Our Literary Genes

Our Literary Genes 

1

INTRODUCTION 

The talent for writing literature, poetry and prose, seems to be a gift, not something everybody can learn. 

Maybe there is such a gene, which has been inherited. Some in our family seem to have that interest and 

talent; my brother Kaj has written stories and poetry, which we have on our homepage. 

I have compiled some information about several famous authors which definitely have had that gene – and 

which maybe has been carried over to some in our family. These authors are listed on the 

next page and there are brief descriptions about them in this book, taken from 

Wikipedia. The cover page shows some of their most popular books. An appendix shows 

how we are related to them, in alphabetical order. For some I have included YouTube 

links for listening to their poetry and music. 

Our earliest direct ancestor/author is the Viking age famous poet Egill Skallagrimsson 

(910 - 990). He is my grand-daughter Anna’s 32 nd great-grandfather. His story and 

famous poems were written down by Snorri Sturluson. 

Anna is interested in and has now begun to do some writing, so I have listed these 

authors’ relationships in relation to her. Her first novel, Protected (Book 1 in the Ariya 

Adams trilogy), is available now on Amazon and Barnes & Noble in e-book form. 

Amazon offers a free downloadable application for computers for users who do not 

have a Kindle. The links to the book in the US are available below but they are 

available on other countries Amazon sites as well. If you’d like to follow Anna’s 

journey you can visit her website at https://annaapplegate.com/ or follow her on 

Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/annaapplegateauthor. 

Amazon:http://www.amazon.com/Protected-Ariya-Adams-trilogyebook/dp/B00DKCZ9S8/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1372774583&sr=1-1 

Barnes & Noble: http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/protected-annaapplegate/1115804736?ean=2940016626369 

Among these authors is a strange coincidence. The maternal great-grandfather of Poe and the maternal 

grandfather of Longfellow were Generals in the Revolutionary War. Poe’s grandfather was Benedict “The 

Traitor” Arnold (we can choose friends but not our relatives!) and Longfellow’s was Peleg Wadsworth, who 

remained loyal to George Washington and lived in the building, which had been Washington’s headquarter. 

On a following page is a short sample of Kaj’s poetry. More serious poetry is at 

http://www.ancestryfootprints.com/poetry. 

My father wrote often for various magazines. I recall being told that he used the pseudonym “Strix Bubo” 

(Eagle Owl) but none of those stories have been saved, except one later about a foxhunt in “Finlands Jakt 

och Fiske Tidskrift”, a hunting and fishing magazine. A link to the full story is provided. 

Uncle Uno had won a first price for a story in the same magazine. He refers to this story in a letter to me, 

which I have included. His story is here with a location map which I took from our lodge, now torn down. 

For the story about this lodge, Strömbäckas, click here on Granholmen, an Isle in the Forest 

On a following page is Grandfather Karl Johan’s thoughtful advice to us. 

Lars Granholm 

Adamstown MD, USA 

August 2013 

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List of authors/relatives 

Agatha Christie 

Alexandre Dumas 

Alfred Lord Tennyson 

Edgar Allan Poe 

Edgar Rice Burroughs 

Egill Skallagrimsson 

Eirik Hornborg 

Ernest Hemingway 

Evert Taube 

Francis Scott Fitzgerald 

Francis Scott Key 

George Orwell 

Harriet Beecher Stowe 

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 

Herman Melville 

Jack London 

James Fenimore Cooper 

Jane Austen 

Johan Ludvig Runeberg 

John Steinbeck 

Jonathan Swift 

Laura Ingalls Wilder 

Leo Tolstoy 

Lewis Carroll 

Louisa May Alcott 

Margaret Mitchell 

Mark Twain (Clemens) 

Robert Louis Stevenson 

Sinclair Lewis 

Snorri Sturluson 

Stephen Foster 

Viktor Rydberg 

Walt Disney 

Zachris Topelius 

Half 29 th cousin 

Half 22 nd cousin 6 times removed 

26 th cousin 4 times removed 


29 th cousin once removed 

32 nd great-grandfather 


31 st cousin once removed 


23 rd cousin twice removed 


Half 24 th cousin 3 times removed 


32 nd cousin 3 times removed 


Half 26 th cousin twice removed 




29 th cousin 




21 st cousin 9 times removed 

28 th cousin twice removed 

35 th cousin 


30 th cousin 

Half 26 th cousin twice removed 


Half 27 th cousin once removed 


28 th cousin once removed 


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What’s Cracked 

Truth be told, I’m a bit of a klutz, just ask my wife, or don’t, I’m afraid she’d really tell you what a klutz 

I am. Seems I’m forever dropping something, breaking something, or knocking something over. “Now what 

did you do?” seems to be a familiar refrain in our household. “Oooooooh...nothing.” 

And you know what, seems I’ve always been a klutz, even as a kid. I can’t even remember the amount of 

windows I’ve broken. I do remember one time when my cousin and I were hitting a tennis ball against a 

low wall, and I sailed the ball right over the wall, and through the window of the police department next 

door. I threw the racket down, left my cousin standing there, ran home with visions of being thrown in 

jail, and fed bread and water for the rest of my life. Knowing my mom would take it hard if I spent the 

rest of my youthful life in jail, I told her what I did. She called the police department, told them what had 

happened, and I was very relieved to find out I didn’t have to go to jail. 

So my point is this; I’ve done my share of breaking things, but if I didn’t break it, I sure didn’t want to 

get blamed for it. I’ve had to confess to too many things in my life that I did do. 

What’s cracked...I didn’t do it. 

1 

I was skipping along, 

and looked on the ground, 

and a great big crack did I see. 

2 

I pondered and pondered, 

how deep did it go? 

perhaps all the way down to China. 

3 

A boy saw a crack, 

I tell you it’s true, 

it was all the way deep down in China. 

4 

But wonder of wonders, 

the earth split you see, 

and he was looking at the same crack as me. 

Kaj Granholm 

5 

I’ve broken some things, 

I’ve done it it’s true, 

but this one, just please don’t blame me. 

4

My father Anton Granholm wrote often for various journals. I recall being told that he used the pseudonym 

“Strix Bubo” (Eagle Owl) but none of those early stories have been saved, except one about a foxhunt in 

Finlands Jakt och Fiske Tidskrift, a hunting and fishing journal. At our home in Finland we had this tall 

stuffed owl. You can read Kaj’s translation of his poem "Fox Hunt" in English on our homepage. Click 

here to read the poem "Fox Hunt" as it was originally published in 1940 in Swedish. 

This poem and the story behind it is further described below 

by my Uncle Uno in a story, written by him in the same 

journal. 

As an indication of his literary production he was elected in 

1936 as a member of the prestigious Swedish Literary 

Society in Finland, a copy of that appointment is shown 

here. This is signed by Eirik Hornborg, a famous Finnish 

author and freedom fighter, and also our distant cousin. 


Eirik Mikael Hornborg, född 29 september 1879 i Helsingfors, död 29 

december 1965 där, finländsk historiker, politiker, författare, och talare. 

Under första världskriget anslöt sig Hornborg till jägarrörelsen och verkade 

som soldat vid 27:de preussiska jägarbataljonen 1916-17. Vid de rödas 

maktövertagande i Helsingfors planerade han att ansluta sig till någon av de 

lokala skyddskårerna i Östra Nyland men förmåddes av Svenska folkpartiet att 

stanna i huvudstaden "för att finnas till hands". Han höll sig gömd, eftersom 

han var efterlyst av de röda som dömt honom till döden. Vid stadens befrielse 

deltog han i en skyddskårspluton som invecklades i gatustrider. 

Trots att Hornborg till sin utbildning var skolman och skolrektor kom han i hög 

grad att bli en politisk person, först som ledamot av lantdagen, senare som 

representant för Svenska Folkpartiet i Finlands riksdag mellan 1924 och 1927. Han var 1923–26 ordförande 

i försvarsrevisionen och 1945 för den kommitté som utredde Finlands utrikespolitik under andra 

världskriget. 

Som författare och skribent under sju decennier var Hornborg oerhört 

produktiv. 1981 utgavs en förteckning över hans skriftalster: ”Eirik Hornborgs 

i tryck utgivna skrifter 1897-1968.” Bibliografin på 178 sidor omfattar över 

1400 nummer. Han var medlem av tidskriften Nya Argus redaktion från 1927 

till 1948. Enbart i denna skrev han mer än 300 artiklar. 1934-47 var han 

ordförande för Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. 

Hornborg var enligt många en ypperlig talare, den enda finländare som finns 

representerad i antologin ”Världens bästa tal”. Olof Lagercrantz skrev om 

honom: ”Han hörde till de stora talarna… jag tror inte det under hans tid fanns 

någon talare att jämföras med honom i de nordiska länderna” Efter ett tal i 

Stockholms Konserthus beskrevs hans vältalighet enligt följande: ”Ingen kan 

som Hornborg måla upp de stora sammanhangen med några få, dramatiska 

ord… huden knottrar sig på en, man känner sig liten och förlorad… ända tills mannen med den mäktiga 

finländska stämman… med sina ord, lyfter upp en och vänligt makar in en på ens plats i det stora 

sammanhanget" 

5

Del av Uno Granholms brev om en rävjakt vid Strömbäckas 

31/5/-72 

Bästa Lasse! 

Då jag sökte i mina gömmor efter Finlands Jakt och Fiske Tidskrift, i vilken tidning jag deltog i en 

pristävlan, gemensamt för Finland och Sverige, och vann 1:sta priset med min berättelse om “Stjäggo 

Janne”, så hittade jag ett nummer, i vilket din pappa berättade om en rävjakt i stil med Runebergs 

“Älgskyttarna”. Då du är äldst i brödraskaran är det väl rätt att du får den. 

Jag kommer bra ihåg jakten i fråga. Vi hade på prov en hund, “Dix” från Purmo och vi skulle köpa dem om 

den motsvarade våra fodringar. Den hade ett utomordentligt vackert dubbel skall, stor och kraftig men – 

tyvärr hade den svårt att veta i vilken riktning haren hade sprungit. Den skallade lika friskt på “bakspår”, 

varför den, efter en månads avprovning, sände vi den tillbaka. Kanske du kommer ihåg hunden. 

När jag är inne på rävjakt, måste jag berätta en säregen historia. Vi brukade i februari – mars ring räven, 

d.v.s. vi skidade och ringde in räven, varefter vi drog en lina på vilken röda, 10 – 15 cm breda, ½ mtr långa 

tygremsor hängde med circa 3 – 4 – 5 mtr mellan avstånd. Nå, vi startade en morgon från Strömbäckas. Det 

var 24 – 26 grader kallt, varför vi satte tidningspapper under yttre kläderna för att inte förfrysa oss. Vi 

startade över vägen i riktning mot Kronoby och då vi kom över backen och ned på mossen, finns där en liten 

skogsholm (skogsklubb), och 2 rävspår gick in i holmen. Vi skidade runt och hittade bara ett utspår. Då 

ringen var så liten placerade vi oss på inspåret och andra rävens utspår, samt ännu på ett par bra ställen, utan 

att börja draga flagglinan runt. Din pappa skidade försiktigt in i holmen från dett synliga utgångs spåret. 

Han skidade i siksak eller tvärs over skogsholmen och vi väntade då att räven skulle komma tillbaka efter 

in-spåret, som de brukar. Din pappa klappade sakta och försiktigt i träden, så att räven ej skulle bliva alltför 

skrämd, för då är det svårt att hinna skjuta. 

Vi stod i stor spänning och väntade på den röda, men ingenting kom, och då plötsligt ropade din pappa att 

“komin å si”, och han behövde ej ropa två gånger. När vi kom dit visade han på en stor snöhög och, kan du 

tänka dej, inne i snöhögen låg den andra räven död och behörigen begravad och täckt med snö, så att inte 

kråkor och korpar skulle kalasera på kamraten. Snön var ihopkransad på ett par meters håll runt, så den 

ordentligt skulle täcka kamraten, som kanhända fått något förgiftat bete, som någon räv-pytare lagt ut. Vi 

tog räven, och då det var smällkall vinter, så skinnet var prima och såldes för fullt pris. Vill minnas att vi 

fick 1,500:- för skinnet. 

Det var jakten – annorlunda-. 

6

Parts of Uno Granholm’s letter about fox hunt at Strömbäckas 

31/5/-72 

Dear Lasse, 

When I searched in my stash of Finlands Jakt och Fiske Tidskrift (Finland's Hunting and Fishing Journal), 

in which magazine I participated in a competition, common to Finland and Sweden, and won a first prize 

with my story about "Stjäggo Janne", I also found a number in which your dad wrote about a fox hunt in the 

style of Runeberg's "The Elk Hunters". As you are the oldest among your brothers, you should be entitled to 

get it. 

I remember well the hunt in question. We had to test a dog, "Dix" from Purmo and we would buy it if it 

would meet our expectations. It had an exceptionally beautiful double-bark, big and strong, but - 

unfortunately difficulties to know which way the hare had run. It barked just as eagerly on backtracks, so 

that, after a month of testing, we sent it back. Perhaps you remember the dog. 

When I am on fox hunting, I have to tell a peculiar story. We used in February-March to circle fox, i.e. we 

skied around the fox, after which we hung out a rope with red, 10-15 cm wide, ½ meter long cloth strips 

about 3-4-5 meters apart. Well, we started one morning from Strömbäckas. It was 24-26 degrees Celsius 

below zero, which is why we put newspaper under the outer clothing so as not to freeze. We started across 

the road towards Kronoby, where we came over the hill, and down in the bog or swamp, there is a small 

forest island, and two fox tracks went into the island. We skied around and found only one out-track. As the 

circle was so small we placed ourselves one on the in-track and on the other fox’s out-track, and even on a 

couple of other good places, but not yet beginning to pull in 

the rope with the flags. Your dad skied cautiously into the 

island from the visible out-track. He skied in zigzag or 

across the forest island and we waited as the fox would 

come back along the in-track, as they usually do. Your dad 

patted the trees gently and carefully, so that the fox would 

not become overly alarmed, because then it is difficult to 

find time to shoot. 

We stood in great anticipation, waiting for the red, but 

nothing came, and then suddenly your dad shouted "Come 

and see", and he did not have to shout twice. When we got 

there he pointed at a big pile of snow and, can you imagine, 

inside the pile of snow was the second dead fox and 

properly buried and covered with snow, so that no crows 

and ravens could begin to feast on his friend. The snow was 

scratched together for a couple of meters around, so it 

would properly cover his friend, who perhaps had taken 

some poisoned bait, which a fox-catcher may have placed 

out. We took the fox, and as it was a stone cold winter, the 

skin was fine and was sold for full price. I remember that 

we got 1,500: - for the skin. 

That was the hunt - different-. 

Anton Granholm on his way to the office, but first to drop off the fox to be skinned 

Photograph taken at our home in Karleby, the old school in the background 

7

This map, which I took from Strömbäckas shows the location of the fox funeral, a forest island which 

became the subject of a poem on our homepage by Kaj and for which I composed the music; click for that; 

Listen how The Forest Pine (the Swedish lyrics about Granholmen) pictures us as a family. See the Lyrics 

in English and Swedish, listen to the Thorson’s Arrangement or to my Granholm Arrangement. You 

can also see my Music Notes. Jussi Törnwall has provided the Lyrics in Finnish. 

The Strömbäckas lodge was in the center just below the road, “Granholmen” is at the black square up to the left 

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MY THOUGHTS AND REFLECTIONS 

I sit today - a Sunday - contemplating my half-finished new dwelling, which will contain a heated room on 

the upper floor. The thoughts wander to a long harbored wish to make this a room for the family to gather. 

May this be our "gathering room" where we together will be able to exchange views of the experiences of 

life, both in the material and spiritual world. 

The need for a closer understanding of each other within the family, in these social times, is clear. The 

young get enthusiastic and are cradled in the different maelstroms of life, both good and bad, healthy and 

harmful, for body and soul. The elder in the family, who, in accordance with the laws of nature, are more 

conservative - with a narrower, older view of things - often have a difficult time comprehending and 

appreciating the justification of all the new ideas, because of the reason that the older ones have passed 

their development phase, that is, experienced their youth and won a certain perception of the wisdom of life, 

as well as learned the value of life, and realized that not everything that glitters in the fantasies of youth is 

gold. Only a small percent of the carats, which are contained therein, are real. These differences in 

viewpoints, it appears to me, should already within the home and family be settled to the extent possible in 

order to be applied in the practical life. All achievements must have a reason (inner conviction) to gain 

understanding. 

Every society requires cooperation among its members to attain the goals of the society. The state requires 

loyal and cooperating citizens. How important, for this reason, is cooperation in the home, which must lay 

the foundation for all civic and spiritual life. If this is neglected - which often is the case - the reasons and 

consequences are clear. The family members find no compassion for each other and consequently cannot 

act in consonance with each other. The outcome will be disagreements and fights. Initially in thoughts; 

thoughts give birth to words and reap action. 

Going back to my reflections about the half-finished new building, I wish we would reach a higher plateau 

in this warm attic room; here we could bring our higher and warmer thoughts to be exchanged. The elders' 

thoughts to possibly rejuvenate and the youngers' to mature. The thought itself is neither young nor old. It is 

eternal - immortal, though always new. But sowed, it gives birth to action, good or evil. 

May we learn to live a life in real unity. To now and then isolate the thought from the everyday; its struggles 

and worries for tomorrow, taking one day at a time, as it is us given. Share its pleasures and pains in 

common understanding among young and old. Let us remember, when we look down from our new attic 

window over the hills and vales, that we are no higher beings. Let us turn our eye toward the height from 

where the all-seeing eye, in its mercy, looks down upon us, searching out the innermost thoughts in our 

hearts. 

May He lead and teach us to think and live the real family life! 

Karl Johan Granholm, Teerijärvi, Finland 1908. 

13


Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, (née Miller; 15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976) was a British 

crime writer of novels, short stories, and plays. She also wrote six romances under the name Mary 

Westmacott, but she is best remembered for the 66 detective novels and more than 15 short story 

collections she wrote under her own name, most of which revolve around the investigations of such 

characters as Hercule Poirot, Miss Jane Marple and Tommy and Tuppence. She also wrote the world's 

longest running play The Mousetrap. 

Born to a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon, Christie 

served in a hospital during the First World War before settling into 

married life with her first child in London. Although initially 

unsuccessful at getting her work published, in 1920, The Bodley Head 

press published her novel The Mysterious Affair at Styles, featuring the 

character of Poirot. This launched her literary career. 

According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Christie is the bestselling 

novelist of all time. Her novels have sold roughly four billion 

copies, and her estate claims that her works rank third, after those of 

William Shakespeare and the Bible, as the world's most widely published 

books. According to Index Translationum, Christie is the most translated 

individual author, and her books have been translated into at least 103 

languages. And Then There Were None is Christie's best-selling novel with 100 million sales to date, making 

it the world's best-selling mystery ever, and one of the best-selling books of all time. In 1971, she was made 

a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace. 

Christie's stage play The Mousetrap holds the record for the longest initial run: it opened at the 

Ambassadors Theatre in London on 25 November 1952 and as of 2012 is still running after more than 

25,000 performances. In 1955, Christie was the first recipient of the Mystery Writers of America's highest 

honour, the Grand Master Award, and in the same year Witness for the Prosecution was given an Edgar 

Award by the MWA for Best Play. Many of her books and short stories have been filmed, and many have 

been adapted for television, radio, video games and comics. 

In 1910 Agatha found that her mother had been taken ill, and so they decided to head for a holiday in the 

warmer climate of Cairo in Egypt, then a part of the British Empire and a popular tourist destination for 

wealthy Britons. Staying for three months at the Gezirah Palace Hotel, Agatha – always chaperoned by her 

mother – spent much of her time attending social functions in search for a potential husband. 

Christie had long been a fan of detective novels, having enjoyed Wilkie Collins' The Woman in White and 

The Moonstone as well as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's early Sherlock Holmes stories. Deciding to write her 

own detective novel, entitled The Mysterious Affair at Styles, she created a detective named Hercule Poirot 

to be her protagonist. A former Belgian police officer noted for his twirly moustache and egg-shaped head, 

Poirot had been a refugee who had fled to Britain following Germany's invasion of Belgium; in this manner. 

Christie frequently used settings which were familiar to her for her stories. Christie's travels with Mallowan 

contributed background to several of her novels set in the Middle East. Other novels (such as And Then 

There Were None) were set in and around Torquay, where she was born. Christie's 1934 novel Murder on 

the Orient Express was written in the Pera Palace Hotel in Istanbul, Turkey, the southern terminus of the 

railway. The hotel maintains Christie's room as a memorial to the author. 

14


Alexandre Dumas (born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie, 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as 

Alexandre Dumas, père, was a French writer, best known for his historical novels of high adventure. 

Translated into nearly 100 languages, these have made him one of the most widely read French authors in 

history. Many of his novels, including The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years 

After, and The Vicomte de Bragelonne: Ten Years Later were originally published as serials. His novels 

have been adapted since the early twentieth century for nearly 200 films. Dumas' last novel, The Knight of 

Sainte-Hermine, unfinished at his death, was completed by a scholar and published in 2005, becoming a 

bestseller. It was published in English in 2008 as The Last Cavalier. 

Prolific in several genres, Dumas began his career by writing plays, which were successfully produced from 

the first. He also wrote numerous magazine articles and travel books; his 

published works totaled 100,000 pages. In the 1840s, Dumas founded the 

Théâtre Historique in Paris. 

His father, general Thomas-Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie, was born in 

Saint-Domingue to a French nobleman and a black slave woman. His 

aristocratic rank helped young Alexandre acquire work with Louis- 

Philippe, Duke of Orléans. 

In the election of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in 1851, Dumas fell from 

favor, and left France for Belgium, where he stayed for several years. Upon 

leaving Belgium, Dumas moved to Russia for a few years, before going to 

Italy. In 1861 he founded and published the newspaper, L' Indipendente, 

which supported the Italian unification effort. In 1864 he returned to Paris. 

The father died of cancer in 1806 when Alexandre was four. His widowed 

mother could not provide her son with much of an education, and had to reject 

an offer from the elite Mao school because they could not afford the fees. 

However, undaunted, Dumas read everything he could and taught himself 

Spanish. His mother's stories of his father's bravery during the campaigns of 

the Revolutionary Wars inspired the boy's vivid imagination. Although poor, 

the family had their father's distinguished reputation and aristocratic rank. In 

1822, after the restoration of the monarchy, the 20-year-old Alexandre moved 

to Paris. He acquired a position at the Palais Royal in the office of Louis- 

Philippe, Duke of Orléans. 

In 1846 he had built a country house outside Paris at Le Port-Marly, the large 

Château de Monte-Cristo, with an additional building for his writing studio. It 

was often filled with strangers and acquaintances who stayed for lengthy visits 

and took advantage of his generosity. Two years later, faced with financial 

difficulties, he sold the entire property. 

Château de Monte-Cristo 

The Count of Monte Cristo (French: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an adventure novel by French author 

Alexandre Dumas (père). Completed in 1844, it is one of the author's most popular works, along with The 

Three Musketeers and is considered as one of the best novels ever written [citation needed] . Like many of his 

novels, it is expanded from plot outlines suggested by his collaborating ghostwriter Auguste Maquet. 

15

The story takes place in France, Italy, islands in the Mediterranean, and in the Levant during the historical 

events of 1815–1838. It begins from just before the Hundred Days period 

(when Napoleon returned to power after his exile) and spans through to the 

reign of Louis-Philippe of France. The historical setting is a fundamental 

element of the book. An adventure story primarily concerned with themes of 

hope, justice, vengeance, mercy and forgiveness, it focuses on a man who is 

wrongfully imprisoned, escapes from jail, acquires a fortune and sets about 

getting revenge on those responsible for his imprisonment. However, his plans 

have devastating consequences for the innocent as well as the guilty. 

The book is considered a literary classic today. According to Luc Sante, "The 

Count of Monte Cristo has become a fixture of Western civilization's literature, 

as inescapable and immediately identifiable as Mickey Mouse, Noah's flood, 

and the story of Little Red Riding Hood." 

The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires [le tʁwa muskətɛʁ]) is a novel by Alexandre 

Dumas, first serialized in March–July 1844. Set in the 17th century, it recounts the adventures of a young 

man named d'Artagnan after he leaves home to travel to Paris, to join the Musketeers of the Guard. 

D'Artagnan is not one of the musketeers of the title; those are his friends Athos, Porthos and Aramis, 

inseparable friends who live by the motto "all for one, one for all" ("tous pour un, un pour tous"), a motto 

which is first put forth by d'Artagnan. 

In 1625 France, d'Artagnan—a poor young nobleman—leaves his family in 

Gascony and travels to Paris with the intention of joining the Musketeers of 

the Guard. However, en route, at an inn in Meung-sur-Loire, an older man 

derides d'Artagnan's horse and, feeling insulted, d'Artagnan demands to 

fight a duel with him. The older man's companions beat d'Artagnan 

unconscious with a pot and a metal tong that breaks his sword. His letter of 

introduction to Monsieur de Tréville, the commander of the Musketeers, is 

stolen. D'Artagnan resolves to avenge himself upon the man, who is later 

revealed to be the Comte de Rochefort, an agent of Cardinal Richelieu, who 

is in Meung to pass orders from the Cardinal to Milady de Winter, another of his agents. 

Monument to Four Musketeers in Condom, France (by Zourab Tsereteli) 

In Paris, d'Artagnan visits de Tréville at the headquarters of the 

Musketeers, but the meeting is overshadowed by the loss of his letter, 

and de Tréville refuses his application to join. From de Tréville's 

window, d'Artagnan sees Rochefort passing in the street below and 

rushes out of the building to confront him, but in doing so he separately 

causes offence to three of the Musketeers, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, 

who each demand satisfaction; D'Artagnan must duel each of them in 

turn that afternoon. When d'Artagnan prepares himself for the first of 

the three duels, he realizes that Athos' counterparts are actually Porthos 

and Aramis. But just as he and Athos begin to fight, Cardinal 

Richelieu's guards appear; they try to arrest d'Artagnan and the three Musketeers for illegal dueling. 

Although outnumbered, the four men win the battle that follows. In the course of events, d'Artagnan duels 

with and seriously wounds Jussac, one of the Cardinal's officers and a renowned fighter. After learning of 

this event, King Louis XIII appoints d'Artagnan to des Essart's company of guards and gives him forty 

pistoles (gold coins). 

16

Alfred, Lord Tennyson 

Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, FRS (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892) was Poet Laureate of 

Great Britain and Ireland during much of Queen Victoria's reign and remains one of the most popular 

British poets. Tennyson and two of his elder brothers were writing poetry in their teens, and a collection of 

poems by all three were published locally when Alfred was only 17. 

Statue of Lord Tennyson in the chapel of Trinity College, Cambridge 

A number of phrases from Tennyson's work have become commonplaces of 

the English language, including "Nature, red in tooth and claw", "'Tis better 

to have loved and lost / Than never to have loved at all", "Theirs not to 

reason why, / Theirs but to do and die", "My strength is as the strength of ten, 

/ Because my heart is pure", "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield", 

"Knowledge comes, but Wisdom lingers", and "The old order changeth, 

yielding place to new". He is the ninth most frequently quoted writer in The 

Oxford Dictionary of Quotations 

After Wordsworth's death in 1850, and Samuel Rogers' refusal, Tennyson 

was appointed to the position of Poet Laureate, which he held until his own 

death in 1892, by far the longest tenure of any laureate before or since. He 

fulfilled the requirements of this position by turning out appropriate but often 

uninspired verse, such as a poem of greeting to Princess Alexandra of 

Denmark when she arrived in Britain to marry the future King Edward VII. In 1855, Tennyson produced 

one of his best known works, "The Charge of the Light Brigade", a dramatic tribute to the British 

cavalrymen involved in an ill-advised charge on 25 October 1854, during the Crimean War. 

Queen Victoria was an ardent admirer of Tennyson's work, and in 1884 created him Baron Tennyson, of 

Aldworth in the County of Sussex and of Freshwater in the Isle of Wight. Tennyson initially declined a 

baronetcy in 1865 and 1868 (when tendered by Disraeli), finally accepting a peerage in 1883 at Gladstone's 

earnest solicitation. He took his seat in the House of Lords on March 11, 1884. 

The Charge of the Light Brigade was a charge of British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against 

Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854 in the Crimean War. Lord Raglan, overall 

commander, had intended to send the Light Brigade to pursue and harry a retreating Russian artillery battery 

near the front line, a task well suited to light cavalry. Due to miscommunication at some level in the chain of 

command, the sabre-armed Light Brigade was instead sent on a frontal assault into a different artillery 

battery, one well-prepared with excellent fields of defensive fire. Although reaching the battery under 

withering direct fire and scattering some of the gunners, the badly mauled brigade was forced to retreat 

immediately, producing no decisive gains and very high 

British casualties. It is best remembered as the subject of the 

poem "The Charge of the Light Brigade" by Alfred, Lord 

Tennyson, published just six weeks after the event, whose 

lines emphasize the valour of the cavalry in bravely carrying 

out their orders, regardless of the obvious outcome. Blame 

for the miscommunication has remained controversial, as the 

original order from Raglan itself was vague. 

Here you can listen to a YouTube recording of this poem; 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzCOL6ewpPw 

17


Edgar Allan Poe (born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American author, poet, 

editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of 

mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is 

considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the 

emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living 

through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career. 

He was born as Edgar Poe in Boston, Massachusetts; he was orphaned 

young when his mother died shortly after his father abandoned the family. 

Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan, of Richmond, Virginia, but 

they never formally adopted him. He attended the University of Virginia 

for one semester but left due to lack of money. After enlisting in the Army 

and later failing as an officer's cadet at West Point, Poe parted ways with 

the Allans. His publishing career began humbly, with an anonymous 

collection of poems, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), credited only to 

"a Bostonian". 

Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working 

for literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of 

literary criticism. His work forced him to move among several cities, 

including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. In Baltimore in 

1835, he married Virginia Clemm, his 13-year-old cousin. In January 1845 

Poe published his poem, "The Raven", to instant success. His wife died of tuberculosis two years after its 

publication. He began planning to produce his own journal, The Penn (later renamed The Stylus), though he 

died before it could be produced. On October 7, 1849, at age 40, Poe died in Baltimore; the cause of his 

death is unknown and has been variously attributed to alcohol, brain congestion, cholera, drugs, heart 

disease, rabies, suicide, tuberculosis, and other agents. 

The bar where legend says Poe was last seen drinking before his death still stands in Fells Point in 

Baltimore, Maryland. The drinking establishment is now known as "The Horse You Came In On", and 

local lore insists that a ghost they call "Edgar" haunts the rooms above. 

Westminster Hall and Burying Ground at 519 West Fayette Street in Baltimore 

is home to the grave of 

American author Edgar Allan 

Poe, arguably its most famous 

resident. Adding to the mystery 

surrounding Poe's death, an 

unknown visitor affectionately 

referred to as the "Poe Toaster" 

paid homage to Poe's grave 

annually beginning in 1949. 

Every January 19, in the early 

hours of the morning, the person 

made a toast of cognac to Poe's 

original grave marker and left 

three roses. 

Menu: viewmenu.com 

18


Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 

1950) was an American author, best known for his creation 

of the jungle hero Tarzan and the heroic Mars adventurer 

John Carter, although he produced works in many genres. 

Burroughs was born on September 1, 1875, in Chicago, 

Illinois, the son of businessman and Civil War veteran Major 

George Tyler Burroughs. 

