views of physicians, disciplinary board members and practicing 

lawyers on the new statutory disciplinary system for health care in 

The Netherlands. Health Policy 2006; 77: 202-11. 

de Boer MR, Terwee CB, de Vet HCW, Moll AC, Volker-Dieben 

HJ, van Rens GHMB. Evaluation of cross-sectional and longi- 

tudinal construct validity of two vision-related quality of life 

questionnaires: the LVQOL and VCM1. Quality of Life Research 

2006; 15: 233-48. 

de Boer MR, Twisk JWR, Moll AC, Volker-Dieben HJ, de Vet 

HCW, van Rens GHMB. Outcomes of low-vision services using 

optometric and multidisciplinary approaches: a non-randomized 

comparison. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 2006; 26: 

535-44. 

de Graaf P, Moll AC, Imhof SM, van der Valk P, Castelijns JA. 

Retinoblastoma and optic nerve enhancement on MRI: not always 

extraocular tumour extension. British Journal of Ophthalmology 

2006; 90: 800-1. 

de Graaf P, Castelijns JA, Moll AC, Imhof SM, Schouten-van 

Meeteren AYN. Atrophic chorioretinal scar and focal scleral 

bowing following thermochemotherapy with a diode laser for 

retinoblastoma. Ophthalmic Genetics 2006; 27: 33-5. 

Deeg DJH, Whal H-W. Expanding the frontiers of aging 

research. European Journal of Ageing 2006; 1-2. 

Deschepper R, van der Stichele R, Bernheim JL, de Keyser E, 

van der Kelen G, Mortier F, Deliens L. Communication on end- 

of-life decisions with patients wishing to die at home: the making 

of a guideline for GPs in Flanders, Belgium. British Journal of 

General Practice 2006; 56: 14-9. 

Diepenmaat ACM, van der Wal MF, de Vet HCW, Hirasing RA. 

Neck/shoulder, low back, and arm pain in relation to computer 

use, physical activity, stress, and depression among Dutch adoles- 

cents. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 412-6. 

Doak CM, Visscher TL, Renders CM, Seidell JC. The prevention 

of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a review of 

interventions and programmes. Obesity Reviews 2006; 7: 111-36. 

Dubbelman M, Sicam VA, van der Heijde GL. The shape of the 

anterior and posterior surface of the aging human cornea. Vision 

Research 2006; 46: 993-1001. 

Echteld MA, Deliens L, Boddaert MSA, Gerritsen W, van der 

Linden MHM, Verdonck IMM, Zuurmond WWA, van der 

Wal G. An individual quality of life intervention for hospitalised 

advanced cancer patients. Patient Reported Outcomes 2006; 37: 31. 

179 



180 

Fischer S, Miccinesi G, Hornung R, Bosshard G, Deliens L, 

van der HA, Nilstun T, Norup M, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD. 

Responders and non-responders in a study on medical end-of-life 

decisions in Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. 

Sozial Praventive Medicine 2006; 51: 24-33. 

Gastmans C, Lemiengre J, van der Wal G, Schotsmans P, Dierckx 

de Casterle P. Prevalence and content of written ethics policies on 

euthanasia in Catholic healthcare institutions in Belgium (Flan- 

ders). Health Policy 2006; 76: 169-78. 

George EL, Festen JM, Houtgast T. Factors affecting masking 

release for speech in modulated noise for normal-hearing and 

hearing-impaired listeners. The Journal of the Acoustical Society 

of America 2006; 120: 2295-311. 

Georges JJ, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, van der HA, van der Wal 

G, van der Maas PJ. Requests to forgo potentially life-prolonging 

treatment and to hasten death in terminally ill cancer patients: 

a prospective study. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 

2006; 31: 100-10. 

Georges JJ, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, Heide AV, van der Wal G, 

Maas PJ. Physicians’ opinions on palliative care and euthanasia in 

the Netherlands. Journal of Palliative Medicine 2006; 9: 1137-44. 

Gerards FA, Engels MA, Twisk JWR, van Vugt JMG. Normal 

fetal lung volume measured with three-dimensional ultrasound. 

Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006; 27: 134-44. 

Gerritsen AAM, Bramsen I, Devillé WLJM, van Willigen LHM, 

Hovens JE, van der Ploeg HM. Physical and mental health of 

Afghan, Iranian and Somali asylum seekers and refugees living in 

the Netherlands. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 

2006; 41: 18-26. 

Gerritsen AAM, Bramsen I, Devillé WLJM, van Willigen LHM, 

Hovens JE, van der Ploeg HM. Use of health care services by 

Afghan, Iranian, and Somali refugees and asylum seekers living 

in The Netherlands. European Journal of Public Health 2006; 

16: 394-9. 

Gotz HM, Veldhuijzen IK, Boeke AJP, Richardus JH, Steyerberg 

EW. Prediction of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection: Application 

of a Scoring Rule to Other Populations. Sexually Transmitted 

Diseases 2006; 33: 374-80. 

Gurwitz D, Lunshof JE, Altman RB. A call for the crea- 

tion of personalized medicine databases. Nature Reviews. Drug 

Discovery 2006; 5: 23-6. 

Helton MR, van der Steen JT, Daaleman TP, Gamble GR, Ribbe 

MW. A cross-cultural study of physician treatment decisions for 

demented nursing home patients who develop pneumonia. Annals 

of Family Medicine 2006; 4: 221-7. 

Henneman L, Timmermans DRM, van der WG. Public attitudes 

toward genetic testing: perceived benefits and objections. Genetic 

Testing 2006; 10: 139-45. 

Henrard JC, Ankri J, Frijters D, Carpenter I, Topinkova E, 

Garms-Homolova V, Finne-Soveri H, Sorbye LW, Jonsson PV, 

Ljunggren G, Schroll M, Wagner C, Bernabei R. Proposal of a 

service delivery integration index of home care for older persons: 

application in several European cities. International Journal of 

Integrated Care 2006; 6: e11. 

Hoep LS, Merkus P, van Schie A, Rinkel RN, Smit CF. The value 

of nuclear scans in cochlear implant infections. European Archives 

of Otorhinolaryngology 2006; 263: 895-9. 

Hoopman R, Muller MJ, Terwee CB, Aaronson NK. Translation 

and validation of the EORTC QLQ-C30 for use among Turkish 

and Moroccan ethnic minority cancer patients in the Netherlands. 

European Journal of Cancer 2006; 42: 1839-47. 

Hoopman R, Terwee CB, Muller MJ, Aaronson NK. Translation 

and validation of the SF-36 Health Survey for use among Turkish 

and Moroccan ethnic minority cancer patients in The Nether- 

lands. European Journal of Cancer 2006; 42: 2982-90. 

Hout FAG, Cuperus-Bosma JM, Agema GJ, Hubben JH, van der 

Wal G. Publication of disciplinary proceedings in the Nether- 

lands: practice and policy. The International Journal of Risk and 

Safety in Medicine 2006; 18: 27-37. 

Hout FAG, Cuperus-Bosma JM, Hubben JH, van der Wal G. 

The Dutch disciplinary system for physiotherapists: practice and 

views. The International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine 

2006; 18: 121-9. 

Huizink AC, Smidt N, Twisk JWR, Slottje P, Smid T. Epidemio- 

logical disaster research: the necessity to include representative 

samples of the involved disaster workers. Experience from the 

epidemiological study air disaster Amsterdam-ESADA. Journal of 

Epidemiology and Community Health 2006; 60: 887-9. 

Huizink AC, Slottje PL, Witteveen AB, Bijlsma JA, Twisk JWR, 

Smidt N, Bramsen I, van Mechelen W, van der Ploeg HM, 

Bouter LM, Smid T. Long term health complaints following the 

Amsterdam Air Disaster in police officers and fire-fighters. Occu- 

pational and Environmental Medicine 2006; 63: 657-62. 

Imhof SM, Moll AC, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN. Stage of pres- 

entation and visual outcome of patients screened for familial retin- 

oblastoma: nationwide registration in the Netherlands. British 

Journal of Ophthalmology 2006; 90: 875-8. 

Jansen-van der Weide MC, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, van der 

Wal G. Requests for euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide and 

the availability and application of palliative options. Palliative and 

Supportive Care 2006; 4: 399-406. 

Kleinveld JH, Timmermans DRM, de Smit DJ, Ader HJ, van der 

Wal G, ten Kate LP. Does prenatal screening influence anxiety 

levels of pregnant women? A longitudinal randomised controlled 

trial. Prenatal Diagnosis 2006; 26: 354-61.

Kramer SE, Kapteyn TS, Houtgast T. Occupational performance: 

Comparing normally-hearing and hearing-impaired employees 

using the Amsterdam Checklist for Hearing and Work. Interna- 

tional Journal of Audiology 2006; 45: 503-12. 

Kramer SE, Stephens D, espeso A. The of having a family history 

of hearing problems and the impact on those with hearing diffi- 

culties themselves: a questionnaire. Audiological Medicine 2006; 

4: 179-90. 

Kuin A, Deliens L, van Zuylen L, Courtens AM, Vernooij-Dassen 

MJFJ, van der LB, van der Wal G. Spiritual issues in palliative 

care consultations in the Netherlands. Palliative Medicine 2006; 

20: 585-92. 

Lakeman P, Henneman L, Bezemer PD, Cornel MC, ten Kate 

LP. Developing and optimizing a decisional instrument using self- 

reported ancestry for carrier screening in a multi-ethnic society. 

Genetics in Medicine 2006; 8: 502-9. 

Langelaan M, Wouters B, Moll AC, de Boer MR, van Rens 

GHMB. Functional Field Score: The Effect of Using a Goldmann 

V-4e Isopter Instead of a Goldmann III-4e Isopter. Investigative 

Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2006; 47: 1817-23. 

Lofmark R, Mortier F, Nilstun T, Bosshard G, Cartwright C, van 

der Heide A, Norup M, Simonato L, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD. 

Palliative care training: a survey of physicians in Australia and 

Europe. Journal of Palliative Care 2006; 22: 105-10. 

Lunshof JE. Teaching and practicing pharmacogenomics: 

a complex matter. Pharmacogenomics. 2006; 7: 243-6. 

Lunshof JE, Pirmohamed M, Gurwitz D. Personalized medicine: 

decades away? Pharmacogenomics. 2006; 7: 237-41. 

Lunshof JE. Personalized medicine: new perspectives - new 

ethics? Personalized Medicine 2006; 3: 187-94. 

Meijer WM, Cornel MC, Dolk H, de Walle HEK, Armstrong 

NC, de Jong-van den Berg LTW. The potential of the European 

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Jellema P. Low back pain in general practice: should treatment 

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van den Heuvel SG. Work-related neck and upper limb symp- 

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tion setting. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Promotor: Prof. dr. 

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van der Roer N. Economic evaluations in low back pain. Getting 

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Veenhof C. The effectiveness of behavioral graded activity in 

patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee. (Vrije Universiteit 

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Avendano M, Boshuizen HC, Schellevis FG, Mackenbach JP, van 

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Bernaards CM, Ariëns GA, Hildebrandt VH. The (cost-)effec- 

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Best TM, van Mechelen W, Verhagen E. The pediatric athlete - 

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Bongers FJ, Schellevis FG, Bakx C, van den Bosch WJHM, van 

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Bongers PM, IJmker S, van den HS, Blatter BM. Epidemiology 

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Boonen S, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Cooper C, Lips P, Ljunggren O, 

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Bot SDM, Bouter LM. The efficacy of low level laser therapy for 

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Brehm MA, Nollet F, Harlaar J. Energy demands of walking 

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Brink-Muinen A, van Dulmen SM, de Haes HC, Visser AP, 

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Bronfort G, Haas M, Moher D, Bouter LM, van Tulder MW, 

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de Groot S, Dallmeijer AJ, Post MW, van Asbeck FW, Nene AV, 

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de Groot V, Beckerman H, Uitdehaag BMJ, de Vet HCW, 

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de Vet HCW, Terwee CB, Knol DL, Bouter LM. When to use 

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de Vet HCW, Terwee CB, Ostelo RWJG, Beckerman H, Knol 

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Deckers JG, Schellevis FG, Fleming DM. WHO diagnostic 

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Deckers JG, Paget WJ, Schellevis FG, Fleming DM. European 

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neighborhoods for children: how do they look like? European 

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Hooftman WE, van der Beek AJ, Bongers PM, van Mechelen W. 

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Hopman-Rock M, Jacobusse G, Chorus A, van Buuren S. 

Response conversion and computer adapted testing in physical 

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Houston D, Nicklas BJ, Tamara HS, Frances TY, Newman A, Lee 

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Jabaaij L, Schellevis FG. Continuity of care and moving patients. 

