The <strong>Eerdmans</strong> Dictionary of Early Judaism John J. Collins and Daniel C. Harlow, editors Unique, unprecedented reference work on Judaism both before and after the time of Christ This comprehensive and authoritative volume is the first reference work devoted exclusively to the vast subject of Second Temple Judaism (fourth century bce through second century ce). The first section contains thirteen major essays that synthesize major aspects of Judaism in the period between Alexander the Great and the Roman emperor Hadrian and the Bar Kokhba Revolt. The second — and significantly longer — section offers 520 entries arranged alphabetically. Many of these entries have cross-references; all of them have select bibliographies. Equal attention is given to literary and nonliterary (archaeological and epigraphic) evidence, and New Testament writings are included as evidence for Judaism in the first century ce. Several entries also give pertinent information on the Hebrew Bible and rabbinic Judaism. The <strong>Eerdmans</strong> Dictionary of Early Judaism is intended not only to meet the needs of scholars and students but also to provide accessible information for general readers. It is ecumenical and international in character, bringing together 270 authors from twenty countries and including Jewish, Christian, and other scholars. Key selling points • Authoritative — contributors are internationally recognized experts • Innovative — combines the best features of a survey (thirteen integrative essays) and a reference work (520 alphabetized articles) • Illustrated — maps, plans, drawings, and photos Of related interest <strong>Eerdmans</strong> Dictionary of the Bible David Noel Freedman et al. 978-0-8028-2400-4 Judaism of the Second Temple Period David Flusser Vol 1: 978-0-8028-2469-1 Vol 2: 978-0-8028-2458-5 An Introduction to Early Judaism James C. VanderKam 978-0-8028-4641-9 John J. Collins is Holmes Professor of Old Testament Criticism and Interpretation at Yale Divinity School. Daniel C. Harlow is professor of early Judaism and Christianity at Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Reference • Biblical Studies November / 978-0-8028-2549-0 7½″ × 10″ hardcover 150 illustrations / 13 maps 1376 pages / $95.00 [£62.99] 14 www.eerdmans.com toll free 800 253 7521
POTTERY POTTERY POTTERY POTTERY ample, there is a complete absence of ESA wares at Jericho in Hasmonean contexts, but these were replaced with locally produced red-slipped vessels (possibly from Jerusalem) (Hayes 1985: 183; Bar-Nathan 2002: 121). Key sites with Hasmonean assemblages include Jerusalem, the Hasmonean palaces at Jericho, Tell el-Ful, Cypros, Beth Zur, and Machaerus. Hasmonean pottery workshops were discovered at Qumran and possibly at Jericho, and Hasmonean pottery is found beyond the boundaries of the kingdom, particularly during the reign of Alexander Jannaeus (Bar-Nathan 2002: 195-96). It was produced with minor changes until the end of the first century but was increasingly supplanted by the new Herodian forms and Roman imports (Bar-Nathan 2002: 199). The Hasmonean pottery assemblage of the second and first centuries b.c.e. includes local red-slipped fine tableware, cups with flaring walls, bowls with drooping rims, coarse, shallow plates with a flat or ring base, bowls and cups with flattened, string-cut bases and incurved walls, deep bowls with out-curved rims, mortaria, kraters, narrow-necked, ridged globular jugs with cup mouths, biconical jugs, carinated lagynoi, small “Judean” flasks, flasks with an asymmetrical globular body, bag-shaped storage jars with upright necks, and large storage jars with everted rims. For unknown reasons numerous small bowls and plates were found in association with the many mikva}ot at Jericho (Bar- Nathan 2002: 196). A small number of vessels have crudely executed, painted geometric decoration. Globular juglets with cup mouths were apparently produced to store perfumed oils and possibly the expensive Judean balsam cultivated around the Dead Sea. In addition to globular cooking pots (the main cooking vessel in the region from the fifth through the first centuries), casseroles became an important addition to Jewish kitchens (Berlin 2006: 140; Bar-Nathan 2006: 151). Locally produced lamps include wheelmade “saucer lamps” and pinched lamps that had a long tradition in Palestine from the Late Iron Age period, and the moldmade radial lamps that imitated the common Hellenistic molded lamps. One important type of jar that began to appear in the Hasmonean periods is the “Genizah” or “Scroll” jar: a hole-mouth storage jar with a vertical neck, ovoid or cylindrical body, and a wide ring base with a concave bottom (Bar-Nathan 2002: 23-27; pls. 1-2, nos. 2-11). The jars were usually covered with a lid in the form of an inverted bowl. The jars were discovered in the Qumran caves storing scrolls belonging to the Dead Sea Scrolls archive. They were