Burroughs was educated at a number of local schools, and 

during the Chicago influenza epidemic in 1891, he spent a 

half year at his brother's ranch on the Raft River in Idaho. He then attended then the 

Michigan Military Academy. Graduating in 1895, and failing the entrance exam for 

the United States Military Academy (West Point), he ended up as an enlisted soldier 

with the 7th U.S. Cavalry in Fort Grant, Arizona Territory. After being diagnosed 

with a heart problem and thus ineligible to serve, he was discharged in 1897. 

Bookplate of Edgar Rice Burroughs showing Tarzan holding the planet Mars, surrounded by other characters 

Typsescript letter, with Tarzana Ranch letterhead, from Edgar Rice Burroughs, explaining the design and significance of his 

bookplate 

By 1911, after seven years of low wages, he was working as a pencil 

sharpener wholesaler and began to write fiction. By this time, 

Burroughs and Emma had two children; Hubert and Joan (1908– 

1972), who would later marry Tarzan film actor James Pierce. 

During this period, he had copious spare time and he began reading 

many pulp fiction magazines. In 1929 he recalled thinking that; 

...if people were paid for writing rot such as I read in some of those 

magazines, that I could write stories just as rotten. As a matter of 

fact, although I had never written a story, I knew absolutely that I 

could write stories just as entertaining and probably a whole lot more 

so, than any I chanced to read in those magazines. 

Burroughs soon took up writing full-time and by the time the run of 

Under the Moons of Mars had finished he had completed two novels, 

including Tarzan of the Apes, which was published from October 

1912 and went on to become one of his most successful series. 

Tarzan was a cultural sensation when introduced. Tarzan remains one 

of the most successful fictional characters to this day and is a cultural 

icon. 

In either 1915 or 1919, Burroughs purchased a large ranch north of Los Angeles, California, which he 

named "Tarzana." The citizens of the community that sprang up around the ranch voted to adopt that name 

when their community, Tarzana, California was formed in 1927. Also the unincorporated community of 

Tarzan, Texas, was formally named in 1927 when the US Postal Service accepted the name, reputedly 

coming from the popularity of the first (silent) Tarzan of the Apes film. 

At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Burroughs was a resident of Hawaii and, despite being in his late 

sixties, he applied for permission to become a war correspondent. This permission was granted, and so he 

became one of the oldest war correspondents for the U.S. during the Second World War. 

19

Egill Skallagrímsson 

Picture of Egil in a 17th century manuscript of Egils Saga 

Egill Skallagrímsson also known as Egil Skallagrimsson (ca. 910 – ca. 990) 

was a Viking Age poet, warrior and farmer. He is also the protagonist of the 

eponymously named Egil's Saga. Egil's Saga historically narrates a period from 

approximately 850-1000 CE, being written somewhere between 1220 and 1240. 

Egill was born in Iceland, the son of Skalla-Grímr Kveldúlfsson and Bera 

Yngvarsdóttir, and the grandson of Kveld-Úlfr ("Evening Wolf"). When Grímr 

arrived in Iceland, he settled at Borg, the place where his father's coffin landed. 

Grímr was a respected chieftain and mortal enemy of King Harald Fairhair of 

Norway. 

Egill composed his first poem at the age of three years. He exhibited berserk 

behaviour, and this, together 

with the description of his 

large and unattractive head, has led to the theory that he 

might have suffered from Paget's disease. 

Egill engaging in holmgang with Berg-Önundr; painting by Johannes Flintoe. 

At the age of seven, Egill was cheated in a game with local 

boys. Enraged, he went home and procured an axe, and 

returning to the boys, split the skull of the boy who 

cheated him, to the teeth. After Berg-Önundr refused to 

allow Egill to claim his wife Ásgerðr's share of her father's 

inheritance, he challenged Önundr to a holmgang. 

Later, after being grievously insulted, Egill killed Bárðr of Atley, a retainer of King Eirik Bloodaxe and 

kinsman of Queen Gunnhildr, both of whom spent the remainder of their lives trying to take vengeance. 

Seething with hatred, Gunnhildr ordered her two brothers to assassinate Egill and his brother Þórólfr, who 

had been on good terms with her previously. However, Egill slew the Queen's brothers when they attempted 

to confront him. 

That same summer, Harald Fairhair died. In order to secure his place as sole King of Norway, Eirik 

Bloodaxe murderered his two brothers. He then declared Egill an outlaw in Norway. Berg-Önundr gathered 

a company of men to capture Egill, but was killed in his attempt to do so. Before escaping from Norway, 

Egill also slew Rögnvaldr, the son of King Eirik and Queen Gunnhildr. He then cursed the King and Queen, 

setting a horse's head on a Nithing pole and saying, 

"Here I set up a níð-pole, and declare this níð against King Eiríkr and Queen Gunnhildr," — he 

turned the horse-head to face the mainland — "I declare this níð at the land-spirits there, and the land 

itself, so that all will fare astray, not to hold nor find their places, not until they wreak King Eiríkr 

and Gunnhildr from the land." He set up the pole of níð in the cliff-face and left it standing; he faced 

the horse's eyes on the land, and he carved runes upon the pole, and said all the formal words of the 

curse. (ch. 57). 

Gunnhildr also put a spell on Egill, which made him feel restless and depressed until they met again. 

Soon afterwards, Eiríkr and Gunnhildr were forced to flee to the Kingdom of Northumbria by Prince Hákon. 

In Saxon England, they were set up as King and Queen of Northumbria in rivalry with King Athelstan of 

England. Ultimately, Egill was shipwrecked in Northumbria and came to know who ruled the land. Egil 

sought out the house his good friend Arinbjorn where they armed themselves and marched to Eiríkr's court. 

Arinbjorn told Egil “now you must go and offer the king your head and embrace his foot. I will present your 

20

case to him.” Arinbjorn presented Egil’s case and Egil composed a short Drapa, reciting it with Eirikr’s foot 

in his hand, but Eirikr was not impressed. He explained that Egil’s wrongs to him were far too great to be 

forgiven so easily. Gunnhild called for the immediate execution of Egil, but Arinbjorn convinced the king 

not to kill him until the morning. Arinbjorn told Egil that he should stay up all night and compose a mighty 

drapa fit for such a king. In the morning Egil went before the king and recited a great drapa. Eirik was so 

surprised by the quality of the poem that he had no choice but to give Egil his life. The lyrics are shown 

here, note the fine rhyme. Egill also fought at the Battle of Brunanburh in the service of King Athelstan. 

Ultimately, Egill returned to his family farm in Iceland, where he remained a power to be reckoned with in 

local politics. He lived into his eighties and died shortly before Iceland converted to Roman Catholicism. 

Before Egill died he buried his silver treasure near Mosfellsbær. In his last act of violence he murdered the 

servant who helped him bury his treasure. 

When a Roman Catholic chapel was constructed at the family homestead, Egill's body was re-exhumed by 

his son and re-buried near the altar. 

Egill had five children with Ásgerðr Björnsdóttir: Þorgerðr Egilsdóttir, Bera Egilsdóttir, Böðvar Egilsson, 

Gunnar Egilsson and Þorsteinn Egilsson. In later years, Iceland's Myrar clan claimed descent from him. 

Poems 

Apart from being a warrior of immense might in literary sources, Egill is also celebrated for his poetry, 

considered by many historians to be the finest of the ancient Scandinavian poetry and Sonatorrek, the dirge 

over his own son, has been called "the birth of Nordic personal lyric poetry". His poems were also the first 

Old Norse verses to use end rhyme. The following are some of the works are attributed to Egill: 

1. Aðalsteinsdrápa. Drápa for the Anglo-Saxon King Æthelstan. 

2. Höfuðlausn (The "Head-Ransom"), with which Egill bought his life from Eiríkr Bloodaxe, who had 

sentenced him to death in England. This is included on the following page. 

3. Sonatorrek ("The Loss of a Son"). After the death of his son Böðvar who drowned during a storm. 

4. Arinbjarnarkviða. Dedicated to his companion Arinbjörn 

Egill was also a scholar of runes. His apparent mastery of their magic powers assisted him several times 

during his journeys. During a feast at Atla-isle, Bard's attempt to poison Egill failed when a rune carved by 

Egill shattered his poisoned cup. Runes were also employed by Egill during the raising of the Nithing Pole 

against King Eirik Bloodaxe and Queen Gunnhildr. 

Egill in popular culture 

 

Egill remains a very popular figure in Iceland, with a 

beer brewery, Ölgerðin Egill Skallagrímsson, named 

after him. 

 

The novelist Poul Anderson wrote Mother of Kings, 

a historical fantasy centered on Gunnhildr and the 

long feud that she, Eirikr, and their children had with 

Egill. The novel is based on Heimskringla and Egils 

Saga. 

21

22

Ernest Hemingway 

Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His 

economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure 

and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid- 

1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six 

short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Three novels, four collections of short stories, and three 

non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of these are considered classics of American 

literature. 

Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school he reported for a few months for The Kansas 

City Star, before leaving for the Italian front to enlist with the World War I ambulance drivers. In 1918, he 

was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A 

Farewell to Arms. The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway's first novel, was published in 1926. 

1927 Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer. They divorced after he returned from the Spanish Civil War 

where he had been a journalist, and after which he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls. He was present at the 

Normandy Landings and the liberation of Paris. 

Ernest Hemingway in the cabin of his boat Pilar, off the coast of Cuba 

In 1950 he wrote the draft of The Old Man and the Sea in eight weeks, 

saying that it was "the best I can write ever for all of my life". The Old 

Man and the Sea became a book-of-the-month selection, made 

Hemingway an international celebrity, and won the Pulitzer Prize in 

May 1952, a month before he left for his second trip to Africa. 

In 1954, while in Africa, Hemingway was almost fatally injured in two 

successive plane crashes. He chartered a sightseeing flight over the 

Belgian Congo as a Christmas present to Mary. On their way to 

photograph Murchison Falls from the air, the plane struck an 

abandoned utility pole and "crash landed in heavy brush." 

Hemingway's injuries included a head wound, while Mary broke two 

ribs. The next day, attempting to reach medical care in Entebbe, they 

boarded a second plane that exploded at take-off, with Hemingway suffering burns and another concussion, 

this one serious enough to cause leaking of cerebral fluid. They eventually arrived in Entebbe to find 

reporters covering the story of Hemingway's death. He briefed the reporters and spent the next few weeks 

recuperating and reading his erroneous obituaries. When a bushfire broke out, he was again injured, 

sustaining second degree burns on his legs, front torso, lips, left hand and right forearm. Months later in 

Venice, Mary reported to friends the full extent of Hemingway's injuries: two cracked discs, a kidney and 

liver rupture, a dislocated shoulder and a broken skull. The accidents may have precipitated the physical 

deterioration that was to follow. After the plane crashes, Hemingway, who had been "a thinly controlled 

alcoholic throughout much of his life, drank more heavily than usual to combat the pain of his injuries." 

In October 1954 Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Because he was suffering pain from the 

African accidents, he decided against traveling to Stockholm. Instead he sent a speech to be read, defining 

the writer's life: "Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers palliate the writer's 

loneliness but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature as he sheds his loneliness 

and often his work deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if he is a good enough writer he must 

face eternity, or the lack of it, each day." 

23

Evert Taube 

Evert Axel Taube (12 March 1890 - 31 January 1976) was a Swedish author, artist, composer and singer. 

He is widely regarded as one of Sweden's most respected musicians and the foremost troubadour of the 

Swedish ballad tradition in the 20th century. 

Evert Taube was born in in 1890 in Gothenburg, and brought up on the 

island of Vinga, Västergötland, where his father, Carl Gunnar Taube, a 

ship's captain, was the lighthouse keeper. His mother was Julia Sofia 

Jacobsdotter. Taube belongs to an untitled branch of the Baltic German 

noble Taube family, introduced at the Swedish House of Nobility in 

1668 as noble family No. 734. 

piken fra Hamburg". 

Having spent two years (1907–1909) sailing around the Red Sea, 

Ceylon and South Africa, Taube began his career as a singer-songwriter 

and collector of sailors' songs, and on Christmas Eve 1908, on board the 

Norwegian ship SS Bergen headed for Spain, he performed "Turalleri, 

Following a five-year stay (1910–1915) in Argentina, he developed an interest in Latin American music and 

introduced the Argentinian tango to Sweden in the twenties. Contrary to widespread perceptions, Taube did 

not work as a gaucho (cowboy) on the Pampas but as a foreman supervising workers who were digging 

canals designed to prevent flooding on the vast plains. 

He is perhaps best known as a depictor of the idyllic, with motifs from the Swedish archipelagoes and from 

the Mediterranean, from a perspective every Swedish four-week holiday tourist could recognize. Among 

Taube's most famous songs are "Calle Schewens vals", "Min älskling (du är som en ros)", "Dans på 

Sunnanö", "Flickan i Havanna", "Änglamark", "Sjösala vals", "Fritiof och Carmencita", "Så skimrande var 

aldrig havet" and "Så länge skutan kan gå". 

Taube has been translated into English by Helen Asbury, Paul Britten Austin, Emily Melcher and others. 

His songs have been recorded in English by Roger Whittaker, Sven-Bertil Taube, Martin Best, Roger 

Hinchliffe and Emily Melcher. 

Here is he singing “Calle Schewens vals” in 1932; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qANEjnOu8Y 

and a more recent recording at a Sing-along of “Så skimrande var aldrig havet” 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQQmuvCBxtE 

24

F. Scott Fitzgerald 

Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an American author of 

novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigmatic writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined 

himself. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. Fitzgerald is 

considered a member of the "Lost Generation" of the 1920s. He finished four novels: This Side of Paradise, 

The Beautiful and Damned, The Great Gatsby—his most famous—and Tender Is the Night. A fifth, 

unfinished novel, The Love of the Last Tycoon, was published posthumously. Fitzgerald also wrote many 

short stories that treat themes of youth and promise along with age and despair. 

The Great Gatsby has been the basis for numerous films of the same name, 

spanning nearly 90 years; 1926, 1949, 1974, 2000, and 2013 adaptations. In 1958, 

his life from 1937 to 1940 was dramatized in Beloved Infidel. 

Born in 1896 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to an upper-middle-class family, Fitzgerald 

was named after his famous second cousin, three times removed, Francis Scott 

Key, but was referred to as "Scott." He was also named after his deceased sister, 

Louise Scott, one of two sisters who died shortly before his birth. "Well, three 

months before I was born," he wrote as an adult, "my mother lost her other two 

children ... I think I started then to be a writer." His parents were Mollie 

(McQuillan) and Edward Fitzgerald. His mother was of Irish descent, and his 

father had Irish and English ancestry. 

Fitzgerald spent the first decade of his childhood primarily in Buffalo, New York (1898–1901 and 1903– 

1908, with a short interlude in Syracuse, New York between January 1901 and September 1903). His 

parents, both practicing Catholics, sent Fitzgerald to two Catholic schools on the West Side of Buffalo, first 

Holy Angels Convent (1903–1904, now disused) and then Nardin Academy (1905–1908). His formative 

years in Buffalo revealed him to be a boy of unusual intelligence and drive with a keen early interest in 

literature, his doting mother ensuring that her son had all the advantages of an upper-middle-class 

upbringing. In a rather unconventional style of parenting, Fitzgerald attended Holy Angels with the peculiar 

arrangement that he go for only half a day—and was allowed to choose which half. 

Paris in the 1920s proved the most influential decade of Fitzgerald's development. Fitzgerald made several 

excursions to Europe, mostly Paris and the French Riviera, and became friends with many members of the 

American expatriate community in Paris, notably Ernest Hemingway. 

Fitzgerald's friendship with Hemingway was quite vigorous, as many of 

Fitzgerald's relationships would prove to be. Hemingway did not get on well with 

Zelda. In addition to describing her as "insane" he claimed that she "encouraged 

her husband to drink so as to distract Fitzgerald from his work on his novel," the 

other work being the short stories he sold to magazines. As did most professional 

authors at the time, Fitzgerald supplemented his income by writing short stories 

for such magazines as The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's Weekly, and Esquire, 

and sold his stories and novels to Hollywood studios. This "whoring", as 

Fitzgerald and, subsequently, Hemingway called these sales, was a sore point in 

the authors' friendship. Fitzgerald claimed that he would first write his stories in 

an authentic manner but then put in "twists that made them into saleable 

magazine stories." 

Fitzgerald wrote frequently for The Saturday Evening Post. This issue from May 1, 1920, containing the short story "Bernice Bobs Her Hair", 

was the first with Fitzgerald's name on the cover. 

Although Fitzgerald's passion lay in writing novels, only his first novel sold well enough to support the 

opulent lifestyle that he and Zelda adopted as New York celebrities. (The Great Gatsby, now considered to 

25

e his masterpiece, did not become popular until after Fitzgerald's death.) Because of this lifestyle, as well 

as the bills from Zelda's medical care when they came, Fitzgerald was constantly in financial trouble and 

often required loans from his literary agent, 

Fitzgerald had been an alcoholic since his college days, and became notorious during the 1920s for his 

extraordinarily heavy drinking, leaving him in poor health by the late 1930s. According to Zelda's 

biographer, Nancy Milford, Fitzgerald claimed that he had contracted tuberculosis, but Milford dismisses it 

as a pretext to cover his drinking problems. 

Fitzgerald suffered two heart attacks in the late 1930s. After the first, in Schwab's Drug Store, he was 

ordered by his doctor to avoid strenuous exertion. On the night of December 20, 1940, Fitzgerald and 

Sheilah Graham attended the premiere of This Thing Called Love 

starring Rosalind Russell and Melvyn Douglas. As the two were 

leaving the Pantages Theater, Fitzgerald experienced a dizzy spell 

and had trouble leaving the theater; upset, he said to Graham, 

"They think I am drunk, don't they?" 

The following day, as Fitzgerald ate a candy bar and made notes 

in his newly arrived Princeton Alumni Weekly, Graham saw him 

jump from his armchair, grab the mantelpiece, gasp, and fall to the 

floor. She ran to the manager of the building, Harry Culver, 

founder of Culver City. Upon entering the apartment to assist 

Fitzgerald, he stated, "I'm afraid he's dead." Fitzgerald had died of 

a heart attack. 

Zelda and Fitzgerald's grave in Rockville, Maryland, inscribed with the final sentence of The Great Gatsby 

Among the attendants at a visitation held at a funeral home was Dorothy Parker, who reportedly cried and 

murmured "the poor son-of-a-bitch," a line from Jay Gatsby's funeral in Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby. 

Zelda died in 1948, in a fire at the Highland Mental Hospital in Asheville, North Carolina. Both of the 

Fitzgeralds' remains were moved to the family plot in Saint Mary's Cemetery, in Rockville, Maryland, in 

1975. 

Fitzgerald's work has inspired writers ever since he was first published. The 

publication of The Great Gatsby prompted T. S. Eliot to write, in a letter to 

Fitzgerald, "[I]t seems to me to be the first step that American fiction has taken since 

Henry James ...". Don Birnam, the protagonist of Charles Jackson's The Lost 

Weekend, says to himself, referring to The Great Gatsby, "There's no such thing ... 

as a flawless novel. But if there is, this is it." In letters written in the 1940s, J. D. 

Salinger expressed admiration of Fitzgerald's work, and his biographer Ian Hamilton 

wrote that Salinger even saw himself for some time as "Fitzgerald's successor." 

Richard Yates, a writer often compared to Fitzgerald, called The Great Gatsby "the 

most nourishing novel [he] read ... a miracle of talent ... a triumph of technique." 

The 1962 film Tender Is the Night, based on the novel, 

starred Jason Robards and Jennifer Jones as the Divers. The 

song "Tender Is the Night", was nominated for the 1962 

Academy Award for Best Song. 

Listen to it here; 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtRFbv7x-Io 

26

http://www.geni.com/people/Hon-Phillip-Key/6000000001180149584 

27


Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 – January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, 

from Georgetown, who wrote the lyrics to the United States' national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". 

Francis Scott Key was born to Ann Phoebe Penn Dagworthy and Captain John Ross Key at the family 

plantation Terra Rubra in what was Frederick County, Maryland (now Carroll 

County, Maryland). His father John Ross Key was a lawyer, a judge, and an 

officer in the Continental Army. His great-grandparents were Philip Key and 

Susanna Barton Gardiner, both of whom were born in London and immigrated 

to Maryland in 1726. 

Francis Scott Key's original manuscript copy of his "Star-Spangled Banner" poem. It is now on 

display at the Maryland Historical Society. 

On September 3, 1814, following the 

Burning of Washington and the Raid 

on Alexandria, Francis Scott Key and 

John Stuart Skinner set sail from 

Baltimore aboard the ship HMS 

Minden, flying a flag of truce on a 

mission approved by President James Madison. Their objective was 

to secure the exchange of prisoners, one of whom was Dr. William 

Beanes, the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro 

and a friend of Key's who had been captured in his home. Beanes 

was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers. Key and Skinner 

boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and 

spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral 

Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed 

war plans. At first, Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes, 

but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by 

wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for 

their kind treatment. 

Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore, they were held captive 

until after the battle, first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden. After the bombardment, 

certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it, but 

they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington, the city's last line of defense. 

An artist's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry 

During the rainy night, Key had witnessed the 

bombardment and observed that the fort's smaller "storm 

flag" continued to fly, but once the shell and Congreve 

rocket barrage had stopped, he would not know how the 

battle had turned out until dawn. By then, the storm flag 

had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised. 

During the bombardment, HMS Erebus provided the 

"rockets' red glare". HMS Meteor provided at least some 

of the "bombs bursting in air". 

At dawn, Key was able to see an American flag still 

waving and reported this to the prisoners below deck. On 

28

the way back to Baltimore, he was inspired to write a poem describing his experience, "Defence of Fort 

McHenry", which he published in the Patriot on September 20, 1814. It has become better known as "The 

Star Spangled Banner". Under this name, the song was adopted as the American national anthem, first by an 

Executive Order from President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 (which had little effect beyond requiring military 

bands to play it) and then by a Congressional resolution in 1931, signed by President Herbert Hoover. 

Aboard the ship the next day, Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. At twilight 

on September 16, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore. He completed the poem at the Indian Queen 

Hotel, where he was staying, and entitled it "Defence of Fort McHenry". 

The Star-Spangled Banner 

He is buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Frederick. His family plot is next to Thomas Johnson, the first 

governor of Maryland, and friend Barbara Fritchie, who allegedly waved the American flag out of her home 

in defiance of Stonewall Jackson's march through the city during the Civil War. 

The 1898 monument to Francis Scott Key below which he and his wife are interred. 

The Francis Scott Key Memorial Association commissioned the 

American sculptor Alexander Doyle, to create a monument suitable for 

the author of the national anthem of the United States. On August 9, 

1898, Julia McHenry Howard unveiled the monument of her grandfather 

and author of the "Star Spangled Banner", Francis Scott Key. Key and his 

wife, Mary Taylor Key, were relocated from the Key family plot, also at 

Mount Olivet Cemetery, to a crypt located in the foundation of the 

monument. Key is represented in a 9 foot bronze statue atop a 15 foot 

pedestal. A statue of Columbia, the goddess of patriotism, is located on 

the front of the pedestal. Columbia is flanked by an adolescent boy 

representing war her left, and a 

young boy representing music on her right. This representation 

depicts the moment that inspired the poem "Defence of Fort 

McHenry" which he wrote after witnessing the bombardment of Fort 

McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during 

the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812. 

Listen to it here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ETrr-XHBjE 

29

George Orwell 

Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), known by his pen name George Orwell, was an 

English novelist and journalist. His work is marked by clarity, intelligence and wit, awareness of social 

injustice, opposition to totalitarianism, and commitment to democratic socialism. 

Considered perhaps the 20th century's best chronicler of English culture, 

Orwell wrote literary criticism, poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. He 

is best known for the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) and the 

allegorical novella Animal Farm (1945), which 

together have sold more copies than any two books 

by any other 20th-century author. His book Homage 

to Catalonia (1938), an account of his experiences in 

the Spanish Civil War, is widely acclaimed, as are 

his numerous essays on politics, literature, language 

and culture. In 2008, The Times ranked him second 

on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 

1945". 

Orwell's work continues to influence popular and 

political culture, and the term Orwellian — 

descriptive of totalitarian or authoritarian social practices — has entered the language together with several 

of his neologisms, including Cold War, doublethink, thoughtcrime, Big Brother and thought police. 

Eric Arthur Blair was born on 25 June 1903, in Motihari, Bihar, in India. His great-grandfather Charles 

Blair was a wealthy country gentleman in Dorset who married Lady Mary Fane, daughter of Thomas Fane, 

8th Earl of Westmorland, and had income as an absentee landlord of plantations in Jamaica. His 

grandfather, Thomas Richard Arthur Blair, was a clergyman. Although the gentility passed down the 

generations, the prosperity did not; Eric Blair described his family as "lower-upper-middle class". His 

father, Richard Walmesley Blair, worked in the Opium Department of the Indian Civil Service. At the age 

of five, Eric was sent as a day-boy to a convent school in Henley-on-Thames, which Marjorie also attended. 

It was a Roman Catholic convent run by French Ursuline nuns, who had been exiled from France after 

religious education was banned in 1903. [16] His mother wanted him to have a public school education, but 

his family could not afford the fees, and he needed to earn a scholarship. Ida Blair's brother Charles 

Limouzin recommended St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne, East Sussex. Limouzin, who was a proficient 

golfer, knew of the school and its headmaster through the Royal Eastbourne Golf Club, where he won 

several competitions in 1903 and 1904. The headmaster undertook to help Blair to win the scholarship, and 

made a private financial arrangement that allowed Blair's parents to pay only half the normal fees. In 

September 1911 Eric arrived at St Cyprian's. He knew nothing of the reduced fees although he "soon 

recognized that he was from a poorer home". Blair hated the school and many years later wrote an essay 

"Such, Such Were the Joys", published posthumously, based on his time there. At St. Cyprian's, Blair first 

met Cyril Connolly, who became a noted writer and, as the editor of Horizon, published many of Orwell's 

essays. 

As part of school work, Blair wrote two poems that were published in the Henley and South Oxfordshire 

Standard, He came second to Connolly in the Harrow History Prize, had his work praised by the school's 

external examiner, and earned scholarships to Wellington and Eton Colleges. 

In imitation of Jack London, whose writing he admired (particularly "The People of the Abyss"), Orwell 

started to explore slumming the poorer parts of London. On his first outing he set out to Limehouse 

Causeway, spending his first night in a common lodging house, possibly George Levy's 'kip'. For a while he 

"went native" in his own country, dressing like a tramp and making no concessions to middle-class mores 

30

and expectations; he recorded his experiences of the low life for use in The Spike, his first published essay in 

English, and in the second half of his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London (1933). 

Modern readers are more often introduced to Orwell as a novelist, particularly through his enormously 

successful titles Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. The former is often thought to reflect degeneration 

in the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution and the rise of Stalinism; the latter, life under totalitarian 

rule. Nineteen Eighty-Four is often compared to Brave New World by Aldous Huxley; both are powerful 

dystopian novels warning of a future world where the state machine exerts complete control over social life. 

In 1984, Nineteen Eighty-Four and Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 were honoured with the Prometheus 

Award for their contributions to dystopian literature. In 2011 he received it again for Animal Farm. 

Coming Up for Air, his last novel before World War II is the most "English" of his novels; alarums of war 

mingle with images of idyllic Thames-side Edwardian childhood of protagonist George Bowling. The novel 

is pessimistic; industrialism and capitalism have killed the best of Old England, and there were great, new 

external threats. In homely terms, Bowling posits the totalitarian hypotheses of Borkenau, Orwell, Silone 

and Koestler: "Old Hitler's something different. So's Joe Stalin. They aren't like these chaps in the old days 

who crucified people and chopped their heads off and so forth, just for the fun of it ... They're something 

quite new—something that's never been heard of before". 

In an autobiographical piece that Orwell sent to the editors of Twentieth Century Authors in 1940, he wrote: 

"The writers I care about most and never grow tired of are: Shakespeare, Swift, Fielding, Dickens, Charles 

Reade, Flaubert. But I believe the modern writer who has influenced me most is Somerset Maugham, whom 

I admire immensely for his power of telling a story straightforwardly and without frills." Elsewhere, Orwell 

strongly praised the works of Jack London, especially his book The Road. Orwell's investigation of poverty 

in The Road to Wigan Pier strongly resembles that of Jack London's The People of the Abyss, in which the 

American journalist disguises himself as an out-of-work sailor in order to investigate the lives of the poor in 

London. In his essay "Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels" (1946) Orwell wrote: 

"If I had to make a list of six books which were to be preserved when all others were destroyed, I would 

certainly put Gulliver's Travels among them." 

Orwell's health had continued to decline since the diagnosis of tuberculosis in December 1947. In the 

summer of 1949, he courted Sonia Brownell, and they announced their marriage in September, shortly 

before he was removed to University College Hospital in London. Sonia took charge of Orwell's affairs and 

attended diligently in the hospital, causing concern to some old friends 

such as Muggeridge. Orwell's wedding took place in the hospital room 

on 13 October 1949, with David Astor as best man. Orwell's health was 

in decline again by Christmas. On the evening of 20 January 1950, Potts 

visited Orwell and slipped away on finding him asleep. Early on the 

morning of 21 January, an artery burst in his lungs, killing him at age 46. 

Orwell had requested to be buried in accordance with the Anglican rite 

in the graveyard of the closest church to wherever he happened to die. 

The graveyards in central London had no space, and fearing that he 

might have to be cremated, against his wishes, his widow appealed to his 

friends to see whether any of them knew of a church with space in its 

graveyard. 

David Astor lived in Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire, and negotiated with 

the vicar for Orwell to be interred in All Saints' Churchyard there, 

although he had no connection with the village. His gravestone bears the 

simple epitaph: "Here lies Eric Arthur Blair, born 25 June 1903, died 21 January 1950"; no mention is made 

on the gravestone of his more famous pen-name. 

31


Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American abolitionist and author. Her novel 

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) was a depiction of life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions 

as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and United Kingdom. It energized antislavery 

forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. She wrote more than 

20 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential 

both for her writings and her public stands on social issues of the day. 

Harriet Elisabeth Beecher was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, on June 14, 1811. She was the seventh of 13 

children, born to outspoken religious leader Lyman Beecher and Roxana (Foote), a deeply religious woman 

who died when Stowe was only five years old. Harriet enrolled in the seminary (girls' school) run by her 

sister Catharine, where she received a traditionally "male" education in the classics, including study of 

languages and mathematics. There, she also joined the Semi-Colon Club, a literary salon and social club. 

It was in that group that she met Calvin Ellis Stowe, a widower and professor at the seminary. The two 

married on January 6, 1836. He was an ardent critic of slavery, and the Stowes supported the Underground 

Railroad, temporarily housing several fugitive slaves in their home. They had seven children together, 

including twin daughters. 