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Lips P, Wicherts IS, van Schoor NM, Pluijm SMF, Smit JH. 

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Lips P, van Schoor NM, Snijder MB, Wicherts IS, Pluijm 

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Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Stratford PW, Alonso J, Patrick DL, 

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Nielen MMJ, Schellevis FG, Verheij RA. Usefulness of data from 

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voor Gezondheidswetenschappen 2006; 84(middenkatern): 74. 

Schaap LA, Visser M, Pluijm MF, Deeg DJH, Penninx BWJH, 

Nicklas BJ, Newman AB, Harris TB, Cauley JA, Goodpaster BH, 

Tylavsky FA, Yaffe K, Kritchevsky SB. Low total and free testo- 

sterone levels and decline in physical performance and muscle 

strength in oldermen and women. European Journal of Epidemi- 

ology 2006; 21(suppl S): 31. 

Schaap LA, Pluijm SMF, Deeg DJH, Penninx BWJH, Nicklas 

BJ, Lips P, Harris TB, Newman AB, Kritchevsky SB, Cauley 

JA, Goodpaster BH, Tylavsky FA, Yaffe K, Visser M. Low testo- 

sterone levels and decline in physical performance and muscle 

strength in older men. The Gerontologist 2006; 46: 336. 

Schaap LA, Pluijm SMF, Deeg DJH, Penninx BWJH, Nicklas 

BJ, Lips P, Harris TB, Newman AB, Kritchevsky SB, Cauley JA, 

Goodpaster BH, Tylavsky FA, Yaffe K, Visser M. Lage testosteron 

concentraties en achteruitgang in lichamelijk functioneren en 

spierkracht bij oudere mannen. Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en 

Geriatrie 2006; 37: 9. 

Schellevis FG. Mental health problems in a range of European 

countries. Anonymous. WONCA Europe Abstract book. Occhio 

Clinico 2006; 6(suppl): 245. 

Schellevis FG, Deckers JG, Paget WJ, Fleming DM. European 

primary care surveillance networks: their structure and operation. 

Anonymous. WONCA Europe Abstract book. Occhio Clinico 


Scholtes VA, Dallmeijer AJ, Becher JG. The effect of multilevel 

botulinum toxin A and comprehensive rehabilitation in cerebral 

palsy on mobility and gait 1 year after treatment. Developmental 

Medicine and Child Neurology 2006; 48 (suppl 107): 44-5. 

Scholtes VAB, Dallmeijer AJ, Becher JG. Results of multi-level 

BTX-A and comprehensive rehabilitation in CP on mobility and 

functional outcomes: A randomised clinical trial. Gait and Posture 

2006; 24(suppl 2): 177-8. 

Steultjens MP, Dekker J. Fatigue in osteoarthritis. Presentation. 

NINTH International Congress of Behavioral Medicine. Behav- 

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Steultjens MPM, van der Esch M, Dekker J. The impact of avoid- 

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Steultjens MPM, Mokkink WB, Dekker J. Fatigue in osteoar- 

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Terwee CB, Roorda LD, Knol DL, de Boer MR, Bouter LM, de 

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2006; A-68: #1409.

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Joint laxity modifies the relationship between muscle strength 

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Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2006; 65(suppl 11): 408. 

van der Esch M, Steultjens MP, Harlaar J, Ostelo R, Dekker J. 

Reproducibility of instrumented knee joint laxity measurement in 

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van der Leeden M, Steultjens MP, Dekker JHM, Prins P, Dekker 

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van Tulder MW, van den Ende CHM. The effectiveness of 

behavioral graded activity in patients with osteoarthritis of hip 

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201 


202

1 

Appendix 1 

Advisory 

Board, 

members 

and faculty 

203

1. Advisory Board 

Prof. J. van der Meer, MD, PhD, Chairman 

Prof. H.N. Lafeber, MD, PhD 

M. van Leeuwen, MD, PhD 

M.J. van Til, MD 

G.A. van Essen, MD, PhD 

Prof. S.P. Verloove-Vanhorick, MD, PhD 

Prof. M.G. Boekholdt, MD, PhD 

Prof. P.C. Huijgens, MD, PhD 

2. Directorate 

Prof. L.M. Bouter, PhD, Scientific Director 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, Vice Director 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD, Vice Director 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Vice Director 

M.M. Telkamp, MA, Financial Manager 

3. Scientific staff (per Research Programme) 

3.1 DIABETES MELLITUS 

204 

fte Department 

Senior investigator 

Ms. M.A.E. van Bokhorst-de van de 

Schueren, PhD 0.05 Dpt. of Nutrition and Dietetics 

Prof. L.M. Bouter, PhD 0.24 

Ms. M.C. de Bruijne, MD, PhD 0.39 

Ms. J.M.M. Chin A Paw, PhD 0.90 

R.M. van Dam, PhD 0.35 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

Ms. prof. J.M. Dekker, PhD 1.00 

Ms. M. Diamant, PhD pm Dpt. of Endocrinology 

Ms. E.M.W. Eekhoff, MD, PhD pm Dpt. of Endocrinology 

Prof. R.J. Heine, MD, PhD 0.30 Dpt. of Endocrinology 

Ms. I.J.M. Hendriksen, PhD pm 

Prof. R.A. Hira Sing, MD, PhD 0.18 Dpt. of Social Medicine 

Ms. M. Hopman-Rock, PhD pm 

P.J. Kostense, PhD 0.50 Dpt. of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD 0.40 Dpt. of Social Medicine 

M.G.A.A.M. Nijpels, MD, PhD 0.80 

Prof. B.C.P. Polak, MD, PhD 0.10 Dpt. of Ophthalmology 

Ms. M.N.M. van Poppel, PhD 1.00 

F. Pouwer, PhD 1.00 Dpt. of Medical Psychology 

Ms. K.I. Proper, PhD 1.00 

Ms. C.M. Renders, PhD 1.00 

Ms. A.J. Schuit, PhD 0.10 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

Prof. J.C. Seidell, PhD 0.30 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

Y.M. Smulders, MD, PhD pm 

Prof. F.J. Snoek, PhD 0.40 Dpt. of Medical Psychology 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD 0.34 Dpt. of General Practice 

Ms. I. Steenhuis, PhD 0.30 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

Prof. M.W. van Tulder, PhD 0.28 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

Prof. J.W.R. Twisk, PhD 0.30 Dpt. of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics 

fte: mean number full time equivalents per year; pm: indicates positions for which there is no formal university research finance available or 

for which administration of the grants and the appointment occurs outside the EMGO Institute; Senior investigator: tenured appointment 

as project leader and supervisor of PhD students; Post-doc: temporary appointment following successful defense of a PhD thesis; (Junior) 

investigator: temporary appointment for a specific research project often intended to result in a dissertation; PhD student: temporary 

appointment always intended to result in a dissertation


Ms. M. Visser, PhD 0.25 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

P.J.M. Weijs, PhD 0.05 Dpt. of Nutrition and Dietetics 

Post-doc 

M.C. Adriaanse, PhD 0.30 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

Ms. M. Alssema, MSc 0.06 

Ms. S.D.M. Bot, PhD 0.80 

Ms. J.C. Dekkers, PhD 0.96 

Ms. C.M. Doak, PhD 0.10 

M.D. Dubbelman, PhD pm Dpt. of Physics and Medical Technology 

F.R.J. den Hertog, MD, PhD 1.00 

L.J.J. Koppes, PhD 1.00 

Ms. J.M. Rijkelijkhuizen, PhD 1.00 

Ms. M.B. Snijder, PhD 0.50 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

Ms. A.M.W. Spijkerman, PhD 0.78 

T.L.S. Visscher, PhD 1.00 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

(Junior) investigator 

Ms. A.M.W. Bulk-Bunschoten, MSc 0.17 Dpt. of Social Medicine 

Ms. S.C.C.M. Coeverden - van 

den Heijkant, MSc 0.07 

Ms. E. Govers, MSc 0.30 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

Ms. K. van den Hurk, MSc 0.73 

Ms. W. IJzelenberg, MSc 0.80 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

Ms. H. Kruizenga, MSc 0.10 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

Ms. C.W.E. van Laar, MSc 0.42 

Ms. A.J. Leibbrandt, MSc pm Dpt. Nutrition and Dietetics 

Ms. J.E. Neter, MSc 0.40 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

Ms. D.F. Schokker, MSc 0.80 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

Ms. F.W. Sijpestein- Molenaar, MSc 0.51 

S.M. Slootmaker, MSc 0.50 

Ms. M.F. van Wier, MSc 1.00 

Ms. N. Zandbelt, MSc 0.60 

PhD student 

Ms. M. Alssema, MSc 0.74 

Ms. K.M.P van Bastelaar, MSc 1.00 

M. de Boer, MSc 0.30 

W. Boorsma, MD 0.67 

Ms. S.C.M. van Esch, MSc 0.60 

Ms. I. Groeneveld, MSc 0.67 

Ms. A.A.W.A. van der Heijden, MSc 0.41 

Ms. K. van den Hurk, MSc 0.08 

Ms. A.C.J. Nooijens, MSc 1.00 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

Ms. M. Poelma, MSc 1.00 

Ms. E. van ’t Riet, MSc 1.00 

Ms. A.S. Singh, MSc 0.84 

Ms. L.M.C. Welschen, MSc 0.83 

Ms. H. Zavrelova, MSc 0.42 





appointment always intended to result in a dissertation 

205

206 

3.2 COMMON MENTAL DISORDERS 



Prof. A.J.L.M. van Balkom, MD, PhD 0.40 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD 0.40 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

A.W. Braam, MD, PhD 0.30 

Ms. M.C. de Bruijne, PhD 0.40 

Ms. H.C. Comijs, PhD 0.80 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

Prof. P. Cuijpers, PhD 0.40 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

Prof. D.J.H. Deeg, PhD 0.50 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

Prof. J.J.M. Dekker, PhD 0.40 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

Ms. R.M. Dröes, PhD 0.60 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

Prof. R. van Dyck, MD, PhD 0.40 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

Prof. J.A. Eefsting, MD, PhD pm Dpt. of Nursing Home Medicine 

Ms. C.M. van der Feltz-Cornelis, PhD pm Trimbos Institute 

C.M. Gundy, PhD 0.07 Dpt. of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics 

Prof. M. de Haan, MD, PhD 0.15 Dpt. of General Practice 

H.P.J. van Hout, PhD 0.90 

Prof. C. Jonker, MD, PhD 0.40 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

D. van Kampen. PhD 0.85 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

Prof. A.J.F.M. Kerkhof, PhD 0.40 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

Prof. J.M. Koot, PhD pm Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

H.W.J. van Marwijk, MD, PhD 0.77 Dpt. of General Practice 

Ms. P.C. van Oppen, PhD 0.30 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

Ms. B.W.J.H. Penninx, PhD 1.00 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

Ms. A.M. Pot, PhD pm 

Prof. M.W. Ribbe, MD, PhD 0.20 Dpt. of Nursing Home Medicine 

F.P.J Rijmen, PhD 0.33 Dpt. of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics 

H. Riper, PhD 0.10 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

J.H. Smit, PhD pm Dpt. of Psychiatry 

N. Smits, PhD 0.50 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD 0.33 Dpt. of General Practice 

Ms. A. van Straten, PhD 0.80 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

R.J. Takens, PhD 0.20 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

B. Terluin, MD, PhD 0.40 Dpt. of General Practice 

Prof. W. van Tilburg, MD, PhD pm Dpt. of Psychiatry 

Post-doc 

Ms. M.G. Dik, PhD 0.67 

Ms. F.J.M Meiland, PhD 0.45 Dpt. of Psychiatry 


N. Batelaan, MSc 0.45 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

Ms. J.E. Bosmans, MSc 0.13 

Ms. T. van den Kommer, MSc 0.60 

Ms. C. Latour, MSc 0.18 

Ms. M.T. van Meeteren, MSc 0.13 

M. Nadort, MSc 0.67 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

Ms. K. Rammelo, MSc pm 

D. Rebergen, MSc 0.50 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

Ms. H.G. van der Roest 1.00 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

Ms. A. Schaik, MSc 0.10 Dpt. of Psychiatry 







Ms. J. Schuurmans, MSc 0.10 Dpt. of Psychology and Psychiatry 

M. Smalbrugge, MSc 0.30 

F. Smit, MSc 0.20 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

Ms. C.M. Sonneberg, MSc 0.10 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

