Book of Anamat Na second edition 8.10.15

1

animtni> 

aiTi-piTi 

an[ U>DiN 

ri[(ht pT[l BE (M). LL.b 

2

Anamat Na Aata Pata Ane Undan 

b)J aivZ(_i : 9 ai[kTi[Àbr-2015 

nkl : 1000 

mŠÃy : d[Sni GDtrmi> aipn&> yi[gdin 

{ b)J aivZ(_i (vni mŠÃy[ d[Sni GDtr miT[ } 

{pi[AT[j Kc< algY) YS[.} 

l[Kk an[ p\kiSk : ri[(ht pT[l 

20, J.aie.D).s)., (vÎluwi[gngr, 388121 

ti.J.aiN>d. g&jrit {Birt}. 

e-m[el:- bjprohitpatel@gmail.com 

ai p&Atkn[ ai[n lien vi>cvi miT[ 

http:/bjprohitpatel.com 

www.facebook.com/RohitPatelMilcentBJPAnand 

3

apdi[lnmi> aTviy[li smAt piT)dir smijn[, 

a[ni S&B[µCki[n[, 

a[[ni (ht[µC&ai[n[ tYi d[Sni smAt jnsm&diyn[, 

(vcirvi, 

smjvi, 

an[ 

(c>tn krvi miT[..... 

4

aiBirni S¾di[ 

ai p&Atk miri miT[ j n(h pN miri smg\ Jvnn[ miT[ GN&> 

mh_vn&> p&Atk C[. h&> smAt pT[l smij miT[ k>ek krvin&> (vcir) 

rHi[ hti[ Ryir[ mn[ hiln) p(r(AY(t (vS[ kS&>k hkiriRmk 

krvini[ (vcir aiÄyi[ an[ m[> miri vPi[Si[Fni[ an[ vi>cn-l[Kn prY) ai p&Atkn) rcni kr) C[. 

a[ S&B aiSyY) ai p&Atk aipni krkmLmi> ap Ryir[ miri Hdymi> an[k Äy(ktai[ p\Ry[ aiBirn) 

ligN) UBr) rh) C[. si] p\Ym ti[ h&> miri Fm C&> k[, j[mN[ rijn)(tni mig< pr 

an[ smijs[vini s>kÃpmi> mn[ S$aitY) j siY shkir 

ai¼yi[ an[ mni[bL p*$ piDy&>. 

a[k sHdy) (Sxk tYi (m#i a[vi ~) qiki[rBie j[. pT[l, 

aiciy< ~), s.p. hieAk*l, bi[r)yiv) ti.aiN>d ni[ h&> aiBir 

min&> C&> k[ j[mN[ a[k a[vi Äy(ktn) ai[LKiN kriv) 

k[ j[mN[ ph[l) j m&likitmi> miri lKiNn[ s>pidn kr) 

p&Atk$p[ aikir aipvin) jvibdir) shP< Av)kir) l)F) 

an[ aYik p\yRni[ kr) smyb¹F r)t[ jvibdir) (nBiv)n[ p&Atk 

s>pidnni miri miT[ ajiN tYi aGri kimn[ aisin bniv), 

5

(vnim*Ãy[ mn[ am*Ãy shkir aipnir tYi miri BiPik)y 

mig C&>. 

(mÃs[>T k>pn)ni s).e.ai[. ~) a[c.a[s.birD, 

~)mt) n[ºs)b[n pT[l, ~) aiS)PBie pT[l, ~) Bi(vnBie 

kiliN) an[ (Svin)b[n pT[l k[ j[mN[ ai p&Atkn[ yi[³y (dSi 

tYi a(At_v aipvimi> mh_vn&> yi[gdin ai¼y&> 

C[ t[ai[ni[ aiBir Äykt kr&> C&> 

a[k sãdy) (m#i j[ai[ d[S an[ smij s[vi miT[ h>m[Si 

pi[tin&> yi[gdin p\din krvi tRpr rh[ C[, j[mN[ b)J p\tni[ Kc< 

upiD) l)F[l C[ t[vi y&vin-uwi[gp(t ~) um[SBie 

bilin)ni[ ai b)J p\t (vni m*Ãy[ d[Sni (htmi> jnsm&diyni 

krkmLmi> m&kvi bdl h>& aiBir Äykt kr&> C>&. 

ri[(ht pT[l 

6

nm\ an&ri[F 

l[Kn kiy< siY[ j[mn&> Jvn s>kLiy[l&> C[ t[vi an&Bv) an[ (c>tk 

l[Kk Bie bh[ni[ k[ j[mn[ ai p&Atkmi> p\At&t Yy[l bibti[ tYi 

(vciri[mi> (vVis hi[y tYi s>m(t hi[y, t[mn[ t[ai[n) aigv) 

S]l)mi> tYi pi[tin) mitZBiPimi> BiPin&vid aYvi Bivin&vid kr) 

smijni (htmi> tYi smi[RkP< miT[ yi[gdin aipvi miri[ nm\ 

an&ri[F C[. 

siFn s>pºn an[ s&K) a[vi dr[k Äy(ktn[ nm\ an&ri[F 

C[ k[ ji[ t[ai[ ai lKiN siY[ s>mt hi[y ti[ yYiS(kt ai p&Atkn) 

p\ti[ Cpiv) (vnim*Ãy[ aYvi ai[Ci m*ÃyY) smijni crN[ Fr[. 