Uncle Tom's Cabin and Civil War 

Portrait of Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1853 

In 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law, prohibiting assistance to 

fugitives. At the time, Harriet had moved with her family into a home near the 

campus of Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, where her husband was 

now teaching. On March 9, 1850, Stowe wrote to Gamaliel Bailey, editor of 

the weekly antislavery journal National Era, that she planned to write a story 

about the problem of slavery: "I feel now that the time is come when even a 

woman or a child who can speak a word for freedom and humanity is bound 

to speak... I hope every woman who can write will not be silent." Shortly 

after, In June 1851, when she was 40, the first installment of her Uncle Tom's 

Cabin was published in the National Era. She originally used the subtitle "The 

Man That Was A Thing", but it was soon changed to "Life Among the Lowly". Installments were published 

weekly from June 5, 1851, to April 1, 1852. Uncle Tom's Cabin was published in book form on March 20, 

1852, by John P. Jewett with an initial print run of 5,000 copies. Each of its two volumes included three 

illustrations and a title-page designed by Hammatt Billings. In less than a year, the book sold an 

unprecedented three hundred thousand copies. By December, as sales began to wane, Jewett issued an 

inexpensive edition at 37 1/2 cents each to further inspire sales. 

Harriet Beecher Stowe House in Cincinnati, Ohio 

After the start of the Civil War, Stowe traveled to Washington, 

D.C. and there met President Abraham Lincoln on November 

25, 1862. Legend has it that, upon meeting her, he greeted her 

by saying, "so you are the little woman who wrote the book that 

started this great war." In reality, little is known about the 

meeting. Stowe's daughter Hattie reported, "It was a very droll 

time that we had at the White house. I assure you... I will only 

say now that it was all very funny—and we were ready to 

explode with laughter all the while." Stowe's own letter to her 

husband is equally vague: "I had a real funny interview with the 

President." 

32


Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807 – March 24, 1882) was an American poet and educator 

whose works include "Paul Revere's Ride", The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline. He was also the first 

American to translate Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy and was one of the five Fireside Poets. 

Longfellow was born in Portland, Maine, then part of Massachusetts, and studied 

at Bowdoin College. After spending time in Europe he became a professor at 

Bowdoin and, later, at Harvard College. His first major poetry collections were 

Voices of the Night (1839) and Ballads and Other Poems (1841). Longfellow 

retired from teaching in 1854 to focus on his writing, living the remainder of his 

life in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in a former headquarters of George 

Washington. His first wife Mary Potter died in 1835 after a miscarriage. His 

second wife Frances Appleton died in 1861 after sustaining burns when her dress 

caught fire. After her death, Longfellow had difficulty writing poetry for a time 

and focused on his translation. He died in 1882. 

Longfellow wrote predominantly lyric poems, known for their musicality and 

often presenting stories of mythology and legend. He became the most popular American poet of his day 

and also had success overseas. 

Longfellow was born on February 27, 1807, to Stephen Longfellow and Zilpah (Wadsworth) Longfellow in 

Portland, Maine, and he grew up in what is now known as the Wadsworth-Longfellow House. His father 

was a lawyer, and his maternal grandfather, Peleg Wadsworth, was a general in the American Revolutionary 

War and a Member of Congress. He was named after his mother's brother Henry Wadsworth, a Navy 

lieutenant who had died three years earlier at the Battle of Tripoli. 

Longfellow was the most popular poet of his day and is generally regarded as 

the most distinguished poet the country had produced. As a friend once wrote 

to him, "no other poet was so fully recognized his lifetime". Many of his works 

helped shape the American character and its legacy, particularly with the poem 

"Paul Revere's Ride". He was such an admired figure in the United States 

during his life that his 70th birthday in 1877 took on the air of a national 

holiday, with parades, speeches, and the reading of his poetry. 

Over the years, Longfellow's personality has become part of his reputation. He 

has been presented as a gentle, placid, poetic soul. As James Russell Lowell 

said, Longfellow had an "absolute sweetness, simplicity, and modesty". At Longfellow's funeral, his friend 

Ralph Waldo Emerson called him "a sweet and beautiful soul". In reality, Longfellow's life was much more 

difficult than was assumed. He suffered from neuralgia, which caused him constant pain, and he also had 

poor eyesight. He wrote to friend Charles Sumner: "I do not believe anyone can be perfectly well, who has a 

brain and a heart". He had become one of the first American celebrities and was also popular in Europe. It 

was reported that 10,000 copies of The Courtship of Miles Standish sold in London in a single day. Children 

adored him and, when the "spreading chestnut-tree" mentioned in the poem "The 

Village Blacksmith" was cut down, the children of Cambridge had the tree 

converted into an armchair which they presented to the poet. In 1884, 

Longfellow became the first non-British writer for whom a commemorative 

sculpted bust was placed in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey in London; he 

remains the only American poet represented with a bust. 

Neil Diamond's 1974 hit song, "Longfellow Serenade", is a reference to the poet. 

Listen to this at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6fHYHrIYZg 

33


Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, 

essayist, and poet. He is best known for his novel Moby-Dick. His first three books gained much 

contemporary attention (the first, Typee, became a bestseller), but after a fast-blooming literary success in 

the late 1840s, his popularity declined. 

When he died in 1891, he was almost completely forgotten. It was not 

until the "Melville Revival" in the early 20th century that his work won 

recognition, especially Moby-Dick, which was hailed as one of the 

literary masterpieces of both American and world literature. 

Herman Melville was born in New York City on August 1, 1819, the 

third of eight children of Allan and Maria Gansevoort Melvill. Herman's 

younger brother, Thomas Melville, eventually became a governor of 

Sailors Snug Harbor. Part of a well-established and colorful Boston 

family, Melville's father, Allan, spent a good deal of time abroad as a 

commission merchant and an importer of French dry goods. 

The author's paternal grandfather, Major Thomas Melvill, was honored 

as a participant in the Boston Tea Party. Thomas Melvill, who refused 

to change the style of his clothing or manners to fit the times, was 

depicted in Oliver Wendell Holmes's poem "The Last Leaf." 

On January 3, 1841, he sailed from Fairhaven, Massachusetts on the 

whaler Acushnet, which was bound for the Pacific Ocean. He was later 

to comment that his life began that day. The vessel sailed around Cape 

Horn and traveled to the South Pacific. Melville left little direct accounts of the events of this 18-month 

voyage, although his whaling romance, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, probably describes many aspects of life 

on board the Acushnet. Melville deserted the Acushnet in the Marquesas Islands in July 1842. 

Fayaway 

For three weeks he lived among the Typee natives, who were called 

cannibals by the two other tribal groups on the island—though they treated 

Melville very well. Typee, Melville's first novel, describes a brief love 

affair with a beautiful native girl, Fayaway, who generally "wore the garb 

of Eden" and came to epitomize the guileless noble savage in the popular 

imagination. 

Melville did not seem to be concerned about consequences of leaving the 

Acushnet. He boarded an Australian whaleship, the Lucy Ann, bound for 

Tahiti; took part in a mutiny and was briefly jailed in the native Calabooza 

Beretanee. After release, he spent several months as beachcomber and 

island rover (Omoo in Tahitian), eventually crossing over to Moorea. He 

signed articles on yet another whaler for a six-month cruise (November 

1842 − April 1843), which terminated in Honolulu. 

Moby-Dick; or, The Whale was dedicated to Melville's friend Nathaniel 

Hawthorne. It was not a financial success; the book never sold its initial 

printing of 3,000 copies in his lifetime, and total earnings from the 

American edition amounted to just $556.37 from his publisher, Harper & 

Brothers. 

34

Jack London 

John Griffith "Jack" London (born John Griffith Chaney January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916) was 

an American author, journalist, and social activist. He was a pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of 

commercial magazine fiction and was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a 

large fortune from his fiction alone. He is best remembered as the author of The Call of the Wild and White 

Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories "To Build a Fire", "An Odyssey of the 

North", and "Love of Life". He also wrote of the South Pacific in such stories as "The Pearls of Parlay" and 

"The Heathen", and of the San Francisco Bay area in The Sea Wolf. 

London was a passionate advocate of unionization, socialism, and 

the rights of workers and wrote several powerful works dealing 

with these topics such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his 

non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, and The War of the 

Classes. 

Jack London's mother, Flora Wellman, was the fifth and youngest 

child of Pennsylvania Canal builder Marshall Wellman and his first 

wife, Eleanor Garrett Jones. Marshall Wellman was descended 

from Thomas Wellman, an early Puritan settler in the 

Massachusetts Bay Colony. Flora left Ohio and moved to the 

Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died. In 

San Francisco, Flora worked as a music teacher and spiritualist 

claiming to channel the spirit of an Indian chief. 

Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe that London's father 

was astrologer William Chaney. Flora Wellman was living with 

Chaney in San Francisco when she became pregnant. Whether 

Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Most San 

Francisco civil records were destroyed by the extensive fires that followed the 1906 earthquake; it is not 

known with certainty what name appeared on his birth certificate. Stasz notes that in his memoirs, Chaney 

refers to London's mother Flora Wellman as having been his "wife" and also cites an advertisement in which 

Flora called herself "Florence Wellman Chaney". 

On July 12, 1897, London (age 21) and his sister's husband Captain Shepard sailed to join the Klondike 

Gold Rush. This was the setting for some of his first successful stories. London's time in the Klondike, 

however, was detrimental to his health. Like so many other men who were malnourished in the goldfields, 

London developed scurvy. His gums became swollen, leading to the loss of his four front teeth. A constant 

gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded 

him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike. Father William Judge, "The Saint of Dawson," had a facility 

in Dawson that provided shelter, food and any available medicine to London and others. His struggles there 

inspired London's short story, "To Build a Fire", which many critics assess as his best. 

London's most famous novels are The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea-Wolf, The Iron Heel, and 

Martin Eden. 

In a letter dated Dec 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr. said "he believed Jack's 

fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America." 

Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild "a beautiful prose poem"; editor Franklin Walker said 

that it "belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn"; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it "a 

mordant parable ... his masterpiece." 

35


James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 – September 14, 1851) was a prolific and popular American 

writer of the early 19th century. His historical romances of frontier and Indian life in the early American 

days created a unique form of American literature. He lived most of his life in Cooperstown, New York, 

established by his father William. Cooper was a lifelong member of the Episcopal Church and in his later 

years contributed generously to it. He attended Yale University for three years, where he was a member of 

the Linonian Society, but was expelled for misbehavior. Before embarking on his career as a writer he 

served in the U.S. Navy as a Midshipman which greatly influenced many of his novels and other writings. 

He is best remembered as a novelist who wrote numerous sea-stories and the historical novels known as the 

Leatherstocking Tales. Among naval historians his works on early U.S. naval history have been widely 

received but were sometimes criticized by Cooper's contemporaries. Among his most famous works is the 

Romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece. 

Portrait by John Wesley Jarvis of Cooper in naval uniform 

James Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey, to William and Elizabeth 

(Fenimore) Cooper, the eleventh child of twelve children, most of whom died 

during infancy or childhood. He was descended from James Cooper, of 

Stratford-upon-Avon, England, who emigrated to American colonies in 1679. 

James and his wife were Quakers who purchased plots of land in New Jersey 

and Pennsylvania. Shortly after his first birthday, his family moved to 

Cooperstown, New York, a community founded by 

his father, who was a United States Congressman. 

Their house was in the wilderness on the shore of 

Otsego Lake, an area in central New York that was 

surrounded by the Iroquois of the Six Nations. 

At the age of 13, Cooper was enrolled at Yale, but, after inciting a dangerous 

prank that involved blowing up another student's door, Cooper was expelled in 

his third year without completing his degree. Disenchanted with college, Cooper 

obtained work in 1806 as a sailor and at the age of 17 joined the crew of a 

merchant vessel. By 1811, he obtained the rank of midshipman in the fledgling 

United States Navy, conferred to him on an officer's warrant signed by Thomas 

Jefferson. 

The Last of the Mohicans, Illustration from 1896 edition 

In 1820, Cooper's wife Susan wagered that he could write a book better than the one she was reading. In 

response to the wager, Cooper wrote the novel Precaution (1820). Its focus on morals and manners was 

influenced by Jane Austen's approach to fiction. He anonymously published Precaution and soon wrote 

several other novels. In 1823, he published The Pioneers, the first of the Leatherstocking series. The series 

features Natty Bumppo, a resourceful American woodsman at home with the Delaware Indians and their 

chief Chingachgook. Bumppo was also the main character of Cooper's most famous 

novel, The Last of the Mohicans (1826). Written in New York City, the book became 

one of the most widely read American novels of the 19th century. It is the second 

book of the Leatherstocking Tales pentalogy and the best known. The Pathfinder, 

published 14 years later in 1840, is its sequel. 

The story is set in 1757, during the French and Indian War (the Seven Years' War), 

when France and Great Britain battled for control of North America. During this war, 

the French depended on its Native American allies to help fight the more numerous 

British colonists in the Northeast frontier areas. 

Classic Comics #4, The Last of the Mohicans, first published 1942. 

36

Jane Austen 

Jane Austen (16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, 

set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. 

Her realism and biting social commentary have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics. 

A watercolour and pencil sketch of Austen, believed to have been drawn from life by her sister Cassandra (c. 1810) 

Austen lived her entire life as part of a close-knit family located on the lower fringes 

of the English landed gentry. She was educated primarily by her father and older 

brothers as well as through her own reading. The steadfast support of her family was 

critical to her development as a professional writer. Her artistic apprenticeship lasted 

from her teenage years into her thirties. During this period, she experimented with 

various literary forms, including the epistolary novel which she then abandoned, and 

wrote and extensively revised three major novels and began a fourth. From 1811 

until 1816, with the release of Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice 

(1813), Mansfield Park (1814) and Emma (1816), she achieved success as a 

published writer. 

Austen's parents, George Austen (1731–1805), and his wife Cassandra (1739–1827), were members of 

substantial gentry families. George was descended from a family of woollen manufacturers, which had risen 

through the professions to the lower ranks of the landed gentry. Cassandra was a member of the prominent 

Leigh family; they married on 26 April 1764 at Walcot Church in Bath. 

Steventon rectory, as depicted in A Memoir of Jane Austen, was in a valley and surrounded by meadows. 

Austen was born on 16 December 1775 at Steventon rectory and publicly 

christened on 5 April 1776. After a few months at home, her mother placed 

Austen with Elizabeth Littlewood, a woman living nearby, who nursed and 

raised Austen for a year or eighteen months. In 1783, according to family 

tradition, Jane and Cassandra were sent to Oxford to be educated by Mrs. 

Ann Cawley and they moved with her to Southampton later in the year. 

Both girls caught typhus and Jane nearly died. Austen was subsequently 

educated at home, until leaving for boarding school with her sister 

Cassandra early in 1785. The school curriculum probably included some French, spelling, needlework, 

dancing and music and, perhaps, drama. By December 1786, Jane and Cassandra had returned home 

because the Austens could not afford to send both of their daughters to school. 

Perhaps as early as 1787, Austen began to write poems, stories, and plays for her own and her family's 

amusement. Austen later compiled "fair copies" of 29 of these early works into three bound notebooks, now 

referred to as the Juvenilia, containing pieces originally written between 1787 and 1793. 

As Austen grew into adulthood, she continued to live at her parents' home, carrying out those activities 

normal for women of her age and social standing: she practised the fortepiano, assisted her sister and mother 

with supervising servants, and attended female relatives during childbirth and older relatives on their 

deathbeds. She sent short pieces of writing to her newborn nieces Fanny Catherine and Jane Anna Elizabeth. 

Austen was particularly proud of her accomplishments as a seamstress. She also attended church regularly, 

socialized frequently with friends and neighbours and read novels — often of her own composition — aloud 

with her family in the evenings. Austen began work on a second novel, First Impressions, in 1796. She 

completed the initial draft in August 1797 when she was only 21 (it later became Pride and Prejudice); as 

with all of her novels, Austen read the work aloud to her family as she was working on it and it became an 

"established favourite". 

37


Johan Ludvig Runeberg was a Finnish poet, and is the national poet of Finland. He wrote in the Swedish 

language. 

Runeberg studied first in the cities of Vaasa and Oulu, later on at the 

Imperial Academy of Turku, where he befriended Johan Vilhelm 

Snellman and Zacharias Topelius. His studies concentrated mainly on 

the classical languages of Latin and Greek. From 1837 onwards he 

lived in Porvoo, where he served as professor of Latin literature in the 

Gymnasium of Porvoo (Borgå). He was married to his second cousin 

Fredrika Runeberg, née Tengström, with whom he had eight children 

and who wrote poems and novels, too. 

Many of his poems deal with life in rural Finland. The best known of 

these is Bonden Paavo, (Farmer Paavo, Saarijärven Paavo in 

Finnish), about a smallholding peasant farmer in the poor parish of 

Saarijärvi and his determination, "sisu" (guts) and unwavering faith in 

providence in the face of a harsh climate and years of bad harvests. 

Three times, a frosty night destroys his crops. Every time, he mixes 

double the amount of bark into his bread to stave off starvation and 

works ever harder to dry off marsh into dryer land that would not be as 

exposed to the night frost. After the fourth year, Paavo finally gets a 

rich crop. As his wife exults, thanks God and tells Paavo to enjoy full 

bread made entirely out of grain, Paavo instructs his wife to mix bark 

into grain once more, because their neighbour's crop has been lost in a 

frost and he gives half of his crop to the needy neighbour. 

Runeberg's most famous work is Fänrik Ståls Sägner (The Tales of Ensign Stål) written between 1848 

and 1860. It is considered the greatest Finnish epic poem outside the native Kalevala tradition and contains 

tales of the Swedish War of 1808-09 with Russia. In the war, Sweden 

ignominiously lost Finland, which became a Grand Duchy in the Russian 

empire. The poem, which is composed episodically, emphasizes the common 

humanity of all sides in the conflict, while principally lauding the heroism of 

the Finns. 

The first poem in Fänrik Ståls Sägner became the Finnish national anthem Vårt 

Land (Maamme laulu, Our Land). The patriotic heroism of the poems 

colored Finnish consciousness and attitudes toward Russia in the following 

decades. The relatively harmonious political situation in autonomous Finland as 

part of the Russian Empire started later to shake, and Runeberg's poems were 

adopted by promoters of the independence movement. Runeberg's work also 

served as a cultural weapon in the Civil War (1918) and again in the Second 

World War. 

A line from The Tales of Ensign Stål, "Let not one devil cross the bridge", became a slogan directed 

against the Russians. 

Below is a YouTube link to one version of the first verse of “Our Land” 

sung in Finnish and Swedish. 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x31ZWU0-DV0&feature=related 

38


John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr. (February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was an American writer. He is widely 

known for the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath (1939) and East of Eden (1952) and the 

novella Of Mice and Men (1937). As the author of twenty-seven books, including sixteen novels, six nonfiction 

books, and five collections of short stories, Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. 

His father, John Ernst Steinbeck, served as Monterey County treasurer. John's mother, Olive Hamilton, a 

former school teacher, shared Steinbeck's passion of reading and writing. He spent his summers working on 

nearby ranches and later with migrant workers on Spreckels ranch. He became aware of the harsher aspects 

of migrant life and the darker side of human nature, which supplied him with material expressed in such 

works as Of Mice and Men. He also explored his surroundings, walking across local forests, fields, and 

farms 

In 1943, Steinbeck served as a World War II war correspondent. Steinbeck accompanied the commando 

raids of Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.'s Beach Jumpers program, which launched small-unit diversion operations 

against German-held islands in the Mediterranean. In 1944, wounded by a 

close munitions explosion in North Africa, the war-weary author resigned 

from his work and returned home. 

Steinbeck achieved his first critical success with Tortilla Flat (1935), a novel 

that won the California Commonwealth Club's Gold Medal. It portrays the 

adventures of a group of classless and usually homeless young men in 

Monterey after World War I, just before U.S. prohibition. They are portrayed 

in ironic comparison to mythic knights on a quest and reject nearly all the 

standard mores of American society in enjoyment of a dissolute life centered 

around wine, lust, camaraderie and petty theft. In presenting the 1962 Nobel 

Prize to Steinbeck, the Swedish Academy cited "spicy and comic tales about 

a gang of paisanos, asocial individuals who, in their wild revels, are almost 

caricatures of King Arthur's Knights of the Round Table. It has been said 

that in the United States this book came as a welcome antidote to the gloom 

of the then prevailing depression." Tortilla Flat was adapted as a 1942 film 

of the same name, starring Spencer Tracy, Hedy Lamarr and John Garfield, a friend of Steinbeck's. 

Steinbeck followed this wave of success with The Grapes of Wrath (1939), based on newspaper articles 

about migrant agricultural workers that he had written in San Francisco. It is commonly considered his 

greatest work. According to The New York Times, it was the best-selling book of 1939 and 430,000 copies 

had been printed by February 1940. In that month it won the National Book Award, favorite fiction book of 

1939, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association. Later that year it won the Pulitzer Prize 

for Fiction [16] and it was adapted as a film directed by John Ford, starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad; Fonda 

was nominated for the best actor Academy Award. 

The day after Steinbeck's death in New York City, reviewer Charles Poore wrote in the New York Times: 

"John Steinbeck's first great book was his last great book. But Good Lord, what a book that was and is: The 

Grapes of Wrath." Poore noted a "preachiness" in Steinbeck's work, "as if half his literary inheritance came 

from the best of Mark Twain— and the other half from the worst of Cotton Mather." But he asserted that 

"Steinbeck didn't need the Nobel Prize— the Nobel judges needed him." 

Many of Steinbeck's works are on required reading lists in American high schools. In the United Kingdom, 

Of Mice and Men is one of the key texts used by the examining body AQA for its English Literature GCSE. 

A study by the Center for the Learning and Teaching of Literature in the United States found that Of Mice 

and Men was one of the ten most frequently read books in public high schools. 

39


Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political 

pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet and cleric who became Dean of St Patrick's 

Cathedral, Dublin. 

He is remembered for works such as Gulliver's Travels, A Modest 

Proposal, A Journal to Stella, Drapier's Letters, The Battle of the 

Books, An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity, and A Tale of 

a Tub. Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English 

language, and is less well known for his poetry. 

Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin, Ireland. He was the second 

child and only son of Jonathan Swift (1640–1667) and his wife 

Abigail Erick (or Herrick), of Frisby-on-the-Wreake. His father, a 

native of Goodrich, Herefordshire, accompanied his brothers to 

Ireland to seek their fortunes in law after their Royalist father's 

estate was brought to ruin during the English Civil War. Swift's 

father died at Dublin before he was born, and his mother returned 

to England. He was left in the care of his influential uncle, Godwin, 

a close friend and confidante of Sir John Temple, whose son later 

employed Swift as his secretary. Swift's family had several 

interesting literary connections: His grandmother, Elizabeth (Dryden) Swift, was the niece of Sir Erasmus 

Dryden, grandfather of the poet John Dryden. The same grandmother's aunt, Katherine (Throckmorton) 

Dryden, was a first cousin of Elizabeth, wife of Sir Walter Raleigh. His great-great grandmother, Margaret 

(Godwin) Swift, was the sister of Francis Godwin, author of The Man in the Moone which influenced parts 

of Swift's Gulliver's Travels. His uncle, Thomas Swift, married a daughter of the poet and playwright Sir 

William Davenant, a godson of William Shakespeare. 

In February 1702, Swift received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Trinity College, Dublin. During his 

visits to England in these years Swift published A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books (1704) and 

began to gain a reputation as a writer. 

From 1707 to 1709 and again in 1710, Swift was in London, unsuccessfully urging upon the Whig 

administration of Lord Godolphin the claims of the Irish clergy to the First-Fruits and Twentieths ("Queen 

Anne's Bounty"), which brought in about £2,500 a year, already granted to their brethren in England. The 

incoming Tory government conducted secret (and illegal) negotiations with France, resulting in the Treaty 

of Utrecht (1713) ending the War of the Spanish Succession. 

Also during these years, he began writing his masterpiece, Travels into Several Remote Nations of the 

World, in Four Parts, by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships, better known 

as Gulliver's Travels. Much of the material reflects his political experiences of the preceding decade. For 

instance, the episode in which the giant Gulliver puts out the Lilliputian palace fire by urinating on it can be 

seen as a metaphor for the Tories' illegal peace treaty; having done a good thing in an unfortunate manner. 

In 1726 he paid a long-deferred visit to London taking with him the manuscript of Gulliver's Travels. 

During his visit he stayed with his old friends Alexander Pope, John Arbuthnot and John Gay, who helped 

him arrange for the anonymous publication of his book. First published in November 1726, it was an 

immediate hit, with a total of three printings that year and another in early 1727. 

40

Laura Ingalls Wilder 

Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Wilder (February 7, 1867 – February 10, 1957) was an American author who 

wrote the Little House series of books based on her childhood in a pioneer family. Laura's daughter, Rose, 

inspired Laura to write her books. 

Laura Elizabeth Ingalls was born February 7, 1867, seven miles north 

of the village of Pepin, in the "Big Woods" of Wisconsin, to Charles 

Phillip Ingalls and Caroline Lake (Quiner) Ingalls. She was the second 

of five children; her siblings were Mary Amelia, who went blind; 

Caroline Celestia, Charles Frederick, who died in infancy, and Grace 

Pearl. Her birth site is commemorated by a log cabin, the Little House 

Wayside. [4] Her life here formed the basis for the book Little House in 

the Big Woods. 

A paternal ancestor was Edmund Ingalls born on June 27, 1586, in 

Skirbeck, Lincolnshire, England. He died on September 16, 1648 in 

Lynn, Massachusetts. She is also a descendant of the Delano family 

and Edmund Rice, a 1638 immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

In Laura's early childhood, her father settled on land not yet open for 

homesteading in what was then Indian Territory near what is now 

Independence, Kansas—an experience that formed the basis of Ingalls' novel Little House on the Prairie. In 

the years subsequent to this move, her father's restless spirit led them on various moves to a preemption 

claim in Walnut Grove, Minnesota, living with relatives near South Troy, Minnesota, and helping to run a 

hotel in Burr Oak, Iowa. After a move from Burr Oak back to Walnut Grove, where he served as the town 

butcher and Justice of the Peace, Charles Ingalls accepted a railroad job in the spring of 1879 which led him 

to eastern Dakota Territory, where he was joined by the family in the fall of 1879. Charles filed for a 

homestead over the winter of 1879–1880; De Smet, South Dakota was home for the rest of his, Caroline, 

and Mary's lives. After spending the mild winter of 1879–1880 in the Surveyor's House, the Ingalls family 

watched the town of DeSmet rise up from the prairie in 1881 . The following winter, 1880–1881, one of the 

most severe on record in the Dakotas, was later described by Wilder in her book, The Long Winter. Once the 

family was settled in DeSmet, Wilder attended school, worked several part-time jobs and made many 

friends, most importantly the bachelor homesteader Almanzo Wilder (1857–1949), whom she later married. 

This time in her life is well documented in the books Little Town on the Prairie, and These Happy Golden 

Years. 

In 1894, the hard-pressed young couple moved to Mansfield, Missouri, using their savings to make a down 

payment on a piece of undeveloped property just outside of town. They named the place Rocky Ridge Farm. 

The ramshackle log cabin was eventually replaced with an impressive 10-room farmhouse and outbuildings. 

The couple's climb to financial security was a slow process. Initially, the only income the farm produced 

was from wagonloads of firewood Almanzo sold for 50 cents in town, the result of the backbreaking work 

of clearing the trees and stones from land that slowly evolved into fertile fields and pastures. The apple trees 

did not begin to bear fruit for seven years. Barely able to eke out more than a subsistence living on the new 

farm, the Wilders decided to move into nearby Mansfield in the late 1890s and rent a small house. Almanzo 

found work as an oil salesman and general delivery man, while Laura took in boarders and served meals to 

local railroad workers. Wilder's parents visited around this time, and presented to the couple, as a gift, the 

deed to the house they had been renting in Mansfield. This was the economic jump start they needed; they 

added acreage to the original purchase, eventually owning nearly 200 acres. Around 1910, they sold their 

house in town and using the proceeds from the sale, were able to move back to the farm permanently, and to 

complete Rocky Ridge Farmhouse. 

41

Leo Tolstoy 

Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy; known in the Anglosphere as Leo Tolstoy; September 9, 1828 – 

November 20, 1910) was a Russian writer who primarily wrote novels and short stories. Later in life, he 

also wrote plays and essays. Tolstoy is equally known for his complicated and paradoxical persona and for 

his extreme moralistic and ascetic views, which he adopted after a moral crisis and spiritual awakening in 

the 1870s, after which he also became noted as a moral thinker and social reformer. 

His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the Sermon on the Mount, caused 

him in later life to become a fervent Christian anarchist and anarcho-pacifist. His ideas on nonviolent 

resistance, expressed in such works as The Kingdom of God Is Within You, were to have a profound impact 

on such pivotal twentieth-century figures as Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr. 

Tolstoy was born in Yasnaya Polyana, the family estate in the Tula region 

of Russia. The Tolstoys were a well-known family of old Russian nobility. 

He was the fourth of five children of Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, a 

veteran of the Patriotic War of 1812, and Countess Mariya Tolstaya 

(Volkonskaya). Tolstoy's parents died when he was young, so he and his 

siblings were brought up by relatives. 

Tolstoy is one of the giants of Russian literature; his works include the 

novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina and novellas such as Hadji 

Murad and The Death of Ivan Ilyich. His contemporaries paid him lofty 

tributes. Fyodor Dostoyevsky thought him the greatest of all living 

novelists. Gustave Flaubert, on reading a translation of War and Peace, 

exclaimed, "What an artist and what a psychologist!" Anton Chekhov, who 

often visited Tolstoy at his country estate, wrote, "When literature 

possesses a Tolstoy, it is easy and pleasant to be a writer; even when you 

know you have achieved nothing yourself and are still achieving nothing, 

this is not as terrible as it might otherwise be, because Tolstoy achieves for everyone. What he does serves 

to justify all the hopes and aspirations invested in literature." 

Later critics and novelists continue to bear testament to Tolstoy's art. Virginia Woolf declared him the 

greatest of all novelists. James Joyce noted that, "He is never dull, never stupid, never tired, never pedantic, 

never theatrical!". Thomas Mann wrote of Tolstoy's seemingly guileless artistry: "Seldom did art work so 

much like nature". Such sentiments were shared by the likes of Proust, Faulkner and Nabokov. The latter 

heaped superlatives upon The Death of Ivan Ilyich and Anna Karenina; he questioned, however, the 

reputation of War and Peace, and sharply criticized Resurrection and The Kreutzer Sonata. 

Anna Karenina is the tragedy of married aristocrat and socialite Anna Karenina and her affair with the 

affluent Count Vronsky. The story starts when she arrives in the midst of a family broken up by her 

brother's unbridled womanizing—something that prefigures her own later situation, though with less 

tolerance for her by others. 

A bachelor, Vronsky is willing to marry her if she would agree to leave her husband Karenin, a government 

official, but she is vulnerable to the pressures of Russian social norms, her own insecurities and Karenin's 

indecision. Although Vronsky and Anna go to Italy where they can be together, they have trouble making 

friends. Back in Russia, she is shunned, becoming further isolated and anxious, while Vronsky pursues his 

social life. Despite Vronsky's reassurances she grows increasingly possessive and paranoid about his 

imagined infidelity, fearing loss of control. 

42

Lewis Carroll 

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by the pen name Lewis 

Carroll, was an English writer, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer. His most 

famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through 

the Looking-Glass, as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and 

"Jabberwocky", all examples of the genre of literary nonsense. He is noted for 

his facility at word play, logic, and fantasy, and there are societies in many 

parts of the dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the 

investigation of his life. 

Dodgson's family was predominantly northern English, with Irish 

connections. Conservative and High Church Anglican, most of Dodgson's 

ancestors were army officers or Church of England clergy. The elder of these 

sons – yet another Charles Dodgson – was Carroll's father. He reverted to the 

other family tradition and took holy orders. He went to Westminster School, 

and then to Christ Church, Oxford. He was mathematically gifted and won a 

double first degree, which could have been the prelude to a brilliant academic 

career. Instead he married his first cousin in 1827 and became a country 

parson. 