PhD student 

Ms. J. Ashford, MSc 1.00 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

Ms. I.M. Bakker, MSc 1.00 

Ms. E.J.M. Bierman, MSc 0.80 

Ms. S. te Boekhorst, MSc 1.00 

T. Donker, MSc 0.60 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

E. Driessen, MSc 0.80 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

A. Huisman, MSc 1.00 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

Ms. A.P.D. Jansen, MSc 0.75 

Ms. C. Licht, MSc 1.00 

Ms. E. Licht, MSc 0.13 

Ms. S.H. van Oostrom, MSc 1.00 

Ms. G.A. Schreuder, MSc 0.80 

B. Steunenberg, MSc 1.00 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

Ms. P.J. van ‘t Veer-Tazelaar, MSc 0.80 

N. Vogelzangs, MSc 1.00 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

Ms. S. Vreeburg, MSc 1.00 

Ms. L. Warmerdam, MSc 1.00 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

Ms. L. de Wit, MSc 0.40 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 

Ms. M. Witvliet, MSc 1.00 Dpt. Clinical Psychology and Pedagogy (FPP) 






207

208 

3.3 CARE AND PREVENTION 



P.D. Bezemer, PhD 0.30 Dpt. of Clinical Epidemiology and 

Biostatistics 

Ms. M.A.E. van Bokhorst, PhD 0.05 Dpt. of Nutrition and Dietetics 

D.J. Bruinvels, MD, PhD 1.00 


Ms. J.M. Cuperus-Bosma, MD, 

0.80 Dpt. of Clinical Genetics 

LLM, PhD ✝ 0.40 

Prof. D.J.H. Deeg, PhD 0.50 Dpt. of Psychiatry 

Prof. L. Deliens, PhD 0.60 

Ms. M.G. Dik, PhD 0.13 

Prof. Th.A.H. Doreleijers, MD, PhD 0.50 Dpt. of Pediatrics 

M.D. Dubbelman, PhD pm Dpt. of Psysics and Medical Technology 

M.A. Echteld, PhD 1.00 

Prof. J.A. Eeftsting, MD, PhD pm Dpt. of Nursing Home Medicine 

J.M. Festen PhD 0.50 Dpt. of Oto(rhino)laringology 

S.T. Goverts, MD, PhD 0.10 Dpt. of Oto(rhino)laringology 

G.L. van der Heijde, PhD pm Dpt. of Physics and Medical Technology 

C.M.P.M. Hertogh, MD, PhD 0.20 

Prof. R.A. Hira Sing, MD, PhD 0.10 Dpt. of Social Medicine 

Prof. T. Houtgast, PhD 0.25 Dpt. of Oto(rhino)laringology 

Prof. H.C.G. Kemper, PhD pm 

Ms. S.E. Kramer, PhD 0.60 Dpt. of Oto(rhino)laringology 

F.J.M. Leerdam, MD, PhD 0.40 Dpt. of Social Medicine 

Prof. J. Legemaate, PhD, LLM pm Dpt. of Social Medicine 

J. Lyzenga, MD, PhD 0.80 Dpt. of Oto(rhino)laringology 

Prof. T. Marteau, PhD pm Dpt. of Social Medicine 

Ms. A.C. Moll, MD, PhD 0.10 Dpt. of Ophthalmology 

Ms. L.M.C. Nauta-Jansen, PhD 0.80 Dpt. of Pediatrics 

M.E. Ooms, MD, PhD 1.00 

Ms. B. Onwuteaka-Philipsen, PhD 0.85 

Prof. G.H.M.B. van Rens, MD, PhD 0.10 Dpt. of Ophthalmology 

Prof. M.W. Ribbe, MD, PhD 0.20 Dpt. of Nursing Home Medicine 

A.J.M Schellart, MBA pm 

Prof. T. Smid, PhD pm 

Prof. dr. L. Ten Kate, PhD pm Dpt. of Anthropogenetics 

Ms. B.A.M. The, LLM, PhD 0.40 

Ms. D.R.M. Timmermans, PhD 0.95 

Prof. R. Vermeiren, MD, PhD 0.20 Dpt. of Pediatrics 

Ms. C. Wagner, PhD 0.07 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD 0.38 Dpt. of Social Medicine 

Post-docs 

M. van Berg, PhD 0.67 

M. de Boer, MD, PhD pm 

Ms. B.J.M. Frederiks, PhD 0.16 

Ms. L. Henneman, PhD 0.30 Dpt. of Social Medicine 

Ms. J.T. van Kampen-van 

der Steen, PhD 0.30 

Ms. A.A.M. Kuin, PhD pm 

Ms. H.R.W. Pasman, PhD 1.00 

Ms. M.L. Rurup, PhD 1.00 








I. Christiaanse-Dingelhoff, MSc 0.60 

Ms. J.K. Cruysberg, MSc 0.80 Dpt. of Ophthalmology 

Ms. L. van Domburgh, MSc 0.80 Dpt. of Pediatrics 

L.H. Engbers, MSc 0.25 

D. Frijters, MD 0.10 Dpt. of Nursing Home Medicine 

Ms. C.A.M.L. Geluk, MSc 0.80 Dpt. of Pediatrics 

Ms. S.M.J.J. Hamerlynck, MSc pm Dpt. of Pediatrics 

Ms. L. ’t Hart-Kerkhoffs, MSc 0.89 Dpt. of Pediatrics 

Ms. A. Hofsteenge, MSc 1.00 Dpt. of Nutrition and Dietetics 

Ms. L.H.F. Hoonhout, MSc 1.00 

F.A.G. Hout, MSc 0.80 

Ms. A.A. Krabbendam, MSc 0.30 Dpt. of Pediatrics 

Ms. L. Krijgsman, MSc 0.90 

Ms. J. Lunshof, MSc pm Dpt. of Anthropogenetics 

Ms. F. Neelemaat, MSc 0.89 Dept. of Nutrition and Dietetics 

Ms. A.M.C. Plass, MA 0.20 Dpt. of Clinical Genetics 

M. Reinders, MSc 0.20 

B. Schweitzer, MSc 0.20 

W.J. Slort, MSc 0.60 

Ms. P. Slottje, MSc 0.33 

M.B.M. Soethout, MD 0.20 Dpt. of Social Medicine 

Ms. S.G.M. Stomp-van den Berg, MSc 0.80 

Ms. E. Struijf, MSc pm 

Ms. J.G.Z. van Uffelen, MSc 1.00 

H. de Vries, MD, PhD 0.10 Dpt. of General Practice 

Ms. M. de Vries-Bouw, MSc 0.08 Dpt. of Pediatrics 

Ms. N. Weevers, MSc pm 

Ms. S. Weinreich, MSc 0.14 

Ms. J.E. de Wolf-Hanssen, MSc 0.80 

Ms. L. Zwaan, MSc 1.00 

PhD student 

Ms. E.A.M. Abarshi, MSc 0.25 

Ms. F.Y. Alhafaji, MSc 0.67 

Ms. G.H.C.W. Althuizen, MSc 0.80 

M.R. de Boer, MSc 0.94 

Ms. E.A.M. Claassen, MSc 1.00 

E.L.J. George, MSc 0.75 Dpt. of Oto(rhino)laringology 

G.L.M. Hilkhuysen, MSc 0.25 Dpt. of Oto(rhino)laringology 

Ms. P. Lakeman, MD 0.53 Dpt. of Clinical Genetics 

Ms. M. Langelaan, MSc 0.84 Dpt. of Ophthalmology 

Ms. T. Marees, MSc 1.00 Dpt. of Ophthalmology 

Ms. J. Nachtegaal, MSc 0.70 Dpt. of Oto(rhino)laringology 

R.M.A. van Nispen, MSc 0.84 Dpt. of Ophthalmology 

Ms. C.F. Ockhuijsen- Vermey, MSc 0.89 

Ms. M.T.E. Puts, MSc 0.25 

D.S. Rebergen, MSc 0.80 

Ms. N.W.M. Wiemer, MSc 1.00 Dpt. of Ophthalmology 

Ms. A.A. Zekveld, MSc 0.75 Dpt. of Oto(rhino)laringology 






209

210 

3.4 MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS 



J.R. Anema, MD. PhD 0.50 Dpt. of Social Medicine 

J.C. Becher, MD, PhD pm Dpt. of Rehabilitation 

Ms. H. Beckerman, PhD 0.60 Dpt. of Rehabilitation 

A.J. van der Beek, PhD 0.95 

Ms. A.H. Blankenstein, MD, PhD 0.30 

Ms. B.M. Blatter, PhD pm 

A.J.P. Boeke, MD, PhD 0.30 

Prof. P.M. Bongers, PhD pm 

Prof. L.M. Bouter, PhD 0.23 

Ms. A.J. Dallmeijer, PhD 0.57 Dpt. of Rehabilitation 

Prof. J. Dekker, PhD 0.40 Dpt. of Rehabilitation 

Ms. P.J.M. Elders, MD, PhD pm 

V.H. Hildebrandt, PhD pm 

Ms. M. Hopman-Rock, PhD pm 

Ms. H.E. van der Horst, MD, PhD pm Dpt. of General Practice 

D.L. Knol, PhD 0.40 Dpt. of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics 

Prof. G.J. Lankhorst, MD, PhD 0.15 Dpt. of Rehabilitation 

Prof. P.Th.A.M. Lips, MD, PhD 0.20 Dpt. of Endrocrinology 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD 0.40 Dpt. of Social Medicine 

R.W.J.G. Ostelo, PhD 1.00 

R.S.G.M. Perez, PhD pm 

Prof. T. Smid, PhD pm 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD 0.33 

M.P.M. Steultjens, MD, PhD 0.43 Dpt. of Rehabilitation 

Ms. C.B. Terwee, PhD 1.00 

Prof. M.W. van Tulder, PhD 0.27 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

E.A.L.M. Verhagen, PhD 0.33 

Prof. H.C.W. de Vet, PhD 1.00 

Ms. M. Visser, PhD 0.25 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences 