Birtn) dr[k x[#i)y BiPimi> BiPin&vid k[ Bivin&vidn&> 

s>pidn Ye p\kiSn Yiy t[ miT[ sv[< sxm Äy(kt d[Sni (htmi> 

jvibdir) (nBiv[ t[vi[ miri[ nm\ an&ri[F C[. 

ri[(ht pT[l 

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xmiyicni 

vick (m#ii[, 

h&> ki[e p)Q k[ an&Bv) l[Kk nY). ai mir) (j>dg)n&> 

p\Ym p&Atk C[, t[Y) BiPimi> an[ a(BÄy(ktmi> kciS 

lig[ ti[ a[ bdl drg&jr krSi[. 

ai p&Atk lKvini[ miri[ aiSy animtn[ ApSn[ aipn) smx rjŠ krvini[ C[. dr[k Xi(t tYi smAt 

smijn[ (c>tn krvi h&> an&ri[F kr&> C&>, pr>t& miri ai p&AtkY) 

aniyis[ tYi ajiNti> ki[epN ji(t - Xi(t k[ smijn&> (dl 

d*Biy ti[ t[ miT[ xmiyic&> C&>. 

EºTrn[T prY) a>g\[J BiPimi> m[Lv[l s>dB< l[Ki[n&> 

g&jrit) BiPimi> BiPi>tr Ye Sky&> nY) t[Y) xmiyicni kr&> C&>. 

ri[(ht pT[l 

8

p&n: p\kiSn 

ai p&Atkni p&n: p\kiSnni[ a(Fkir t[ sv[< li[ki[n[ C[ k[, j[ai[ ai 

p&Atkmi> Yy[l p\At&(t siY[ mh`da>S[ shmt hi[y tYi 

t[mn[ (vVis hi[y k[ ai p&Atk simi(jk uRkP< tYi jnjigZ(t 

miT[ yi[gdin aip) Sk[ t[m C[. j[ai[n) (vcirFiri mir) 

(vcirFiri siY[ smºvy Frivt) hi[y tYi pi[t[ sxm hi[y 

t[mn[ ai p&Atk AvKc[< Cpiv) (vnim*Ãy[ aYvi nh)>>vt` 

m*Ãy[ smijni crNi[mi> Fr) ai p&Atkni[ Äyip vFirvi nm\ 

an&ri[F siY[ p&n: p\kiSnni[ a(Fkir ap C&>. 

ri[(ht pT[l 

9

an&k\m(Nki 

1. animtn&> uÑBv AYin: ..................................12 

{a} b>FirN ¹viri uÑBv. 

{b} animtni[ uÑ[S. 

2. animtni rijk)y aiTi-piTi:............................27 

{a} nkkr sRy 

{b} a(ttni[ aiyni[ - animt hTivi[ 

{k} animt aipi[ 

{D} g&jrit srkirni[ a(Bgm 

{c} animt upr rijk)y rmt 

3. animtn&> U>DiN: ........................................... 55 

{a} animtn) kiydik)y tYi b>FirN)y ji[gvieai[ 

{b} animtn) ji[gvie bdlvi a>g[ sm)xi 

{k} animtni> p(rNimn) sm)xi tYi (vkÃp 

{D} (vk(st ji(tni> uRkP kirNi[ 

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p\Ativni 

vick (m#ii[, 

animt a[k a[vi[ (vPy C[ k[ j[ni pr vPi[sk ai>di[lni[ pN Yyi> 

C[. B*tkiLmi> “animt hTivi["" ni> ai>di[lni[ Yyi> ti[ hilmi> 

“animt aipi["" ni> ai>di[lni[ cil[ C[. 

GNi> li>bi smyY) cilti animtni ai p\krN 

a>g[ jn(htiY[< mi(ht) sBr hk)kt sci[T S¾di[mi> lK) ti(kkln kr), sv[e mi(ht), b>FirNn&> Xin C[ an[ t[ a>g[ m[> 

j[ vi>cn tYi (c>tn kr[l C[, t[mi> rijkirNni[ miri[ j[ ki[e 

an&Bv C[ t[ni[ smºvy kr) t[ni pr (vcir-vli[Ni ¹viri m[Lv[l 

miKNn[ tkt& kDv), nkkr viAt(vkti a[v) 

C[ k[ ligN)ai[n) tZ(¼t Ye Sk[ t[m nY). ai s>ji[gi[mi> 

viAt(vktin[ sci[T r)t[ rj* kr) siri (vkÃp pr (vcir krvi 

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miT[ nm\ an&ri[F krvini h[t&Y) ai p&Atk p\At&t kr[l C[. 

hkiriRmk a(BgmY) ai p&Atk vi>cSi[ ti[ j$rY) Äyvhi(rk 

(vkÃpi[ miT[ mni[m>Yn krvin) p\[rNi mLS[. h&> Bijpni[ Firis¿y 

C&> miT[ h&> Bijp srkirn) j trf[N kr)S a[vi[ nkiriRmk (vcir 

n krvi nm\ an&ri[F kr&> C&>. 

ri[(ht pT[l {m)Ãs[>T} {B.E.Mech. LL.B.) 

Firis¿y-aiN>d {g&jrit} 

20, J.aie.D).s)., (vÎluwi[gngr, 388 121 

ti.J.aiN>d. g&jrit {Birt}. 

e-m[el:- bjprohitpatel@gmail.com 

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1. animtn&> uÑBv AYin: 

{a} b>FirN ¹viri uÑBv: 

ki[epN vZx m*L vgr UB&> rh[t&> nY). ki[epN vt&d& 

(vni (nmi nY) t[v) j r)t[ ki[epN (vPyvAt& a[ni k[ºW 

vgr (vAtrt&> nY). animt pN a[k a[v&> j miLK&> C[, j[ni> m*L 

ki[e ci[kks AYL[, ki[e ci[kks smymi> pD[li> C[. 

animtni> m*L aipNi s>(vFin-b>FirNmi> C[. aipNi 

d[Sn&> b>FirN aipNi bFi j hkk tYi frji[n[ dSi Sisn clivvi aipN[ k[v) r)(t-n)(t apniv[l) 

C[ t[ b>FirNmi> dSi ai[gOTmi> bn[l) 

b>FirN sBia[ j[ b>FirN Av)kir[l&> C[, t[ m&jbn) Sisn n)(t 

{pi[l)s)} aipN[ apniv[l) C[. ai siY[ni {p(r(SOT-1, pini 

n>- 80} mi> aipNi b>FirNn) aim&K {Preamble) C[. 