produced throughout the first century b.c.e. until 70 c.e. in the Dead Sea area and have been discovered primarily at Qumran and the winter palaces at Jericho (and possibly at Tell el-Ful), but they have not been discovered in Jerusalem (Lapp 1961: 154, Type 14; Bar-Nathan 2002: 26-27). Herodian Pottery The ceramic vessels that developed during the reign of Herod in the second half of the first century b.c.e. had a high degree of uniformity and were the dominant types A set of Eastern Sigillata A dishes from the “Herodian Residence” in Jerusalem’s Jewish Quarter that were used throughout Judea and Samaria well into the first century c.e. (Bar-Nathan 2002: 200-201). Key sites include Jerusalem and the surrounding area, Qumran, Samaria, Caesarea, Tel Anafa, as well as the royal Herodian palaces at Masada, Jericho, Machaerus, and Herodium. When compared to Hasmonean pottery, Herodian pottery includes new types that appear to have been influenced by Roman pottery of the Augustan period. Roman fine wares, imported mainly from the West, such as Pompeian Red Ware, Thin-walled ware, and Western Terra Sigillata began to appear in Herodian contexts. ESA wares did not appear at either Jericho or Masada before 30 b.c.e. (Bar-Nathan 2006: 368). At Masada, Herod’s palaces were supplied with wine imported mainly from Italy and also from Knidos, Chios, and Rhodes and amphorae were also used to transport apples from Italy and fish sauce (garum) from Spain (Bar-Nathan 2006: 313). The amphorae imported to Masada inscribed with tituli picti in Latin include the name “Herod, King of Judea” and indicate two dated series of consignments: 27/26 and 19 b.c.e. (Bar-Nathan 2006: 307-8). The plain, utilitarian wares of the Herodian assemblage differ from the Hasmonean wares in being more levigated with a metallic quality and petrographic analysis of storage jars found at Jericho, showing that they were produced from different clays (Bar-Nathan 2006: 199). The Herodian repertoire includes many older forms such as the ubiquitous globular perfume juglets, globular jugs, asymmetrical flasks, and more refined (usually thinner) versions of cups and bowls with ring bases. A variation of the globular cooking appears with a short neck and triangular rim at the end of the period. New forms include: carinated plates, globular lagynoi, barrel-shaped jugs, cooking ware jugs, casseroles with carinated shoulders, one-handled jugs of cooking ware fabric, and a tall, ridged neck storage jar. Painted fineware vessels (Jerusalemite Painted Pottery) similar to Nabatean painted wares began to be produced in Jerusalem at the end of the century (Hershkovitz 2003: 31*). Large storage jars and handmade pithoi, or dolia, probably used for storing grain, were discovered at the Herodian palaces (Bar-Nathan 2006: 39, 377). In the Galilee, the most common type of cooking wares began to be produced at Kfar Hananya while the Galilean village of Shikhin near Sepphoris produced large storage jars admired by rabbinic sources throughout the first century (Adan-Bayewitz 1987; 1989; 1993: 23-26). In the second half of this century, piriform unguentaria superseded the Hellenistic fusiform unguentaria. The Hasmonean radial moldmade lamps appeared until the beginning of the first century c.e., while toward the end of the period knife-pared “Herodian Lamps” with saptulate nozzles began to be produced. First Century c.e. until the Year 70 From the mid first century b.c.e. there appears to have been an increase in piety and influence of Jewish sects such as the Pharisees who transmitted a rigorous ideal of ritual purity, formerly a monopoly of the priestly class, to the common people. This ideal of ritual purity was manifested materially in the increased construction and use of mikva}ot or ritual baths, the production of stone (chalk) vessels for storing water, earthen and dung vessels for storing dry goods, and locally produced pottery vessels and utensils. Key sites include Jerusalem, Gamla, Masada, Herodium, Macherus, Callirrhoe, Qumran, {Ein Gedi, {Ein Boqeq, and Caesarea. Imported fine wares and amphorae are found in Judea and Samaria in rather limited quantities. The same may be said of Italian cooking vessels such as Pompeian Red Ware and orlo bifido pans. These were found in cities and in the Herodian palaces throughout the Herodian realm as late as the First Revolt but are rarely found in rural areas (Bar-Nathan 2006: 358-59). Imported wares were probably purchased primarily by the wealthier classes, and religious considerations prevented higher demand. This is particularly apparent in regard to oil lamps, with the plain, undecorated “Herodian lamp” (probably produced in Jerusalem) the most common lamp throughout Palestine, even among pagan populations (Barag and Hershkovitz 1994: 4). “Citadel lamps” (a type of gray ware lamp with molded floral designs similar to those found on Jerusalemite Painted Pottery) were produced