Ms. D.A.W.M. van der Windt, PhD 0.50 

Post-doc 

Ms. C.M. Bernaards, PhD 0.67 

M.W. Heymans, PhD 1.00 

Ms. P. Jellema, PhD 1.00 

Ms. E.E. Roelofsen, PhD 0.35 Dpt. of Rehabilitation 

Ms. N.M. van Schoor, PhD 1.00 

Ms. H.A.H. Wijnhoven, PhD 0.23 








Ms. S.C.C.M. van Coeverden, MSc 0.20 

Ms. D.C.M. Collard, MSc 1.00 

M. van Eck, MSc 0.67 Dpt. of Rehabilitation 

Ms. H.H. Hamberg, MSc 1.00 

M.D.W. Hupperets, MSc 1.00 

S. IJmker, MSc 1.00 

S.Kaldenhoven, MSc 0.19 Dpt. of Rehabilitation 

O.R. Maarsingh, MD 0.50 

Ms. L.B. Mokkink, MSc 1.00 

Ms. N. van der Roer, MSc 0.67 

Ms. P. van Schie, MSc 0.39 Dpt. of Rehabilitation 

Ms. S. Vermeulen, MSc pm 

Ms. I.S. Wicherts, MSc 0.60 

PhD student 

Ms. J.M.C. Bleeker, MSc 1.00 Dpt. of General Practice 

Ms. W.E. Hooftman, MSc 0.33 

Ms. L.C. Lambeek, MSc 0.96 

Ms. I. Nijrolder, MSc 0.80 

Ms. G.M.E.E. Peeters, MSc 1.00 

J.J.M. Pool, PT 0.80 

Ms. L.A. Schaap, MSc 0.80 

Ms. M.N. Spies-Dorgelo, MSc 0.80 

Ms. K. Uegaki, MSc 1.00 

D. Vergouw, MSc 0.08 






211

212 

4. Administrative support staff fte 

Ms. S.N. Aelen 0.07 

Ms. G. Albers 0.11 

Ms. F. Alkan 0.01 

Ms. A.F. Adringa 0.13 

Ms. A.F. Bemmel 0.00 

Ms. A.K. Bergen 0.04 

A. Bergsma 0.27 

Ms. M.S. Beumers 0.05 

Ms. J. Bleijendaal 0.39 

Ms. V. Blom 0.40 

C.P.J. de Boer 1.00 

Ms. A.A.M. Boots- Redeker 0.13 

Ms. J.B. Bosman 0.78 

Ms. N. Bougrina 0.28 

Ms. C.M. Boukens- de Graaf 0.28 

C.P.J. Brasser 1.00 

Ms. K. Brouwer 0.50 

Ms. F. Clerc-Schotanus 0.69 

Ms. E.M.C. Cox-Smeets 0.32 

E.P.F. Cremers 0.06 

Ms. F. Curuk 0.69 

Ms. J.K.G.M Daelmans 0.25 

Ms. E.A. Dekker 0.33 

Ms. J.H.M. van Dijke 0.02 

Ms. P.G.P. Does 0.02 

Ms. M. Dol 0.14 

A.Ph. van Drongelen, MSc 0.33 

C. Elschot 0.15 

J.L.A. Embrechts 0.02 

Ms. M. Ershadi 0.40 

Ms. P.G.A.T. van Geld- Hartong 0.05 

R.F. van Gils 0.05 

Ms. J.E. Glim 0.07 

Ms. J. Goedhart 0.50 

Ms. V. Goos 0.06 

Ms. A. Groenen 0.04 

Ms. M. de Groot 0.02 

Ms. G. Gutschow, MSc 0.10 

Ms. N. Hdoudou 0.16 

Ms. B.A.M. Hesseling 0.29 

Ms. A.M. van Hillo- van Dessel 0.40 

Ms. L.M. Hogema 0.01 

Ms. S. Hoornstra 0.08 

Ms. M.H.L. van Horst 0.80 

Ms. P.K. Houwen-Hartog 0.46 

Ms. L. Idema 0.10 

Ms. I.M. Jansen 0.27 

Ms. K.E. Johnson 0.78 

Ms. L.J.M. Jorritsma 0.03 

Ms. O. Karimi 0.20 

Ms. M. Kerckhoffs 0.80 

Ms. M.A. Kollau, MSc 0.50 






fte 

Ms. M.J. Koridon 0.79 

Ms. H. Kos, MSc 0.18 

W.G.C. Kraan, MSc 1.00 

Ms. M. Kramer 0.37 

Ms. M.R.H. Laverman 0.05 

Ms. I. van der Leden 0.50 

Ms. M.E. van der Leden 0.18 

Ms. M. Leenheer 0.40 

Ms. M.A. Legdeur 0.15 

Ms. M.P.C. Lensen 0.03 

Ms. A. Leurink 0.15 

Ms. M. Louwet 0.01 

Ms. L. Luigjes 0.04 

Ms. H.G.P. Luiting 0.04 

R. Mangon 0.44 

Ms. L. van der Mark- Bos 0.13 

Ms. K.A. van Marsbergen- Neeft 0.37 

Ms. J.H. Meijer-Wubbels 0.33 

Ms. E. van der Molen 0.69 

Ms. A.M. Molenaar 0.12 

Ms. M.J. Mol-van Dijk 0.35 

Ms. J.M. van Moorsel, MSc 0.80 

Ms. L. Muis 0.06 

Ms. E. Mulder 0.67 

Ms. M.C.A. Nannings- Groen 0.09 

J.J. Nieuwesteeg 0.80 

Ms. I. van Noord 0.07 

Ms. T. Oeschger 1.00 

Ms. A.M. Olofsen 0.04 

Ms. M.E. Oltsthoorn-Ooms 0.47 

A.C. Ooms 0.05 

Ms. E.W.M. Oostdam 0.50 

Ms. F.S.B. van Oosten 0.01 

Ms. A.E.M. Ooteman- Hauwert 0.39 

O.J.M. Oranje 0.20 

B. Oughzou 1.00 

Ms. E. Paap 0.39 

M. Paardekooper, PhD 0.50 

Ms. M. Pastoor 0.04 

Ms. B.R. Peeterman 0.06 

Ms. S.H. Pera 0.06 

Ms. S. Petkovic 0.01 

Ms. M. PijL 0.33 

Ms. G. van der Ploeg- Burger 0.07 

J.L. Poppelaars 0.30 

Ms. P.H. Pronk Blok 0.20 

Ms. A. Putters-Mars 0.06 

Ms. J.M. Reurslag 0.69 

P. Roest 1.00 

J. Runhaar 0.40 

Ms. S.F. Sahusilawane 0.30 

D. Samoocha, MSc 0.99 

Ms. P.M. Schaap- Hoekstra 0.89 






213

214 

fte 

Ms. M.M.C. Schellekens- Mineur 0.40 

R. Schukking 0.25 

Ms. S. Schut pm 

J.J. Sikkens 0.13 

Ms. F. van Sleen- Sikkema 0.10 

Ms. D. Smit 0.05 

Ms. P. Snoeks- Habraken 0.56 

J.M.C. Spijkers 0.40 

Ms. E.B. Stokx Gruber 0.80 

Ms. E.J.M. Stoop 0.08 

Ms. C.G. Stuiveling 0.45 

Ms. M.C. Stuy, MSc 0.70 

Ms. M. Tames 0.07 

Ms. S. Tamminga 0.33 

Ms. M.E. Teeuw 0.22 

M.M. Telkamp, MA 1.00 

Ms. M. The 0.71 

Ms. W. Tybout 0.69 

Ms. M. Uittenbosch 0.60 

Ms. M.A.C. Veeken Baas 0.71 

Ms. E.H.L. Visser-Lijtsman Piernbaum 1.00 

R. Waaijman, MSc 1.00 

Ms. M. van Wakeren- Kreijmborg 0.40 

Ms. A. van der Wal 0.07 

L. Wallast 1.00 

Ms. C. Warger 0.08 

Ms. T. Wedding 0.28 

Ms. L. Weijers- Rigtering 0.39 

Ms. M. van der Werff 0.04 

Ms. A.S.J. Westerweel 0.15 

Ms. G.M. Wezenberg- Bijen 0.36 

Ms. D. Wijgergangs 0.15 

Ms. H. Willebrands 0.42 

Ms. H.K. Wong 0.02 

Ms. M. Zondag 0.36 

M. Zwemmer 0.10 

The personnel distribution represents the annual average for 2006 with regard to direct university finance, specific 

research finance, subsidies and finance from industry for personnel working on EMGO projects. For personnel which is 

not employed by the EMGO Institute, the Department/Faculty of employment is mentioned. 






2 

Appendix 2 

List of future 

dissertations 

215

216 

2007 

PhD student Funding 

Title of thesis 

(Co-)promotors 

Ms. M. Alssema, MSc 

Postprandial hyperglycaemia versus dyslipidaemia in relation to cardiovascular 

disease in women with type 2 diabetes and in normoglycaemic women 

Prof. R. J. Heine, MD, PhD, Prof. J.M. Dekker, PhD, Prof. M.G.A.A.M. 

Nijpels, MD, PhD 

Ms. M.J.H. Baars, MD 

Physicians’ knowledge about genetics 


Ms. I.M. Bakker, MSc 

Effectiveness of a minimal intervention for surmenage in primary care: 

a pragmatic randomized controlled trial 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD, Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, 


S. van Beek, MSc 

Quality of care for psychogeriatric nursing home patients 

Prof. M.W. Ribbe, MD, PhD, Prof. P. Groenewegen, PhD, C. Wagner, 

PhD, D.H.M. Frijters, MD, PhD 

A.W. van den Belt-Dusebout, MSc 

Risk of second malignancy and cardiovascular disease after treatement 

for testicular cancer 

Prof.dr.ir. F.E. van Leeuwen, PhD 

Ms. E. Bierman, MSc 

Anxiety and cognitive decline in later life 

Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD, Prof. C. Jonker, MD, PhD, 


Ms. L. Van den Block, MA 

End-of-life care in Belgium. A study via the Sentinel Network of GPs 

Prof. L. Deliens, PhD, R. Deschepper, PhD 

Ms. S. te Boekhorst, MSc 

Group living for older adults with dementia 

Prof. J.A. Eefsting, MD, PhD, Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD, 


E. Bohlmeijer, MSc 

Life-review with anxiety and depressive disorders 

Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD, Prof. P. Cuijpers, PhD, H.W.J. van 

Marwijk, MD, PhD, Ms. P. van Oppen, PhD 

E.J.K. Boldingh, MSc 

Hip luxation in people with severe spastic tetraparesis 

Prof. G.J. Lankhorst, MD, PhD, Prof. L.M. Bouter, PhD 

External funding 

Dutch Diabetes Research 

Foundation 


Netherlands Organization for 


(ZonMw) 




(ZonMw) 

Dutch College of General 

Practitioners (NHG) 




(ZonMw) 


Lance Armstrong Foundation 




(ZonMw) 

External PhD student 

Fund of Scientific Research 

Flanders (FWO) 




(ZonMw) 



Johanna Foundation and Phelps 

Foundation

2007 (CONTINUATION) 




W. Boorsma, MD 

The relationship between insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular disease 

(RISC): cause or consequence? 

Prof. R.J. Heine, MD, PhD, Prof. J.M. Dekker, PhD, Prof. M.G.A.A.M. 


Ms. H. Brandt, MSc 

Palliative care in Dutch nursing homes 

Prof. M.W. Ribbe, MD, PhD, Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, 


R.M. Brohet, MSc 

Risk assessment and gene-environment interactions in breast and/ 

or ovarian cancer families 


G.J. de Bruijn, MSc 

Cognitive, social and environmental determinants of behaviour to prevent 

weight gain: an intervention-mapping approach 

Prof. J. Brug, PhD, Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, S. Kremers, PhD 

M. Ceelen, MSc 

Growth and development of children born after IVF 

Prof. H.A. Delemarre-van der Waal, MD, PhD; 


J. Cohen, MA 

Determinants of place of death in Flanders, Belgium, and 

other European countries 

Prof. L. Deliens, PhD, Prof. J. Bilsen, RN, PhD, 


Ms. L. van Domburgh, MSc 

Very young offenders in the Netherlands 

Prof. Th.A.H. Doreleijers, MD, PhD, Prof. R. Vermeiren, MD, PhD, 

L.M.C. Nauta Jansen, PhD, Prof. L. Loeber, PhD 

L.H. Engbers, MSc 

Food-steps, life-style interventions at the workplace: the effects 

of modifications of the work site 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Ms. M.N.M. van Poppel, PhD 


Instability and disabillity in osteoarthritis of the knee 

Prof. J. Dekker, PhD, M.D.M. Steultjens, PhD 

T.P. Ettema, MSc 

Development of an instrument to measure quality of life in 

patients with dementia 

Prof. M.W. Ribbe, MD, PhD, Prof. D. Mellenbergh, MD, PhD, 

Ms. R.M. Dröes, PhD, J. de Lange, PhD 


Dutch Heart Foundation (NHS) 

European Community 


Ministry of Health, Welfare and 

Sport (VWS) 


The Dutch Cancer Society 




VU Universtiy Medical Center, 

Amsterdam 


Research Council 

Vrije Universiteit Brussel 


Stadsregio Rotterdam, Politie en 

Wetenschap, Kinderpostzegels, 

Provincie Utrecht, Gemeente 

Utrecht, Gemeente Amersfoort 




(ZonMw) 


Jan van Breemen Institute 


217

218 





M. Graff, MSc 

Occupational therapy in dementia 

Prof. M.G.M. Olde-Rikkert, PhD, Prof. J. Dekker, PhD, 

M.J.M. Vernooij-Dassen, PhD 

Ms. A. Greeven, MSc 

Hypochondriasis, etiology, phenomenology and treatment 

Prof. A.J.L.M. van Balkom, MD, PhD, Prof. Ph. Spinhoven, PhD 

V. de Groot, MD 

Clinimetric evaluation in multiple sclerosis 

Prof. G.J. Lankhorst, MD, PhD, Prof. C.H. Polman, MD, PhD, 

Prof. L.M. Bouter, PhD, Ms. H. Beckerman, PhD 

Ms. H.H. Hamberg-van Reenen, MSc 

The role of physical capacity in the development of low back and neck/ 

shoulder disorders in a working population 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Prof. P.M. Bongers, PhD, 

A.J. van der Beek, PhD, Ms. B.M. Blatter, PhD 

Ms. S. Hamerlynck, MD 

Determinants of aggression in detained girls 

Prof. Th.A.H. Doreleijers, MD, PhD, Prof. P. Cohen-Kettenis, PhD, 

Prof. R. Loeber, PhD, Prof R. vermeiren, MD, PhD, 

L.M.C. Nauta-Jansen, PhD 

H. Hlobil, MD 

The effectiveness of a graded activity exercise programme 

in occupational health 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Prof. T. Smid, PhD 

M.J. Hooning, MD 

Long-term risk of second cancer following treatment of Hodgkin’s disease, 

testicular cancer and breast cancer 

Prof.dr.ir. F.E. van Leeuwen, PhD 

Ms. R. Hoopman, MSc 

Quality of life assessment in ethnic minority cancer patients in the 

Netherlands: a study of the SF-36, COOP/WONCA Charts, EORTC 

QLQ-C30 and Rotterdam Symptom Checklist 

Prof. N.K. Aaronson, PhD, Ms. C.B. Terwee, PhD 

M.M.A. Huysmans, MSc 

Ergonomic optimization of occupational hand-arm precision tasks 

Prof. J.H. van Dieën, PhD, M.J.M. Hoozemans, PhD, M.P. de Looze, PhD, 



Alzheimer Foundation 


Pharmaceutical Industry 

GlaxoSmith Kline 



Scientific Research (NWO), 

Chronic Diseases - 

Neurological and Psychiatric 

Disorders Programme 


Research Centre Body@Work 

Physical Activity, Work and Health 

TNO-VUmc 




Health Care Insurance Council 

(CvZ) 

KLM 





External PhD student





S. IJmker, MSc 

Prospective cohort study on risk factors for upper extremity disorders in 

VDU workers 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Prof. P.M. Bongers, PhD, 

B. Blatter, PhD, A.J. van der Beek, PhD 

A.P.D. Jansen, MSc 

Effects of general practice nursing support for demented patients living at 

home and their carers 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD, H.J.P. van Hout, PhD, Prof. M.G.A.A.M. 