26 nv[Àbr, 1949ni (dvs[ aipN[ b>FirNni[ Av)kir 

kyi[FirNni> b>Fni[mi> bi>F) 

1976mi> 42mi> s&FiriY) aim&Kmi> “Socialistic and 

Secular‖ S¾di[ um[rvimi> aiÄyi, ji[k[ animtn) ji[gvie 

ti[ b>FirNn) S$aitY) j C[, a[Tl[ k[ 1949Y) j C[. a[ni[ aY< 

a[ Yiy k[ Socialistic Policy ti[ b>FirNn) S$aitY) j C[, 

pr>t& aim&Kmi> Socialistic S¾d 1976mi> um[rvimi> aiÄyi[. 

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aipNi[ d[S li[kSih) d[S C[ a[m aipN[ kh)a[ C)a[, pr>t& 

b>FirN an&sir aipN[ aipNi d[Sn[ s>p*N< li[kSih) d[S 

bnivvin&> Av)kir[l nY), aipNi s>(vFin p\miN[ aipNi[ d[S 

Socialistic {smijvid)} tYi Democratic Republic 

{li[kSih)} d[S C[, a[Tl[ k[ aipN) Sisnp¹F(t smijvid) 

an[ li[kSih) b>n[ni[ smºvy Friv[ C[. aini[ aY< a[ Yiy 

C[ k[ aipN) li[kSih)mi> smijvid) t_v C[ an[ aipN) 

smijn)(tmi> li[kSih) t_v C[. aipN&> Sisn s>pŠN< smijvid) 

k[ s>pŠN< li[kSih) nY). 

s>p*N< smijvid) tYi s>p*N< li[kSih) n)(tni[ T*>kmi> 

(ctir: 

s>p*N< smijvid) n)(tmi> simiºy r)t[ Äy(ktn) mi(lk)n&> 

kS&> hi[t&> nY), pr>t& F>Fi-ri[jgir bF& srkirn&> j hi[y C[. bF) j 

(mlkt srkirn) hi[y C[. srkir dr[kn[ pgir p[T[ k[ aºy ki[e 

r)t[ vLtr k[ niNi> cŠkv[ C[, j[mi>Y) dr[kn[ Jvn Jvvini[ aiFir 

mL) Sk[. s>p*N< smijvid) p\(k\yimi> vh[>cN)n) r)t, srkir 

avirnvir pi[tin) Sisn n)(t m&jb nkk) kr[ t[ p\kirn) hi[y C[ 

b)J bij& s>p*N< li[kSih)mi> simiºy 

r)t[ Äy(ktn[ (mlkt FirN krvini[ tYi Kr)dvi-v[cvini[ Avt>#i 

a(Fkir mLti[ hi[y C[. (mlktni[ mi(lk) hkk 

hi[vin[ kirN[ srkirn[ jn(ht miT[ j$r pD[ ti[ pN srkir yi[³y 

14

vLtr aip)n[ an[ t[ pN mi(lkn) eµCi hi[y ti[ j mi(lk 

pis[Y) Kr)d) kr) Sk[. mi(lkn) eµCi (vr&¹F pi[tin[ yi[³y 

lig[ t[v&> vLtr aip)n[ aYvi vLtr ai¼yi (vni srkir p\i¼t 

kr) Sk[ nh), tÑupri>t t[v) r)t[ p\i¼t krvini[ kiydi[ pN bniv) 

Sk[ nh). (mlkt FirN krvini a(Fkir upri>t viN) Avit>#yni[, 

d[Smi> hrvi-frvini[ tYi pi[tin) Avt>#i mi(lk)ni F>Fi ri[jgir 

krvini[ pN a(Fkir mLti[ hi[y C[. 

aim s>p*N< smijvid) tYi s>p*N< li[kSih) Sisn 

n)(tni[ a[k simiºy (ctir aipN[ ji[yi[. 

aipNi Birt d[S[ b>n[ n)(t Av)kir[l) C[, li[kSih) 

n)(tn[ kirN[ aipNi d[Sni nig(rkn[ 1976-77 s&F) “Right 

to Property” a[Tl[ k[ (mlkt Kr)dvini[ tYi t[ni Avt>#i 

mi(lk Yvini[ f>Dim[ºTl riET a[Tl[ k[ m*LB*t a(Fkir hti[. 

Ryirbid t[ a(Fkir 1978mi> b>FirNni s&Firi oiri rd krvimi> 

aiÄyi[, miT[ aRyir[ aipN[ j[ (mlkt Kr)d)a[ C)a[ t[ b>FirN 

oiri mL[li m*LB*t a(Fkirni upyi[gY) nY) Kr)dti, pr>t& 

“riET T& p\i[pT)

p&rti smijvid) n)(t h[qL aiv) jea[ C)a[. 

ai>(Sk smijvid) n)(t Si miT[? 

ai>(Sk smijvid) n)(t apnivvini an[k ¹y[y p]k) 

a[k m&²y ¹y[y a[ C[ k[ j[ d[Smi> gr)b) K*b hi[y t[vi d[Smi> 

gr)b tYi am)r vµc[ ji[ a>tr GN&> mi[T&> hi[y, tYi b>FirN ¹viri 

aipN[ smijvid) n)(t apniv) ni hi[y ti[ t[ a>tr GTiDvin&> 

srkir miT[ GN&> m&Æk[l Ye jiy. a[Tl&> j nh), gr)b vPi[< s&F) 

gr)b j rh[ tYi am)r vF&n[ vF& am)r bnti[ jiy t[v) 