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland) is an 1865 novel written 

by English author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll. It tells of a girl named 

Alice who falls down a rabbit hole into a fantasy world 

(Wonderland) populated by peculiar, anthropomorphic creatures. 

The tale plays with logic, giving the story lasting popularity with 

adults as well as children. It is considered to be one of the best 

examples of the literary nonsense genre, and its narrative course 

and structure, characters and imagery have been enormously 

influential in both popular culture and literature, especially in the 

fantasy genre. 

Alice was published in 1865, three years after the Reverend 

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and the Reverend Robinson 

Duckworth rowed in a boat, on 4 July 1862, up the Isis with the 

three young daughters of Henry Liddell (the Vice-Chancellor of 

Oxford University and Dean of Christ Church. The journey began 

at Folly Bridge near Oxford and ended five miles away in the 

village of Godstow. During the trip the Reverend Dodgson told 

the girls a story that featured a bored little girl named Alice who 

goes looking for an adventure. The girls loved it, and Alice 

Liddell asked Dodgson to write it down for her. He began writing 

the manuscript of the story the next day, although that earliest 

version no longer exists. The girls and Dodgson took another boat 

trip a month later when he elaborated the plot to the story of 

Alice, and in November he began working on the manuscript in 

earnest. 

Page from the original manuscript copy of Alice's Adventures Under Ground, 1864 

43


Louisa May Alcott (November 29, 1832 – March 6, 1888) was an American novelist best known as author 

of the novel Little Women and its sequels Little Men and Jo's Boys. Raised by her transcendentalist parents, 

Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott in New England, she grew up among many of the well-known 

intellectuals of the day such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau. 

Nevertheless, her family suffered severe financial difficulties and Alcott worked to help support the family 

from an early age. She began to receive critical success for her writing in the 1860s. Early in her career, she 

sometimes used the pen name A. M. Barnard. 

Published in 1868, Little Women is set in the Alcott family home, Orchard House, 

in Concord, Massachusetts and is loosely based on Alcott's childhood experiences 

with her three sisters. The novel was very well received and is still a popular 

children's novel today. Alcott was an abolitionist and a feminist. Never married, 

she died in Boston. 

Alcott was born on November 29, 1832, in Germantown, which is now part of 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on her father's 33rd birthday. She was the daughter of 

transcendentalist and educator Amos Bronson Alcott and social worker Abby 

May and the second of four daughters: Anna Bronson Alcott was the eldest; 

Elizabeth Sewall Alcott and Abigail May Alcott were the two youngest. The 

family moved to Boston in 1838, where Alcott's father established an 

experimental school and joined the Transcendental Club with Ralph Waldo 

Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Bronson Alcott's opinions on education and tough views on childrearing 

shaped young Alcott's mind with a desire to achieve perfection, a goal of the transcendentalists. His 

attitudes towards Alcott's sometimes wild and independent behavior, and his inability to provide for his 

family, sometimes created conflict between Bronson Alcott and his wife and daughters. 

Poverty made it necessary for Alcott to go to work at an early age as an occasional teacher, seamstress, 

governess, domestic helper, and writer. Her sisters also supported the family, working as seamstresses and 

governesses, while their mother took on social work among the Irish immigrants. As an adult, Alcott was an 

abolitionist and a feminist. In 1847, she and her family served as station masters on the Underground 

Railroad, when they housed a fugitive slave for one week and in 1848 Alcott read and admired the 

"Declaration of Sentiments", published by the Seneca Falls Convention on women's rights, advocating for 

women's suffrage and became the first woman to register to vote in Concord, Massachusetts in a school 

board election. 

In 1860, Alcott began writing for the Atlantic Monthly. When the American Civil War broke out, she served 

as a nurse in the Union Hospital at Georgetown, D.C., for six weeks in 1862–1863. Her letters home – 

revised and published in the Commonwealth and collected as Hospital Sketches (1863, republished with 

additions in 1869) – brought her first critical recognition for her observations and humor. It was originally 

written for the Boston anti-slavery paper The Commonwealth. She speaks out about the mismanagement of 

hospitals and the indifference and callousness of some of the surgeons she encountered. 

Alcott became successful with the publication by the Roberts Brothers of the first part of Little Women: or 

Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy (1868), a semi-autobiographical account of her childhood with her sisters in 

Concord, Massachusetts. Part two, or Part Second, also known as Good Wives (1869), followed the March 

sisters into adulthood and their respective marriages. Little Women was well received, with critics and 

audiences finding it suitable for many age groups. A reviewer of Eclectic Magazine called it "the very best 

of books to reach the hearts of the young of any age from six to sixty," It was also said ] to be a fresh, natural 

representation of daily life 

44


Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell (November 8, 1900 – August 16, 1949) was an American author and 

journalist. One novel by Mitchell was published during her lifetime, the American Civil War-era novel, 

Gone with the Wind. For it she won the National Book Award for Most 

Distinguished Novel of 1936 and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1937. 

In more recent years, a collection of Mitchell's girlhood writings and a 

novella she wrote as a teenager, Lost Laysen, have been published. 

Margaret Mitchell was a Southerner and a lifelong resident and native 

of Atlanta, Georgia. She was born in 1900 into a wealthy and politically 

prominent family. Her father, Eugene Muse Mitchell, was an attorney, 

and her mother, Mary Isabel "May Belle" (or "Maybelle") Stephens, 

was a suffragist. Mitchell's family on her father's side were descendants 

of Thomas Mitchell, originally of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, who settled 

in Wilkes County, Georgia in 1777, and served in the American 

Revolutionary War. Her grandfather, Russell Crawford Mitchell, of 

Atlanta, enlisted in the Confederate States Army in July 1861, and was 

later severely wounded at the Battle of Sharpsburg. 

Mitchell's maternal great-grandfather, Philip Fitzgerald, emigrated from 

Ireland, and eventually settled on a slaveholding plantation near Jonesboro, Georgia, where he had one son 

and seven daughters with his wife, Elenor. Mitchell's grandparents, married in 1863, were Annie Fitzgerald 

and John Stephens, who had also emigrated from Ireland and was a Captain in the Confederate States Army. 

Margaret Mitchell was born in her grandmother Annie Stephens's house on Cain Street in Atlanta, just 

around the corner from the Mitchells' home on Jackson Street. During her early childhood, the Mitchell 

family lived in a two-story Victorian house on Jackson Hill, east of downtown Atlanta. Jackson Hill was an 

old, affluent part of the city. At the bottom of Jackson Hill was an area of African American homes and 

businesses called "Darktown". The mayhem of the Atlanta Race Riot occurred in September 1906 when she 

was five years old. The sounds of gunshots could be heard throughout the night. At Margaret's suggestion, 

her father, who did not own a gun, stood guard with a sword. 

One of Mitchell's most vivid memories of her mother was a women's suffrage rally. Margaret sat on a 

platform wearing a Votes-for-Women banner blowing kisses to the gentlemen while her mother gave an 

impassioned speech. Mitchell was nineteen years old when the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, which 

gave women the right to vote. 

Mitchell wrote a romance novella, Lost Laysen, when she was fifteen years old (1916). The novella was 

published in 1996, eighty years after it was written, and became a New York Times Best Seller 

In May 1926, after Mitchell had left her job at the Atlanta Journal and was recovering at home from her 

ankle injury, she wrote a society column for the Sunday Magazine, "Elizabeth Bennet's Gossip. Meanwhile, 

Marsh was growing weary of lugging armloads of books home from the library to keep his wife's mind 

occupied while she hobbled around the house; he emphatically suggested she write her own book instead: 

For God's sake, Peggy, can't you write a book instead of reading thousands of them? 

To aid her in her literary endeavors, John Marsh brought home a Remington Portable No. 3 typewriter (c. 

1928). For the next three years Mitchell worked exclusively on writing a Civil War-era novel whose heroine 

was named Pansy O'Hara (prior to publication Pansy was changed to Scarlett). She used parts of the 

manuscript to prop up a wobbly couch. 

45

Mark Twain 

Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark 

Twain, was an American author and humorist. He wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its 

sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called "the Great American Novel". 

Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which provided the setting for 

Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. After an apprenticeship with a printer, 

he worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to the newspaper of his 

older brother, Orion Clemens. He later became a riverboat pilot on the 

Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred 

humorously to his singular lack of success at mining, turning to journalism 

for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise. In 1865, his humorous story, 

"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", was published, based 

on a story he heard at Angels Hotel in Angels Camp, California, where he 

had spent some time as a miner. The short story brought international 

attention, and was even translated into classic Greek. His wit and satire, in 

prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a 

friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty. 

Though Twain earned a great deal of money from his writings and lectures, 

he invested in ventures that lost a great deal of money, notably the Paige 

Compositor, a mechanical typesetter, which failed because of its 

complexity and imprecision. In the wake of these financial setbacks, he 

filed for bankruptcy, overcame his financial troubles. Twain chose to pay 

all his pre-bankruptcy creditors in full, though he had no legal responsibility to do so. 

Twain was born shortly after a visit by Halley's Comet, and he predicted that he would "go out with it", too. 

He died the day following the comet's subsequent return. He was lauded as the "greatest American humorist 

of his age", and William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature". 

When he was four, Twain's family moved to Hannibal, Missouri a port town on the Mississippi River that 

inspired the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of 

Huckleberry Finn. Missouri was a slave state and young Twain became familiar with the institution of 

slavery, a theme he would later explore in his writing. Twain's father was an 

attorney and judge. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was organized in 

his office in 1846. The railroad connected the second and third largest cities 

in the state and was the westernmost United States railroad until the 

completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. It delivered mail to and from the 

Pony Express. 

Twain describes in Life on the Mississippi how, when he was a boy, "there 

was but one permanent ambition" among his comrades: to be a 

steamboatman. "Pilot was the grandest position of all. The pilot, even in those 

days of trivial wages, had a princely salary - from a hundred and fifty to two 

hundred and fifty dollars a month, and no board to pay." As Twain described it, the pilot's prestige exceeded 

that of the captain. The pilot had to "get up a warm personal acquaintanceship with every old snag and onelimbed 

cottonwood and every obscure wood pile that ornaments the banks of this river for twelve hundred 

miles; and more than that, must ... actually know where these things are in the dark..." Steamboat pilot 

Horace E. Bixby took on Twain as a "cub" pilot to teach him the river between New Orleans and St. Louis 

for $500, payable out of Twain's first wages after graduating. Twain studied the Mississippi, learning its 

landmarks, how to navigate its currents effectively, and how to "read the river" and its constantly shifting 

46

channels, reefs, submerged snags and rocks that would "tear the life out of the strongest vessel that ever 

floated". It was more than two years before he received his steamboat pilot license, in 1859. This occupation 

gave him his pen name, Mark Twain, from "mark twain", the leadsman's cry for a measured river depth of 

two fathoms, which was safe water for a steamboat. 

Library of Twain House, with hand-stenciled paneling, fireplaces from India, embossed wallpapers, and hand-carved mantel 

purchased in Scotland 

Twain joined Orion, who in 1861 became secretary to 

James W. Nye, the governor of Nevada Territory, and 

headed west. Twain and his brother traveled more than 

two weeks on a stagecoach across the Great Plains and 

the Rocky Mountains, visiting the Mormon community 

in Salt Lake City. 

Twain's journey ended in the silver-mining town of 

Virginia City, Nevada, where he became a miner on 

the Comstock Lode. Twain failed as a miner and 

worked at a Virginia City newspaper, the Territorial 

Enterprise. Working under writer and friend Dan 

DeQuille, here he first used his pen name. On 

February 3, 1863, he signed a humorous travel account "Letter From Carson – re: Joe Goodman; party at 

Gov. Johnson's; music" with "Mark Twain". 

His experiences in the American West inspired Roughing It and his experiences in Angels Camp, California, 

in Calaveras County, provided material for "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County". 

Twain moved to San Francisco, California, in 1864, still as a journalist. He met writers such as Bret Harte 

and Artemus Ward. The young poet Ina Coolbrith may have romanced him. 

His first success as a writer came when his humorous tall tale, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras 

County", was published in a New York weekly, The Saturday Press, on November 18, 1865. It brought him 

national attention. A year later, he traveled to the Sandwich Islands (present-day Hawaii) as a reporter for 

the Sacramento Union. His travelogues were popular and became the basis for his first lectures. 

In 1867, a local newspaper funded a trip to the Mediterranean. During his tour of Europe and the Middle 

East, he wrote a popular collection of travel letters, which were later compiled as The Innocents Abroad in 

1869. It was on this trip that he met his future brother-in-law, Charles Langdon. Both were passengers 

aboard the Quaker City on their way to the Holy Land. Langdon showed a picture of his sister Olivia to 

Twain; Twain claimed to have fallen in love at first sight. 

Throughout 1868, Twain and Olivia Langdon corresponded, but she rejected his first marriage proposal. 

Two months later, they were engaged. In February 1870, Twain and Langdon were married in Elmira, New 

York, where he had courted her and had overcome her father's initial reluctance. She came from a "wealthy 

but liberal family", and through her, he met abolitionists, "socialists, principled atheists and activists for 

women's rights and social equality", including Harriet Beecher Stowe (his next-door neighbor in Hartford, 

Connecticut), Frederick Douglass, and the writer and utopian socialist William Dean Howells, who became 

a long-time friend. The couple lived in Buffalo, New York, from 1869 to 1871. Twain owned a stake in the 

Buffalo Express newspaper and worked as an editor and writer. While they were living in Buffalo, their son 

Langdon died of diphtheria at age 19 months. They had three daughters: Susy (1872–1896), Clara (1874– 

1962) and Jean (1880–1909). The couple's marriage lasted 34 years, until Olivia's death in 1904. All of the 

Clemens family are buried in Elmira's Woodlawn Cemetery. 

47


Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, poet, 

essayist, and travel writer. His most famous works are Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and Strange Case of 

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. 

A literary celebrity during his lifetime, Stevenson now ranks among the 26 most 

translated authors in the world 

Stevenson's parents were both devout and serious Presbyterians, but the household 

was not strict in its adherence to Calvinist principles. His nurse, Alison Cunningham 

(known as Cummy), was more fervently religious. Her Calvinism and folk beliefs 

were an early source of nightmares for the child, and he showed a precocious 

concern for religion. But she also cared for him tenderly in illness, reading to him 

from Bunyan and the Bible as he lay sick in bed and telling tales of the Covenanters. 

Stevenson recalled this time of sickness in "The Land of Counterpane" in A Child's 

Garden of Verses (1885), and dedicated the book to his nurse. 

Robert Louis Stevenson at the age of seven 

An only child, strange-looking and eccentric, Stevenson found it hard to fit in 

when he was sent to a nearby school at age six, a problem repeated at age eleven 

when he went on to the Edinburgh Academy; but he mixed well in lively games 

with his cousins in summer holidays at Colinton. In any case, his frequent 

illnesses often kept him away from his first school, and he was taught for long 

stretches by private tutors. He was a late reader, first learning at age seven or 

eight, but even before this he dictated stories to his mother and nurse. He 

compulsively wrote stories throughout his childhood. His father was proud of this 

interest; he had also written stories in his spare time until his own father found 

them and told him to "give up such nonsense and mind your business." He paid 

for the printing of Robert's first publication at sixteen, an account of the 

covenanters' rebellion which was published on its two hundredth anniversary, The 

Pentland Rising: A Page of History, 1666 (1866). 

Treasure Island is an adventure novel narrating a tale of "buccaneers and buried gold". Treasure Island is 

an adventure tale known for its atmosphere, characters and action, and also as a wry commentary on the 

ambiguity of morality — as seen in Long John Silver — unusual for children's literature now and then. It is 

one of the most frequently dramatized of all novels. The influence of Treasure Island on popular 

perceptions of pirates is enormous, including treasure maps marked with an "X", schooners, the Black Spot, 

tropical islands, and one-legged seamen carrying parrots on their shoulders. 

Poster from the 1880s. 

The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was initially sold 

as a paperback for one shilling in the UK and one dollar in the 

U.S. The American publisher issued the book on 5 January 

1886, four days before the first appearance of the UK edition 

issued by Longmans; Scribner's published 3000 copies, only 

1250 of them bound in cloth. Initially stores would not stock it 

until a review appeared in The Times, on 25 January 1886, 

giving it a favourable reception. Within the next six months, 

close to forty thousand copies were sold. 

48


Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American 

novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer 

from the United States to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for his 

vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and 

humor, new types of characters." His works are known for their insightful [1] and 

critical views of American society and capitalist values, as well as for their 

strong characterizations of modern working women. 

Upon moving to Washington, D.C., Lewis devoted himself to writing. As early 

as 1916, he began taking notes for a realistic novel about small-town life. Work 

on that novel continued through mid-1920, when he completed Main Street, 

which was published on October 23, 1920. As his biographer Mark Schorer 

wrote, the phenomenal success of Main Street "was the most sensational event in 

twentieth-century American publishing history." Lewis's agent had the most optimistic projection of sales at 

25,000 copies. In its first six months, Main Street sold 180,000 copies and within a few years, sales were 

estimated at two million. According to Richard Lingeman, "Main Street earned Sinclair Lewis about three 

million current [2002] dollars" 

Lewis followed up this first great success with Babbitt (1922), a novel that satirized the American 

commercial culture and boosterism. The story was set in the fictional Midwestern town of Zenith, 

Winnemac, a setting to which Lewis would return in future novels, including Gideon Planish and 

Dodsworth. 

Lewis continued his success in the 1920s with Arrowsmith (1925), a novel about the challenges faced by an 

idealistic doctor. It was awarded the Pulitzer Prize (which Lewis refused). Adapted as a 1931 Hollywood 

film directed by John Ford and starring Ronald Colman, it was nominated for four Academy Awards. 

Next Lewis published Elmer Gantry (1927), which depicted an evangelical minister as deeply hypocritical. 

The novel was denounced by many religious leaders and banned in some U.S. cities. Adapted for the screen 

more than a generation later, the novel was the basis of the 1960 movie starring Burt Lancaster, who earned 

a Best Actor Oscar for his performance. 

In 1930, Lewis won the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first writer from the United States to receive the 

award. In the Swedish Academy's presentation speech, special attention was paid to Babbitt. After winning 

the Nobel Prize, Lewis wrote eleven more novels, ten of which appeared in his lifetime. The best 

remembered is It Can't Happen Here, a novel about the election of a fascist to the American presidency. 

It Can't Happen Here is a semi-satirical 1935 political novel by American author 

Sinclair Lewis. Published during the rise of fascism in Europe, the novel describes 

the rise of Buzz Windrip, a populist United States senator who is elected to the 

presidency after promising drastic economic and social reforms while promoting a 

return to patriotism and traditional values. After his election, Windrip takes 

complete control over the government and imposes totalitarian in the manner of 

Adolf Hitler and the Schutzstaffel. The novel's plot centers around newspaperman 

Doremus Jessup's opposition to the new regime and his subsequent struggle against 

it. 

49


Print edition of Snorri's Edda of 1666 

Snorri Sturluson (1179 – 23 September 1241) was an Icelandic 

historian, poet, and politician. He was twice elected lawspeaker at 

the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He was the author of the 

Prose Edda or Younger Edda, which consists of Gylfaginning 

("the fooling of Gylfi"), a narrative of Norse mythology, the 

Skáldskaparmál, a book of poetic language, and the Háttatal, a 

list of verse forms. He was also the author of the Heimskringla, a 

history of the Norwegian kings that begins with legendary 

material in Ynglinga saga and moves through to early medieval 

Scandinavian history. For stylistic and methodological reasons, 

Snorri is often taken to be the author of Egil's saga. 

As an historian and mythographer, Snorri is remarkable for 

proposing the hypothesis (in the Prose Edda) that mythological 

gods begin as human war leaders and kings whose funeral sites 

develop cults (see euhemerism). As people call upon the dead war 

leader as they go to battle, or the dead king as they face tribal 

hardship, they begin to venerate the figure. Eventually, the king 

or warrior is remembered only as a god. He also proposed that as 

tribes defeat others, they explain their victory by proposing that 

their own gods were in battle with the gods of the others. 

Snorri Sturluson was born at Hvammr into the wealthy and powerful Sturlungar family of the Icelandic 

Commonwealth, in 1179. His parents were Sturla Þórðarson of Hvamm and Guðný Böðvarsdóttir. He had 

two older brothers, Þórðr Sturluson (the oldest) and Sighvatr Sturluson. 

By a quirk of circumstance he was raised from the age of three (or four) by 

Jón Loftsson, a relative of the Norwegian royal family, in Oddi, Iceland. 

As Sturla was trying to settle a lawsuit with Father Páll Sölvason, the 

latter's wife lunged suddenly at him with a knife, intending, she said, to 

make him like his hero Odin (who was one-eyed), but bystanders deflected 

the blow to the cheek. The resulting settlement would have beggared Páll. 

Jón Loftsson intervened in the Althing to mitigate the judgement and to 

compensate Sturla, offered to raise and educate Snorri. 

Snorri therefore received an education and made connections that he might 

not otherwise have made. He attended the school of Sæmundr fróði, 

grandfather of Jón Loftsson, at Oddi, and never returned to his parents' 

home. His father died in 1183 and his mother as guardian soon wasted 

Snorri's share of the inheritance. Jón Loftsson died in 1197. The two 

families then arranged a marriage in 1199 between Snorri and Herdís, the 

first daughter of Bersi. From her father, Snorri inherited an estate at Borg 

and a chieftainship. He soon acquired more property and chieftainships. 

50 

“Snorri Sturluson” by Christian Krohg (1890s) 

Snorri quickly became known as a poet, but was also a successful lawyer. In 1215, he became lawspeaker of 

the Althing, the only public office of the Icelandic commonwealth and a position of high respect. In the 

summer of 1218, he left the lawspeaker position and sailed to Norway, by royal invitation. There he became

well acquainted with the teen-aged King Hákon Hákonarson and his co-regent, Jarl Skúli. He spent the 

winter as house-guest of the jarl. They showered gifts upon him, including the ship in which he sailed, and 

he in return wrote poetry about them. In the summer of 1219 he met his Swedish colleague, the lawspeaker 

Eskil Magnusson, and his wife, Kristina Nilsdotter Blake, in Skara. They were both related to royalty and 

probably gave Snorri an insight into the history of Sweden. 

The reign of Haakon IV (Hákon Hákonarson), King of Norway, was troubled by civil war relating to 

questions of succession and was at various times divided into quasi-independent regions under contenders. 

There were always plots against the king and questions of loyalty; nevertheless, he managed to build up the 

Norwegian state from what it had been. 

Snorri must have had his own ideas about the king's position and the validity of his orders, but at any rate he 

chose to disobey them, returning to Iceland in 1239. The king was distracted by the necessity to confront 

Skúli, who declared himself king in 1239. He was defeated militarily and killed in 1240. Meanwhile Snorri 

resumed his chieftainship and made a bid to crush Gissur by prosecuting him in court for the deaths of 

Sigvat and Sturla. A meeting of the Althing was arranged for the summer of 1241 but Gissur and Kolbein 

arrived with several hundred men. Snorri and 120 men formed around a church. Gissur chose to pay fines 

rather than to attack. 

Meanwhile, in 1240, after the jarl's defeat, but before his removal from the scene, Haakon sent two agents to 

Gissur bearing a secret letter with orders to kill or capture Snorri. Gissur led seventy men on a daring raid to 

his house, achieving complete surprise. Snorri Sturluson was assassinated in his house at Reykholt in 

autumn of 1241. It is not clear that he was ever given a chance to avail himself of the "capture" option. He 

fled to the cellar. There, Símon knútur asked Arni the Bitter to strike him. Then Snorri said: Eigi skal 

höggva!—"Do not strike!" Símon answered: "Högg þú!" — "You strike now!" Snorri replied: Eigi skal 

höggva!—"Do not strike!" and these were his last words. 

In a way, Snorri made a comeback into politics long after his death. His writings could be used in support of 

the claims of later kings concerning the venerability and extent of their rule. Later, “Heimskringla” became 

important for Norwegian national independence and identity. 

A page of the Eggertson copy of Heimskringla 

Heimskringla is the best known of the Old Norse kings' sagas. It 

was written in Old Norse in Iceland by the poet and historian Snorri 

Sturluson (1178/79–1241) ca. 1230. The name Heimskringla was 

first used in the 17th century, derived from the first two words of 

one of the manuscripts (kringla heimsins - the circle of the world). 

Heimskringla is a collection of sagas about the Norwegian kings, 

beginning with the saga of the legendary Swedish dynasty of the 

Ynglings, followed by accounts of historical Norwegian rulers from 

Harald Fairhair of the 9th century up to the death of the pretender 

Eystein Meyla in 1177. The exact sources of his work are disputed, 

but included earlier kings' sagas, such as Morkinskinna, Fagrskinna 

and the twelfth century Norwegian synoptic histories and oral 

traditions, notably many skaldic poems. Snorri had himself visited 

Norway and Sweden. For events of mid-12th century, Snorri 

explicitly names the now lost work Hryggjarstykki as his source. 

The composition of the sagas is Snorri's. 

The Heimskringla is referenced in the Jules Verne novel Journey to the Centre of the Earth. 

51


Stephen Collins Foster (July 4, 1826 – January 13, 1864), known as the "father of American music", was 

an American songwriter primarily known for his parlour and minstrel music. Foster wrote over 200 songs; 

among his best known are "Oh! Susanna", "Camptown Races", "Old Folks at Home", "My Old Kentucky 

Home", "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair", "Old Black Joe", "Massa's in the Cold Ground", "Nelly Bly", 

"Old Uncle Ned" and "Beautiful Dreamer". Many of his compositions remain popular more than 150 years 

after he wrote them. 

Foster attended private academies in Allegheny, Athens and Towanda, 

Pennsylvania. He received an education in English grammar, diction, the classics, 

penmanship, Latin and Greek, and mathematics. In 1839, his elder brother William 

was serving his apprenticeship as an engineer at nearby Towanda and thought 

Stephen would benefit from being under his supervision. The site of the Camptown 

Races is 30 miles from Athens, and 15 miles from Towanda. Stephen attended 

Athens Academy from 1839 to 1841. He wrote his first composition, Tioga Waltz, 

while attending Athens Academy, and performed it during the 1841 commencement 

exercises; he was 14. 

In 1846, Foster moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, and became a bookkeeper with his 

brother's steamship company. While in Cincinnati, Foster penned his first successful songs—among them 

"Oh! Susanna," which became an anthem of the California Gold Rush—in 1848–1849. In 1849, he 

published Foster's Ethiopian Melodies, which included the successful song Nelly Was a Lady, made famous 

by the Christy Minstrels. A plaque marks the site of Foster's residence in Cincinnati, where the Guilford 

School building is now located. 

Then he returned to Pennsylvania and signed a contract with the Christy Minstrels. It was during this period 

that Foster would write most of his best-known songs: "Camptown Races" (1850), "Nelly Bly" (1850), "Old 

Folks at Home" (known also as Swanee River, 1851), My Old Kentucky Home (1853), Old Dog Tray (1853), 

and Jeanie With the Light Brown Hair (1854), written for his wife Jane Denny McDowell. 

Many of Foster's songs were of the blackface minstrel show tradition popular at the time. Foster sought, in 

his own words, to, "...build up taste ... among refined people by making words 

suitable to their taste, instead of the trashy and really offensive words which 

belong to some songs of that order." 

Foster is acknowledged as "father of American music." He was inducted into 

the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970, and he was also inducted into the 

Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2010. 

"My Old Kentucky Home" is the official state song of Kentucky, adopted by the 

General Assembly on March 19, 1928. "Old Folks at Home" is the official state 

song of Florida, designated in 1935, but has been replaced as state anthem by 

Florida (Where the Sawgrass Meets the Sky) 

American baritone Nelson Eddy recorded 35 

Foster songs over three recording sessions in July, August and September 

1947 on Columbia Records, in 78 format, 2 songs per record. 

Listen to Jussi Björling singing “Jeanie with the light brown hair” at 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09oT6cehVLY 

52


Abraham Viktor Rydberg (December 18, 1828 – September 21, 1895) was a Swedish writer and a member 

of the Swedish Academy, 1877-1895. "Primarily a classical idealist", Viktor Rydberg has been described as 

"Sweden's last Romantic" and by 1859 was "generally regarded in the first rank of Swedish novelists." 

Rydberg in 1876 

Viktor Rydberg was of humble parentage. One biographer notes that: "He 

had a hard struggle to satisfy the thirst for learning which was a leading 

passion of his life, but he finally attained distinction in several fields of 

scholarship." The son of a soldier turned prison guard, Johann Rydberg, and a 

midwife, Hedvig Düker. Viktor Rydberg had two brothers and three sisters. 

In 1834 his mother died during a cholera epidemic. Her death broke the spirit 

of his father, who yielded to hypochondria and alcoholism, contributing 

towards his loss of employment and the family's apartment, forcing 

authorities to board young Viktor out to a series of foster homes, one of 

which burnt down, further traumatizing the youth. 

Despite his economic status, Rydberg was recognized for his talents. From 

1838 to 1847, Rydberg attended grammar school, and studied law at the 

University in Lund from 1851 to 1852. Due 

to financial reasons his university studies 

ended after one year, without a degree. Afterward, he took a job as a private 

tutor. In 1855, he was offered work at the Göteborgs Handels- och 

Sjöfartstidning, a newspaper in Göteborg, where he would remain 

employed for more than 20 years. It was during this time that his first 

novels saw print. He soon became a central figure of late Romanticism in 

Sweden, and Sweden's most famous living author. 

Throughout his adult life, Rydberg was active in politics. In 1859, he wrote 

a pamphlet on national defense, which inspired the "Sharpshooter's 

movement", a voluntary militia of some political importance during the 

1860s. In 1870, he took a controversial pro-German stance during the 

Franco-Prussian War. Representing the traditional economic system of 

Sweden, from 1870 to 1872, Rydberg was a member of the Swedish 

Parliament as a supporter of the Peasant's Party. 

53 

Rydberg grave in Gothenburg 

In 1857, Rydberg's first novel, Fribytaren på Östersjön (The Freebooter of the Baltic; 1857), a historical 

romance set in the 17th century, incorporating themes of piracy, witchcraft and nautical excursions, was 

published. 

This was soon followed by his first major success, and one of his most popular novels, Singoalla (1858), a 

"romantic story out of the Middle Ages, permeated with a poetic nature-mysticism, about the tragic love 

between a knight and a gypsy girl." 

Rydberg died at the age of 66 on September 21, 1895 due to complications from diabetes and 

arteriosclerosis. Rydberg's passing was reported as far away as the United States of America, where the New 

York Times published an obituary titled: "Death of Prof. A.V. Rydberg, Career and Remarkable works of 

one of Sweden's Leading Men." A national day of mourning would ensue all over Sweden. Today, his grave 

is a national monument. Many of his works have been translated and remain in print. His works are widely 

read in schools throughout Sweden, and his poem "Tomten" ("Santa" or "The Gnome") is a Christmas 

favorite. See and listen to this on our homepage at Viktor Rydberg’s “Tomten”.