Ms. A. Kleinveld, MSc 

Risk perception, decision-making and psychological well-being of pregnant 

women who are offered prenatal screening for congenital defects 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, Prof. L.P. ten Kate, MD, PhD, Ms. 

D.R.M. Timmermans, PhD 

K. van der Kooij, MSc 

Exploring pathophysiological and behavioural pathways in the link 

between depression and cardiovascular disease 

Prof. M. de Haan, MD, PhD, Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD, 

H.P.J. van Hout, PhD, H.W.J. van Marwijk, MD, PhD 


Preconceptional carrier-screening for cystic fibrosis and/ 

or hemoglobinopathies: desirability and feasibility of a combined offer 

in the Dutch population 

Prof. L.P. ten Kate, MD, PhD, Prof. M.C. Cornel, MD, PhD 

M. Langelaan, MSc 

Prognostic factors for quality of life of visually impaired adults 

Prof. G.H.M.B. van Rens, MD, PhD, Prof. P.J. Ringens, MD, PhD, 

Ms. A.C. Moll, MD, PhD, M.R. de Boer, PhD 

Ms. E. Licht, MSc 

Prognosis of minor and major depression in older primary care patients 

Prof. M. de Haan, MD, PhD, Prof. W. van Tilburg, MD, PhD, 

H.W.J. van Marwijk, MD, PhD, Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD 

S. de Maat, MSc 

Optimal treatment of depression? Pharmacotherapy, Psyhcotherapy, 

or Combined? 

Prof. J. Dekker, PhD, Prof. P. Cuijpers, PhD, R. Schoevers, PhD 

M. Maessen, MSc 

End of life care in ALS-patients 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, L.H. van den Berg, MD, PhD, J. Veldink, 

MD, PhD 

R. van der Meer, MSc 

Smoking, depression and Quitlines 

Prof. G. Schippers, MD, PhD, Prof. P. Cuijpers, PhD, M. Willemsen, PhD 




TNO-VUmc 




(ZonMw), Prevention programme 




(ZonMw) 






(ZonMw) 




(ZonMw), Visibility Programme 




Mentrum Foundation 



Beatrix Fund 


Netherlands organization for 

Health Research and development 

(ZonMw) 

219

220 





R. Mohammedamin, MD 

Infectious skin diseases in children in General Practice: 

epidemiology and management. 

Prof. B.W. Koes, PhD, Prof. F.G. Schellevis, MD, PhD, 

J. van der Wouden, PhD 

I. Nijrolder, MSc 

Diagnosis and prognosis of fatigue in general practice 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD, Ms. H.E. van der Horst, MD, PhD 

A. Nooijens, MSc 

Life-style predictors of weight gain in prospective studies: implication 

for age-specific weight gain prevention trials 

Prof. J.C. Seidell, PhD, Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, 

T. Visscher, PhD 

J. Nuijen MSc 

Comorbidity in depression: general practice-based studies on its occurrence, 

mechanisms, and consequences. 

Prof. F.G. Schellevis, MD, PhD, Prof. G.A.M van den Bos, PhD, 

Prof. P.P. Groenewegen, PhD 

A.J.M. Olde Damink- van Rosmalen, MSc 

Early life exposures and risk of breast cancer 


J. Peen, MSc 

Relationship of urbanization and psychiatric disturbances. 

Prof. J. Dekker, PhD, Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD, R. Schoevers, PhD 

J.J.M. Pool, PT 

Comparison of two conservative treatment programmes for sub-acute neck 

pain: a cognitive behavioural graded activity programme versus manual 

therapy 

Prof. H.C.W. de Vet, PhD, Prof. L.M. Bouter, PhD, R.W.J.G. Ostelo, PhD 

D.S. Rebergen, MSc 

The effectiveness of the Dutch guidelines on management by occupational 

physicians of workers with psychological health problems 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, D.J. Bruinvels, MD, PhD, 


J. Rietjens, MSc 

Medical decision making at the end of life: experiences and attitudes 

Prof. P.J. van der Maas, MD, PhD, Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, 

A. van der Heide, MD, PhD, Ms. B.D. Onwuteaka-Philipsen, PhD 

P.D.D.M. Roelofs, MSc 

The effectiveness of lumbar supports for the treatment of low back pain 

among home care workers 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Prof. B.W. Koes, PhD, 






External funding; Netherlands 

organization for Health Research 

and development (ZonMw) 


US Army 

Mentrum Foundation 




Scientific Research (NWO), 

Chronic Pain programme 


Ministry of Internal Affairs 

Police Medical Care Service 

(DGVP) 


Ministry of Health, 

Welfare and Sport (VWS) 

Ministry of Justice 




(ZonMw)





Ms. V.A.B. Scholtes, MSc 

The effect of botilinum toxin and intensive rehabilitation treatment 

on the walking ability of children with cerebral palsy 

Prof. G.J. Lankhorst, MD, PhD, Prof. J.G. Becher, MD, PhD, 

Ms. J.H. van der Lee, MD, PhD 

G.A. Schreuders, MSc 

Effectiviness of ‘Problem-Solving Therapy’ provided by nurses in 

general practice for patients with frequent psychological disorders 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD, Prof. R. van Dyck, MD, PhD, 

Ms. P.C. van Oppen, PhD, H.W.J. van Marwijk, MD, PhD 

Ms. B. Shea, MSc, RN 

Quality of systematic reviews: development, validation and application 

of an assessment instrument 

Prof. L.M. Bouter, PhD, Prof. M. Boers, MD, PhD, Prof. J. Grimshaw, PhD 

Ms. A.S. Singh, MSc 

DO iT: a school-based intervention programme to improve dietary and 

physical activity behaviour in adolescents, in order to maintain energy 

balance 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Prof. J. Brug, PhD, 

Ms. J.M.M. Chin A Paw, PhD 

S. Slootmaker, MSc 

Promotion of a physically active life-style among inactive adolescents and 

young adults by means of an activity monitor and individually tailored 

advice using internet technology 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Prof. J.C. Seidell, PhD, Ms. J.M.M. 

Chin A Paw, PhD, A.J. Schuit, PhD 

F. Smit, MSc 

Prevention of depression 

Prof. P. Cuijpers, PhD, Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD 

M.B.M. Soethout, MD 

Factors influencing the choice of a medical career 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, Prof. O. ten Cate, PhD 

V. Spek, MSc 

Internet-guided self-help as prevention of depression in older adults 

Prof. V. Pop, PhD, Prof. P. Cuijpers, PhD 

M. Stiggelbout, MSc 

More exercise for the elderly: obstacles and incentives 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Ms. M. Hopman-Rock, PhD, 

M. de Greef, PhD 


Johanna Children Fund 

Princess Beatrix Fund 




(ZonMw) 

Dutch College of General 

Practitioners (NHG) 




Ministry of Health, Welfare and 

Sport (VWS) 




(ZonMw) 




(ZonMw) 





(ZonMw) 


TNO – Quality of Life 

221

222 





Ms. J.M. Stolwijk-Swuste, MSc 

The course of functional status of elderly patients with sequelae of 

poliomyelitis, osteoarthrosis and Parkinson’s disease: the influence of 

age-related disorders and comorbidity 

Prof. G.J. Lankhorst, MD, PhD, Prof. J. Dekker, PhD, 

Ms. J.A.J.M. Beelen, PhD 

Ms. M. Thunnissen, MSc 

A Randomized Clinical Trial to the effectiveness of a re-integration 

training after short-term inpatient psychotherapy 

Prof. R.W. Trijsburg, MD, PhD, Prof. W. van Tilburg, MD, PhD, 

Prof. R. Verheul, MD, PhD 

Ms. J.G.Z. van Uffelen, MSc 

The effects of physical activity and folic-acid/vitamin B12 supplementation 

on the cognitive functioning and psychosocial health of older persons with 

mild cognitive impairment 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Ms. M. Hopman-Rock, PhD, 


R. Van, MSc 

Prediction of remission in depression 

Prof. J.J.M. Dekker, PhD, R.S. Schoevers, PhD 

J. Verloop, MSc 

Long-term effects of exposure to DES in utero on the risk of 

hormone-related cancers 


Ms. J.A. Vincenten, MA 

Setting an agenda and targets for child safety in Europe 

Prof. L.M. Bouter, PhD, W. Rogmans, PhD 

Ms. M.A.J. Visschedijk, MSc 

Evaluation of a psychosocial intervention programme 

for recently diagnosed MS patients 

Prof. H.M. van der Ploeg, PhD, Prof. C.H. Polman, MD, PhD, 

Ms. E.H. Collette, PhD 

J.M. Voorman, MSc 

Functional prognosis of children (aged 9 – 15 years) with cerebral palsy 

Prof. G.J. Lankhorst, MD, PhD, J.G. Becher, MD, PhD, 

Ms. J.H. van der Lee, MD, PhD 

A. Vrieling, MSc 

The Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) system in breast and colorectal 

carcinogenesis: dietary intervention and molecular studies 





(ZonMw), Rehabilitation Research 

Programme 





TNO-VUmc 

Mentrum Institute of Mental 

Health 




‘Friends of MS-Research’ 

Foundation 




(ZonMw), Rehabilitation Research 

Programme 


The Dutch Cancer Society





L. Warmerdam, MSc 

Differential effects of minimal psychological treatment of depression 

Prof. P. Cuijpers, PhD, A. van Straten, PhD 

Ms. M. Westerman, MSc 

Response shift in quality of life in the palliative treatment of 

patients with small-cell lung cancer 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, T. Hak, PhD, Ms. B.A.M. The, PhD 

Ms. M. van Wier, MSc 

ALIFE@Work: a randomized controlled trial on the preventive effects 

of a physical activity enhancing and healthy eating programme among 

an overweight working population 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Prof. T. Smid, PhD, 

Ms. I. Hendriksen, PhD 

Ms. M.E.A. Wormgoor, MSc 

Function as key concept for prognoses in long-lasting back problems: 

a multifactorial analysis 

Prof. HC.G. Kemper, PhD, A. Indahl, MD, PhD, 


W. van Zelst, MSc 

Posttraumatic stress disorder in later life 

Prof. R. van Dyck, MD, PhD, Prof. D.J.H. Deeg, PhD, 






Dutch Heart Foundation (NHS), 



(ZonMw) 



TNO-VUmc 



223

224 

2008 




Ms. G.H.C.W. Althuizen, MSc 

An intervention aimed at the prevention of excessive weight 

gain during pregnancy 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Prof. J.C. Seidell, PhD, 


J. Ashford, MSc 

Prevention of behavior problems in primary school children: 

effects of universal school-based and family-based interventions 


N. Batelaan, MSc 

The natural history of anxiety disorders: the NEMESIS study 

Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD, Prof. W. Vollebergh, PhD, 

R. de Graaf, PhD, Prof. A. van Balkom, MD, PhD 

F. Bongers, MD 

General practice care in the Netherlands 1987-2001. 