Skyti rh[ C[. am[(rkimi> B*tkiLmi> aiSr[ 200 vP< ph[li>, 

“li[h)yiL ai>tr(vg\h” a[Tl[ k[ li[h)yiL k\i>(t Ye ht), {j[ni 

m*Lmi> am)r - gr)b vµc[ni[ tfivt m&²y hti[}, t[v) k\i>(t Yvin) 

s>Bivni rh[ C[. aiv) k\i>(tmi> am)ri[n[ “li[h) c*sN)yi” 

gNvimi> aiv[ C[, tYi am)r)n[ bdl[ am)ri[n[ aiv) k\i>(tmi> 

nib&d kriti hi[y C[. aivi kirNY) gr)b d[Sn) 

srkiri[ miT[ t[ a(nviy< bn[ C[ k[ gr)bi[n[ a[v) r)t[ mdd krv) 

k[ j[Y) t[n&> Jvn Tkiv) Sk[ an[ pi[tini[ ai(Y kirNi[n[ len[ n](tk ºyiyni 

(s¹Fi>ti[n) (vr&¹F je simi(jk ºyiy krvi miT[ b>FirN tYi 

kiydiai[mi> ji[gvieai[ krvimi> aiv[ C[. di.t. am[(rki, e>³l[ºD 

vg[r[ GNi bFi (vk(st d[Si[a[ “Social Security” n) n)(t 

16

apniv[l) C[, t[ aºvy[ gr)bi[n[ dr aqvi(Dy[ k[ m(hn[ ai(Y vt pN 

cil& C[. ji[ k[ ai r)t[ gr)bn[ s)F) shiy Yiy t[n) aeµCn)y 

asr a[v) pN Yiy k[ miNs[ j[ ~m sihs an[ s>G ji[ea[ t[ t[n[ vgr mh[nt[ mL) jiy 

t[n[ kirN[ miNs p>igLi[ bn) jiy j[Y) d[Sn) p\g(t an[ (vkis 

$>Fiy C[. smijvid) n)(tn) (nOfLtini j[ udihrN le Skiy 

a[vi d[Si[ C[ t[mi> (nOfLtini> m&²y kirNi[ p]k) ai a[k mh_vn&> 

kirN C[. 

ai>(Sk smijvid) n)(t apnivvini[ b)ji[ ¹y[y a[ pN 

hi[e Sk[ k[ jyir[ jn(ht miT[ (mlkt s>pidn krvin) 

srkirn[ j$r pD[ Ryir[ t[ s>pidn kr) Sk[. di.t. s&rxi ni h[t& 

miT[ jm)n aYvi (mlkt s>pidn krv), ri[D rAti bnivvi 

miT[ jm)n s>pidn krv) vg[r[. 

aipNi d[S[ gr)bi[ni uRkP< miT[ ai>(Sk smijvid)-li[kSih) 

n)(t apniv[l C[. aipN) srkir gr)bi[n[ kiyd[sr mdd kr) 

Sk[ t[ miT[ b>FirNn) klm 16 k[ j[ srkir) ni[kr)ai[mi> ekvil)T) 

{ smin hkki[ } n) klm C[, t[mi> apvid UBi[ krvi p[Tiklm-4 

C[, a[Tl[ k[ klm 16{4} t[ animt {Reservation) ni> 

uÑBvAYin miT[n) m*LB*t klm C[, j[ ai siY[ni {p(r(SOT- 2, 

17

pini n>- 82} m&jb C[. animt a>g[n) b)J klmi[ 335, 338, 

340, 341, 342 vg[r[ pN b>FirNmi> m*kvimi> aiv[l C[. ai 

klmi[ {p(r(SOT -3, pini n>- 86} m&jb C[. 

b>FirNn) upri[kt klmi[ oiri animtn) 

ji[gvieai[[ krvimi> aiv). t[ (n(v aiv[l) C[. 

gr)bi[ni uRkP 

b>FirN k[v) r)t[ GDiy&> t[ hk)kt pr pN g>B)rtiY) (vcir 

krvi[ ji[ea[. b>FirNni GDv]yiai[a[ K*b j U>DiNY) (vcir kyi< 

bid ai ji[gvieai[ kr[l C[. 

aipN&> b>FirN-GDtr p\(k\yi: 

aipNi[ d[S ai[gAT-1947mi> aizid Yyi[ t[ agiu 

aiSr[ a[k vP< ph[li> a[Tl[ k[ ai[gOT 1946mi> b>FirNsBin) 

rcni krvimi> aiv) ht). b>FirNsBini p\m&K Di k&l 299 s¿yi[ hti. aiSr[ #iN vP< j[Tli smyn) 

aYik mh[nt bid b>FirN t]yir ky&. b>FirN t]yir krniri 299 

s¿yi[ p]k) hijr 284 s¿yi[a[ svi 

aiq-nv s¿yi[n) a[k DîfT)>g k(mT) bnivvimi> aiv) ht). 

ai DîfT)>g k(mT)a[ b>FirNni[ m&sÑi[ t]yir kyi[< hti[, 

18

t[ m&sÑi[ b>FirN sBi smx (vcir-(v(nmy miT[ m*kvimi> 

aiÄyi[ hti[. a[v&> nY) k[, Di[#i 

r)t[ an[ mnAv)pN[ b>FirNn) rcni kr[l) C[. 