Walt Disney 

Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) 

was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, 

animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon, and 

philanthropist, well known for his influence in the field of entertainment 

during the 20th century. Disney is particularly noted as a film producer 

and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme 

park design. He and his staff created some of the world's most wellknown 

fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, for whom Disney 

himself provided the original voice. During his lifetime he received four 

honorary Academy Awards and won 22 Academy Awards from a total 

of 59 nominations, including a record four in one year, giving him more 

awards and nominations than any other individual in history. Disney 

also won seven Emmy Awards and gave his name to the Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme 

parks in the U.S., as well as the international resorts Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, and Hong 

Kong Disneyland. 

Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 N. Tripp Avenue in Chicago's Hermosa community area to 

Irish-Canadian father Elias Disney and Flora Call Disney, who was of German and English descent. 

In 1917, Elias acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back to the city, 

where in the fall Disney began his freshman year at McKinley High School and took night courses at the 

Chicago Art Institute. He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics and 

focusing on World War I. Despite dropping out of high school at the age of sixteen to join the army, Disney 

was rejected for being underage. 

Hoping to find work outside the Chicago O-Zell factory in 1919, Walt moved to Kansas City to begin his 

artistic career. After considering whether to become an actor or a newspaper artist, he decided on a career as 

a newspaper artist, drawing political caricatures or comic strips. But when nobody wanted to hire him as 

either an artist or even as an ambulance driver, his brother Roy, then working in a local bank, got Walt a 

temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio where he created advertisements 

for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters. 

"Disney's Folly": Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 

Walt Disney introduces each of the Seven Dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 Snow White theatrical trailer. 

Following the creation of two cartoon series, in 1934 Disney began 

planning a full-length feature. The following year, opinion polls showed 

that another cartoon series, Popeye the Sailor, produced by Max 

Fleischer, was more popular than Mickey Mouse. Nevertheless, Disney 

was able to put Mickey back on top as well as increase his popularity by 

colorizing and partially redesigning the character to become what was 

considered his most appealing design to date. When the film industry 

learned of Disney's plans to produce an animated feature-length version 

of Snow White, they were certain that the endeavor would destroy the 

Disney Studio and dubbed the project "Disney's Folly". 

The film premiered at the Carthay Circle Theater on December 21, 1937 and at its conclusion the audience 

gave Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs a standing ovation. Snow White, the first animated feature in 

America made in Technicolor, was released in February 1938. 

54

Zachris Topelius 

Zachris Topelius (14 January 1818 – 12 March 1898) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish author, journalist, 

historian, and rector of the University of Helsinki who wrote novels related to Finnish history in Swedish. 

Zacharias is his baptismal name, and this is used on the covers of his printed 

works. However, "he himself most often used the abbreviation Z. or the form 

Zachris, even in official contexts", as explained in the National Biography of 

Finland. Zachris is therefore the preferred form used in recent academic literature 

about him. 

He came to Helsinki in 1831 and became a member of the circle of young 

nationalist men surrounding Johan Ludvig Runeberg, in whose home he stayed for 

some time. Topelius became a student at the Imperial Alexander University of 

Finland in 1833, received his master's degree (cand. philol.) in 1840, the 

Licentiate degree in history in 1844 and his Ph.D. in 1847. 

Quite early in his career he began to distinguish himself as a lyric poet, with the three successive volumes of 

his Heather Blossoms (1845-1854). The earliest of his historical romances was The Duchess of Finland, 

published in 1850. He was also editor-in-chief of the Helsingfors Gazette from 1841 to 1860. In 1878, 

Topelius was allowed to withdraw from his professional duties, but this did not sever his connection with 

the university; it gave him, however, more leisure for his abundant and various literary enterprises. 

Of all the multifarious writings of Topelius, in prose and verse, that which has 

enjoyed the greatest popularity is his Tales of a Barber-Surgeon, (Fältskärns 

Berättelser) episodes of historical fiction from the days of Gustavus II. 

Adolphus to those of Gustavus III., treated in the manner of Sir Walter Scott; 

the five volumes of this work appeared at intervals between 1853 and 1867. 

Topelius attempted the drama also, with most success in his tragedy of Regina 

van Emmeritz (1854). Topelius aimed at the cultivation of a strong Finnish 

patriotism. 

Together with the composer Friedrich Pacius he wrote the libretto to the first 

Finnish opera: Kung Karls jakt. 

Topelius is considered to be the first author of Swedish-language literature 

specifically intended for children. From the 1840s till his death he wrote some 

230 poems, songs, stories and fairy tales. He was also the first in Scandinavia to 

write plays for children. He appeared widely, including in Trollsländan, with columns under the heading 

Vinterlek ("Winter play"). He intended the pieces he wrote to become a part of children's play, not to be 

used as theatrical performances. 

Sov du lilla vide ung (English: "Sleep, you little willow young"), 

otherwise known as Videvisan ("Willow song") is a poem by the 

author Zachris Topelius which was first published in the ninth issue of 

the children's magazine Trollsländan ("Dragonfly") on February 27, 

1869. 

See the lyrics at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sov_du_lilla_vide_ung and listen 

to it at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bk2c4WCdb10 

55

Agatha Christie is the Half 29th Cousin of Anna Kristiina Applegate 

Boleslaw III The Wrymouth Duke Of Poland 

(1085-1138) 

Salome Of Berg-Schelklingen 

(1097-1144) 

Another 

Marriage 


(1085-1138) 

Zbyslava Princess Of Kiev 

(1085/1090-1112) 

Volodar Glebovitj Of Minsk Prince Of Russia 

(Abt 1123-After 1139) 

Richia Sventoslava Princess Of Poland 

(1116-1155) 

Wladyslaw II The Exile Duke of Cracow 

(1105-1159) 

Agnes Of Babenberg 

(1111-1157) 

Valdemar I The Great King Of Denmark 

(1131-1182) 

Sofiya Vladimirovna Princess Of Russia 

(1140-1198) 

Alfonso VII Emperor of Spain 

(1105-1157) 

Richeza Princess Of Poland 

(1140-1185) 

Erik X Knutsson King Of Sweden 

(1180-1216) 

Richiza Valdemarsdotter Princess Of Denmark 

(Abt 1178-1220) 

Alfonso II King Of Aragon 

(1157-1196) 

Sancha Princess Of Castile 

(1154-1208) 

Nils Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta 

(Abt 1188- ) 

Märtha Eriksdotter Princess Of Sweden 

(Abt 1213- ) 

Alfonso II Count Of Provence 

(1174-1209) 

Garsenda of Sabran Countess of Forcalquier 

Sixten Nilsson Sparre Av Tofta 

( -1310) 

Ingrid Abjörnsdotter af Våxtorp 

(Abt 1220- ) 

Ramon Berenguer IV Count Of Provence 

(1195-1245) 

Beatrice Countess of Savoy 

Abjörn Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta 

(Abt 1240-1310) 

Ingeborg Ulfsdotter Ulf 

(Abt 1258-After 1307) 

Henry III King Of England 

(1207-1272) 

Eleanor Berenger Queen Of England 

(1223-1291) 

Gissle Elinasson Sparre Of Vik 

(1276-After 1343) 

Margarete Abjörnsdotter Sparre Of Tofta 

(1293- ) 

Edmund "Crouchback" Plantagenet Earl 

(1st) of Lancaster 

(1243-1296) 

Blanche of Artois Queen of Navarre 

(1248-1302) 

Rörik Tordsson Bonde 

Märta Gislesdotter Sparre Of Vik 

Henry Earl (3rd) of Plantagenet 

(1281-1345) 

Maud De Chaworth 

(1282-1322) 

Tord Röriksson Bonde 

(Abt 1350-1417) 

Ramborg Cecilia Nilsdotter Vasa 

(Abt 1352-1439) 

John de Mowbray Baron of Mowbray 

Joan of Lancaster Baroness de Mowbray 

(1312-1345) 

Knut Tordsson Bonde 

(Abt 1377-1413) 

Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta 

(1381-1429) 

Robert Bertram Baron of Bothal 

Blanche de Mowbray 

(1341-1409) 

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden 

(1409-1470) 

Unknown in Åbo 

Sir Robert de Ogle III Baron of Bothal 

(1331-1410) 

Helen Bertram 

(1337-1403) 

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn 

Karin Karlsdotter Bonde 

(1441- ) 

Robert Ogle IV 

(1351-1409) 

Joan 

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby 

(1465-1517) 

Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn 

(1465-1500) 

Robert Ogle V, Sheriff of Northumberland 

(1380-1436) 

Matilda Gray 

(1382-1451)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille 

(1489-1535) 

Anna Johansdotter Fleming 

( -1545) 

John Mitford 

(1433-1451) 

Constance de Ogle 

(1418-1460) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 

Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman 

(1465-1535) 

John Weston, Sr. 

(1420-1483) 

Margaret Mitford 

(1425-1475) 

Johan Ludolfsson Boose 

(Cir 1500-1596) 

Ingeborg Henriksdotter 

( -1596) 

John Weston, Jr. 

(1448-1490) 

Cecilia Irmingland 

(1457- ) 

Bertil Von Nieroht 

(1582-1651) 

Kerstin Johansdotter Boose 

(1576-1652) 

John Leonard, Jr. 

(1479-1554) 

Catherine Elizabeth Weston 

(1484-1508) 

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf 

(1605-1668) 

Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht 

(1612-1682) 

John Leonard 

(1508-1590) 

Catherine Harmon 

(1518-1585) 

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf 

(1635-1704) 

N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz 

Samson Lennard, Esq. 

(1544-1615) 

Lady Margaret Baroness Dacre 

Ericus Christierni Orenius 

(Abt 1658-1740) 

Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf 

(1670-1747) 

Thomas Leonard 

(1577-1638) 

Lydia White 

Johan Urnovius 

(1706-1783) 

Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) 

(1710-1804) 

John Thomas Leonard 

(1615-1676) 

Sarah Heath 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 

Christina Margareta Urnovia 

(1744-1829) 

John Keep 

Sarah Leonard 

(1645-1676) 

Johan (Flinck) Årenius 

(1787-1823) 

Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon 

(1784- ) 

Ebenezer Miller 

(1667-1754) 

Hannah Keep 

(1673-1744) 

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius 

(1810- ) 

Johanna Carolina Röring 

(1802-Abt 1839) 

Jacob Miller 

(1704-1748) 

Susannah 

Erik Eriksson Kåll 

(1829-1905) 

Charlotta Constantia Renlund 

(1830-1905) 

John Miller 

(1736-1811) 

Hannah 

Karl-Johan Granholm 

(1866-1920) 

Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll 

(1863-1934) 

Jacob Miller 

(1762-1834) 

Mercy 

Erik Anton Granholm 

(1906-1959) 

Karin Hildegard Kasén 

(1914-2004) 

Alvah Miller 

Martha

Lars Erik Granholm 

(1934- ) 

Leena Elisabeth Kentala 

(1936- ) 

Nathaniel Frary Miller 

Martha Messenry 

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate 

(1954- ) 

Pia Carita Granholm 

(1955- ) 

Frederick Alvah Miller 

(1846-1901) 

Clarissa Boehmer 

(1854-1926) 

Anna Kristiina Applegate 

(1987- ) 


(1890-1976)

Page 1 

Anna Kristiina Applegate is the Half 22nd Cousin 6 times removed * of Alexandre Dumas 

Boleslaw III The Wrymouth Duke Of 

Poland 

(1085-1138) 


(1085/1090-1112) 

Another 

Marriage 


Poland 

(1085-1138) 


(1097-1144) 


(1105-1159) 


(1111-1157) 

Volodar Glebovitj Of Minsk Prince Of 

Russia 

(Abt 1123-After 1139) 


(1116-1155) 


(1105-1157) 


(1140-1185) 


(1131-1182) 


(1140-1198) 


(1157-1196) 


(1154-1208) 


(1180-1216) 

Richiza Valdemarsdotter Princess Of 

Denmark 

(Abt 1178-1220) 


(1174-1209) 

Garsenda of Sabran Countess of 

Forcalquier 


(Abt 1188- ) 


(Abt 1213- ) 

Ramon Berenguer IV Count Of 

Provence 

(1195-1245) 



( -1310) 


(Abt 1220- ) 


(1207-1272) 

Eleanor Princess of Castile 

(1252-1282) 


(Abt 1240-1310) 


(Abt 1258-After 1307) 

Jean II de Dreux Count of Bretagne 

(1239-1305) 

Beatrice Princess Of England 

(1242-1275) 

Ulf Abjörnsson Sparre 

( -1359) 

Kristina Sigmundsdotter Tre Klöverblad 

(1295-1328) 

Produced by Legacy

Page 2 

Philippe Count Of Artois 

(1269-1298) 

Blanche Countess of Bretagne 

(1270-1327) 

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta 

( -1407) 

Helena Israelsdotter 

(1340-1410) 

Jean Count Of Namur 

(1267-1330) 

Maria Countess of Artois 

(1291-1365) 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


(1381-1429) 

Guillame (Guy) I Count of Namur 

(1324-1391) 

Catherine de Savoie 

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of 

Sweden 

(1409-1470) 


Pierre de Breban Seigneur de Landreville 

Marie of Namur 

(1358-1412) 


(1439-1476) 


(1441- ) 

Ferri I de Mailly Seigneur de Talmas 

Marie van Brabant 

( -1467) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

Adrien de Mailly 

( -1518) 

Johanna de Glymes 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Georges IV Baron de Clere 

Isabeau de Mailly 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

Christophe de Pardieu 

Anne de Clere 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Pierre Davy de la Pailleterie 

Anne de Pardieu 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Produced by Legacy

Page 3 

Charles Davy de la Pailleterie 

(1576- ) 

Marthe 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Charles Davy de la Pailleterie 

(1608-1691) 

Catherine 


(1635-1704) 


Francios Davy de la Pailleterie 

(1634- ) 

Marie Restout 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie 

(1674-1758) 

Jeanne Fracose Pautre de Dominion 


(1706-1783) 

Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius 

(Orenius) 

(1710-1804) 

Antoine-Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie 

(1714-1786) 

Marie-Céssette Dumas (Slave from Haiti) 

( -1772) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

General Thoma-Alexandre Dumas 

(1762-1806) 

Marie-Louise Labouret 

(1769-1838) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 


(1802-1870) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Produced by Legacy

Page 4 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 



(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- ) 

Produced by Legacy

Alfred Lord Tennyson is the 26th cousin 4 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 

Common Ancestor 

Baldwin V Count Of Flanders 

(Abt 1012-1067) 

Adele Alix Princess Of France 

(1009-1079) 

Robert I Le Frison Count Of Flanders 

(Abt 1038-1093) 

Gertrude Countess Of Saxony 

(Abt 1030-1113) 

Baldwin VI Count Of Flanders 

(1030-1070) 

Richilde Countess Of Mons And 

Hainaut 

Saint Canute IV The Holy King Of 

Denmark 

(1043-1086) 

Adele Of Flandern Queen Of 

Denmark 

(Abt 1058-Abt 1115) 

Baldwin II Count Of Hainaut 

(1056-1098) 

Ida Of Leuven 

Folke Den Tjocke Folkunga 

(1070-1130) 

Ingegärd Knutsdotter Princess Of 

Denmark 

(1081-1146) 

Baldwin III (VII) Count Of Hainaut 

(1088-1120) 

Yolande De Wassenberg 

Bengt (Snivil) Folkesson Minnisköld 

(Abt 1098- ) 

Ulfhild (Sigrid) Björnsdotter Princess Of 

Sweden 

(1102- ) 

Sir Roger de Toeni III Lord of 

Flamstead 

Ida (Gertrude) of Hainault 

(1110- ) 

Karl "Döve" Bengtsson Folkunga 

(Abt 1139-1220) 

Walkelin de Ferrers 

Goda de Toeni 

(1140-1186) 

Karl Karlsson Ulf 

(Abt 1198-After 1251) 

Roger de Mortimer Lord of Wigmore 

(1158-1214) 

Isabel de Ferrers 

(1172-1252) 

Ulf Karlsson Ulv 

(Abt 1230-1281) 

Karlsdotter Lejonbalk 

William II de Beauchamp 

(1166- ) 

Joan De Mortimer 

(1179-1225) 


(Abt 1240-1310) 


(Abt 1258-After 1307) 

William III de Beauchamp 

(1197-1268) 

Isabel Mauduit 

(1220-1268) 


( -1359) 


(1295-1328) 

William IV de Beauchamp Earl of 

Warwick 

(1238-1298) 

Lady Maud FitzGeoffrey 

(1245-1301) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 

William de Bruley 

(1270-1359) 

Beatrice of Warwickshire 

(1274-1326) 


(Abt 1377-1413) 

Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av 

Tofta 

(1381-1429) 

William de la Spine Lord IV of Cocton 

(1324-1415) 

Alice de Bruley 

(1326-1390) 


Sweden 

(1409-1470) 


Guy de la Spine Baron of Coughton 

(1350-1427) 

Katherine Holt 

(1354-1438)



(1441- ) 

Sir John Throckmorton 

(1382-1445) 

Eleanor Throckmorton Heiress of 

Coughton 

(1381-1466) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

Thomas Throckmorton 

(1412-1472) 

Margaret Olney 

(1426-1460) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Robert Throckmorton, II 

(1451-1518) 

Katherine Marrow 

(1459-1503) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

George Throckmorton of Coughton, 

Sir 

(1490- ) 

Catherine Vaux 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Robert Throckmorton of Coughton, 

Sir 

(1512- ) 

Elizabeth Hussey 

(1512- ) 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Thomas Tresham of Rushton 

(1543- ) 

Muriel Throckmorton 

(1540-1615) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

William Parker, Lord Morley 

(1575- ) 

Elizabeth Tresham 

(1580-1648) 


(1635-1704) 


John Savage Earl Rivers 

(1603- ) 

Catherine Parker 

(1605-1646) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

George Pitt 

Lady Jane Savage 

( -1676) 


(1706-1783) 


(Orenius) 

(1710-1804) 

Christopher Hildyard of Kelstern 

(1665- ) 

Jane Pitt 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

George Clayton 

(1694- ) 

Dorothty Hidlyard 

(1700-1781) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Michael Tennyson 

Elizabeth Clayton 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

George Tennyson 

(1750-1835) 

Mary Turner 

( -1825) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

George Clayton, Rev. Tennyson 

(1781-1832) 

Elizabeth Fytche


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

Alfred Lord Tennyson 

(1809-1892) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Edgar Allan Poe is the 28th cousin 3 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


Torkel (Thorgil) Styrbjörnsson 

(0959-1000) 

Sigrid Haraldsdotter Sprakling Princess of 

Danmark 

(0950-0997) 

Ulf Jarl Thorgilsson 

(0993-1026) 

Estrid Svensdotter Princess Of Denmark 

(0997-1074) 

Fulbert De Falaise 

(0985- ) 

Duxia 

Svend II Estridsen King Of Denmark 

(1020-1074) 

Gunhild Svensdotter Queen Of Norway 

(1010-1060) 

Herluin (Harlevin) Vicomte de Conteville 

(1001-1072) 

Herleva Arlette of Falaise 

(1003-1050) 

Erik I Ejegod King Of Denmark 

(1060-1103) 

Bothild Thorgatsdotter Queen Of Denmark 

(Abt 1061-1103) 

Eudes 'au Chapel' de La Haye Vicomte du Cotentin 

(1040-1098) 

Muriel de Bergo De Copello de Conteville 

(1041-1076) 

Knud Eriksson Lavard King Of Denmark 

(1091-1131) 

Ingeborg Princess Of Russia 

(Abt 1099-1140) 

Roger de Busli of Teckhill 

Muriel Chappell 

( -1123) 


(1131-1182) 


(1140-1198) 

Warin "The Bald" de Bussel of Panwortham 

(1058-1091) 


(1180-1216) 


(Abt 1178-1220) 

Hamo Pincerna 

(1099-1156) 

Maud de Bussel 

(1105- ) 


(Abt 1188- ) 


(Abt 1213- ) 

Wilus Hocton 

(1125-1201) 

Widaw Favarre 

(1114- ) 


( -1310) 


(Abt 1220- ) 

Adam de Hocton, I 

(1141-1189) 


(Abt 1240-1310) 


(Abt 1258-After 1307) 

Sir Adam de Hocton, II 

(1192-1283) 

Agnes 

(1233-1265) 


( -1359) 


(1295-1328) 

Adam de Houghton, III 

(1254-1280) 

Avicia de Howick 

(1233-1265) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 

Richard de Houghton 

(1279-1341) 

Sybil de Lea Lady of Mollington 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


(1381-1429) 

Hugh de Venables Baron de Kinderton 

(1298-1368) 

Katherine de Houghton 

(1318-1368)


(1409-1470) 


Sir Hugo de Veables Baron de Kinderton 

(1330-1382) 

Margery Cotton 



(1441- ) 

Sir Randle Lord Peever 

(1367-1456) 

Margery de Venables Lady Kinderton 

(1369-1459) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

John de Ives Sheriff of Stafford 

(1375-1429) 

Philippe De Harcourt 

(1384-1420) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

John Delves 

(1422-1471) 

Ellen Egerton 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

John de Ashton 

(1444-1484) 

Elizabeth Delves 

(1448-1490) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Thomas Aston 

(1480-1508) 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Robert Lothrope 

(1513-1558) 

Ellen Aston 

(1515-1570) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Thomas Lothropp 

(1536-1606) 


(1635-1704) 


Rev. John Lathrop 

(1584-1653) 

Hannah House 

(1594-1633) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

Samuel Lothropp 

(1622-1700) 

Elizabeth Scudder 

(1622-1682) 


(1706-1783) 


(1710-1804) 

Samuel Lathrop, Jr. 

(1649-1732) 

Hannah Adgate 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

John Waterman 

(1671-1744) 

Elizabeth Lathrop 

(1679-1708) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Benedict Arnold, III 

(1683-1761) 

Hanna Lathrop King Waterman 

(1708-1759) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Benedict Arnold V "The Traitor" General 

(1741-1801) 

Margaret


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Henry Arnold 

(1772-1826) 

Elizabeth 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

David Poe, Jr. 

(1784-1811) 

Elizabeth Hopkins Arnold 

(1787-1811) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1809-1849) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Edgar Rice Burroughs is the 29th cousin once removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 



(Abt 1012-1067) 


(1009-1079) 


(Abt 1038-1093) 


(Abt 1030-1113) 


(1030-1070) 


Hainaut 


Denmark 

(1043-1086) 


Denmark 

(Abt 1058-Abt 1115) 


(1056-1098) 

Ida Of Leuven 


(1070-1130) 


Denmark 

(1081-1146) 


(1088-1120) 



(Abt 1098- ) 


Sweden 

(1102- ) 


Flamstead 


(1110- ) 

Birger "Brosa" Bengtsson Folkunga 

(Abt 1134-1202) 

Brigida Haraldsdotter Queen Of Norway 

(Abt 1130- ) 


Goda de Toeni 

(1140-1186) 

Birger Birgersson Skänkare 


(1158-1214) 


(1172-1252) 

Peter Israelsson Finsta 

(1240-1280) 

NN Birgersdotter Sjenkare 

(1245-1269) 


(1166- ) 


(1179-1225) 

Birger Persson till Finsta 

(1270-1327) 

Ingeborg Bengtsdotter Lejon (Folkunga) 

(1274-1314) 


(1197-1268) 


(1220-1268) 

Israel Birgersson Brahe 

(1314-1351) 

Bengta Färla Karlsdotter 


Warwick 

(1238-1298) 


(1245-1301) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 


(1270-1359) 


(1274-1326) 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


Tofta 

(1381-1429) 


(1324-1415) 


(1326-1390) 


Sweden 

(1409-1470) 



(1350-1427) 


(1354-1438)



(1441- ) 


(1382-1445) 


Coughton 

(1381-1466) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

Thomas William Wynslow 

(1410-1463) 

Agnes Throckmorton 

(1420- ) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

John Giffard 

(1431-1506) 

Agnes Wynslow 

(1439- ) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

Thomas Giffard 

(1460-1511) 

Joan/Jane Langston 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Richard Samuel Samwell 

Amy Anna Giffard 

(1485- ) 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Peter Edwards 

(1490-1552) 

Susanna Samwell 

(1515- ) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Edward Edwards 

(1537-1591) 

Ursula Coles 

(1544-1605) 


(1635-1704) 


Henry Freeman 

(1560-1594) 

Margaret Edwards 

(1564-1600) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

John Thompson, IV 

(1577-1627) 

Alice Freeman 

(1586-1665) 


(1706-1783) 


(Orenius) 

(1710-1804) 

Thomas Parke, I 

(1615-1709) 

Dorothy Thompson 

(1624-1709) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Robert Parke 

(1651-1707) 

Mary Rose 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Benjamin Rockwell 

Margaret Parke 

(1702-1773) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Margaret Rockwell 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Hannah Blodgett


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

Tyler Burroughs 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 

Abner Tyler Burroughs 

(1805-1897) 

Mary Rice 

(1802-1870) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 

George Tyler Burroughs 

(1833-1913) 

Mary Evaline Zieger 

(1840-1920) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1875-1950) 


(1987- )

Egill Skallagrimsson Galge is the 32nd Great-Grandfather of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


Egill Skallagrimsson Galge 

(0910-0990) 

Asgjerd Björnsdatter 

(0915-0974) 

Thorstein Egillsson (Herse) Gallows 

(0955-1055) 

Arne Arnmodsson Giske 

(0975- ) 

Tora Torsteinsdotter Galge 

(0972-1015) 

Torberg Arnesson Giske 

(0990-1050) 

Ragnhild Erlingsdotter 

(0992-1060) 

Harald III "Hårdråde" King Of Norway 

(1015-1066) 

Tora Torbergssdotter Giske 

(1025-1067) 

Olaf III Kyrre King Of Norway 

(Abt 1050-1093) 

Thora Ragnvaldsdotter Queen Of 

Norway 

(1030- ) 

Magnus III Barfot King Of Norway 

(Abt 1073-1103) 

Bethoc 

Harald IV "Gille" King Of Norway 

(Abt 1094-1136) 

Biadok Gilledomnansdotter 


(Abt 1134-1202) 

Brigida Haraldsdotter Queen Of 

Norway 

(Abt 1130- ) 



(1240-1280) 


(1245-1269) 


(1270-1327) 


(1274-1314) 


(1314-1351) 

Bengta Färla Karlsdotter


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


Tofta 

(1381-1429) 


Sweden 

(1409-1470) 



(1439-1476) 


(1441- ) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 


(1635-1704) 



(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 


(1706-1783) 


(Orenius) 

(1710-1804) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829)


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Page 1 

Eirik Hornborg is the 9th cousin 5 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


Östen Ericsson Sursill 

(1533-After 1598) 

Magdalena (Malin) Eriksdotter 

(1535-1580) 

Hans Östensson Sursill 

(1560-After 1633) 

Johannes Henricsson Lithovius 

(1563-1634) 

Christina Östensdotter Sursill 

(1567-1632) 

Hans Hansson Wasaeus 

(Abt 1580-1654) 

Beata Ingevaldsdotter 

(Abt 1595- ) 

Hans Persson Houru 

(1590-Abt 1644) 

Magdalena Johansdotter Lithovius 

(Abt 1590-After 1644) 

Daniel Pettersson Sparf 

(Abt 1620-After 1665) 

Margaretha Hansdotter Sursill Wasaeus 

(Abt 1621-1697) 

Henrik Hansson Hourenius 

(1629-Abt 1710) 

Elisabet Henriksdotter Carlander 

(Abt 1630-1710) 

Gregorius (Grels) Jacobsson Culhovius 

(Abt 1650-1695) 

Elisabet Danielsdotter Sparf 

(1660-1736) 

Jakob Henrici Hoffreen/Hourenius 

(1666-1733) 

Agneta Sculptoria 

Henrik Henriksson Sevonius 

(1675-1740) 

Margareta Gregoriusdotter Kulhovius 

(1683-1748) 

Johan Jakobi Hoffrén 

( -1753) 

Helena Poppius 

(1716-1794) 

Abraham Henriksson Sevonius 

(1712-1788) 

Helena Jonasdotter Wrigstadius 

(1718-1773) 

Lars Abraham Hoffrén 

(1748-1822) 

Maria Södermarck 

(1756-1799) 

Abraham Abrahamsson Sevonius 

(1751-1825) 

Juliana Ulrika Hallonblad 

(1753-1827) 

Anders Johan Lagus 

(1772-1831) 

Sigrid Hoffrén 

(1782-1857) 

Produced by Legacy

Page 2 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Alexander Hornborg 

(1813-1856) 

Wendla Lagus 

(1817-1901) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Albrect Hornborg 

(1846-1926) 

Alma Hornborg 

(1853- ) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 


(1879-1965) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- ) 

Produced by Legacy

Ernest Miller Hemingway is the 31st cousin once removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


Richard The Fearless Duke (3rd) Of Normandy 

(0933-0996) 

Gunnora Duchess Of Normandy 

(0936-1031) 

Richard II The Good Duke Of Normandy 

(0963-1027) 

Judith Countess Of Brittany 

(0982-1017) 

Godfrey de Crispin Count Brionne 

(0967-1015) 

Richard III Duke Of Normandy 

(1004- ) 

Unknown 

Gilbert de Crispin 

(1000-1040) 

Gunnora d'Anjou 

(0984-1035) 

Ragnvald II Bruesson Earl Of Orkney 

(1011-1048) 

Felicia Princess Of Normandy 

(1017- ) 

Richard Fitz Earl (1st) of Clare 

(1024-1090) 

Rohese Gifford 

(1045- ) 


(Abt 1050-1093) 

Thora Ragnvaldsdotter Queen Of Norway 

(1030- ) 

Gilbert FitzRichard De Clare Earl (1st) of 

Hertford 

(1065-1114) 

Adelaide de Clermont 

(1058- ) 


(Abt 1073-1103) 

Bethoc 

Baderon de Monmoth 

Rohesia de Clare 

(1090-1149) 


(Abt 1094-1136) 

Bladak 

Hugh de Lacy Lord of Meath 

(1125-1186) 

Rohesia de Monmoth 

(1130-1181) 


(Abt 1134-1202) 


(Abt 1130- ) 

Walter de Lacy Lord of Meath 

(1172-1241) 

Margery de Brose 


Richard 'The Great' de Burgh Lord of Connaught 

(1193-1242) 

Julian de Ros 

(1164-1208) 


(1240-1280) 


(1245-1269) 

Walter de Burgh Earl 1st of Ulster 2nd Lord of 

Connaught 

(1230-1271) 

Isabelle de Burgh 


(1270-1327) 


(1274-1314) 

Richard Og The Red Earl Earl (2nd) of Ulster 

(1259-1326) 

Margaret de Burgh 

( -1304) 


(1314-1351) 


Thomas V de Multon Baron (1st) of Gillesland 

(1275-1321) 

Eleanor de Burgh 

(1282-1324) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 

Walter de Birmingham 

(1302- ) 

Elizabeth de Multon 

(1306-1344)


(Abt 1377-1413) 


(1381-1429) 

John Baron Haverington 

(1328-1363) 

Joan de Birmingham 

(1335-1359) 


(1409-1470) 


Robert Baron Haverington 

(1356-1406) 

Isabel Cogan of Hornby 



(1441- ) 

Sir John II Stanley King (Titular) of Mann 

Isabel Stanley Harrington 

(1387-1445) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

John III De Warren 

Isabel Stanley 

(1415- ) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Lawrence De Warren III 

(1430-1474) 

Isabel Holford 

(1449-1475) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

Anthony Warren 

(1467-1557) 

Margaret Leigh 

(1470- ) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Richard Warren 

(1501-1557) 

Alice Jenswaye 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

John Foote of Royston 

(1523-1558) 

Helen Warren 

(1529-1558) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Robert Foote of Shalford 

(1553-1608) 

Joane Brooke 


(1635-1704) 


John Hewes of Royston 

(1583-1621) 

Mary Foote 

(1584-1621) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

Ralph Hemingway (Hemenway) 

(1609-1678) 

Elizabet Hewes Hemmingway 

(1603-1686) 


(1706-1783) 


(1710-1804) 

Samuel Hemingway 

(1636-1711) 

Sarah Cooper 

(1645-1711) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Abraham Hemingway, Sr. 