Prof. J van der Zee, PhD, Prof. W. van den Bosch, MD, PhD, 

Prof. F.G. Schellevis, MD, PhD 

Ms. M. Bremmer, MSc 

Biological risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality 

in depressed elderly 

Prof. W.G.J. Hoogendijk, MD, PhD, Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD, 


H. Buiting, MSc 

Medical end-of-life decisions: theory and practice 

Prof. PJ van der Maas, MD, PhD, Prof G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, 

A. van der Heide, MD, PhD, B.D. Onwuteaka-Philipsen, PhD 

Ms. L. Claesen, MSc 

The risky self 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, Ms. D.R.M. Timmermans, PhD, 


M. van Dijk, MSc 

Applicability and effectiveness of the Dutch multidisciplinary guideline 

for the treatment of anxiety disorders in everyday clinical practice 

Prof. A.J.L.M. van Balkom, MD, PhD, Ms. D. Ossterbaan, MD, PhD, 

M.J.P.M. Verbraak, PhD 

Ms. K. Drieskens, MD 

End of life care in general practice in Belgium 

Prof. L. Deliens, PhD, Prof. J. Bilsen, RN, PhD 

Ms. C. Geluk, MSc 

Development of antisocial behaviour in very young offenders 

Prof. Th.A.H. Doreleijers, MD, PhD, Prof. R.A.R. Bullens, PhD, 

Prof. R. Vermeiren, MD, PhD, L.M.C. Nauta-Jansen, PhD 




(ZonMw) 




(ZonMw) 




(ZonMw) 

External funding; Ministry of 

Health, Welfare and Sports 




(ZonMw) 


Ministry of VWS 




(ZonMw) 




(ZonMw) 





Stadsregio Rotterdam, Politie en 

Wetenschap, Kinderpostzegels, 

Provincie Utrecht, Gemeente 

Utrecht, Gemeente Amersfoort





Ms. C. De Gendt, MSc 

End-of-life decisions among elderly patients in institurionalised 

care in Flanders 

Prof. L. Deliens, PhD, Prof. J. Bilsen, RN, PhD, 

Prof. R. Vander Stichele, MD, PhD 

G. Goedhart, MSc 

Substance use and mental health problems in pregnancy 

Prof. G.J. Bonsel, PhD, Prof. P. Cuijpers, PhD, M.F. van der Wal, PhD 

Ms. H. Hanssen, MSc 

Policies on medical decisions concerning the end of life in Dutch 

health care institutions 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, M. de Bruyne, MD, PhD, C. Wagner, PhD 

Ms. E. Inghelbrecht, MA 

The involvement of nurses in euthanasia communication and 

decision making 

Prof. L. Deliens, PhD, Prof. F. Mortier, PhD, Prof. J. Bilsen, RN, PhD 

Ms. E. De Keyser, MA 

Legal Aspects of Advance Directives in Health-Care 

Prof. M. Magits, PhD, Prof. Th. Vansweevelt, PhD, Prof. W. De Bondt, 

PhD, Prof. L. Deliens, PhD 

M. van der Leeden, MSc 

Plantor pressure and gait characteristics in rheumatoid arthritis patients with 

foot complaints 

Prof. J. Dekker, PhD, M.J.M. Steultjens, PhD 

Ms. J.M.M. Luhulima, MD 

Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and health status in 

Mollucan adolescents and effectiveness of a physical activity intervention 

Prof. H.C.G. Kemper, PhD, Prof. J. de Jong, MD, PhD, Prof. M.H.N.E. 

Soesatyo, MD, PhD, L.L.J. Koppes, PhD 

O.R. Maarsingh, MD 

Diagnosis of dizziness in elder persons in general practice 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD, Prof. P.J.E. Bindels, MD, PhD, H.C.P.M. 

van Weert, MD, PhD, Ms. H.E. van der Horst, MD, PhD 

Mrs. T. Meerhoff, MSc 

The role of respiratory syncitial virus in influenza like illness. 

Prof. F.G. Schellevis, MD, PhD. W.J. Paget, PhD 

P. Meulenbeek, MSc 

Prevention of panic disorder 

Prof. P. Cuijpers, PhD, Prof. Ph. Spinhoven, PhD, 

Prof. T. van Balkom, MD, PhD 








Fund of Scientific Research 

Flanders (FWO) 





Jan van Breemen Institute 





(ZonMw) 

External funding; various sponsors 




(ZonMw) 

225

226 





P. Molenaar, MSc 

Social functioning in the treatment of depression 

Prof. J. Dekker, PhD, Prof. P. Cuijpers, PhD, R. Schoevers, PhD 

S. Onrust, MSc 

Social support as prevention of depression in older widows 

Prof. P. Cuijpers, PhD, Prof. J. van de Bout, PhD 

J.C.M. van Os- Bleeker, MSc 

Care, education, research: testing academic practices in networks 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD, H.E. van der Horst, MD, PhD 

H. Riper, MSc 

Internet-guided self-help for problem drinking 

Prof. P. Cuijpers, PhD, Prof. G. Schippers, PhD 

S. Rubinstein, DC 

Positive and negative treatment outcomes associated with 

chiropractic care for neck pain 


C.M. Ruys, MD 

The suffering of incurable cancer patients in primary care and 

the request for and performance of physician assisted death 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, Prof. A. Kerkhof, PhD, 


Ms. L.A. Schaap, MSc 

Determinants of sarcopenia: the role of inflammation and sex hormones 

Prof. D.J.H. Deeg, PhD, Ms. M. Visser, PhD 

Ms. M. Smits, MSc 

Adverse events and near misses in the emergency department: 

the influence of the organisation of work 

Prof. P. Groenewegen, PhD, Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, 

C. Wagner, PhD 

Ms. C.M. Sonnenberg, MSc 

Gender differences in depression and the role of aging: 

a community based longitudinal study 

Prof. W. van Tilburg, MD, PhD, Prof. D.J.H. Deeg, PhD, 


E. Speklé, MSc 

The effectiveness of the RSI Quickscan in the prevention of 

upper extremity disorders 

Prof. J.H. van Dieën, PhD, Prof. P.M. Bongers, PhD, 

M.J.M. Hoozemans, PhD, A.J. van der Beek, PhD 


Mentrum 





(ZonMw) 





(ZonMw) 


European Chiropractic Union 





University funding and external 

funding 

Smith-Kline Beecham 


ArboUnie 



(ZonMw)





Ms. M. Spies-Dorgelo, MSc 

Dianosis and prognosis of wrist and hand complaints in general practice 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD, Ms. D.A.W.M. van der Windt, PhD 

Ms. S.G.M. Stomp-van den Berg, MSc 

Return to work after childbirth: occupational health care interventions 

for early health complaints 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Ms. M.N.M. van Poppel, PhD, 

I. Hendriksen, PhD 

I.C.S. Swinkels, MSc 

The value of registration networks in physical therapy 

Prof. J. Dekker, PhD, Prof. W. van der Bosch, PhD, D.H. de Bakker, PhD, 

C.H.M. van der Ende, PhD 

Ms. K. Uegaki, MSc 

Economic evaluations in occupational health care 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, M.C. de Bruijne, PhD, 

Prof. M.W. van Tulder, PhD, A.J. van der Beek, PhD 

Ms. P.J. van ’t Veer-Tazelaar, MSc 

Prevention of anxiety and depression in later life 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD, Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD, H.W.J. 

van Marwijk, MD, PhD, Ms. P. van Oppen, PhD 

Ms. K. Vermey, MSc 

Communicating breast cancer risks 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, Ms. D.R.M. Timmermans, PhD, 


Ms. S.I. de Vries, MSc 

Assessing physical (in-)activity in Dutch youth 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Prof. R. Hirasing, MD, PhD, 

Ms. M. Hopman, PhD, Ms. I. Bakker, PhD 

Ms. L.M.C. Welschen, MSc 

The effectiveness of a cognitive behaviour intervention focussed 

on life-style in optimal diabetes care 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD, Prof. M.G.A.A.M. Nijpels, MD, PhD, 

Prof. J.M. Dekker, PhD, Ms. P.C. van Oppen, PhD 

M. Wesseling, MSc 

Legitemacy and responsibility reqarding prevention 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, Prof. C. Schuyt, PhD, 

L. Wigersma, MD, PhD 

N.G.M. Wiemer, MD 

Changes in the anterior eye segment with diabetes mellitus 

Prof. B.C.P. Polak, MD, PhD, Prof. P.J. Ringens, MD, PhD, 

M. Dubbelman, PhD 




(ZonMw) 




TNO-VUmc 


NIVEL 



Dutch Organization for Primary 

Care Research (NIVEL) 




(ZonMw) 


TNO Quality of Life 




KNMG 


Several Dutch foundations for 

the blinds 

227

228 





Ms. P. van Wigcheren, MSc 

Medico-technical aspects of end-of-life care 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, Ms. B.D. Onwuteaka-Philipsen, PhD 

M. de Wit, MSc 

Monitoring of health-related quality of life in adolescents with type 1 

diabetes prior to periodic outpatient consultation: impact on psychosocial 

adaptation, satisfaction with care and glycaemic control. A randomized 

controlled cross-over study 

Prof. F.J. Snoek, PhD, Prof. H.A. Delemarre-Van de Waal, MD, PhD, Prof. 

R.J.B.J. Gemke, MD, PhD 

L. de Wit, MSc 

Depression and obesity 

Prof. P. Cuijpers, PhD, A. van Straten, PhD 

M. Witvliet, MSc 

Aggression and victimization: The pivitol role of 

social-emotional competence 


Ms. M. Zegers, MSc 

An epidemiological study of incidence, type and impact of 

adverse events in Dutch hospitals 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, M de Bruyne, MD, PhD, C. Wagner, PhD 


Royal Dutch Medical Association 

(KNMG) 


Welfare and Sport (VWS) 


Foundation (DFN) 





(ZonMw) 


Ministry of Health

2009 




W. van Beek, MSc 

Future-oriented treatment of suicidal patients 

Prof. A.J.F.M Kerkhof, PhD, Prof. A.T.F Beekman, MD, PhD 

Ms. I. Christiaans, LLM 

Reporting adverse events and near miss and conditions for blamefree 

reporting, a study in the intramural health care in the Netherlands 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, JM. Cuperus-Bosma ✝, LLM, PhD 

D.M. Collard, MSc 

The prevention of lower extremity physical activity injuries; a school-based 

randomised controlled trial in children aged 10-12 years 

Prof. W. Van Mechelen, MD, PhD; M.J.M. Chin A Paw, PhD 


Course of functional status in elderly patients with osteoarthritis 

Prof. J. Dekker, PhD, Prof. G.J. Lankhorst, MD, PhD, 

C.H.M. van den Ende, PhD 

Ms. L. ‘t Hart-Kerkhoffs, MD 

Juvenile Sex Offenders 


L.M.C. Nauta-Jansen, PhD, Prof. R.A.R. Bullens, PhD 

Ms. A. van der Heijden, MSc 

Cost-effectiveness of care for patients with type 2 diabetes, an evaluation of 

an innovative shared diabetes care model 

Prof. J.M. Dekker, PhD, Prof. M.G.A.A.M. Nijpels, MD, PhD 

Ms J. Heinrich, MSc 

Cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent and reduce musculoskeletal 

disorders 

Ms. Prof. P.M. Bongers, PhD, J.R. Anema, MD, PhD, B.M Blatter, PhD 

Ms. L. Hoonhout, MSc 

Economic aspects of patient safety in Dutch hospitals 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, M. de Bruyne, MD, PhD, C. Wagner, 

PhD 

Mw. A. Huisman, MSc 

The role of the inspectorate in the notification of suicides during treatment 

in mental health care 

Prof. A.J.F.M. Kerkhof, PhD, Prof. P. Cuijpers, PhD, P. Robben, PhD 

M. Hupperets, Msc 

The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a proprioceptive balance 

board training programme for the prevention of recurrent acute lateral 

ankle sprains; a randomised controlled trial. 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD; M.N.M. van Poppel, PhD, 


de Open Ankh 






(ZonMw) 




(ZonMw) 


Kinderpostzegels Nederland 




(ZonMw) 




The Inspectorate for health care 




(ZonMw) 

229

230 





Ms. A.A. Krabbendam, MD 

Delinquincy, psychopathology and trauma in previously detained girls 


L.M.C. Nauta-Jansen, PhD 

Ms. L.C. Lambeek, MSc 

Transmural occupational care for low back pain: a randomized controlled 

trial and cost effectiveness evaluation 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Prof. P.I. Wuisman, MD, PhD, 

J.R. Anema, MD, PhD, B.J. van Royen, MD, PhD 

Ms. L.B. Mokkink, MSc 

Protocol of the COSMIN study: Consensus-based Standards 

for the selection of health Measurement Instruments 

Prof. H.C.W. de Vet, PhD, Prof. L.M. Bouter, PhD, Ms. C.B. Terwee, PhD 

Ms. A. Noord, MSc 

Religieuze wanen bij ouderen 

Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD, A.W. Braam, MD, PhD 

Ms. S. van Oostrom, MSc 

Cost-effectiveness of participatory ergonomics for employees on sick leave 

with stress-related mental disorders 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Prof. H.C.W de Vet, PhD, 

J.R. Anema, MD, PhD, B. Terluin, MD, PhD 

K. Pardon, MA 

Physician-patient communication in advanced lung cancer patients 

Prof. L. Deliens, PhD, R. Deschepper, PhD, Prof. R. Vander Stichele, MD, 

PhD 

Ms. G. Peeters, MSc 

Prevention of fall accidents in elderly with high risk 

Prof. P. Lips, MD, PhD, Prof. L.M. Bouter, PhD, P.J.M. Elders, PhD, Ms. 