DîfT)>g k(mT)a[ b>FirNni[ j[ m&sÑi[ t]yir kyi[< t[ m&sÑi 

pr t[ vKtn) b>FirN sBini 299 s¿yi[ ¹viri 7635 

slihs*cni[ aiÄyi tYi 2673 slihs*cni[ pr ti[ mtdin pN 

Yy&> ht&>. bFi j slihs*cni[ pr b>FirN sBini sv[< 

s¿yi[a[ g>B)rtip*vFirNni GDtr pr 

(vcir-(vmS< n) p\(k\yi (Ds[Àbr -1946Y) S$ Ye. 

nv[Àbr-1949 s&F) cil) ht). 2 vPbi giLi drÀyin ai (vcir-(vmS< ciÃyi[ hti[. aiTli> bFi> 

slihs*cni[ aiÄyi tYi 2673 m>tÄyi[ pr mtdin pN Yy&>, t[ j 

btiv[ C[ k[ b>FirN Av)kirti> ph[li> t[ vKtn) b>FirN sBini 

s¿yi[a[ k[Tl) g>B)rtiY) t[ni pr (vcir-(v(nmy kr[li[ C[. ai 

b>FirNmi> Xi(t aiFi(rt animtn) ji[gvie 10 vP< 

miT[ j krvimi> aiv[l) ht). aiTl) bF) aYik jh[mt bid 

b>FirNni hijr s¿yi[ {299 mi>Y) 284 s¿yi[ hijr hti} 

¹viri sviFirNni> b>Fni[mi> bi>F) Ryirbid 26 

jiºy&air) 1950ni (dvs[ d[Sn[ gNt>#i {p\jis_iik} d[S 

tr)k[ jih[r kriyi[. 

19

h& j mh_vn), ni[>Fn)y an[ K*b j umdi bibt 

ti[ a[ C[ k[, ai b>FirN Av)kirniri t[ vKtn) b>FirN sBini 

299 s¿yi[ hti t[ p]k) 90 TkiY) vFir[ s¿yi[ animtni[ liB 

m[Lv) Sk[ t[m nhi[ti, kirN k[ animtn) ji[gvie Xi(t 

aiFi(rt ht), {aij[ pN C[} an[ 90 Tki s¿yi[ t[ Xi(tni 

nhi[ti j[ Xi(tn[ animtni[ liB b>FirN ¹viri aipvimi> 

aiv[li[ hti[. a#i[ a[ uÃl[Kn)y C[ k[ animtni[ p\ir>B krvimi> 

(bn animt) li[ki[ a[Tl[ k[ j[mn[ a[ni[ liB mLvini[ j nY), 

a[vi li[ki[a[ gr)b tYi pCit ji(tni li[ki[ni> uRkP< miT[ ai 

ji[gvien[ T[ki[ aip[l hti[. 

ai bibtn[ an&lx)n[ kh) Skiy k[ Xi(t aiFi(rt 

animtn[ lgBg svi(ct 

rh[ti hti.!!! “Xi(tn[ kirN["" a[ni[ aY< a[vi[ Yiy k[ ai(Yt& b>FirNn) ji[gvie an&sir 

pi[tin[ K&dn[ animtn) pi#iti mLt) n ht). aiv) hk)kt hi[vi 

Cti> Xi(t aiFi(rt animtviLi b>FirN miT[ s>m(t aipv) 

t[ K*b j umdi bibt ht) t[mi> ki[e S>ki nY). t[ vKtn) b>FirN 

sBini s¿yi[n&> umdipN& Kr[Kr (brdivvi liyk C[. 

20

aivi umdi g&Ni[viLi s¿yi[n) d)G animtn) 

aiv) ji[gvieai[ oiri pCit vgt& Xi(t aiFi(rt animt$p) (skkin) b)J 

bij& a[v) C[ j[ t[ vKtni> s¿yi[n) d)G ci[kkspN[ aiv) 

j hS[ an[ t[ C[: 

“Xi(t aiFi(rt animt[ ri[p[li> vg 

b)j”... an[ a[ j b)j Ug)n[ aij[ vTvZx bn) gyi> C[. 

d&(nyimi> kyi>y pN gr)b tYi pCit ji(tni 

li[ki[n[ mdd krvi tYi t[ ji(tni li[ki[ni> uRkP< miT[ ji(t 

aiFi(rt ki[epN ÄyvAYi nY). ai(Yt(rk (vg\h 

vFir[ t[Tli[ t[ni[ (vkis ai[Ci[…” ai snitn sRy C[. 

21

FirN sBini s¿yi[a[ d)Gt& S$aitY) j “D)vieD a[ºD $l”n) n)(t apnivnir 

ki[>g\[s[ t[mi> ki[e pN s&Firi[ kyi< (vni vg< (vg\h vFirvini h[t&Y) 

j l>biv) hi[y t[m minvin[ kirN a[Tli miT[ bn[ C[ k[ t[m 

krviY) t[ pi[tin&> rij Tkiv) Sk[. hk)kt[ animtn) ji[gvieY) 

simi(jk ºyiy ¹viri gr)b Xi(tni> uRkP ap[(xt p(rNim 10 

vP mÇy&> hi[y ti[ j animt l>bivvin) j$r ht)!! 

an[ ji[ ki>e frk pDyi[ j ni hi[y ti[ pC) animt l>bivvin) S&> 

j$r ht)? 

b)J bij&Y) tpis)a[ ti[ aij[ 67-68 vP< pC) pN 

t[ ji(tai[ni[ (vkis Ye Skyi[ nY) ti[ 1949 Y) 1960ni 

diykimi> nY) j Yyi[ t[ (n(vbivvin) S&> j$r ht)? 

ji[ animtn) ji[gvie l>bivt) vKt[ animtn[ ai(Y ai>di[lni[ Yyi> ni hi[t, pr>t& 

“(DvieD a[ºD $l” n) n)(t aKRyir krvin&> a[k asrkirk 

siFn d*r Ye jit. 