(1677-1752) 

Sarah Tallmadge 

(1684-1714) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Abraham Hemingway, Jr. 

(1727-1795) 

Mercy Tuttle 

(1730-1812)


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Jakob Hemingway 

(1764-1792) 

Abigail Linsley 

(1764-1792) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Jacob Street Hemingway 

(1791-1850) 

Lucerita Smith 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

Allen Hemingway 

(1808-1886) 

Harriet Louise Tyler 

(1819-1836) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 

Anson Tyler Hemingway 

(1844-1879) 

Adelaide Edmonds 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 

Clarence Edmonds Hemingway 

(1871-1928) 

Grace Hall 

(1872-1895) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 

Ernest Miller Hemingway 

(1899-1961) 


(1987- )

Evert Axel Taube is the 13th cousin 5 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


Claus (Klas) Pedersson Fleming 

(1360-1427) 

Cecilia Klausdotter Djekn 

(1370- ) 

Magnus Klasson Fleming 

(1410-After 1450) 

Elin Nilsdotter Kurck 

(1410-1486) 

Henrik Klausson Fleming 

( -1490) 

Valborg Jönsdotter Tawast 

(1427-1497) 

Herman Magnusson Fleming 

(1440-Bef 1490) 

Elin Filipusdotter 

(1450-1495) 


(1465-1517) 

Valborg Asken 

(1467- ) 

Peder Hermansson Fleming 

(1480-1532) 

Elin Hansdotter Lydeke 

(1490-1543) 

Magnus Nilsson Stjernkors 

(1490-1570) 

Valborg Johansdotter Fleming 

(1490- ) 

Henrik Simonsson Till Karuna 

( -1570) 

Kerstin Pedersdotter Fleming 

( -1573) 

Nils Persson Ållongren 

( -1573) 

Hebla Månsdotter Stiernkors 

(1520-1590) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Måns Nilsson Ållongren 

Ingeborg Gustafsdotter Fincke 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Johan Månsson Ållongren 

Hebla Hieronymusdotter Birckholtz 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Gustaf Ållongren 

( -1692) 

Margareta de la Motte 

( -1676) 


(1635-1704) 


Gustav Fredrik Ållongren 

(1660-1710) 

Barbara Heidenman 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

Jakob Fredrik Ållongren 

(1706-1764) 

Juliana Charlotta von Essen af Zellie 

(1706-1754) 


(1706-1783) 


(1710-1804) 

Christoffer Reinhold Taube 

(1715-1795) 

Anna Sofia Jakobsdotter Ållongren 

(1741-1825) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Arvid Joakim Taube 

(1777-1829) 

Johanna Fredrika Mesterton 

(1777- ) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Otto Reinhold Taube 

(1816-1892) 

Fredrika Kjellerstedt 

(1817-1895) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Karl Gunnar Taube 

(1853-1945) 

Julia Sofia Jakobsdotter 

(1862-1947)


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Evert Axel Taube 

(1890-1976) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Francis Scott Fitzgerald is the 28th cousin twice removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 



(Abt 1012-1067) 


(1009-1079) 


(Abt 1033-1093) 


(Abt 1030-1113) 

William I The Conqueror King Of 

England 

(1027-1087) 

Matilda Of Flanders Queen Of 

England 

(1031-1083) 


Denmark 

(1043-1086) 


Denmark 

(Abt 1058-Abt 1115) 

Henry I "Beauclerc" King Of 

England 

(1068-1135) 

Matilda Of Scotland (Edith), Queen Of 

England 

(1080-1118) 


(1070-1130) 


Denmark 

(1081-1146) 

Geoffrey Plantagenet Count Of Anjou 

(1113-1151) 

Matilda (Maud) Empress Of The Holy 

Roman Empire 

(1102-1167) 


(Abt 1098- ) 


Sweden 

(1102- ) 

Henry II Curtmantle King Of 

England 

(1133-1189) 

Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine 

(1122-1204) 

Karl "Döve" Bengtsson Folkunga 

(Abt 1139-1220) 

John "Lackland"Plantagenet King Of 

England 

(1166-1216) 

Isabella Of Angouleme Queen Of 

England 

(1188-1246) 

Karl Karlsson Ulf 

(Abt 1198-After 1251) 

Richard Plantagenet Earl (1st) of 

Cornwall 

(1209-1272) 

Sanchia Countess of Provence 


(Abt 1230-1281) 


Richard Plantagenet Earl (2nd) of 

Cornwall 

(1252-1296) 

Joan Saint Owen 

(1260-1316) 


(Abt 1240-1310) 


(Abt 1258-After 1307) 

Sir John Howard Sheriff of Norfolk 

(1310-1347) 

Joan Howard de Cornwall 

(1285-1342) 


( -1359) 


(1295-1328) 

Sir John Howard II Admiral 

(1310-1347) 

Alice de Boys 

(1354-1372) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 

Sir Robert Howard 

(1336-1388) 

Margaret De Scales 

(1339-1416) 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


Tofta 

(1381-1429) 

Sir John Howard Sheriff of Essex 

(1365-1436) 

Alice Rendring 

(1365-1426)


Sweden 

(1409-1470) 


John Howard II 

(1380-1410) 

Joan Walton 

(1393-1424) 


(1439-1476) 


(1441- ) 

John de Vere Earl (12th) of Oxford 

Elizabeth Howard 

(1410-1475) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

John de Vere Earl (13th) of Oxford 

(1442-1513) 

NN Mistress 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Robert Broughton 

(1456-1506) 

Katherine De Vere 

(1465-1504) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

Sir John Broughton 

(1484-1518) 

Anne Sapcote Countess of Bedford 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Richard Osborne, II 

(1513-1581) 

Jane Broughton 

(1510-1570) 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Sir Edward Osborne, Lord Major of 

London 

(1530-1592) 

Anna Hewett 

(1543-1585) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Robert Offey 

(1561-1625) 

Ann Osborne 

(1570-1654) 


(1635-1704) 


Adam Thorowgood 

(1604-1642) 

Sarah Offey 

(1609-1657) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

Gerard Fowke 

(1606-1662) 

Ann Thorowgood 

(1608-1683) 


(1706-1783) 


(Orenius) 

(1710-1804) 

Gerard Fowke, II 

(1662-1734) 

Sarah Burdett 

(1665-1747) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Gustavus Brown, M. D. 

(1699-1762) 

Frances Fowke 

(1691-1744) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

John Key, M.D. 

(1720-1765) 

Cecilia Bond Brown 

(1730-1792) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Phillip Key 

(1750-1820) 

Rebecca Rowles 

(1755-1810)


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

John Scott 

(1790-1850) 

Eliza Meynadler Key 

(1792-1866) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

Michael Fitzgerald 

(1825-1855) 

Cecilia Scott 

(1832-1942) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 

Edward Fitzgerald 

(1853-1931) 

Mary MacQuillian 

(1859-1936) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 

Francis Scott Fitzgerald 

(1896-1940) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Francis Scott Key is the 24th cousin 5 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


Géza II King Of Hungary 

(1130-1162) 

Euphrosyne Of Kiev Queen Of 

Hungary 

(1130-1193) 

Leopold V The Virtuous Duke Of 

Austria 

(1157-1194) 

Helena Princess Of Hungary 

( -1199) 

Béla III King Of Hungary 

(1148-1196) 

Agnes Of Antioch Queen Of Hungary 

(1154-1184) 

Leopold VI The Glorious Duke Of 

Austria 

(1176-1230) 

Theodora Angelina 

Andrew II The Jerosolimitan King of 

Hungary 

(1177-1235) 

Yolanda de Courtenay Princess of The 

Latin Empire 

(1200-1233) 

Albert I Duke Of Saxony 

(1175-1260) 

Agnes Princess Of Austria 

James I The Conqueror King Of Aragon 

(1208-1276) 

Violant (Yolande) Queen Of Hungary 

(1215-1253) 

Burchard VIII von Rosenburg 

Jutta Albrechtsdatter Of Saxony 

(1223-1267) 

Philip III The Bold King Of France 

(1245-1285) 

Isabella Of Aragon Queen Of France 

(1247-1271) 

Erik Knudsen Gyldenstjerne 

(1240-1310) 

Sophie von Rosenburg 

(1312- ) 

Philip IV The Fair King Of France 

(1268-1314) 

Joan I Quenn of Navarre 

(1273-1305) 

Niels "höge" Eriksson Gyldenstierna 

till Ågård 

(1275- ) 

Edel Pedersdotter Saltensee 

(1280-1350) 

Edward II King Of England 

(1284-1327) 

Isabella Of France Queen Of England 

(1295-1358) 

Otto Henriksson Limbek 

(1279-1313) 

Nilsdotter Gyldenstierne 

(1285- ) 

Edward III King Of England 

(1312-1377) 

Philippa Of Hainault Queen Of England 

(1311-1369) 

Claus (Nicolaus) Ottosen Limbek 

(1312-1372) 

Ide Hartvigsdotter Krummedige 

(1310-1375) 

John Of Gaunt I Duke Of Lancaster 

(1340-1399) 

Catherine Swynford Roet 

(1350-1403) 

Benedict III, Lord of Hagenskov von 

Ahlefeldt 

(1330-1398) 

Catharine Clausdotter Limbek 

(1335-1400) 

John Beaufort 1st Earl of Somerset 

(1373-1409) 

Margaret De Holland 

(1385-1439) 

Nicolas (Claus) Benedictsen von 

Ahlefeldt 

(1359-1404) 

Anna Pogwisch 

(1369-1424) 

Edmund Beaufort Duke (2nd) of 

Somerset 

(1406-1455) 

Eleanor Beauchamp 

Benedict Clausen von Ahlefeldt 

(1395-1440) 

Catharina Dosenrode 

(1389- ) 

Humphrey Earl of Stafford 

Margaret Beaufort Countess of 

Stafford 

(1427-1474) 

Claus von Ahlefeldt, til Sögård 

(1359-1404) 

Ida Harburgi Breide 

(1409-1465) 

Henry Stafford Duke (2nd) of 

Buckingham 

(1455-1483) 

Catherine Woodville


(1458-1513) 

Eibe Pedersdotter Rantzau 

( -1522) 

Edward Stafford Duke (3rd) of 

Buckingham 

(1478-1521) 

Eleanor Percy 

Frantz Benediktsen von Ahlefeldt 

(1492-1559) 

Catharina Otttosdotter Pogwisch 

( -1599) 

Thomas Howard Duke (3rd) of Norfolk 

Elizabeth Howard Duchess of Norfolk 

(1479-1558) 

Daniel Hennekesson Rantzau 

Dorothea Frantsdotter von Ahlefeldt 

(1530-1599) 

Henry Howard Earl of Surrey 

(1517-1547) 

Frances De Vere 

Bertram Bertramsson Pogwisch 

(1572-1615) 

Magdalene Danielsdatter von Rantzau 

(1575-1634) 

Henry the Harmless Baron 7th of 

Berkeley 

(1534-1613) 

Lady Catherine Howard 

(1542-1596) 

Volf Bertramsson Pogwisch 

(1605-1635) 

Dorothea Volfsdotter Pogwisch 

(1610-1687) 

Mary Berkeley 

Frederik Ahlefeldt 

(1618-1664) 

Anne Catharine Volfsdotter Pogwisch 

(1633-1694) 

NN Zouche 

Mathias Frederiksson Von Ahlefelt Of 

Holstein 

(1664-1730) 

Elisabeth Maria Schlöpke 

( -1695) 

Devereux Wolseley 

(1617-1648) 

Elizabeth Zouche 

(1621-1663) 

Cornelius Corneliusson Von Loos 

(1686-1738) 

Margaretha Elisabeth Von Ahlefelt 

(1693-1739) 

Thomas Knipe 

(1639-1711) 

Anne Wolseley 

(1643-1685) 

Julius Hallonblad 

(1727-1806) 

Hedwig Christina Von Loos 

(1732-1777) 

Michael Arnold 

(1675-1735) 

Anne Knipe 

(1676- ) 


(1751-1825) 


(1753-1827) 

John Ross 

(1696-1766) 

Alicia Arnold 

(1713-1746) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Francis S. Key 

(1731- ) 

Anne Arnold Ross 

(1727-1811) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

John Ross Key 

(1754-1821) 

Ann Phoebe Penn Charlton 

(1756- ) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 


(1779-1843) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934)


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

George Orwell is the Half 24th cousin 3 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 

Mstislav I (Harald) Grand Duke Of 

Kiev 

(1076-1132) 

Christina Ingesdotter Princess Of 

Sweden 

(Abt 1078-1122) 

Another 

Marriage 

Mstislav I (Harald) Grand Duke Of 

Kiev 

(1076-1132) 

Liubava Dmitrievna 

Knud Eriksson Lavard King Of 

Denmark 

(1091-1131) 


(Abt 1099-1140) 


(1130-1162) 

Euphrosyne Of Kiev Queen Of 

Hungary 

(1130-1193) 

Stig Tokesen Hvide 

(1110-1151) 

Margrethe Knudsdotter Princess Of 

Denmark 

(1129- ) 


(1148-1196) 


(1154-1184) 

Anders Offesen Hvide 

NN Stigsdotter Hvide 

Andrew II The Jerosolimitan King of 

Hungary 

(1177-1235) 

Yolanda de Courtenay Princess of The 

Latin Empire 

(1200-1233) 

Peder Saltensee 

(1261- ) 

NN Andersdotter 

(1260- ) 


(1208-1276) 

Violant (Yolande) Queen Of Hungary 

(1215-1253) 

Peder Skram til Maastrup 

(1285-1320) 


(1280-1350) 


(1245-1285) 


(1247-1271) 

Erik Pedersen Skram 

(1314-1371) 


(1268-1314) 


(1273-1305) 

Christiern Eriksen Skram, til Mattrup 

(1350-1411) 

Kirsten Jespersdatter Raasted 


(1284-1327) 


(1295-1358) 

Niels Christiernsen Skram 

(1385-1468) 

Cecille Scram 


(1312-1377) 


(1311-1369) 

Erik Styggesen Rosenkrantz, til Mattrup 

(1465-1535) 

Kirsten Nielsdatter Skram 

( -1477) 

John Of Gaunt I Duke Of Lancaster 

(1340-1399) 

Blanche Duchess Of Lancaster 

(1345-1369) 

Hans Lindenov, til Fovslet 

(1450-1536) 

Berete Eriksdatter Rosenkrantz 

(1465-1537) 

John Holland Duke (1st) of Exeter 

(1358-1400) 

Elizabeth Planagenet Duchess of 

Exeter 

(1363-1426) 

Johan Reventlow 

( -1563) 

Brigitte Hansdatter Lindenov 

( -1563) 

Sir Roger Fiennes 

(1384-1449) 

Lady Elizabeth De Holland 

(1389-1449) 

Henrik Rantzau 

( -1560) 

Magdalene Reventlow 

(1526-1600) 

Sir Hugh Fenne 

(1418-1476) 

Eleanor Fiennes 

(1420-1476)

Otto von Rantzau 

( -1616) 

Dorothea Detlevsdaughter von 

Buchwald 

( -1638) 

George Neville Baron Bergavenny 

(1469-1535) 

Mary Stafford Baroness Abergavenny 

Cai Asmussen Rumohr 

(1566-1625) 

Elizabeth Ottosdaughter von Rantzau 

(1584-1607) 

Henry Neville Baron Abergavenny 

(1530-1587) 

Frances Manners 

(1532-1576) 

Cai von Ahlefeldt 

(1593-1652) 

Dorothea Rumohr 

(1595-1656) 

Thomas Fane Knight of Badsell 

(1539-1589) 

Mary Neville 

(1554-1626) 


(1618-1664) 


(1633-1694) 

Francis Fane Earl (1st) Of 

Westmorland 

(1579-1628) 

Mary Fane Countess of Westmoreland 

Mathias Frederiksson Von Ahlefelt Of 

Holstein 

(1664-1730) 


( -1695) 

Sir Francis Fane 

(1612-1680) 

Elizabeth West 

(1581-1669) 


(1686-1738) 


(1693-1739) 

Sir Francis Fane 

(1640-1691) 

Hannah Rushworth 

(1645-1706) 

Julius Reinold Hallonblad 

(1727-1806) 


(1732-1777) 

Henry Fane of Brympton 

(1669-1726) 

Anne Scrope 

(1676-1721) 


(1751-1825) 


(1753-1827) 

Thomas Fane Earl (8th) of 

Westmorland 

(1701-1771) 

Elizabeth Swymmer Countess of 

Westmoreland 

(1728-1782) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Charles Blair 

(1735- ) 

Lady Mary Fane 

(1739-1809) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Charles Blair 

(1763- ) 

Jane 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Thomas Richard Blair 

(1802-1857) 

Frances Hare 

(1820-1867) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

Richard Walmesley Blair 

(1857- ) 

Ida Limouzin 

(1875- ) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 

George Orwell 

(1903-1950) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- )


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Harriet Beecher Stowe is the 28th cousin 4 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


Richard The Fearless Duke (3rd) Of Normandy 

(0933-0996) 

Gunnora Duchess Of Normandy 

(0936-1031) 

Richard II The Good Duke Of Normandy 

(0963-1027) 

Judith Countess Of Brittany 

(0982-1017) 

Godfrey de Crispin Count Brionne 

(0967-1015) 

Richard III Duke Of Normandy 

(1004- ) 

Unknown 

Gilbert de Crispin 

(1000-1040) 

Gunnora d'Anjou 

(0984-1035) 


(1011-1048) 


(1017- ) 

Richard Fitz Earl (1st) of Clare 

(1024-1090) 

Rohese Gifford 

(1045- ) 


(Abt 1050-1093) 


(1030- ) 

Gilbert FitzRichard De Clare Earl (1st) of 

Hertford 

(1065-1114) 

Adelaide de Clermont 

(1058- ) 


(Abt 1073-1103) 

Bethoc 

Baderon de Monmoth 

Rohesia de Clare 

(1090-1149) 


(Abt 1094-1136) 

Bladak 

Hugh de Lacy Lord of Meath 

(1125-1186) 

Rohesia de Monmoth 

(1130-1181) 


(Abt 1134-1202) 


(Abt 1130- ) 

Walter de Lacy Lord of Meath 

(1172-1241) 

Margery de Brose 


Richard 'The Great' de Burgh Lord of Connaught 

(1193-1242) 

Julian de Ros 

(1164-1208) 


(1240-1280) 


(1245-1269) 

Walter de Burgh Earl 1st of Ulster 2nd Lord of 

Connaught 

(1230-1271) 

Isabelle de Burgh 


(1270-1327) 


(1274-1314) 

Richard Og The Red Earl Earl (2nd) of Ulster 

(1259-1326) 

Margaret de Burgh 

( -1304) 


(1314-1351) 


Thomas V de Multon Baron (1st) of Gillesland 

(1275-1321) 

Eleanor de Burgh 

(1282-1324) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 

Walter de Birmingham 

(1302- ) 

Elizabeth de Multon 

(1306-1344)


(Abt 1377-1413) 


(1381-1429) 

John Baron Haverington 

(1328-1363) 

Joan de Birmingham 

(1335-1359) 


(1409-1470) 


Robert Baron Haverington 

(1356-1406) 

Isabel Cogan of Hornby 



(1441- ) 

Sir John II Stanley King (Titular) of Mann 

Isabel Stanley Harrington 

(1387-1445) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

John III De Warren 

Isabel Stanley 

(1415- ) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Lawrence De Warren III 

(1430-1474) 

Isabel Holford 

(1449-1475) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

Anthony Warren 

(1467-1557) 

Margaret Leigh 

(1470- ) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Richard Warren 

(1501-1557) 

Alice Jenswaye 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

John Foote of Royston 

(1523-1558) 

Helen Warren 

(1529-1558) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Robert Foote of Shalford 

(1553-1608) 

Joane Brooke 


(1635-1704) 


Nathaniel "the Settler" Foote 

(1592-1644) 

Elizabeth Welles 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

Nathaniel Foote, II 

(1619-1655) 

Elizabeth Gull 


(1706-1783) 


(1710-1804) 

Nathaniel Foote, III 

(1647-1703) 

Margaret Bliss 

(1649-1745) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Nathaniel Foote, IV 

(1682-1774) 

Ann Clark 

(1687-1726) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Daniel Foote 

(1724-1801) 

Margaret Parsons 

(1720-1765)


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Eli Foote 

(1747-1792) 

Roxanna Ward 

(1751-1840) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Rev. Lyman Beecher 

(1775-1863) 

Roxanna Foote 

(1775-1816) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 


(1811-1896) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is the 32nd cousin 3 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


Eystein (Grumla) Ivarsson Earl Of Oplande 

(0800-0872) 

Åsa (Ascrida) Rognvaldsdotter Countess Of 

Oppland 

(Abt 0804-Abt 0890) 

Rognvald Eysteinsson "The Wise" Earl Of 

Orkney 

(Abt 0830-0892) 

Ragnhild (Hilde) Hrolfsdotter Countess of More 

(Abt 0840-0892) 

Malahulk Haldrick Eysteinsson Jarl Of Norway 

(0845-0912) 

Maud de Boulogne 

(0895-0967) 

Tore "Den Tause" Earl Of More 

(Abt 0862-0938) 

Ålov Årbot Haraldsdotter Princess Of Norway 

(0875-0932) 

Hugues I de Toeni de Cavalcamp 

(0890-0980) 

Haldruc de Theuruanna 

(0895-0964) 

Sigurd Haakonsson, Earl Of Lade 

(0895-0962) 

Bergljot Toresdatter 

(0915-0936) 

Raoul/Rodulf I de Toeni 

(0935-0975) 

Haakon II Sigurdsson King Of Norway 

Trondheim 

(0935-0995) 

Tora Skagesdotter Queen in Tröndeagen, Norway 

(0930-0974) 

Raoul II de Toeni 

(0955-1015) 

Judith Alice de Bayeux 

(0970-1015) 

Sveinn Håkonarson Ladejarl King Of Norway 

(0957-1016) 

Holmfridr Eriksdotter Princess Of Sweden 

(0972-1016) 

Roger I the Spaniard de Toeni 

(0990-1040) 

Godeheut 


(1020-1074) 


(1010-1060) 

Robert de Tosny Baron of Staffordshire 

(1031-1088) 


(1060-1103) 


(Abt 1061-1103) 

NN de Toeni 

NN de Stafford 


(1091-1131) 


(Abt 1099-1140) 

William fitzNigel de Stafford de Gresley 

(1090-1166) 

Elena Stafford 


(1131-1182) 


(1140-1198) 

Robert FitzWilliam de Gresley 

(1127-1183) 

Basilia Gresey 

(1130- ) 


(1180-1216) 


(Abt 1178-1220) 

John de la Warre Lord of Bristolton 

(1150-1213) 

Joan de Gresley 

(1155- ) 


(Abt 1188- ) 


(Abt 1213- ) 

Jordan Lord 2nd de la Warre 

(1187-1231) 


( -1310) 


(Abt 1220- ) 

John Matthew de la Warre 

(1216-1277)


(Abt 1240-1310) 


(Abt 1258-After 1307) 

Matthew de la Mare 

(1210-1270) 

Olympia de la Mare (Folkington) 

( -1265) 


( -1359) 


(1295-1328) 

Sir Peter de Montfort Lord of Beaudesert 

(1245-1287) 

Maud Matilda de la Marr 

(1246-1275) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 

Warin DeLisle 

(1277-1322) 

Alice DeLisle de Montfort 

(1268-1317) 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


(1381-1429) 

Robert De Lisle Lord Lisle de Rougemont 

(1288-1343) 

Margaret Elizabeth Rougemont 

(1295-1339) 


(1409-1470) 


John Harpur 

Elizabeth Lisle 

(1307-1348) 



(1441- ) 

Richard Harpur 

(1348- ) 

Alice 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

John Harpur 

(1389-1429) 

Isabel Appleby 

(1383-1425) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

John Harper 

(1425-1454) 

Eleanor Grobbere 

(1429-1454) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

Henry Harpur 

(1450-1499) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

William Harper 

(1470- ) 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Sir William Harper/Harpur, Sr. 

(1500-1574) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Thomas Harper, Sr. 

(1534-1608) 

Cecilia 


(1635-1704) 


Thomas Harper, Jr. 

(1560-1600) 

Christine Bilmore 

(1500-1540) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

John Pabodie 

(1590-1667) 

Isabel Harper 

(1590-1667)


(1706-1783) 


(1710-1804) 

William Pabodie 

(1620-1707) 

Elizabeth Alden 

(1624-1717) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Benjamin Bartlett, Jr. 

(1658-1724) 

Ruth Pabodie 

(1658-1725) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

John Samson 

(1688-1779) 

Priscilla Bartlett 

(1697-1758) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Peleg Wadsworth 

(1715-1799) 

Lusanna Sampson 

(1720-1788) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Peleg Wadsworth, General 

(1748-1829) 

Elizabeth Bartlett 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

Stephen Longfellow 

(1776-1849) 

Zilpah Wadsworth 

(1778-1851) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1807-1882) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Herman Melville is the Half 24th cousin 7 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 

Sigurd II The Stout Hlodvesson Earl Of Orkney 

(0960-1014) 

NN Mistress 

(0965-1000) 

Another 

Marriage 

Sigurd II The Stout Hlodvesson Earl Of Orkney 

(0960-1014) 

Donalda Mac Cinaea (Alpin) of Moray 

(0968-1034) 

Brusi Sigurdsson Earl of Orkney 

(0987-1031) 

Ostrida Regenwaldsdotter Countess of Orkney 

(0990-1010) 

Thorfinn Sigurdsson II The Black Earl Of 

Orkney 

(0989-1064) 

Ingibiorg Finnsdottir 

(1021-1066) 


(1011-1048) 


(1017- ) 

Pål Thorfinnson Earl Of Orkney 

(1049-1099) 

Ragnhild Hakonsdotter Countess of Orkney 

(1060-1105) 


(Abt 1050-1093) 


(1030- ) 

Haakon Paulsson Earl Of Orkney 

(1105-1123) 

Helga Maddansdatter 

(1080-1103) 


(Abt 1073-1103) 

Bethoc 

Matad Mormaer of Caithness 

(1085-1152) 

Margaret Haakonsdottir Duchess Of Orkney 

(1108- ) 


(Abt 1094-1136) 

Bladak 

Harald Maddadsson Earl of Orkney and 

Mormaer of Caithness 

(1130-1206) 

Hvarflod Gornflaeth Dunkeld Earl of Rose 

(1135-1215) 


(Abt 1134-1202) 


(Abt 1130- ) 

Magnus II Madadsson Earl II of Orkney 

(1180-1239) 

Gormlaith Angus de Dunkeld 


Gilbert II Magnusson Earl II of Orkney and 

Angus 

(1205-1256) 

Maud Ogilvie 

(1173- ) 


(1240-1280) 


(1245-1269) 

Magnus III of Orkney 

( -1273) 


(1270-1327) 


(1274-1314) 

Sir William Sinclair Lord (6th) of Rosslyn 

(1230-1297) 

Matilda of Orkney 

(1240-1297) 


(1314-1351) 


David Weymyss of Kincaldrum 

( -1372) 

Annabel Sinclair 

(1260-1304) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 

Sir John Weumyss of Kincaldrum 

(1368-1429) 

Isabel Erskine 

(1375-1427) 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


(1381-1429) 

David Wemyss of Kincaldrum 

(1394-1430) 

Christian Douglas 

(1395-1465)


(1409-1470) 


Henry Melville 

(1408- ) 

Elizabeth Wemyss 

(1410- ) 



(1441- ) 

John Melville 

(1434-1513) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

John Melville 

(1460-1513) 

Janet Inglis 

(1462- ) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

John Melville 

(1486- ) 

Margaret Learmonth 

(1488- ) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

John Melville 

(1507-1570) 

Agnes Strang 

(1516- ) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

John Melville 

(1542- ) 

Matilda Bethune 

(1547-1590) 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Sir John Melville 

(1568- ) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Thomas Melville 


(1635-1704) 




(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

Allan Melville 

( -1761) 

Jean Cargill 


(1706-1783) 


(1710-1804) 


(1751-1832) 

Priscilla Scollay 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Allan Melville 

(1782-1832) 

Maria Peterse Gansevoort 

(1791-1872) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 


(1819-1891) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839)


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Jack London is the Half 26th cousin twice removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


(1085-1138) 


(1097-1144) 

Another 

Marriage 


(1085-1138) 


(1085/1090-1112) 


(Abt 1123-After 1139) 


(1116-1155) 


(1105-1159) 


(1111-1157) 


(1131-1182) 


(1140-1198) 


(1105-1157) 


(1140-1185) 


(1180-1216) 


(Abt 1178-1220) 


(1157-1196) 


(1154-1208) 


(Abt 1188- ) 


(Abt 1213- ) 


(1174-1209) 



( -1310) 


(Abt 1220- ) 


(1195-1245) 



(Abt 1240-1310) 


(Abt 1258-After 1307) 


(1207-1272) 


(1223-1291) 


( -1359) 


(1295-1328) 



(1243-1296) 


(1248-1302) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 


(1281-1345) 


(1282-1322) 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


(1381-1429) 

Richard Fitzalan Earl of Arundel 

(1313-1375) 

Eleanor of Lancaster 

(1311-1372) 


(1409-1470) 


Richard Earl (11th) of Arundel 

(1346-1397) 

Elizabeth De Bohun Countess of Arundel 

(1350-1385) 



(1441- ) 

William de Beauchamp Baron (1st) of 

Abergavenny 

(1358-1411) 

Joan FitzAlan Baroness Bergavenny 

(1375-1435) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

Reybourne Baron (1st) of Abergavenny 

(1403- )


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Eleanor Beauchamp 

(1437- ) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

Emme Foster 

(1467- ) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Thomas Foster 

(1490- ) 

Fitzgefrey 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Guy Foster 

(1520- ) 

Joan Church 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Peter Foster 

(1558- ) 

Ellen 


(1635-1704) 


Thomas Foster 

(1580-1617) 

Elizabeth Seamer 

(1580-1676) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

Nicholas White 

Susanna Humhrey Foster 

(1616-1652) 


(1706-1783) 


(1710-1804) 

Samuel Hall, Sr. 