N.M. van Schoor, PhD 

A. Pijpe, MSc 

Gene-environment interactions in BRCA 1/ 2 breast/ovarian cancer 

families, a project of the Netherlands Collaborative Group on 

Hereditary Breast Cancer 


M. Pisters, MSc 

Long-term effectiveness of exercise therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee 

Prof. J. Dekker, PhD, Prof. F. Schellevis, MD, PhD, C. Veenhof, PhD, D. 

de Bakker, PhD 

Ms. M. Poelma, MSc 

A Single-center, Double-Blind, Randomized, Parallel-Group Study to Compare 

the Effect of 52 Weeks Treatment with Vildagliptin 50 mg qd to Placebo on 

Beta-Cell Function in Drug-Naïve Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Mild 

Hyperglycemia Prof. R.J. Heine, MD, PhD, Ms. M. Diamant, MD, PhD 



Internal and external funding 



TNO-VUmc 

Dutch College for Health Insurance 

Stichting Instituut GAK 

Internal funding 

EMGO VUmc 


External funding STECR/Alladin 








NIVEL 

Dutch Arthritis Association 


Pharmaceutical Industry





M.E. Reinders, MD 

Patient feedback on consultation skills of GP-trainees 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD, Ms. A.H. Blankenstein, MD, PhD 

Ms. D. Rhebergen, MSc 

Long term prognosis of depression 

Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD, Ms. B.W.J.H. Penninx, PhD 

Ms. E. van ’t Riet, MSc 

Characteristics of impaired glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes 

in the New Hoorn Study 

Prof. R.J. Heine, MD, PhD, Prof. J.M. Dekker, PhD, 


Ms. A. Schrier, MSc 

Migrants and affective disorders 

Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD, R. Kupka, PhD 

B.P.M. Schweitzer, MD 

Quality of out-of-hours palliative care in general practice 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD, Prof. L. Deliens, MD, PhD, 

Ms. A.H. Blankenstein. MD, PhD 

W. Slort, MD 

Effectiveness of a Training Programme on GP-Patient Communication 

in Palliative Care 

Prof. W.A.B. Stalman, MD, PhD, Prof. L. Deliens, MD, PhD, Ms. A.H. 

Blankenstein. MD, PhD 

Ms. N. Vogelzangs, MSc 

Metabolic syndrome and depression 

Prof. A.T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD, Ms. B.W.J.H. Penninx, PhD 

Ms. M. van de Watering, MD 

Identifying shortcomings in hospitalised cancer patients’ end-of-life care: 

A review of patient records 

Prof. L. Deliens, PhD, Prof. W.A. Zuurmond, MD, PhD, M.A. Echteld, 

PhD 

Ms I. Wicherts, MSc 

Prevention of vitamin D deficiency in non-western immigrants 

Prof. P. Lips, MD, PhD, A.J.P. Boeke, MD, PhD, Ms. N.M. van Schoor, 

PhD 

Ms. L. Zwaan, MSc 

Cognitive causes of incorrect diagnostic reasoning by physicians and the 

relation with adverse events 

Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, D.R.W. Timmermans, PhD, 

C. Wagner, PhD 

Department of General Practice, 

Vocational Training, VU University 

Medical Centre Amsterdam 



Pharmaceutical Industry 


Comprehensive Cancer Centre 

Amsterdam (IKA), Stichting 

Huisartsen Dienstenposten 

Amsterdam, AGIS Health 

Insurance (Amersfoort), Health 

Centre Diemen-Zuid (Diemen) 


Pfizer Pharmaceuticals 

OZ Health Insurance 

Janivo Foundation 

Comprehensive Cancer Centre 

South (IKZ) 


National Institute of Health (NIH), 

USA 

Palliative Care Centre of Expertise, 

VUmc 




(ZonMw) 



231

232 

2010 




Ms. E. Abarshi, MD 

Quality of end of life care of Dutch general practitioners 

Prof. L. Deliens, PhD, M.A. Echteld, PhD, B. Onwuteaka-Philipsen, PhD 

Ms. F.Y. Alhafaja, LLM 

Legal aspects of handling complaints in healthcare 

Prof. J. Legemaate, PhD, Prof. G. van der Wal, MD, PhD, 

B. Frederiks, LLM, PhD 

Ms. M.E. de Boer, MSc 

Good care and advance directives: an empirical-ethical research into 

the practice of dealing with advance directives and the way people with 

dementia, in particular Alzheimer’s disease, value their situation. 

Prof. J.A. Eefsting, MD, PhD, C.M.P.M. Hertogh, MD, PhD, 


K. Chambaere, MA 

Medical end-of-life decisions and end-of-life care in Flanders 

Prof. L. Deliens, PhD, Prof. J. Bilsen, RN, PhD 

I.C.J.M. Eijssen, MSc 

Client-centered occupational therapy 

Prof. J. Dekker, PhD, Prof. C.H. Polman, MD, PhD, 

M.J.M. Steultjens, PhD 

Ms. I.F. Groeneveld, MSc 

The (cost-)effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention for male workers at risk for 

cardiovascular disease in the construction industry in The Netherlands 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Ms. K.I. Proper, PhD, A.J. van der Beek, 

PhD 

Ms. T. Hoekstra, MSc 

The analysis of developmental trajectories in lifestyle risk factors from 

adolescence onwards in relation to health outcomes later in life 

Prof. J.W.R. Twisk, PhD, Prof. Y.M. Smulders, MD, PhD 

Ms G.H. Hofsteenge, MSc 

GO4IT The effectiveness of a group intervention programme on the lifestyle 

of adolescents with obesity 

Prof. H.A. Delemarre-van de Waal, MD, PhD, Ms. M.J.M. Chin A Paw, 

PhD, P.J.M. Weijs, PhD 

K. van der Hurk, MSc 

Predictors of left ventricular deterioration in type 2 diabetes: 

The Hoorn study 

Prof. J.M. Dekker, PhD, Prof. M.G.A.A.M. Nijpels, MD, PhD, 

O. Kamp, MD, PhD 

A. Jonker, MA 

Well-being in older persons and the role of psychological autonomy 


Institute for Innovations in Science 

and Technology (IWT-SBO), 

Flanders 




‘Het Zonnehuis’, ‘Naarderheem’ 


Institute for Innovations in Science 

and Technology (IWT-SBO), 

Flanders 


Multiple Sclerosis Fund 


Stichting Arbouw 



(ZONMW) 



Foundation 

External PhD student





J. de Meij, MSc 

Implementation of JUMP-in: effect and process evaluation of a primaryschool-based 

program aimed at promoting physical activity among children 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, M.J.M. Chin A Paw, PhD 

K.C. Rammeloo, MD, MSc 

Development and effectiveness of an implementation of 

a Depression Guideline for insurance medicine 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, A.J.M. Schellart, MBA, PhD, 


Ms. F. Schouten, MSc 

Body fat and body fat distribution as predictors of changes I arterial wall 

properties in young, halthy adults: the mediating role of inflammation, 

adipokines, and components of the metabolic syndrome 

Prof. Y.M. Smulders, MD, PhD, Prof. J.W.R. Twisk, PhD 

Ms. S. Vermeulen, MD 

Particpatory interventions for return to work for temporary agency workers 

and unemployed workers, sicklisted due to musculoskeletal disorders. 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, J.R. Anema, PhD, MD, T. Schellart, 

PhD 

Ms. N.L.E.C. Weevers, MD 

The prediction of long term or permanent disability of 

working people with oncologic disorders. 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, D.J. Bruinvels, MD, PhD, 

A.J.M. Schellart, MBA, PhD 

H. Zavrelova, MSc 

Risk function for diabetic retinopathy. 

Prof. B.C.P. Polak, MD, PhD, Prof. J.M. Dekker, PhD, 

Prof. M.G.A.A.M. Nijpels, MD, PhD, Ms. A. Moll, MD, PhD 



UWV 


UWV 


Employee Insurance 


233

234 

2011 




M.T. Driessen, MSc 

Participatory ergonomics for the primary prevention of back and neck pain. 

A cost-effectivenss study 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Ms. Prof. P.M. Bongers, PhD, 

J.R. Anema, MD, PhD, Ms. K.I. Proper, PhD 

K. van de Kamp, MSc 

Self-ratings of health – explanations for variation by time, age and place 

Prof. D.J.H. Deeg, PhD, A.W. Braam, PhD 

Ms. H.J. van Rijssen, MSc 

Interaction between medical disability assessor and client 

Prof. W. van Mechelen, MD, PhD, A.J.M. Schellart, MBA, PhD, 





(ZonMw) 



Stichting Institute GAK 

TNO/Kwaliteit van leven 

UWV

3 

Appendix 3 

Trends in 

input and 

output 

(in Dutch) 

235

236 

Tabel 1. Overzicht van de per jaar verworven subsidies periode 2002-2006 (in euro’s) 

jaar 1e geldstroom 2e geldstroom 3e geldstroom 4e geldstroom 2e+3e+4e 

geldstroom 

2002 4.914.243 3.508.272 4.164.595 31.765 8.366.686 

2003 5.023.405 5.712.908 3.578.019 278.000 9.568.927 

2004 4.953.521 1.552.021 6.130.811 850.736 8.533.568 

2005 7.014.123 4.722.859 1.956.553 4.537.675 11.217.087 

2006 6.464.743 2.445.581 4.786.891 40.975 7.273.447 

1e geldstroom In 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 en 2006 zijn er geen incidentele toewijzingen van eerste geldstroom 

middelen. De berekenwijze van de eerste geldstroom wordt in noot 1 onder tabel 2 verklaard. 

2e geldstroom Betreft de middelen die door NWO, ZonMw en EU aan het instituut worden toegekend. 

3e geldstroom Betreft de middelen die worden toegekend door de zogeheten collectebusfondsen (NHS, DFN, NAF, 

KWF, etc.), alsmede de via het CvZ gekanaliseerde overheidsgelden en rechtstreekse toekenningen van 

de rijksoverheid. 

4e geldstroom Betreft de middelen die ter beschikking worden gesteld door het bedrijfsleven, in het bijzonder door 

de farmaceutische industrie, alsmede door enkele kleine fondsen zonder peer review procedure. 

Figuur 1. Overzicht van de per jaar verworven subsidies periode 2002-2006 

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Tabel 2. Overzicht uitgaven per jaar voor de periode 2002-2006 (in euro’s) 

jaar 1e geldstroom 1,3 2e geldstroom 2 3e geldstroom 2 4e geldstroom 2 2e+3e+4e 2 

geldstroom 

2002 4.988.511 2.503.252 3.572.257 391.817 6.467.326 

2003 5.102.567 2.697.425 2.088.747 270.597 5.056.769 

2004 5.312.122 2.441.030 4.126.050 331.833 6.898.913 

2005 7.412.542 2.561.236 2.486.097 1.562.102 6.609.435 

2006 6.713.999 3.959.960 4.658.834 889.213 9.508.007 

1 Betreft de budgetten die per jaar beschikbaar zijn gesteld op basis van de allocatie systematiek van het VUmc, 

inclusief personeelskosten van de gerealiseerde eerste geldstroom formatie van de afdeling EMGO plus de door de 

verschillende afdelingen in het instituut ingebrachte eerste geldstroom aanstellingen. Voor de omzetting van formatie 

in geld werd aangehouden: 

1 fte WP = € 90.666 (was in 2005 € 89.443, 2004 € 87.600, 2003 € 87.950 en 2002 € 84.200) 

1 fte NWP = € 49.696 (was in 2005 € 48.137, 2004 € 43.600, 2003 € 42.900 en 2002 € 40.800) 

2 Betreft de tot en met 31 december van het betreffende jaar gerealiseerde uitgaven voor in het instituut opgenomen 

onderzoeksprojecten, inclusief personeelskosten en de uitgaven voor het postinitieel masteronderwijs epidemiologie. 

3 Vanaf 2002 worden de eerste geldstroomuitgaven verhoogd met de bestedingen van het Onderzoekscentrum 

Body@Work naar rato van de subsidietoekenning uit de eerste geldstroom. 