22

{b} animtni[ uÑ[S: 

“a(vk(st li[ki[n) uºn(t- (vkis tYi pCit ji(tni[ uRkP pr b[q[l) ji(tai[ miT[ animt ht). 

j[Y) t[ai[ pg(Yyi> cQ)n[ pi[tini[ (vkis siF) Sk[ an[ smijni 

m&²y p\vihmi> aiv) Sk[. b>FirNmi> animtn) ji[gvie piCL 

aivi[ umdi h[t& hti[. 

aivi[ umdi h[t& hi[vin[ kirN[ j 1949n) b>FirN sBini 

299 s¿yi[ p]k) 284 hijr 

s¿yi[a[ sviFirNn[ an&m(t aip). agiu jNiÄy&> 

t[ m&jb ai s¿yi[ p]k) mi[TBigni pi[t[ ai(Y 

t[mN[ (n:AviY. 

u_im uÑ[S viLi ai umdipNin[ piT)diri[ni hilni 

“animt aipi[” ai>di[ln siY[ srKivi[, ti[ t[ minvin[ frj 

pDS[ k[ (vk(st smij aiv) mi>gN) kr[ t[ GZNipi#i hi[e Sk[. S>& 

aiv) mi>gN) ayi[³y an[ g[rÄyijb) nY)? simi(jk ºyiyn) 

(vr&¹F nY)? 

23

“animt aipi[” n) srKimN)a[ “animt hTivi[” aYvi 

“nit-jitni B[dBiv (vni ai(YgN) vFir[ n](tk C[. animtni bdl[ simi(jk ºyiy 

miT[ a[v) ÄyvAYi kri[ k[ j[n[ kirN[ Äy(ktgt ki[en[y aºyiy Yiy 

n(h t[ si]Y) vF& yi[³y mi>gN) C[. 

u_im uÑ[S$p) (skkin) b)J bij&: 

animtni[ u_im uÑ[S smijni C[k C[Ãli> pg(Yyi> 

pr b[q[l) ji(tai[ni uRkP< ni[ C[ pr>t& ai miT[ b>FirNmi> 

ji(t S¾d viprvimi> aiÄyi[ t[ j “ji(t aiFi(rt” 

animtn&> m*L C[. smijni> C[Ãli> pg(Yyi> pr b[q[li 

li[ki[ a[Tl[ k[ K*b j gr)b tYi a(vk(st 

ki[n[ gNvi[ t[n) b>FirNmi> yi[³y Äyi²yi krvimi> aiv) 

nY), pr>t& t[n[ bdl[ a[k p(r(SOT bnivvimi> aiÄy&> j[mi> 

am&k a[v) Xi(tai[ni[ smiv[S krvimi> 

aiÄyi[ k[ j[ Xi(tai[ p]k) mh`da>S[ li[ki[ a(vk(st t[mj 

gr)b hti. aiv&> p(r(SOT “(SDy&ÃD kiAT SC” n&> 

p(r(SOT Yy&>. t[ j m&jb (SDy&ÃD Tîeb-ST n&> pN 

p(r(SOT bnivvimi> aiÄy&>. ai Xi(tai[ p]k) SC miT[ 7 

Tki tYi ST miT[ 15 Tki g&jritmi> animtn) 

ji[gvie krvimi> aiv). a[ ni[>Fn)y C[ k[ animtni[ liB 

aipvi a>g[ ai(Yhn) srkir vKt[ (SDy&ÃD kiAT tYi 

24

(SDy&ÃD Tîeb (sviyn) b)J 

Xi(tai[ {OBC-Other than Backward 

Class) n&> (lAT t]yir krvimi> aiÄy&> an[ t[mn[ pN 

animtni[ liB mL[ t[ h[t&Y) t[mn[ miT[ 27 Tki 

animtn) ji[gvie krvimi> aiv). ai r)t[ j[ animt 

1990 ph[li> 22.5 Tki ht) t[ vF) n[ 49.5 Tki Ye. 

OBC miT[ pN animtni[ liB aipvi a>g[ ai(Y 

smi(vOT Xi(tai[ni> li[ki[ p]k) GNi> bFi a[vi pN hti 

k[ j[ ai(Y k[ºW srkirni> (Df[ºs (m(nATr hti 

Cti> animtni> liBiY)< hti an[ pi[t[ aApZÆy 

C[ t[ ApZÆy n Yiy Ryi> s&F) pi[t[ animt ni[ liB 

l[S[ t[v&> t[mn&> vlN ht&>. 

pi[t[ animtni[ liB n l[vi[ ji[ea[ kirN 

k[ pi[t[ ai(Y aBiv hti[. bLtimi> G) hi[miy t[m 

t[n[ ApZÆyti-aApZÆyti siY[ B[Lv) de animtni[ liB 

l[vin) vZ(_i riKv) t[ k[vi[ a(Bgm!! aivi vg S)Kv) Sk[? t[n) sim[ hilni vDi\p\Gin[ g[sn) 

sbs)D) n l[vi a[k hikl kr) an[ kri[Di[ $(pyin) 

25

sbs)D) li[ki[a[ Ci[D) d)G)!!. 

ti[ p\jini[ a(Bgm siri[ k[ jgJvnrim j[vi 

n[tini[? 

ai r)t[ a[vi[ gNnipi#i sm&diy animt) 

Xi(tai[ p]k) hti[ k[ j[mn[ n](tk r)t[ ji[ti 

animtni[ liB mLvi[ ji[ea[ nh), pr>t& Xi(t aiFi(rt 

animtn[ kirN[ t[ai[ liB l[ti aiÄyi C[. ai bibt 

n](tk r)t[ GZNipi#i tYi ayi[³y hi[viY) 

aºyiyni[ a(tr[k krnir) bn[ C[. 

animtn[ kirN[ aºyiyni[ Bi[g bn[l) Äy(ktai[ni 

p\ki[pn&> kirN pN bn[ C[. 

ah)> a[ uÃl[K krvin&> yi[³y lig[ C[ k[ fkt aipNi[ j d[S, 

d&(nyi Brmi> a[k a[vi[ kmns)b d[S C[ jyi> simi(jk ºyiy 

krvin) p¹F(t Xi(t aiFir)t C[, ai(Y 

miqi> p(rNim aij[ smg\ Birt d[S Bi[gv) rHi[ C[. miqi> 

p(rNim a[Tl[ k[ 65-65 vPvt` 

a[Tl[ k[ j[vi[ an[ j[Tli[ (vkis Ye Sk[ t[m hti[ t[n) 

srKimN)mi> 20 Tki pN Yyi[ C[ k[ k[m t[ S>kiApd C[!! pCit 

li[ki[ni> uRkP< miT[ si]Y) mh_vn) j$(ryit p]k) ph[l) j$(ryit, 

Jvn Tkivvi miT[ ai(YAkirni 

(s>cn k[ j[ ~m, sihs, tYi s>GP jºm AYin C[... 