(1644-1707) 

Elizabeth White 

(1643-1707) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

John Hall 

(1666-1737) 

Esther Bell 

(1672-1773) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Samuel Wellman 

(1699-1730) 

Charity Hall 

(1704-1773) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Adam Wellman 

(1745-1802) 

Esther Mann 

(1749-1782) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Joel Wellman 

(1771- ) 

Betsy Baker 

(1776-1813) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

Marshall Wellman 

(1800- ) 

Elinor Jones 

(1801- ) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 

William Chaney 

(1821-1903) 

Flora Chaney-London Wellman 

(1843-1922)


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 

Jack London 

(1876-1916) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

James Fenimore Cooper is the 24th cousin 6 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 



(Abt 1012-1067) 


(1009-1079) 


(Abt 1038-1093) 


(Abt 1030-1113) 


England 

(1027-1087) 


England 

(1031-1083) 


Denmark 

(1043-1086) 


Denmark 

(Abt 1058-Abt 1115) 

Henry I "Beauclerc" King Of 

England 

(1068-1135) 

Sybil (Adeliza) Lady of Alcester 

(1075-1157) 


(1070-1130) 


Denmark 

(1081-1146) 

Reginald de Dunstanville Earl (1st) of 

Cornwall 

(1100-1175) 

Beatrice (Mabilia) fitzWilliaim 

(1114-1162) 


(Abt 1098- ) 


Sweden 

(1102- ) 

Ralph de Valletort of Trematon 

Joan FitzRoy de Dunstanville of 

Cornwall 

(1150- ) 


(Abt 1134-1202) 


(Abt 1130- ) 

Joel de Valletort of North Tawton 

(1170-1188) 

Emma de Valletort 


Philip de Valletort of North Tawton 

(1210-1259) 

Joan de Cornwall 

(1212- ) 


(1240-1280) 


(1245-1269) 

John de Valletort of North Tawton 

(1240-1294) 

NN de Columbers 

(1245- ) 


(1270-1327) 


(1274-1314) 

Ralph Edmond Valletort 

(1262-1310) 

Lucia le Bret 

(1275-1310) 


(1314-1351) 


Sir Richard de Champernowne of 

Modbury 

(1284-1338) 

Elizabeth Joan le Bret de Valletort 

(1288-1316) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 

Oliver de Champernon 

(1300-1346) 

Egelin Valletort 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


Tofta 

(1381-1429) 

William Gilbert, Sir 

(1327-1380) 

Elizabeth Champernowne 

(1335-1380)


Sweden 

(1409-1470) 


Otto Gilbert 

(1396-1430) 

Isabella Hill 

(1392- ) 



(1441- ) 

Sir Otho Gilbert of Compton 

(1418-1493) 

Elizabeth Hill 

(1434-1456) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

John Gilbert, II 

(1425-1494) 

Elizabeth Crocker 

(1487- ) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

John Gilbert, III 

(1475-1546) 

Joan Hackett 

(1478- ) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

Henry Ashley 

(1515-1549) 

Radigan Gilbert 

(1500-1538) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Anthony Ashley 

(1541-1651) 

Dorothy Lyte 

(1545-1601) 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Anthony Ashley, 1st Baronet 

( -1628) 

Jane Okeover 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

John Cooper of Bockburne 

Ann Elizabeth Ashley 

(1602-1628) 


(1635-1704) 


George Cooper 

(1621-1682) 

Elizabeth Oldfield 

(1625-1683) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

James Cooper 

(1661-1732) 

Hester 

(1663-1706) 


(1706-1783) 


(Orenius) 

(1710-1804) 

William Cooper 

(1701-1736) 

Mary Groom 

(1705-1772) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

James Cooper 

(1729-1795) 

Hannah Hibbs 

( -1777) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

William Cooper 

(1754-1809) 

Elizabeth Fenimore 

(1752-1817) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 


(1789-1851)


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Jane Austen is the 26th cousin 5 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 



(Abt 1012-1067) 


(1019-1079) 


(Abt 1038-1093) 


(Abt 1030-1113) 


(1030-1070) 

Richilde Countess Of Mons And Hainaut 

Saint Canute IV The Holy King Of Denmark 

(1043-1086) 

Adele Of Flandern Queen Of Denmark 

(Abt 1058-Abt 1115) 


(1056-1098) 

Ida Of Leuven 


(1070-1130) 

Ingegärd Knutsdotter Princess Of Denmark 

(1081-1146) 


(1088-1120) 



(Abt 1098- ) 

Ulfhild (Sigrid) Björnsdotter Princess Of Sweden 

(1102- ) 

Sir Roger de Toeni III Lord of Flamstead 


(1110- ) 

Magnus Folkunga Earl Of Minniskiöld 

N. N. 


Goda de Toeni 

(1140-1186) 

Sigtrygg Bengtsson Boberg 

(1197-1260) 

Hafrid Magnusdotter Minneskiöld 

(1178- ) 


(1155-1214) 


(1172-1252) 

Karl Ingeborgasson Lejonbalk 

(1226-1273) 

Ulfhild Sigtryggsdotter Boberg 

(1225-1263) 

Walter II de Beauchamp Baron of Elmley 

Joane Isabel De Mortimer 

(1194-1268) 


(Abt 1230-1281) 


William de Beauchamp Baron of Elmley 

(1215-1268) 

Isabel Maudult 

(1214-1268) 


(Abt 1240-1310) 


(Abt 1258-After 1307) 

Sir Richard Talbot IV Baron of Eccleswell 

(1250-1306) 

Sarah de Beauchamp 

(1255-1318) 


( -1359) 


(1295-1328) 

Sir Paine III Baron Tuberville of Coyty 

GwenIlian De Tuberville de Talbot 

(1280-1346) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 

William Gamage 

(1306-1325) 

Sarah de Tuberville 

(1300-1359) 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


(1381-1429) 

Gilbert de Gamage of Rogald 

(1328-1382) 

Lettice Seymour 

(1338-1372) 


(1409-1470) 


Sir William Gamage 

(1358-1419) 

Mary Rodburgh 

(1386- )



(1441- ) 

Sir Thomas Gamage Lord of Coytey 

Matilda Dennis 

(1388-1444) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

Roger "of Llanthony" Arnold 

Joan Gamage 

(1444-1470) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Richard Rowdon 

Cicely Arnold 

(1472-1558) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

William Reade 

(1485-1534) 

Catherine Rowdon 

(1495-1512) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Sir Richard Berkley 

(1538-1600) 

Elizabeth Ann Reade 

(1524-1580) 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Sir Thomas Throckmorton II 

(1538-1606) 

Lady Elizabeth Berkley 

(1544-1581) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

James Scudamore High Sheriff of Hereforeshire 

Mary Throckmorton 

(1571-1622) 


(1635-1704) 


Giles Brydges 

(1565-1637) 

Mary Scudamore 

(1600-1629) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

John Brydges 

(1623-1651) 

Mary Pearle 

(1618-1682) 


(1706-1783) 


(1710-1804) 

Sir James Brydges 

(1642-1714) 

Elizabeth Bernard 

(1642-1719) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Theophilus Leigh 

(1648-1725) 

Mary Brydges 

(1666-1703) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Thomas Leigh, Rev. 

(1703-1764) 

Jane Walker 

(1704-1768) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

George Austen, Rev. 

(1731-1805) 

Cassandra Leigh 

(1739-1827) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Jane Austen 

(1775-1817)


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Johan Ludvig Runeberg is the 4th cousin 5 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


Matts Johansson Torp Svartsjö 

(1673-1759) 

Maria Henriksdotter Norrena Hyytinen 

(1663-1754) 

Anders Mattson Svartsjö Hästbacka 

(1707-1749) 

Brita Jakobsdotter Hästbacka 

(1715-1744) 

Matts Mattsson Svartsjö Nyman 

(1698-1778) 

Beata Persdotter Berg 

(1701-1773) 

Johan Andersson Skullbacka 

(1731-1799) 

Magdalena Andersdotter Hästbacka 

(1735-1808) 

Niclas Mattsson Malm 

(1724-1785) 

Maria Mattsdotter Nyman 

(1726-1803) 

Anders Andersson Granbacka 

(1774-1832) 

Anna Johansdotter Skullbacka 

(1772-1830) 

Johan Malm 

(1751-1804) 

Anna Maria Sten 

(1760-1791) 

Johan Andersson Granbacka Granholm 

(1812-1877) 

Brita Cajsa Fredriksdotter Bexar 

(1817-1881) 

Lorens Ulrik Runeberg 

(1772-1834) 

Anna Maria Malm 

(1782-1834) 

Anders Gustaf Johansson Granholm 

(1841-1901) 

Brita Andersdotter Djupsjö 

(1840-1903) 


(1804-1879) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

John Steinbeck is the 29th Cousin of Anna Kristiina Applegate 



(1130-1162) 

Euphrosyne Of Kiev Queen Of Hungary 

(1130-1193) 

Leopold V The Virtuous Duke Of Austria 

(1157-1194) 


( -1199) 


(1148-1196) 


(1154-1184) 

Leopold VI The Glorious Duke Of Austria 

(1176-1230) 


Andrew II The Jerosolimitan King of Hungary 

(1177-1235) 

Yolanda de Courtenay Princess of The Latin 

Empire 

(1200-1233) 


(1175-1260) 



(1208-1276) 

Violant Queen Of Hungary 



(1223-1267) 


(1245-1285) 


(1247-1271) 


(1240-1310) 


(1312- ) 


(1268-1314) 


(1273-1305) 

Niels "höge" Eriksson Gyldenstierna till Ågård 

(1275- ) 


(1280-1350) 


(1284-1327) 


(1295-1358) 


(1279-1313) 


(1285- ) 


(1312-1377) 


(1311-1369) 


(1312-1372) 


(1310-1375) 

Lionel Of Antwerp, Duke Of Clarence 

Elizabeth De Burgh, Countess 4th Of Ulster 

(1332-1363) 

Benedict III, Lord of Hagenskov von Ahlefeldt 

(1330-1398) 


(1335-1400) 

Edmund Mortimer Earl (3rd) Of March 

(1351-1381) 

Philippa, Countess Of March And Ulster 

(1355-1382) 

Nicolas (Claus) Benedictsen von Ahlefeldt 

(1359-1404) 

Anna Pogwisch 

(1369-1424) 

Sir John King 

(1415-1475) 

Agnes Mortimer 

(1372-1417) 


(1395-1440) 


(1389- ) 

Sir Ralph King 

(1390-1440) 

Phoebe Berkamstead 


(1359-1404) 


(1409-1465) 

Sir John King 

(1415-1475) 

Lady Margaret Ferrers 

(1405-1452)


(1458-1513) 


( -1522) 

Sir William King 

(1440-1500) 

Agnes Fields 

(1445-1468) 


(1492-1559) 


( -1599) 

Sir Ralph Kinge 

(1465-1530) 

Lady Joanna Ugborough 

Johan 'Hans' Fredriksen von Ahlefeldt 

(1526-1559) 


(1530-1599) 

Sir John Kinge 

(1485-1540) 

Lady Alice Slyny 

(1493-1545) 

Fredrerik von Ahlefeldt 

(1551-1607) 

Dorothea Didriksdatter Blome 

(1575-1643) 

Sir Thomas King 

(1506- ) 

Lady Isabella Johns 

(1509-1540) 


(1593-1652) 


(1595-1656) 


(1533-1602) 

Lady Rebecca Chalk 

(1536-1605) 


(1618-1664) 


(1633-1694) 

Thomas Morse, Jr. 

(1538-1597) 

Margaret King 

(1551-1585) 

Mathias Frederiksson Von Ahlefelt Of Holstein 

(1664-1730) 


( -1695) 

Samuel Morse 

(1576-1654) 

Elizabeth Jasper 

(1578-1655) 


(1686-1738) 


(1693-1739) 

Thomas Barnard, Jr. 

(1608-1677) 

Eleanor Morse 

(1612-1694) 


(1727-1806) 


(1732-1777) 

Joseph Peaslee, II 

(1645-1734) 

Ruth Barnard 

(1651-1723) 


(1751-1825) 


(1753-1827) 

Nathanien Peasley 

(1682-1775) 

Judith Kimball 

(1682-1741) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Christpher Sargent 

(1704-1790) 

Susannah Peasley 

(1712-1785) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Ezekiel Hale 

(1725-1769) 

Mary Sargent 

( -1818) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Tilly Butrick 

(1754- ) 

Abigail Hale 

(1756- ) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

Micah Eldredge 

(1776-1849) 

Sarah Butrick 

(1779-1866)


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 

Walter Dickson, III 

(1799- ) 

Sarah Eldredge 

(1800- ) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 

Johan Ernst Grossteinbeck 

(1832-1880) 

Almira Ann Dickson 

(1828-1880) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1874-1934) 

Olive Hamilton 

(1877-1920) 


(1987- ) 


(1902-1968)

Jonathan Swift is the 27th cousin 7 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 



(0800-0872) 


Oppland 

(Abt 0804-Abt 0890) 

Harald I (Hårfager) King Of Norway 

(0850-0933) 

Svanhild Eysteinsdotter 

( -0892) 


(0845-0912) 


(0895-0967) 

Olaf II Haraldsson Geirstadalf King Of 

Vingulmark 

(0877-0934) 

Richard I Viscount of Contentin 

(0895-0933) 

Niece de Normanidi 

Ragnvald Olafsson Count Of Polatsk 

(0925-0978) 

Ingeborg Tryggvesdotter Princess Of Norway 

(0930- ) 

Asperling de Vadreuil, I 

(0925-0975) 

Sprota (Adela) de Senlis 

(0915-0940) 

Brusi Sigurdsson Earl of Orkney 

(0987-1031) 

Ostrida Regenwaldsdotter Countess of Orkney 

(0990-1010) 

Raoul d'Ivry Count d'Ivry et Bayeux 

(0945-1015) 

Aubree de Caux 

(0960-1010) 


(1011-1048) 


(1017- ) 

Osborn de Crapon Steward of Normandy 

Emma Countess d'Ivry et Bayeux 

(0995-1034) 


(Abt 1050-1093) 


(1030- ) 

William Fitzosbern Earl (1st) of Hereford 

(1038-1071) 

Adeliza de Tosny Countess of Hereford 

(1035-1070) 


(Abt 1073-1103) 

Bethoc 

Ralph I de Gael Earl (1st) of Norfolk 

(1039-1096) 

Emma Amice Vermandois de Gael 

(1054-1095) 


(Abt 1094-1136) 

Bladak 

Sir Robert de Beaumont Earl of Leicester 

Amice de Gael 

(1094-1168) 


(Abt 1134-1202) 


(Abt 1130- ) 

Ralph de Toeni V Lord of Flamstead 

(1132-1162) 

Margaret De Beaumont 

(1125-1185) 


Sir Roger le Bigod Earl (2nd) of Norfolk 

(1150-1221) 

Ida de Tosny Countess 

(1154-1199) 


(1240-1280) 


(1245-1269) 

Hugh Bigod Earl (3rd) of Norfolk 

(1186-1225) 

Maud Marchal Countess of Norfolk 


(1270-1327) 


(1274-1314) 

John Fitx-Geoffrey Lord of Shere 

Isabel de Bigod 

(1212-1250)


(1314-1351) 


William de Beauchamp Earl of Warwick 

Matilda FitzJohn Countess of Warwick 

(1237-1301) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 

Hugh Despenser Earl of Winchester 

Isabella de Beauchamp Countess of Winchester 

(1262-1306) 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


(1381-1429) 

Hugh IV Lord (1st) Despenser 

(1286-1326) 

Eleanor de Clare Baroness Despenser 


(1409-1470) 


Sir Edward le Despenser 

(1310-1342) 

Anne de Ferres 

(1315-1367) 



(1441- ) 

Edward Baron le Despenser 

(1336-1375) 

Elizabeth Baroness Burghersh 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

Robert Baron Ferrers of Chartley 

Margaret Despenser 

(1365-1415) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Sir Thomas Green High Sheriff of 

Northamptonshire 

(1400-1462) 

Philippa Ferrers 

(1400-1427) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

William Raleigh 

(1415-1461) 

Elizabeth de Greene 

(1421-1460) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Sir Edward Raleigh 

(1441-1509) 

Margaret de Verney 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Sir Edward Raleigh, II 

(1470-1517) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

John Cope 

(1504-1558) 

Bridget Raleigh 

(1506-1558) 


(1635-1704) 


John Dryden 

(1524-1584) 

Elizabeth Cope 

(1529-1584) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

Nicholas Dryden 

(1571-1609) 

Mary Emyley 


(1706-1783) 


(1710-1804) 

Rev. Thomas Swift 

(1595-1658) 

Elizabeth Swift Dryden 

(1597-1658)

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Jonathan Swift, Sr. 

(1640-1667) 

Abigail Erick 

(1642-1700) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 


(1667-1745) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Eilder is the 29th cousin 6 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


Theobald I Count Of Blois 

( -0978) 

Luitgarde Of Vermandois 

(0914-0978) 

William IV Iron Arm Duke Of Aquitaine 

(0937-0994) 

Emma Of Blois 

Bouchard I de Bray 

Hildegarde of Blois 

(0940-1008) 

William V The Great Duke Of Aquitaine 

(0969-1030) 

Agnes Duchess Of Burgundy 

Thibaut de Bray 

(0983-1031) 

Henry III The Black Holy Roman Emperor King Of 

Germany 

Agnes Of Poitou Holy Roman Empress 

(1025-1077) 

Guy de Bray Seigneur de Monthéry 

(1009-1095) 

Hodierne de Gometz 

(1014-1074) 

Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor King Of 

Germany 

(1050-1106) 

Bertha Of Savoy 

Josselin Seigneur de Courtenay 

Elisabeth de Monthéry 

(1040- ) 

Saint Leopold III Margrave Of Austria 

(1073-1136) 

Agnes Princess Of Germany 

(1072-1143) 

Miles Seigneur de Courtenay 

(1068-1127) 

Ermengarde de Nevers 

(1073-1100) 

Henry II Jasomirgott Duke Of Austria 

(1107-1177) 

Theodora Komnene Duchess Of Austria 

( -1184) 

Renaud Seigneur de Courtenay 

(1105-1160) 

Helen de Corbell 

(1095- ) 


(1157-1194) 


( -1199) 

Renaud II de Courtenay 

(1125-1194) 

Hawise Courcy 


(1176-1230) 


Robert de Courtenay Baron of Okehampton 

(1170-1242) 

Mary de Vernon De Courtenay 


(1175-1260) 


John Courtenay Baron of Okehampton 

(1224-1274) 

Isabel De Vere 

(1222-1300) 



(1223-1267) 

Hugh de Courtenay Baron of Okehampton 

(1249-1291) 

Eleanor le Despencer 

(1262-1328) 


(1240-1310) 


(1312- ) 

Hugh Courtenay Earl of Devon 

(1275-1340) 

Agnes St John Countess of Devon 


(1275- ) 


(1280-1350) 

Thomas De Courtenay 

(1311-1356) 

Muriel de Moels 

(1322-1359) 


(1279-1313) 


(1285- ) 

Sir John de Dimham 

(1318-1383) 

Muriel de Moels 

(1340-1369)


(1312-1372) 


(1310-1375) 

Sir John 5th Lord Dimham 

(1359-1428) 

Philippa Lovel 

(1392-1465) 


(1330-1398) 


(1335-1400) 

Sir John 6th Lord Dimham 

(1406-1457) 

Joan Arches Baroness Dinham 

(1410-1497) 


(1359-1404) 

Anna Pogwisch 

(1369-1424) 

Sir Thomas Arundel 

(1454-1485) 

Catherine Dimham 

(1453-1501) 


(1395-1440) 


(1389- ) 

Sir Edward Stradling 

(1474-1535) 

Elizabeth Arundel 

(1484-1513) 


(1359-1404) 


(1409-1465) 

Sir Thomas Palmer, III 

(1498-1586) 

Catherine Stradling 

(1512-1585) 


(1458-1513) 


( -1522) 

Sir John William Palmer, Sr. 

(1544-1661) 

Elizabeth Verney 

(1557-1592) 


(1492-1559) 


( -1599) 

John Rowley 

(1574-1599) 

Sarah Palmer 

(1587-1633) 


(1526-1559) 


(1530-1599) 

Henry Rowley 

(1598-1673) 

Ann Helsdon 

(1584-1691) 


(1551-1607) 


(1575-1643) 

Capt. Jonathan Hatch 

Sarah Rowley 

(1625-1710) 


(1593-1652) 


(1595-1656) 

Capt. Joseph Hatch 

(1654-1738) 

Dorcas Sprague 

(1672- ) 


(1618-1664) 


(1633-1694) 

Capt. Jonathan Delano, II 

(1680-1752) 

Amy Allen Hatch 

(1687-1752) 


(1664-1730) 


( -1695) 

Jabez Delano 

(1708-1752) 

Prudence Morgan Hibbard 


(1686-1738) 


(1693-1739) 

Jonathan Delano 

(1735-1811) 

Anne Parker Ladd 

(1734-1816) 


(1727-1806) 


(1732-1777) 

Samuel Ingalls, Sr. 

(1771-1841) 

Margaret Delano 

(1773-1837)


(1751-1825) 


(1753-1827) 

Lansford W. Ingalls 

(1812-1896) 

Laura Colby 

(1810-1883) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Charles Phillip Ingalls 

(1836-1902) 

Caroline L. Quiner 

(1839-1926) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Eilder 

(1867-1957) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Relationship Chart 1 

Thomas Edward "Lawrence of Arabia" is the 29th cousin of Anna Kristiina Applegate 



(Abt 1012-1067) 


(1009-1079) 


(Abt 1033-1093) 


(Abt 1030-1113) 

William I The Conqueror King Of England 

(1027-1087) 

Matilda Of Flanders Queen Of England 

(1031-1083) 


(1043-1086) 


(Abt 1085-Abt 1115) 

William I De Warenne Earl (1St) Of Surrey 

(1055-1088) 

Gundred Countess Of Surrey 

(1063-1085) 


(1078-1140) 


(1086-1150) 

William De Warenne Earl (2Nd) Of Surrey 

(1065-1138) 

Isabel Elizabeth Of Vermandois Countess Of 

Leicester 

(1085-1131) 


(0111- ) 

Ulfhild (Sigrid) Björnsdotter Lakman, 

Princess Of Sweden 

(1102- ) 

Henry Earl Of Huntingdon Prince Of The Scots 

(1114-1152) 

Adele (Ada) De Warenne 

(1120-1178) 

Magnus Folkunga Earl Of Minneskiöld 

(1150-1210) 

Ingrid Ylva Sunesdotter Of Bjelbo 

(1190-1251) 

William I The Lion King Of The Scots 

(1143-1214) 

Unknown 

Birger Magnusson Jarl Of Bielbo 

(1200-1266) 

Unknown 

Patrick I Earl Of Dunbar 

(1152-1232) 

Ada 

( -1200) 

Gregers Birgersson Oäkta Folkungaätten 

(1230-1276) 

Patrick II Earl Of Dunbar 

(1185-1249) 

Euphemia 

Magnus Gregersson Oäkta Folkungaätten 

(1285-1326) 

Ingegerd 

Patrick III Earl (7Th) Of Dunbar 

(1213-1289) 

Marjory Carnyn 

Karl Magnusson Oäkta Folkungaätten 

(1321-1347) 

Cecilia Birgersdotter 

(1309-1347) 

James Stewart 

Cecilia De Dunbar 

Filip Karlsson Folkunge 

(Bef 1359-1407) 

Ingeborg Kethvasdotter 

Walter Stewart 

Marjorie Bruce 

Nils Hermansson Kurke Till Villnäs 

(1400-1428) 

Cecilia Filipsdotter Oäkta Folkungaätten 

(1375-1435) 

Robert II The Steward King Of Scots 

(1316-1390) 

Elizabeth Mure of Rowallan 

(1320-1354) 

Magnus Klausson Fleming 

(1410-After 1450) 

Elin Nilsdotter Kurki 

(1410-1486) 

Sir James Sandilands of Calder 

Lady Jean Steward Princess Of Scotland 

(1350-1404) 

Produced by Legacy on 5 Oct 2014



(1440-Bef 1490) 


(1450-1495) 

Sir Gilbert Kennedy Of Dunure 

(1348-1408) 

Marilyn Sandilands of Calder 

(1340-1380) 


(1480-1532) 


(1490-1543) 

Gilbert Kennedy Of Dunure 

( -1440) 


( -1570) 


( -1573) 

Hew Kennedy 1st of Bargany 


(Abt 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Gilbert Kennedy 2nd of Bargany 

(1441- ) 

Katherine 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Thomas Kennedy 3rd of Bargany 

(1461- ) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Alexander Kennedy 4th of Bargany 

(1491- ) 

Mariot Dunbar of Michrum 


(1635-1704) 


Thomas Kennedy 5th of Bargany 

(1500- ) 

Margaret Campbell of Loudon 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

James Dalrymple of Stair 

(1530-1586) 

Isabel Kennedy of Bargany 

(1540- ) 


(1706-1783) 


(1710-1804) 

James Dalrymple of Drummurchie 

(1589-1625) 

Janet 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Sir James Dalrymple Viscount Stair 

(1619-1695) 

Margaret Ross Viscountess Stair 

(1623-1692) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Hon. Sir David Dalrymple of Haikes 

(1655-1721) 

Janet Rocheid 

(1662-1726) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Hugh Dalrymple-Murray 

( -1741) 

Isobell Sommervill 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Sir Gilber tElliot Baronet 

(1722-1777) 

Agnes Dalrymple Kynynmound 

(1734-1778) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

William Eden Baron Auckland 

(1745-1814) 

Eleanor Eden 

(1758-1818) 




(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 

Arthur Vansittart 

(1775-1828) 

Caroline Eden 

(1780-1851) 



Sir William Chapman, 6th Baronet 

(1811-1889) 

Louisa Vansittart 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 

Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet 

Sarah Lawrence (Junner) 


(1987- ) 

Thomas Edward "Lawrence of Arabia" 

(1888-1935) 


Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy Count is the 24th cousin 4 times removed of Anna and Erik Applegate 



Poland 

(1085-1138) 


(1097-1144) 

Volodar Glebovitj Of Minsk Prince Of 

Russia 

(Abt 1123-After 1139) 

Richia Sventoslava Princess Of 

Poland 

(1116-1155) 

Casimir II The Just High Duke Of 

Poland 

(1138-1194) 

Helena Duchess Of Znojmo 


(1131-1182) 

Sofiya Vladimirovna Princess Of 

Russia 

(1140-1198) 

Vsevolod "Cherminiy" III Prince of 

Chernigov 

( -1215) 

Anastasia Duchess of Poland 

(1164-1197) 


(1180-1216) 

Richiza Valdemarsdotter Princess Of 

Denmark 

(Abt 1178-1220) 

Michail "the Saint" Prince of 

Chernigov 

Marija Romanowna of Halicz 


(Abt 1188- ) 

Märtha Eriksdotter Princess Of 

Sweden 

(Abt 1213- ) 

Vasilko Prince of Rostov 

(1208- ) 

Marija Michailovna of Tschernigow 


( -1310) 


(Abt 1220- ) 

Boris Vasilkovich Grand Duke of 

Rostow Grand Duke of Rostow 

(1231-1277) 

Marija Jaroslavna of Murom 


(Abt 1240-1310) 


(Abt 1258-After 1307) 

Konstantin II Borissowitsch Grand 

Duke of Rostow 

(1255-1307) 


( -1359) 


(1295-1328) 

Wassilij Konstantinowitsch Grand 

Duke of Rostow 

(1291-1320) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 

Konstantin III Wasiljewitsch Duke of 

Rostow 

(1312-1365) 

Maria Iwanowna of Moscow 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


Tofta 

(1381-1429) 

Dmitry IV Konstantinovitsch 

(1323-1383) 

Vasilia Anna Duchess of Rostow 


Sweden 

(1409-1470) 


Dimitrij IV of Moscow Donskoi 

(1350-1389) 

Jewdokija Dimitrijewna Dmitrievna 

(1352-1407) 



(1441- ) 

Jurij Patrikijevitch 

Anna Dimitrievna of Moscow 

(1387- ) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

Wassilij Jurjevitch Prince Patrikijew


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Ivan Bulgak Wasiljevich Prince 

Patrikijew 

( -1498) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Bulgakow 

'Golitza' 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Prince Yuri Mikhailovich Bulgakow- 

Golitzyn 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Prince Ivan Yurievich Bulgakow- 

Golitzyn 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Prince Andrey Ivanovich 'Skourika' 

Galitzin 


(1635-1704) 


Prince Andrey Andreevich Galitzin 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

Prince Vasily Andreevich Galitzin 

Tatiana Ivanovna Romodanovsky 


(1706-1783) 


(Orenius) 

(1710-1804) 

Yury Petrovich Trubetskoy 

Princess Irina Vasilievna Galitzina 

( -1679) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Prince Youri Yourievich Trubetskoy 

(1668-1739) 

Elena Gregorievna Tcherkassky 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Prince Dmitri Iurievich Trubetskoy 

( -1792) 

Varvara Ivanovna Odoyevsky 

( -1788) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Princess Catherine Dmitrievna 

Trubetskoy 

(1753-1792) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy Count 

(1797-1837) 

Maria Volkonskaya Countess, Heiress 

of Jasnaja Poljana 

(1790-1830) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy Count 

(1828-1920) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004)


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 

Anna and Erik Applegate

Lewis Carroll is the 21st cousin 9 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


Sancho I King Of Portugal 

(1154-1212) 

Dulce Berenguer Queen Of Portugal 

(1160-1198) 

Valdemar II The Victorious King Of 

Denmark 

(1170-1241) 

Berengaria Princess Of Portugal 

(1194-1221) 

Afonso II King Of Portugal 

(1185-1223) 

Urraca Of Castile Queen Of Portugal 

(1186-1220) 

Christoffer I King Of Denmark 

(1219-1259) 

Margarethe Sambiria Of Pomerania 

Afonso III King Of Portugal 

(1210-1279) 

Beatrice Of Castile Queen Of Portugal 

(1242-1303) 

Erik V Klipping King Of Danmark 

(1249-1282) 

Agnes Von Brandenburg 

(1257- ) 

Denis The Farmer King Of Portugal 

(1261-1325) 

Saint Elizabeth Queen Of Portugal 

(1271-1336) 

Christopher II King Of Denmark 

(1276-1332) 

Eufemia Von Pommern 

Afonso IV The Brave King Of 

Portugal 

(1291-1357) 

Beatrice Of Castile Queen Of Portugal 

(1293-1359) 

Erik Christoffersen Lovenbalk 

(1310- ) 

Alfonso XI the Just King Of Castile 

(1311-1350) 

Maria Princess Of Portugal 

(1313-1357) 

Niels Eriksen Lovenbalk 

(1330-After 1377) 

Sophie Johansdatter Ranzau 

Peter The Cruel King Of Castile 

(1334-1369) 

Maria de Padilla 

( -1361) 

Jens Nielsen Lovenbalk 

Ellen Pedersdatter 

Edmund of Langley 1st Duke of York 

Isabella of Castile Duchesss of York 

(1355-1392) 

Erik Jensen Lovenbalk 

Karen Pedersdotter Gyldenstierne 

Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl Of 

Cambridge 

(1385-1415) 

Anne De Mortimer 

(1390-1411) 

Erik Erikssen Lovenbalk 

(1332- ) 

Thore Eriksdotter Hvas af Ormstrup 

Richard Plantagenet Duke (3rd) of 

York 

(1411-1460) 

Cecily Neville, Duchess Of York 

(1415-1495) 

Lydeke Olofsson Djäkn 

Sophie Eriksdotter Lövenbalk 

(1356-1412) 

Sir Richard Pole 

(1487-1504) 

Margaret Pole the Blessed Countess of 

Salisbury 

(1473-1541) 

Claes Lydekesson Djäkn 

(1379-1437) 

Christina Jönsdotter Garp 

(1380-1435) 

Henry Pole 1st Baron Montagu 

(1492-1539) 

Jane Neville 

Claus (Klas) Pedersson Fleming 

(1360-1427) 

Cecilia Klausdotter Djekn 

(1370- ) 

Francis Hastings 2nd Earl of 

Huntingdon 

Catherine Pole 

(1511-1576)

Magnus Klasson Fleming 

(1410-After 1450) 