Figuur 2. Overzicht van de uitgaven per geldstroom en per jaar voor de periode 2002-2006 

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Tabel 3. Overzicht formatie WP per geldstroom voor de periode 2002-2006 (in gemiddeld aantal fte per jaar) 

jaar WP WP WP WP Totaal 2e + 3e + 4e 

1e geldstroom 1 2e geldstroom 2 3e geldstroom 2 4e geldstroom 2 geldstroom 2 

2002 41,30 27,68 53,68 2,00 83,36 

2003 41,68 27,18 56,91 2,88 86,97 

2004 41,19 22,46 51,29 3,37 77,12 

2005 55,47 36,97 53,33 3,65 93,95 

2006 58,60 39,62 63,80 3,70 107,12 

1 Betreft het jaargemiddelde van de daadwerkelijke gerealiseerde 1e geldstroom formatie binnen de voor het 

instituut gegarandeerde formatie3, plus de onderzoeksformatie van de afdelingen Huisarts-, Verpleeghuis- en 

Sociale Geneeskunde en een deel van de onderzoeksformatie van de Diest diëtetiek en voedingswetenschappen, 

Audiologie, Endocrinologie, Kindergeneeskunde, Klinische Epidemiologie en Biostatistiek, Klinische Genetica, Medische 

Psychologie, Oogheelkunde, Psychiatrie, Revalidatiegeneeskunde en de faculteiten Aard- en Levenswetenschappen 

en Psychologie en Pedagogiek. De groei in 2005 van de WP1 wordt grotendeels verklaard door de toetreding van de 

onderzoeksgroepen van Audiologie, Dienst diëtetiek en voedingswetenschappen, Kindergeneeskunde en de faculteit 

Psychologie en Pedagogiek tot het EMGO Instituut. 

2 De 2e, 3e en 4e geldstroom formatie betreffen de daadwerkelijke gerealiseerde aanstellingen op de tot 31 december 

2006 toegekende subsidies of ten laste van de reserves. 

3 Conform het managementcontract 2006 betreft de VUmc toewijzing voor het EMGO instituut en de afdeling EMGO 

tezamen 21,33 fte WP, 0,63 fte WP-doorstroom en 5,60 fte promovendi. 

Figuur 3. Overzicht formatie WP periode 2002-2006 (in gemiddelde fte per jaar) 

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Tabel 4. Overzicht formatie NWP per geldstroom voor de periode 2002-2006 (in gemiddeld aantal fte per jaar) 

jaar NWP NWP NWP NWP Totaal 2e + 3e + 4e 

1e geldstroom 1 2e geldstroom 2 3e geldstroom 2 4e geldstroom 2 geldstroom 2 

2002 14,71 4,34 17,52 0,00 21,86 

2003 14,66 5,87 15,41 0,00 21,28 

2004 15,71 11,76 14,99 1,71 28,46 

2005 15,49 10,22 17,55 2,57 30,34 

2006 15,99 5,78 20,88 5,23 31,88 

1 Betreft het jaargemiddelde van de daadwerkelijke gerealiseerde 1e geldstroom formatie binnen de voor het instituut 

gegarandeerde formatie 3, de NWP onderzoeksformatie van de afdeling Huisartsgeneeskunde en de NWP onderzoeksformatie 

ten behoeve van de academisering Huisartsgeneeskunde. 

2 De 2e, 3e en 4e geldstroom formatie betreffen de daadwerkelijke gerealiseerde aanstellingen op de tot 31 december 

2006 toegekende subsidies of ten laste van de reserves. Deze formatie is exlusief de NWP inzet van de faculteiten 

Aard- en Levenswetenschappen en Psychologie en Pedagogiek 

3 Conform het managementcontract 2006 bedraagt de VUmc toewijzing voor het EMGO Instituut en de afdeling EMGO 

Figuur 4. Overzicht formatie NWP periode 2002-2006 (in gemiddelde fte per jaar) 

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tezamen 12,60 fte NWP. 

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Tabel 5. Overzicht van de in 2006 ingebrachte WP onderzoeksformatie door de verschillende afdelingen (in gemiddeld 

aantal fte per jaar) 

Afdeling WP 1 promovendi Overige WP Totaal 

1e geldstroom 2e, 3e en 2e, 3e en 

4e geldstroom 4e geldstroom 

Dienst diëtetiek en voedingswetenschappen 0,00 1,89 0,15 2,04 

Kindergeneeskunde (kinderpsychiatrie) 1,50 0,33 3,17 5,00 

Faculteit Aard- en levenswetenschappen 3,35 1,00 4,05 8,40 

Faculteit Psychologie en pedagogiek 6,55 4,80 0,60 11,95 

Huisartsgeneeskunde 3,28 0,00 0,00 3,28 

Keel-, neus- en oorheelkunde (audiologie) 1,70 2,45 0,85 5,00 

Klinische genetica en antropogenetica 0,80 0,00 0,20 1,00 

Medische psychologie 0,80 0,00 1,60 2,40 

Onderwijsinstituut 0,67 0,00 0,00 0,67 

Oogheelkunde 0,72 1,00 3,48 5,20 

Psychiatrie 1,45 1,00 7,74 10,19 

Revalidatiegeneeskunde 1,38 0,00 2,37 3,75 

Sociale geneeskunde 3,34 0,00 0,36 3,70 

Verpleeghuisgeneeskunde 0,10 0,00 0,30 0,40 

EMGO 32,96 2 27,42 42,36 102,74 

Totaal 58,60 39,89 67,23 165,72 

1 Deze formatie betreft reguliere afdelingsformatie en academiseringsgelden. 

2 Deze formatie betreft personen die een aanstelling hebben bij de afdeling EMGO plus de eerste geldstroom EMGO onderzoeksformatie 

(5,6 fte), die tijdelijk, voor verlengbare periodes van drie jaar, bij andere afdelingen is ondergebracht (zie tabel 6). 

Tabel 6. Overzicht van de EMGO eerste geldstroom onderzoeksformatie ondergebracht bij andere afdelingen 

(in gemiddeld aantal fte per jaar) 

Afdeling EMGO 1e geldstroom 

onderzoeksformatie 

Endocrinologie 0,50 

Huisartsgeneeskunde 1,00 

Klinische Epidemiologie en Biostatistiek 1,60 

Medische Psychologie 0,20 

Psychiatrie 1,00 

Sociale Geneeskunde 1,00 

Verpleeghuisgeneeskunde 0,30 

Totaal 5,60 

Figuur 5. Verdeling van de in 2006 ingebrachte WP onderzoeksformatie per faculteit 

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Tabel 7. Overzicht dissertaties en publicaties periode 2002-2006 (t.o.v. ingezette WP formatie) 

jaar Totale Dissertaties Wet. publicaties Wet. publicaties 

inzet WP 1 internationaal nationaal 

2002 124,7 21 223 73 

2003 128,7 25 275 56 

2004 118,3 27 321 68 

2005 149,4 26 428 102 

2006 165,7 45 457 104 

1 Betreft alle WP formatie ongeacht de geldstroom. 

Figuur 6. Dissertaties en publicaties t.o.v. totale inzet WP 

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Tabel 8. Overzicht dissertaties en publicaties periode 2002-2006 per 10 fte 1e geldstroom WP excl. promovendi 

jaar 1e geldstroom WP 1 Dissertaties Wet. publicaties Wet. publicaties 

excl. promovendi internationaal nationaal 

2002 33,2 6,3 67,1 22,0 

2003 33,4 7,5 82,2 16,7 

2004 33,4 8,1 96,1 20,3 

2005 40,9 6,4 104,7 25,0 

2006 38,5 11,7 118,8 27,0 

1 Betreft de daadwerkelijk gerealiseerde aanstellingen binnen de toegestane EMGO eerste geldstroom formatie plus de in het instituut 

ingebrachte onderzoeksformatie van verschillende afdelingen. 

Figuur 7. Dissertaties en publicaties periode 2002-2006 per 10 fte 1e geldstroom WP excl. promovendi 

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Tabel 9. Verworven externe subsidies en uitgaven periode 2006 (in k€), alsmede het gemiddelde over de periode 2002 

t/m 2006 (in k€) per geldstroom per onderzoeksprogramma 1 

jaar Verworven subsidies Uitgaven 

2006 2002 t/m 2006 2006 2002 t/m 2006 

Diabetes and Overweight 

2e geldstroom 727,8 427,4 246,0 220,6 

3e geldstroom 1.072,5 538,6 757,4 490,5 

4e geldstroom 3,0 768,5 642,6 195,5 

Totaal 1.803,3 1.734,5 1.646,0 906,6 

Common Mental Disorders 

2e geldstroom 646,4 1.449,0 2.134,6 925,5 

3e geldstroom 1.217,2 667,0 407,6 408,5 

4e geldstroom 38,0 10,0 0,0 0,0 

Totaal 1.901,6 2.126,0 2.542,2 1.334,0 

Care and Prevention 

2e geldstroom 671,3 971,8 696,0 765,8 

3e geldstroom 2.056,9 2.231,2 3,135,0 1.769,3 

4e geldstroom 0,0 341,8 222,9 442,3 

Totaal 2.728,2 3.544,8 4.053,9 2.977,4 

Musculoskeletal Disorders 

2e geldstroom 400,0 740,1 883,3 920,6 

3e geldstroom 440,3 686,6 358,7 718,1 

4e geldstroom 0,0 159,9 23,7 51,3 

Totaal 840,3 1.586,6 1.265,7 1.690,0 

Totaal alle programma’s 

2e geldstroom 2.445,5 3.588,3 3,960,0 2.832,6 

3e geldstroom 4.786,9 4.123,4 4,658,8 3.386,4 

4e geldstroom 41,0 1.280,3 889,2 689,1 

Totaal 7.273,4 8.992,0 9.508,0 6.908,1 

1 In deze tabel zijn de eerste geldstroom uitgaven, evenals de incidentele toekenningen van eerste geldstroom middelen, niet meegenomen. 

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Tabel 10. Overzicht WP in de verschillende onderzoeksprogramma’s in 2006 alsmede het gemiddelde over de periode 

2002 t/m 2006 gedifferentieerd naar geldstroom (in gemiddeld aantal fte per jaar) 

Omschrijving WP DO CMD C+P MD Totaal 

2006 2002 2006 2002 2006 2002 2006 2002 2006 2002 

t/m 2006 t/m 2006 t/m 2006 t/m 2006 t/m 2006 

WP - 1e geldstroom 19,9 10,0 13,3 10,6 11,9 13,4 13,5 13,5 58,6 47,4 




WP - 2e, 3e en 4e geldstroom 29,5 14,7 24,0 17,3 33,0 34,7 20,6 24,3 107,1 91,0 

Totaal 49,4 24,7 37,3 27,9 44,9 48,1 34,1 37,9 165,7 138,4 

Tabel 11. Overzicht WP in de verschillende onderzoeksprogramma’s in 2006 alsmede het gemiddelde over de periode 

2002 t/m 2006 gedifferentieerd naar functie (in gemiddeld aantal fte per jaar) 

Omschrijving WP DO CMD C+P MD Totaal 

2006 2002 2006 2002 2006 2002 2006 2002 2006 2002 

t/m 2006 t/m 2006 t/m 2006 t/m 2006 t/m 2006 

WP - sr. investigator 13,2 8,1 13,0 10,3 13,0 12,4 9,8 12,1 48,9 42,9 

WP - post-doc 7,9 4,0 0,7 1,1 4,2 5,1 8,6 4,4 21,4 14,6 

WP - jr. investigator 5,5 2,5 6,6 5,7 15,1 13,8 8,2 8,4 35,4 30,4 

WP - PhD-student 22,8 10,1 17,1 10,7 12,6 16,8 7,6 13,0 60,0 50,6 

Totaal 49,4 24,6 37,3 27,9 44,9 48,1 34,1 37,9 165,7 138,5 

DO Diabetes and overweight 

CMD Common mental disorders 

C+P Care and prevention 

MD Musculoskeletal disorders

Tabel 12. Overzicht dissertaties en wetenschappelijke publicaties jaar 2006 alsmede het gemiddelde over de periode 

2002 t/m 2006 per onderzoeksprogramma 

Diabetes and Common Mental Care and Musculoskeletal 

Overweight Disorders Prevention Disorders 

2006 2002 2006 2002 2006 2002 2006 2002 

t/m 2006 t/m 2006 t/m 2006 t/m 2006 

Dissertaties 4 3 16 8 19 10 6 7 

Wet. publicaties internationaal 68 65 109 65 114 98 166 112 

Wet. publicaties nationaal 17 8 24 21 30 29 33 24 

Inzet WP formatie per programma 49,4 24,4 37,3 28,0 44,9 47,2 34,1 37,8 

Figuur 8. Dissertaties en wetenschappelijke publicaties tegenover WP inzet per onderzoeksprogramma - jaar 2006 

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Figuur 9. Dissertaties en wetenschappelijke publicaties tegenover WP inzet per onderzoeksprogramma - gemiddelde 

van de periode 2002 t/m 2006 

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EMGO Institute Annual Report 2006

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