26

ai bºn[ j$(ryitn[ an&lx)n[ (vcir)a[ ti[ {1} k[Tli 

li[ki[n[ ai(Y s>Akir (s>cn bibt[ 65-65 vP nY). d[SB(ktn) Bivnini[ (vkis Yvi[ ji[ea[ t[ni 

bdl[ rkis Yyi[ C[. ai bFi kirNi[n[ len[ gr)b vF& gr)b 

Yyi[ an[ am)r vFir[ am)r... B\OTicir 

aismin[ phi>[µyi[ an[ vg

{2} animtni> rijk)y aiTi-piTi: 

{a} nkkr sRy: 

a[k nkkr sRyn[ aipN[ minv&> j pDS[ k[ “gm[ t[vi> 

ai>di[lni[ pT[li[n[ tYi animtY) v>(ct ki[epN (vk(st ji(tn[- 

animt apiv) Skvini> nY)” 

ji[ aipN[ ai nkkr sRyn[ Av)kir)a[-Av)kirv&> hi[y 

ti[ t[ni> kirNi[ S&> C[, t[ pN smjv&> j$r) C[. 

animtn) pi#iti kyi smijn[ mL) Sk[ C[, t[ jiNv&> pN 

j$r) C[. ji[ animt nib&d krvin) bibt hi[y ti[ ke r)t[ nib&d 

kr) Skiy aYvi ke r)t[ bdl) Skiy t[ jiNv&> pN K*b j$r) C[. 

vF&mi> a[ (vcirv&> pN j$r) C[ k[ animt nib*d krv) 

ji[ea[ k[ pC) j[ umdi h[t&Y) animtni b)j ri[piyi> hti> 

t[ h[t&n) p*Ndi[lnn) a[k mh_vn) bibt 

a[ C[ k[ pi[tin&> ai>di[ln (nOpx C[ t[vi[ divi[ krti> 

ai>di[lnkiri[ “jy Bvin) - srkir jvin)” ni niri lgiv) S&> 

kh[vi mi>g[ C[? S&> ai niri[ Bijp pxn) (vr&¹Fni[ nY)? 

ai>di[lnkiri[ a[ bibtni[ jvib aip) SkS[ k[; 

28

“ji[ ai {Bijp} srkir jS[ aYvi ai 

srkirn[ kiQvimi> ai>di[lnkiri[ sfL YS[ ti[ pN t[ai[ a[v) b)J 

ke srkir liv) SkS[ k[ j[n) pis[Y) pT[li[ tYi aºy animtY) 

v>(ct (vk(st ji(tn[ animt apiv) Sk[? S&> a[v) ki[e srkir 

ai>di[lnkiri[ni ¹yinmi> C[?” jyi> s&F) aiv) srkir Sky j nY) 

Ryi> s&F) ai m&Ñ[ fkt g&jritn) Bijp j nh)>, pr>t& ki[epN 

rijyn) srkirn[ kiQvini[ p\Ån j up(AYt Yti[ nY). 

vi>cki[ Kis (vcir[ k[ aizid) pC) 55 vP ÄhiNi> vh) 

gyi pC) g&jritmi>, tYi 66 vP ÄhiNi> vh) gyi pC) d[Smi> 

sdns)b[; 

“(DvieD a[ºD $l” n[ bdl[ “y&nieT a[ºD $l” n) 

n)(tviL) srkir mL) C[!! aiv) u>DiN n)(tviL) 

srkirn[ shkir aipvin&> (vcirv&> ji[ea[ k[ UYlivvin&>? 

“y&nieT a[ºD $l” n) n)(t k[ j[ (vkisni kirNi[ p]k) a[k 

KŠb j mh_vn&> kirN C[ t[ vFir[ mhRvn&> k[ animtn) mi>g 

vFir[ mhRvn)? 

1. b>FirNn) ji[gvieai[ an&sir Birt d[Sn) ki[epN rijy 

srkirn[ animt nib*d krvin) k[ animt aipvin) s_ii C[ j 

nh)> ti[ pC) rijy srkir sim[ ai>di[lni[Y) S&> fiydi[? ai 

ti[ a[v) vit Ye k[: 

29

“s>tin mi-bip pis[ ki[e a[v) mi>gN) kr[ tYi Jd 

pkD[ k[ j[ aipvi miT[ mi-bip s>pŠN< asmY< hi[y, Ryir[ mi-bipn) 

j[ mjb*r p(r(AY(t Yiy t[v) mjb*r hilt hilmi> g&jrit 

srkirn) C[.” 

srkir pis[ animt aipvin) k[ nib*d krvin) s_ii hi[y 

ti[ animt aip[ k[ nib&d kr[n[ !!! 

ai p&Atk vi>cnir ki[epN miNs p&Atk vi>µyi pC) 

a[ bibt siY[ ac*k s>mt YS[ k[ ai>di[lnkiri[ p]k) ki[epN Äy(kt 

aYvi K&d aipNi vDip\Fin pN (vk(st ji(t 

n[ animtni[ liB apiv) SkS[ nh)> t[n&> m*LB*t kirN b>FirN 

C[. b>FirNmi> jyi> s&F) Xi(t aiFi(rt animtn) ji[gvie 

C[ Ryi> s&F) (vk(st Xi(tni[ Äy(kt ai(Yt& pi[tin) Xi(t 

bdl[ ti[ mL) Sk[!! 