Elin Nilsdotter Kurck 

(1410-1486) 

George Hastings 4th Earl of 

Huntingdon 

(1540-1604) 

Dorothy Port 


(1440-Bef 1490) 


(1450-1495) 

Francis Baron Hastings 

(1560-1595) 

Sarah Harington 


(1480-1532) 


(1490-1543) 

Philip Stanhope 1st Earl of Chesterfield 

Cathrine Hastings 


( -1570) 


( -1573) 

Sir Richard Hoghton 3rd Baronet 

(1616-1678) 

Sarah Stanhope 

( -1698) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Sir Charles Houghton 4th Baronet 

(1651-1710) 

Mary Skeffington 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Thomas Lutwidge 

(1693-1747) 

Lucy Hoghton 

( -1780) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Henry Lutwidge 

(1724-1798) 

Jane Molyneux 


(1635-1704) 


Charles Lutwidge 

(1768-1848) 

Elizabeth Anne Dodgson 

( -1836) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

Charles Dodgson 

( -1868) 

Frances Jane Lutwidge 

( -1851) 


(1706-1783) 


(Orenius) 

(1710-1804) 

Lewis Carroll 

(1832-1898) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905)


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Louisa May Alcott is the 28th cousin twice removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 



(Abt 1012-1067) 


(1009-1079) 


(Abt 1038-1093) 


(Abt 1030-1113) 


(1030-1070) 


Hainaut 


Denmark 

(1043-1086) 


Denmark 

(Abt 1058-Abt 1115) 


(1056-1098) 

Ida Of Leuven 


(1070-1130) 


Denmark 

(1081-1146) 


(1088-1120) 



(Abt 1098- ) 


Sweden 

(1102- ) 


Flamstead 


(1110- ) 


(Abt 1134-1202) 


(Abt 1130- ) 


Goda de Toeni 

(1140-1186) 



(1158-1214) 


(1172-1252) 


(1240-1280) 


(1245-1269) 


(1166- ) 


(1179-1225) 


(1270-1327) 


(1274-1314) 


(1197-1268) 


(1220-1268) 


(1314-1351) 



Warwick 

(1238-1298) 


(1245-1301) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 


(1270-1359) 


(1274-1326) 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


Tofta 

(1381-1429) 


(1324-1415) 


(1326-1390) 


Sweden 

(1409-1470) 



(1350-1427) 


(1354-1438)



(1441- ) 


(1382-1445) 


Coughton 

(1381-1466) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

Thomas William Wynslow 

(1410-1463) 

Agnes Throckmorton 

(1420- ) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

John Giffard 

(1431-1506) 

Agnes Wynslow 

(1439- ) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

Thomas Giffard 

(1460-1511) 

Joan/Jane Langston 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Richard Samuel Samwell 

Amy Anna Giffard 

(1485- ) 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Peter Edwards 

(1490-1552) 

Susanna Samwell 

(1515- ) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Edward Edwards 

(1537-1591) 

Ursula Coles 

(1544-1605) 


(1635-1704) 


Henry Freeman 

(1560-1594) 

Margaret Edwards 

(1564-1600) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

John Thompson, IV 

(1577-1627) 

Alice Freeman 

(1586-1665) 


(1706-1783) 


(Orenius) 

(1710-1804) 

Joseph Wise 

(1610-1684) 

Mary Elinor Thompson 

(1619-1693) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Stephen Williams, Captain 

(1640-1720) 

Sarah Wise 

(1647-1728) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Joseph Williams 

(1682-1720) 

Abigail Davis 

(1687-1771) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Joseph Williams, Jr 

(1708-1798) 

Martha Howell 

(1712-1766) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Samuel May 

(1722-1794) 

Abigail Williams 

(1740-1811)


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

Joseph May 

(1760-1841) 

Dorothy Sewall 

(1758-1825) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 

Amos Bronson Alcott 

(1799-1888) 

Abigail Abba May 

(1800-1877) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1832-1888) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Margaret Mitchell is the 35th Cousin of Anna Kristiina Applegate 



(0800-0872) 


Oppland 

(Abt 0804-Abt 0890) 

Rognvald Eysteinsson "The Wise" Earl Of 

Orkney 

(Abt 0830-0892) 

Ragnhild (Hilde) Hrolfsdotter Countess of More 

(Abt 0840-0892) 


(0845-0912) 


(0895-0967) 

Tore "Den Tause" Earl Of More 

(Abt 0862-0938) 

Ålov Årbot Haraldsdotter Princess Of Norway 

(0875-0932) 

Hugues I de Toeni de Cavalcamp 

(0890-0980) 

Haldruc de Theuruanna 

(0895-0964) 

Sigurd Haakonsson, Earl Of Lade 

(0895-0962) 

Bergljot Toresdatter 

(0915-0936) 

Raoul/Rodulf I de Toeni 

(0935-0975) 

Haakon II Sigurdsson King Of Norway 

Trondheim 

(0935-0995) 

Tora Skagesdotter Queen in Tröndeagen, Norway 

(0930-0974) 

Raoul II de Toeni 

(0955-1015) 

Judith Alice de Bayeux 

(0970-1015) 

Sveinn Håkonarson Ladejarl King Of Norway 

(0957-1016) 

Holmfridr Eriksdotter Princess Of Sweden 

(0972-1016) 

Roger I the Spaniard de Toeni 

(0990-1040) 

Godeheut 


(1020-1074) 


(1010-1060) 

Robert de Tosny Baron of Staffordshire 

(1031-1088) 


(1060-1103) 


(Abt 1061-1103) 

NN de Toeni 

NN de Stafford 


(1091-1131) 


(Abt 1099-1140) 

William fitzNigel de Stafford de Gresley 

(1090-1166) 

Elena Stafford 


(1131-1182) 


(1140-1198) 

Robert FitzWilliam de Gresley 

(1127-1183) 

Basilia Gresey 

(1130- ) 


(1180-1216) 


(Abt 1178-1220) 

John de la Warre Lord of Bristolton 

(1150-1213) 

Joan de Gresley 

(1155- ) 


(Abt 1188- ) 


(Abt 1213- ) 

Jordan Lord 2nd de la Warre 

(1187-1231) 


( -1310) 


(Abt 1220- ) 

John Matthew de la Warre 

(1216-1277)


(Abt 1240-1310) 


(Abt 1258-After 1307) 

Matthew de la Mare 

(1210-1270) 

Olympia de la Mare (Folkington) 

( -1265) 


( -1359) 


(1295-1328) 

Sir Peter de Montfort Lord of Beaudesert 

(1245-1287) 

Maud Matilda de la Marr 

(1246-1275) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 

Warin DeLisle 

(1277-1322) 

Alice DeLisle de Montfort 

(1268-1317) 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


(1381-1429) 

Herbert de St. Quentin, VII 

(1303-1347) 

Margery Saint Quintin L'Isle 

(1320- ) 


(1409-1470) 


Sir Robert Marmion Gray 

(1333-1367) 

Lora de Gray Quentin 

(1342-1369) 



(1441- ) 

Henry Fitz Hugh Lord of Ravensworth 

(1359-1425) 

Elizabeth de Gray 

(1365-1427) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

Henry Bromflete of Vescy 

(1412-1469) 

Eleanor FitzHugh 

(1397-1457) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Lancelot II de Threkeld Esquire of Torsworth 

(1435-1493) 

Margaret Bromflete Baroness Clifford 

(1436-1493) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

Thomas Sutton, Esq. 

(1487-1549) 

Gracy Thredkeld 

(1494-1551) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Richard Sutton Dudley 

(1490-1593) 

Dorothy 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

John Dudley Earl of Newcastle 

(1520-1555) 

Bridget Carre 

(1524-1540) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Robert Dudley, Sr. Earl of Newcastle 

(1555-1613) 

Anna Wood 


(1635-1704) 


Robert Dudley, Jr. 

( -1584) 

Bridget Green 

(1509-1574) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

Edward Dudley 

(1598-1655) 

Elizabeth Prichard 

(1600-1691)


(1706-1783) 


(1710-1804) 

Richard Robert Dudley, I 

(1623-1695) 

Mary Seawell 

(1622-1645) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Ambrose Dudley, Sr. 

(1649-1715) 

Anne Foster 

(1653-1701) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Ambrose Dudley, Jr. 

(1677-1755) 

Judith Scott 

(1681-1734) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Ambrose Dudley, III 

(1706- ) 

Hannah 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

William Dudley 

(1753- ) 

Frances 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

John Dudley 

(1775-1850) 

Elizabeth Rains 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 

Isaak Mitchell 

(1810-1881) 

Mary Dudley 

(1808-1856) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 

Russell Craeford Mitchell 

Deborah Sweet 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 

Eugene Mitchell 

(1866-1919) 

Mary Stephens 

(1872-1919) 


(1987- ) 


(1900-1949)


Mark Twain is the 26th cousin 3 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 



(Abt 1012-1067) 


(1009-1079) 


(Abt 1033-1093) 


(Abt 1030-1113) 

William I The Conqueror King Of England 

(1027-1087) 

Matilda Of Flanders Queen Of England 

(1031-1083) 


(1043-1086) 


(Abt 1085-Abt 1115) 

William I De Warenne Earl (1St) Of Surrey 

(1055-1088) 

Gundred Countess Of Surrey 

(1063-1085) 


(1078-1140) 


(1086-1150) 

William De Warenne Earl (2Nd) Of Surrey 

(1065-1138) 

Isabel Elizabeth Of Vermandois Countess Of 

Leicester 

(1085-1131) 


(0111- ) 

Ulfhild (Sigrid) Björnsdotter Lakman, 

Princess Of Sweden 

(1102- ) 

Henry Earl Of Huntingdon Prince Of The Scots 

(1114-1152) 

Adele (Ada) De Warenne 

(1120-1178) 

Magnus Folkunga Earl Of Minneskiöld 

(1150-1210) 

Ingrid Ylva Sunesdotter Of Bjelbo 

(1190-1251) 

Gille Crist Earl Of Angus 

(1154-1207) 

Marjorie De Huntigdon Princess Of The 

Scots 

(1152-1213) 

Birger Magnusson Jarl Of Bielbo 

(1200-1266) 

Unknown 

Walter "Ballioch" High Stewart Of Scotland 

(1170-1246) 

Betoc Countess Of Angus 

(1184-1270) 

Gregers Birgersson Oäkta Folkungaätten 

(1230-1276) 

Walter Stewart Earl Of Menteith 

(1218-1296) 

Mary Countess Of Menteith 

Magnus Gregersson Oäkta Folkungaätten 

(1285-1326) 

Ingegerd 

Sir Alexander Earl Of Menteith 

(1247-1300) 

Maud De Arnot 

Karl Magnusson Oäkta Folkungaätten 

(1321-1347) 

Cecilia Birgersdotter 

(1309-1347) 

Sir Alexander Lord Of Abernathy 

Margaret De Menteith 

(1285- ) 

Filip Karlsson Folkunge 

(Bef 1359-1407) 

Ingeborg Kethvasdotter 

Sir Andrew Leslie 

(1291-1324) 

Mary Abernathy 

(1298-1355) 

Nils Hermansson Kurke Till Villnäs 

(1400-1428) 

Cecilia Filipsdotter Oäkta Folkungaätten 

(1375-1435) 

George De Leslie Baron Of Balquhain 

(1319-1351) 

Elizabeth Keith 

Magnus Klausson Fleming 

(1410-After 1450) 

Elin Nilsdotter Kurki 

(1410-1486) 

Hamelin Leslie Baron Of Balquhain 

(1346-1378) 

Ann Maxwell 

(1366- ) 


(1440-Bef 1490) 


(1450-1495) 

Sir Andrew Leslie Baron Of Balquhain 

(1380-1419) 

Isabel Mortimer 

(1382- ) 


(1480-1532) 


(1490-1543) 

Sir William Leslie Baron Of Balquhain 

(1400-1467) 

Elizabeth Frazier 


( -1570) 


( -1573) 

William Barclay Lord Of Gartby 

(1435-1459) 

Guilda Leslie 

(1435-1460) 


(Abt 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Patrick Barclay 

(1459-1516) 

Elizabeth Arbuthnot 

(1460-1506) 

Produced by Legacy on 15 Nov 2014



(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

James Johnston 

(1481-1548) 

Clara Barclay 

(1483-1521) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

William Johnston 

(1522-1547) 

Margaret Haye 

(1520-1569) 


(1635-1704) 


George Johnston 

(1544-1593) 

Christian Forbes 

(1547-1622) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

Dr. Arthur Johnston 

(1587-1641) 

Barbara Gordon 

(1600-1660) 


(1706-1783) 


(1710-1804) 

John Johnston 

(1649-1704) 

Elizabeth Walker 

(1658-1725) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Christopher Clark, Captain 

(1681-1754) 

Penelope Johnston 

(1684-1760) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Thomas Moorman, Sr. 

(1705-1767) 

Rachel Clark 

(1714-1792) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Stephen Goggin 

(1752-1802) 

Rachel Moorman 

(1753-1835) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Samuel B Clemens 

(1773-1805) 

Pamela Goggin 

(1775-1845) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

John Marchal Clemens 

(1798-1847) 

Jane Lampton 

(1803-1890) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 

Mark Twain 

(1835-1910) 




(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- ) 

Produced by Legacy on 15 Nov 2014

Robert Louis Stevenson is the 30th Cousin of Anna Kristiina Applegate 



(Abt 1012-1067) 


(1009-1079) 


(Abt 1038-1093) 


(Abt 1030-1113) 


England 

(1027-1087) 


England 

(1031-1083) 


Denmark 

(1043-1086) 


Denmark 

(Abt 1058-Abt 1115) 

William I De Warenne Earl (1st) of 

Surrey 

(1055-1088) 

Gundred Countess of Surrey 

(1063-1085) 


(1070-1130) 


Denmark 

(1081-1146) 

William De Warenne Earl (2nd) of 

Surrey 

(1065-1138) 

Isabel Elizabeth of Vermandois 

Countess of Leicester 

(1085-1131) 


(Abt 1098- ) 


Sweden 

(1102- ) 

Henry Earl of Huntingdon Prince of the 

Scots 

(1114-1152) 

Adele De Warenne 

(1120-1178) 


(Abt 1134-1202) 


(Abt 1130- ) 

William I the Lion King of the Scots 

(1143-1214) 

Unknown 


Patrick I Earl of Dunbar 

(1152-1232) 

Ada 

( -1200) 


(1240-1280) 


(1245-1269) 

Patrick II Earl of Dunbar 

(1185-1249) 

Euphemia 


(1270-1327) 


(1274-1314) 

Patrick III Earl (7th) of Dunbar 

(1213-1289) 

Marjory Carnyn 


(1314-1351) 


James Stewart 

Cecilia de Dunbar 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 

Walter Stewart 

Marjorie Bruce 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


Tofta 

(1381-1429) 

Robert II The Steward King of Scots 

(1316-1390) 

Elizabeth Mure 

(1320-1354)


Sweden 

(1409-1470) 


Robert III King of Scots 

(1337-1406) 

Anabella Drummond Queen Of Scotland 

(1350-1401) 



(1441- ) 

James Kennedy of Dunure 

(1376-1408) 

Lady Mary Stewart 

(1380-1458) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

Gilbert Kennedy of Dunure 

(1406-1478) 

Catherine Maxwell of Glamis 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Alexander Montgomery, Baron 

(1445-1486) 

Catherine Kennedy 

(1445- ) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

Hugh Montgomery Earl of Eglinton 

(1460-1545) 

Helen Isabel Montgomerie of Argyll 

(1465-1528) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

William Lord Sempill 

Margaret Campbell 

(1487-1523) 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Alan Lord (3rd) of Cathcart 

( -1547) 

Helen Sempill 

( -1547) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

NN Robertson 

Margaret Cathcart 


(1635-1704) 


John Robertson 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

James Robertson of Earnock 


(1706-1783) 


(Orenius) 

(1710-1804) 

Gavin Hamilton of Airdrie 

( -1591) 

Isabella Robertson 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

John Hamilton of Airdrie 

(1569- ) 

Janet 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Gavin Hamilton of Airdrie 

( -1687) 

Jane Montgomery 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Robert Hamilton Baronet of Airdrie 

(1645-1705) 

Louisa Cochrane


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

James Balfour 

(1681-1737) 

Louisa Hamilton 

(1686-1750) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

James Balfour 

(1705-1795) 

Cecilia Helen Elphinstone 

(1705-1780) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 

John Balfour 

(1740-1814) 

Jean Whytt 

(1750-1833) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 

Lewis Balfour 

(1777-1860) 

Henrietta Scott Smith 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 

Thomas Stevenson 

(1818-1887) 

Margaret Isabella Balfour 

(1829-1897) 


(1987- ) 


(1850-1894)

Sinclair Lewis is the Half 26th cousin twice removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


(1085-1138) 


(1097-1144) 

Another 

Marriage 


(1085-1138) 


(1085/1090-1112) 


(Abt 1123-After 1139) 


(1116-1155) 


(1105-1159) 


(1111-1157) 


(1131-1182) 


(1140-1198) 


(1105-1157) 


(1140-1185) 


(1180-1216) 


(Abt 1178-1220) 


(1157-1196) 


(1154-1208) 


(Abt 1188- ) 


(Abt 1213- ) 


(1174-1209) 



( -1310) 


(Abt 1220- ) 


(1195-1245) 



(Abt 1240-1310) 


(Abt 1258-After 1307) 


(1207-1272) 


(1223-1291) 


( -1359) 


(1295-1328) 



(1243-1296) 


(1248-1302) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 


(1281-1345) 


(1282-1322) 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


(1381-1429) 

Richard Fitzalan Earl of Arundel 

(1313-1375) 

Eleanor of Lancaster 

(1311-1372) 


(1409-1470) 


John FitzAlan Baron (1st) of Arundel 

(1348-1379) 

Eleanor Cobham Meltravers 

(1346-1405) 



(1441- ) 

Ranulph Fitzalan 

(1367-1408) 

Juliana 

(1361- ) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

Bartholomew Collinridge 

(1383-1470) 

Alice Fitzalan 

(1400-1447) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Geoffrey Dormer, III 

(1408-1501) 

Ursula Collinridge 

(1407-1454)

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

William Dormer 

(1438-1506) 

Jane Agnes Launcelyn 

(1460-1506) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Robert Baldwin, Sr. 

(1475-1535) 

Agnes - Alice Dormer 

(1481-1565) 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Thomas Baldock 

(1530-1571) 

Agnes Starr Baldwin 

(1534-1598) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Clement Foreman 

(1548-1599) 

Margery Baldock 

(1552-1612) 


(1635-1704) 


George Foster Lewes, II 

(1571-1631) 

Denice Baldock Foreman 

(1579-1626) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

George Foreman Lewes, III 

(1600-1664) 

Sarah Deawood Jenkins 

(1603-1676) 


(1706-1783) 


(1710-1804) 

George Lewis, Jr. 

(1627-1710) 

Mary Lombard 

(1637-1710) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Jonathan Lewis 

(1647-1743) 

Patience Look 

(1681-1767) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Lemuel Lewis 

(1725- ) 

Temperance Bearse 

(1725- ) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Lemuel Lewis 

(1761-1825) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

Lemuel Lewis 

(1788- ) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

John Lewis 

(1815- ) 

Emeline Johnson 

(1817-1886) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 

Edwin Lewis 

(1848-1926) 

Emma Kermott 

(1849-1891) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1885-1951)


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Snorri Sturluson is the 6th cousin 26 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


Thorstein Egillsson (Herse) Gallows 

(0955-1055) 

Arne Arnmodsson Giske 

(0965-1024) 

Tora Torsteinsdotter Galge 

(0972-1015) 

Hrifla Torsteinsson 

Maefa Thordvardottir 

(0960- ) 

Torberg Arnesson Giske 

(0990-1050) 

Ragnhild Erlingsdotter 

(0992-1060) 

Egill Hrifluson 

(1002- ) 

Ekki 

Harald III "Hårdråde" King Of Norway 

(1015-1066) 

Tora Torbergssdotter Giske 

(1025-1067) 

Skuli Egilson 

(1039-1118) 

Sigridur Thorarinsdottir 

(1050- ) 


(Abt 1050-1093) 

Thora Ragnvaldsdotter Queen Of 

Norway 

(1030- ) 

Thordur Skulason 

(1076-1143) 

Valgerdur Markusdottir 

(1076- ) 


(Abt 1073-1103) 

Bethoc 

Bödvar Thordarson 

(1116-1187) 

Helga Thordardottir 


(Abt 1094-1136) 

Biadok Gilledomnansdotter 

Sturla "Hvamms-Sturla" Thordarson 

Kvam 

(1115-1183) 

Gudny Bödvarsdottir 

(1147-1221) 


(Abt 1134-1202) 

Brigida Haraldsdotter Queen Of 

Norway 

(Abt 1130- ) 


(1179-1241) 



(1240-1280) 


(1245-1269) 


(1270-1327) 


(1274-1314) 


(1314-1351) 



( -1407) 


(1340-1410)


(Abt 1377-1413) 


Tofta 

(1381-1429) 


Sweden 

(1409-1470) 



(1439-1476) 


(1441- ) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 


(1635-1704) 



(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 


(1706-1783) 


(Orenius) 

(1710-1804) 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- )


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Stephen Foster is the Half 27th cousin once removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


(1085-1138) 


(1097-1144) 

Another 

Marriage 


(1085-1138) 


(1085/1090-1112) 


(Abt 1123-After 1139) 


(1116-1155) 


(1105-1159) 


(1111-1157) 


(1131-1182) 


(1140-1198) 


(1105-1157) 


(1140-1185) 


(1180-1216) 


(Abt 1178-1220) 


(1157-1196) 


(1154-1208) 


(Abt 1188- ) 


(Abt 1213- ) 


(1174-1209) 



( -1310) 


(Abt 1220- ) 


(1195-1245) 



(Abt 1240-1310) 


(Abt 1258-After 1307) 


(1207-1272) 


(1223-1291) 


( -1359) 


(1295-1328) 



(1243-1296) 


(1248-1302) 


( -1407) 


(1340-1410) 


(1281-1345) 


(1282-1322) 


(Abt 1377-1413) 


(1381-1429) 

John de Mowbray Baron of Mowbray 

Joan of Lancaster Baroness de Mowbray 

(1312-1345) 


(1409-1470) 


Robert Bertram Baron of Bothal 

Blanche de Mowbray 

(1341-1409) 



(1441- ) 

Sir Robert de Ogle III Baron of Bothal 

(1331-1410) 

Helen Bertram 

(1337-1403) 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

Robert Ogle IV 

(1351-1409) 

Joan 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Robert Ogle V, Sheriff of Northumberland 

(1380-1436) 

Matilda Gray 

(1382-1451)

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

Sir William Heron 

Elizabeth Ann Middleton 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Sir John Heron 

Elizabeth Heron 

(1422-1438) 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Thomas Heron 

(1449- ) 

Cecily Ledell 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Robert Collingwood 

Margaret Heron 

(1488- ) 


(1635-1704) 


John Carr 

(1500-1551) 

Margaret Collingwood 

(1504-1538) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

Thomas Carr 

(1521-1558) 

Elizabeth Heron 

(1533-1554) 


(1706-1783) 


(1710-1804) 

William Carr, I 

(1551-1589) 

Ursula 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Thomas Foster 

Elizabeth Carr 

(1570-1594) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

John Foster 

(1593-1674) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

NN son Foster 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

John Forster 

(1662-1727) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

Alexander Foster 

(1710-1767) 

Mary Conners 

(1730-1767) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 

James Foster 

(1738-1814) 

Ann Barclay 

(1743- ) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 

William Barclay Foster 

(1779-1855) 

Eliza Clayland Tomlinson 

(1801- )


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1826-1864) 


(1987- )

Viktor Rydberg is the Half 11th cousin 7 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


(1409-1470) 


Another 

Marriage 


(1409-1470) 

Birgitta Turesdotter Bielke 

(1409-1437) 



(1441- ) 

Erik Eriksson Gyllenstierna d.ä. till Fågelvik 

(1418-1477) 

Kristina Karlsdotter Bonde 


(1465-1517) 


(1465-1500) 

Erik Eriksson Gyllenstierna d.y. 

( -1502) 

Anna "Pintorpafrun" Karlsdotter Vinstorpa 

( -1552) 


(1489-1535) 


( -1545) 

Ture Arvidsson Trolle af Bergkvara 

(1490-1555) 

Magdalena Eriksdotter Gyllenstierna af 

Lundholm 

(1494-1580) 

Ludolf Boose 

(1465-1535) 


(1465-1535) 

Åke Johansson Bååt 

(1545-1588) 

Christina Turesdotter Trolle 

( -1609) 


(Cir 1500-1596) 


( -1596) 

Bengt Jöransson Sparre af Rossvik 

(1570-1632) 

Kerstin Åkesdotter Bååt 


(1582-1651) 


(1576-1652) 

Johan Bengtsson Sparre af Rossvik 

(1616-1655) 

Emerintia Stake 


(1605-1668) 


(1612-1682) 

Carl Gustaf Roos 

(1655-1722) 

Christina Maria Sparre af Rossvik 

(1655-1695) 


(1635-1704) 


Carl Johansson Prinzensköld 

(1693-1737) 

Eva Eleonora Roos 

(1695-1761) 


(Abt 1658-1740) 


(1670-1747) 

Carl Robert Hedenberg 

Hedvig Eleonora Prinzensköld 


(1706-1783) 


(1710-1804) 

Daniel Duker 

Hedvig Helena Hedenberg 

Johan Flinck 

( -1820) 


(1744-1829) 

Johan Jönsson Rydberg 

(1787-1854) 

Carolina Elisabet Duker 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 


(1828-1895) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839)


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

Walt Disney is the 28th cousin once removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 



(1130-1162) 

Euphrosyne Of Kiev Queen Of Hungary 

(1130-1193) 


(1157-1194) 


( -1199) 


(1148-1196) 


(1154-1184) 


(1176-1230) 


Andrew II The Jerosolimitan King of Hungary 

(1177-1235) 

Yolanda de Courtenay Princess of The Latin 

Empire 

(1200-1233) 


(1175-1260) 



(1208-1276) 

Violant Queen Of Hungary 



(1223-1267) 


(1245-1285) 


(1247-1271) 


(1240-1310) 


(1312- ) 


(1268-1314) 


(1273-1305) 


(1275- ) 


(1280-1350) 


(1284-1327) 


(1295-1358) 


(1279-1313) 


(1285- ) 


(1312-1377) 


(1311-1369) 


(1312-1372) 


(1310-1375) 

Lionel Of Antwerp, Duke Of Clarence 

Elizabeth De Burgh, Countess 4th Of Ulster 

(1332-1363) 


(1330-1398) 


(1335-1400) 

Edmund Mortimer Earl (3rd) Of March 

(1351-1381) 

Philippa, Countess Of March And Ulster 

(1355-1382) 


(1359-1404) 

Anna Pogwisch 

(1369-1424) 

Sir John King 

(1415-1475) 

Agnes Mortimer 

(1372-1417) 


(1395-1440) 


(1389- ) 

Sir Ralph King 

(1390-1440) 

Phoebe Berkamstead 


(1359-1404) 


(1409-1465) 

Sir John King 

(1415-1475) 

Lady Margaret Ferrers 

(1405-1452)


(1458-1513) 


( -1522) 

Sir William King 

(1440-1500) 

Agnes Fields 

(1445-1468) 


(1492-1559) 


( -1599) 

Sir Ralph Kinge 

(1465-1530) 

Lady Joanna Ugborough 


(1526-1559) 


(1530-1599) 

Sir John Kinge 

(1485-1540) 

Lady Alice Slyny 

(1493-1545) 


(1551-1607) 


(1575-1643) 


(1506- ) 

Lady Isabella Johns 

(1509-1540) 


(1593-1652) 


(1595-1656) 


(1533-1602) 

Lady Rebecca Chalk 

(1536-1605) 


(1618-1664) 


(1633-1694) 

Thomas Morse, Jr. 

(1538-1597) 

Margaret King 

(1551-1585) 


(1664-1730) 


( -1695) 

Samuel Morse 

(1576-1654) 

Elizabeth Jasper 

(1578-1655) 


(1686-1738) 


(1693-1739) 

Joseph Jasper Morse 

(1615-1654) 

Hannah Phillips 

(1616-1676) 


(1727-1806) 


(1732-1777) 

Peleg Lawrence 

(1647-1692) 

Elizabeth Morse 

(1689-1715) 


(1751-1825) 


(1753-1827) 

Daniel Lawrence 

(1690-1747) 

Elizabeth Welch 

(1688-1730) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Thomas Fox 

(1706-1793) 

Mercy Lawrence 

(1706-1794) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 

Moses Johnson 

(1737-1815) 

Mercy Fox 

(1740- ) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 

John Call, Jr. 

(1761-1813) 

Fanny Johnson 

(1764-1801) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 

Eber Call 

(1791-1864) 

Violette Lawrence 

(1792-1870)


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 

Charles Call 

(1822-1890) 

Henrietta Gross 

(1837-1910) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- ) 

Elias Disney 

(1859-1941) 

Flora Call 

(1868-1938) 


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 

Walt Disney 

(1901-1966) 


(1987- )

Zachris Zachrissoon Topelius is the 7th cousin 7 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate 


Östen Ericsson Sursill 

(1533-After 1598) 

Magdalena (Malin) Eriksdotter 

(1535-1580) 

Hans Östensson Sursill 

(1560-After 1633) 

Johannes Henricsson Lithovius 

(1563-1634) 

Christina Östensdotter Sursill 

(1567-1632) 

Hans Hansson Wasaeus 

(Abt 1580-1654) 

Beata Ingevaldsdotter 

(Abt 1595- ) 

Caspar Hansson Forbus 

(1592-1682) 

Brita Johansdotter Limingus 

(1600-1696) 

Daniel Pettersson Sparf 

(Abt 1620-After 1665) 

Margaretha Hansdotter Sursill Wasaeus 

(Abt 1621-1697) 

Gabriel Knutsson Päkkilä 

(1651-1696) 

Maria Casparsdotter Forbus 

(1649-1696) 

Gregorius (Grels) Jacobsson Culhovius 

(Abt 1660-1695) 

Elisabet Danielsdotter Sparf 

(1660-1736) 

Johan Gabrielsson Bäck 

(1690-1764) 

Liisa Pertintytär Ohukainen 

(1679-1764) 

Henrik Henriksson Sevonius 

(1675-1740) 

Margareta Gregoriusdotter Kulhovius 

(1683-1748) 

Carl Johansson Oklavitz 

(1710-1786) 

Margaretha Johandotter Bäck 

(1720-1753) 

Abraham Henriksson Sevonius 

(1712-1788) 

Helena Jonasdotter Wrigstadius 

(1718-1773) 

Michael Christoffersson Toppelius 

(1734-1821) 

Maria Magdalena Carlsdotter Oklavitz 

(1743-1807) 


(1751-1825) 


(1753-1827) 

Zachris Michaelsson Topelius 

(1781-1831) 

Catharina Sofia Samuelsdotter Calamnius 

(1791-1868) 


(1787-1823) 


(1784- ) 

Zachris Zachrissoon Topelius 

(1818-1898) 


(1810- ) 


(1802-Abt 1839) 


(1829-1905) 


(1830-1905) 


(1866-1920) 


(1863-1934) 


(1906-1959) 


(1914-2004) 


(1934- ) 


(1936- )


(1954- ) 


(1955- ) 


(1987- )

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