in Jerusalem late in the period, several of which were discovered at Masada Jerusalem painted or “pseudo-Nabatean” bowls from the 1st-century-c.e. mansions in Jerusalem’s Jewish Quarter. (Hershkovitz 2003: 32*-33*). Imported Roman lamps, with their molded depictions of pagan gods, mythology, and erotic scenes are rare. These lamps, usually produced in Imperial workshops, may have been introduced into the area by Roman soldiers (Bar-Nathan 2002: 188). Many ceramic vessel forms of the Herodian period continued to be produced in Judea as late as the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 c.e. The production of plain ware bowls appears to have declined during this period (Bar-Nathan 2002: 202). Fine “Jerusalemite painted pottery” decorated with painted floral designs, found in Jerusalem and the Judean Desert, was probably a special tableware used for the Sabbath and high holy days (Hershkovitz 2003: 33*). At Masada few ceramic cups were found in Zealot contexts, possibly due to the use of glass cups toward the end of this period (Bar- Nathan 2006: 374). Globular pots, carinated casseroles, and cooking jugs continued to appear throughout this period. A new type of cooking pot with carinated shoulders appeared toward the end of the period. Casseroles dishes (kdera) were important kitchen implements used for cooking both solids and liquids (m. Ned. 6:1-2), and, according to Jewish sources, in the case of divorce even the poor were required to supply their wives with this kind of vessel (t. Ketub. 5:8; Zevulun and Olenik 1979: 68-71; Bar- Nathan 2002: 68). Cooking ware jugs with one or two handles were abundant in Judea and spread to the Galilee. This was probably a vessel that Jewish sources call the yorah, used for heating and boiling liquids (Bar- Nathan 2002: 68, 177). Red ware kraters (tamkui in Jewish sources) were used to serve cooked food to diners or as vessels to collect food that could be distributed daily to the destitute (Zevulun and Olenik 1979: 24; Bar- Nathan 2002: 179). Three ceramic ladles (the tarvad referred to in Jewish sources) used as pouring and measuring utensils were found at Masada (t. Baba Batra 7; Bar-Nathan 2006: 231). Globular jugs with triangular rims were the dominant type, and toward the end of the period ridged-neck jugs and jugs with sieves and spouts began to appear. Bag-shaped storage jars with a capacity of 20 to 29 liters continued to be the most widely used type of jar throughout the region in this period (Bar-Nathan 2006: 371). Ovoid storage jars were discovered in Jerusalem and sites around the Dead Sea (Bar-Nathan 2006: 47- 50). At Masada storage jars were found with inscriptions in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek (tituli picti) of the names of the owners, the contents, or the amount (Bar- Nathan 2006: 44-45). A variety of convex ceramic funnels were discovered in Zealot contexts at Masada, a number of which were found together with vessels apparently used for purification (Bar-Nathan 2006: 228). Some unusual vessels used by the Zealots (66-73/74 c.e.) discovered at Masada include a jar (or jug) used as a spindle for holding balls of thread during spinning and hand basins or washstands used for ritual purification (Bar-Nathan 2006: Fig. 75; p. 235, Fig. 74). The hand basins are flaring, crater-like vessels attached to a globular body supported by tall, cylindrical stands. Jew- 1058 1059 Consulting Editors Esther Chazon Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Shaye J. D. Cohen Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Devorah Dimant Haifa University, Israel Hanan Eshel † Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Erich S. Gruen University of California, Berkeley Martha Himmelfarb Princeton University, New Jersey James L. Kugel Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Hindy Najman University of Toronto, Ontario George W. E. Nickelsburg University of Iowa, Iowa City Lawrence A. Schiffman New York University, New York Michael E. Stone Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel James C. VanderKam University of Notre Dame, Indiana ESSAYS Early Judaism in Modern Scholarship John J. Collins Jewish History from Alexander to Hadrian Chris Seeman and Adam Kolman Marshak Judaism in the Land of Israel James C. VanderKam Judaism in the Diaspora Erich S. Gruen The Jewish Scriptures: Texts, Versions, Canons Eugene Ulrich Early Jewish Biblical Interpretation James L. Kugel Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha Loren T. Stuckenbruck Dead Sea Scrolls Eibert Tigchelaar Jewish Literature Written in Greek Katell Berthelot Archaeology, Papyri, and Inscriptions Jürgen K. Zangenberg Jews among Greeks and Romans Miriam Pucci Ben Zeev Early Judaism and Early Christianity Daniel C. Harlow Early Judaism and Rabbinic Judaism Lawrence H. Schiffman www.eerdmans.com toll free 800 253 7521 15
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