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2<br />

COMBINED, NORTH AMERICA and South America cover an area of<br />

16,000,000 square miles, more than a quarter of the land surface<br />

of the globe. To its first human inhabitants, tens of thousands of<br />

years ago, this enormous domain they had discovered was literally a world<br />

unto itself: a world of miles-high mountains and vast fertile prairies, of<br />

desert shrublands and dense tropical rain forests, of frigid arctic tundra<br />

and hot murky swamps, of deep and fecund river valleys, of sparklingwater<br />

lakes, of canopied woodlands, of savannahs and steppes-and thousands<br />

upon thousands of miles of magnificent ocean coast. There were<br />

places where it almost never rained, and places where it virtually never<br />

stopped; there were places where the temperature reached 130 degrees<br />

Fahrenheit, and places where it dropped to 80 degrees below zero. But in<br />

all these places, under all these conditions, eventually some native people<br />

made their homes.<br />

By the time ancient Greece was falling under the control of Rome, in<br />

North America the Adena Culture already had been flourishing for a thousand<br />

years. As many as 500 Adena living sites have been uncovered by<br />

modern archaeologists. Centered in present-day Ohio, they radiate out as<br />

far as Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West<br />

Virginia. We will never know how many hundreds more such sites are<br />

buried beneath the modern cities and suburbs of the northeastern United<br />

States, but we do know that these early sedentary peoples lived in towns<br />

with houses that were circular in design and that ranged from single-family<br />

dwellings as small as twenty feet in diameter to multi-family units up to<br />

eighty feet across. These residences commonly were built in close proximity<br />

to large public enclosures of 300 feet and more in diameter that mod-

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