Kr[Kr ti[ ai>di[lnkiri[ ¹viri “animt aipi[“ ni 

bdl[ v]k(Ãpk mi>gN) k[ j[ Äyvhi(rk hi[y t[v) mi>gN) krv) j$r) 

C[. 

30

{b} a(ttni[ aiyni[-animt hTivi[:- 

aipN[ jiN)a[ C)a[ k[ ai agiu ki[>g\[s Sisnmi> 

“animt hTivi[” ai>di[lni[ Yyi> hti>, j[mi> animt hTivvin) 

m>igN) krvimi> aiv) ht). 

1974 tYi 1981Y) 1984 ni> ai>di[lni[:- 

ai ai>di[lni[ p]k) a[k vKtni> ai>di[ln vKt[ ki[>g\[s) 

m&²ym>#i) hti ti[ b)ji vKt[ jntidLni m&²ym>#i) hti. a[k 

ai>di[ln “nv(nmidi[ln” ht&> ti[ b)j&> “animt 

hTivi[ ai>di[ln” ht&>. ki[>g\[s-jntidLn) srkir[ aivi 

ai>di[lnn[ divp[c kr)n[ (hºd&-m&(Almni ai>di[lnmi> f[rv) d)F&>, 

an[ aim krvi miT[ BiD&t) g&>Di t_vi[ni[ upyi[g pN krvimi> 

aiÄyi[ hti[, an[ K*b K*n Kribi Yyi hti, t[v&> t[ vKtni> 

d](nki[p#ii[ bi[lti> hti. 

GN) bF) srkir) (mlkti[n[ By>kr n&kSin Yy&> ht&> a[Tl&> 

j nh)> 40-45 (dvs s&F) pN ti[fini[ pr kib& m[Lviyi[ n 

hti[ t[n) piCLn&> kirN a[v&> hi[e Sk[ k[ animtni> 

ai>di[lnn[ (hºd&-m&(Almni ai>di[lni[mi> bdlvi, (hºd&-m&(Almni> 

ai>di[lni[ krivvi miT[ an[ li>b& clivvi miT[ srkirni[ p*ri[ siY 

rh[ti[ hti[. li>b& a[Tli miT[ clivvin&> k[ li[ki[ animtn) 

mi>gN)n[ B*l)n[ ai>di[lni[ b>F Yiy t[m eµC[... C[Ãl[ krfy& 

lidvimi> aiv[ t[ pN K*b li>bi[ smy rh[ti[, 

31

li[ki[n[ krfy&n[ kirN[ Yt) hiDmir)Y) By>kr t>g krvimi> aivti 

j[Y) animtni ai>di[lni[mi> Big l[viviLi tYi T[ki[ aipviviLi 

pN k>TiL) jiy. biLki[n) AkŠli[, ki[l[ji[ b>F rh[t), a¿yismi> 

ti[ n&kSin Yt&> j pr>t& biLmins pr pN K*b j Krib Cb) 

pDt). (hºd& m&(Almi[ni s>b>Fi[ t>g bnti tYi b>n[ ki[m 

vµc[ h>m[Sni> v[rz[rni> m*L vF& mjb*t bnti>. 

ai r)t[ li>bi cilti> (hºd&-m&(Almni ai>di[ln tYi krfy&Y) 

k>TiL[li li[ki[, ai>di[lnkiri[n) “animt hTivi[”n) mi>gN) n](tk 

ºyiyni (s¹Fi>ti[ni aiFir[ vijb) hi[vi Cti> pN 

ai>di[lnkiri[n[ T[ki[ aipti b>F Yti, an[ ai>di[ln (nOfL Yt&>. 

“ki[epN ai>di[ln gm[ t[Tl&> n](tk hi[y pr>t& 

jyir[ t[n[ smijni[ T[ki[ mLti[ b>F Yiy Ryir[ t[ (nOfLtini 

mig hi[y C[.” 

aipN[ a[ ji[y&> k[ ai>di[lnn[ Dimvi ki[>g\[s 

srkiri[a[ j[ rAti apniÄyi> t[ k[Tli hlk) kxini hti. aivi 

ai>di[lni[ (nOfLtimi> p(r·iÀyi> t[n&> b)j&> a[k mh_vn&> kirN 

a[ pN C[ k[ ai>di[lnkiri[n) mi>gN)Y) simi(jk ºyiyn) 

avgNni Yt) ht). 

g&jritmi> animt hTivi[ni By>kr ai>di[lni[ Yyi> tYi 

d[SBrmi> pN 1989 ph[li> an[k ai>di[lni[ Yyi Cti> j[ animt 

1989 agiu fkt SC-ST Xi(tai[ miT[ ht) t[mi> ai[.b).s). 

32

Xi(tai[ni[ um[ri[ Yyi[ an[ animtni Tki j[ g&jritmi> 22.5 

Tki hti t[ vF)n[ 49.5 Tki Ye gyi. ain&> m&²y kirN vi[Tb[>k 

lx) rijn)(t d[Sni[ mi[TiBigni[ mtditi vg< a[vi[ C[ k[ j[ yi[³y 

tYi (vcirS)ltip*vdi[ln:- 

animt aiFi(rt aRyir s&F) g&jritmi> k[Tli> 

ai>di[ln Yyi> tYi S&> p(rNim aiÄy&>? aºy j&di j&di rijyi[mi> 

animtY) v>(ct li[ki[a[ jyir[ “animt aipi[” ai>di[ln kyi< 

Ryir[ rijy srkiri[a[ ki>ek ai¼y&> Kr&> ! pr>t& p(rNim S&> aiÄy&>? 

ah) kdic a[ p\Ån Yiy k[ “S>& piT)diri[a[ animt mi>gv) 

ni ji[ea[?” hk)kt[ p\Ån a[ nY) k[ animt mi>gv) ji[ea[ k[ ni 

mi>gv) ji[ea[!! pr>t& p\Ån a[ C[ k[ j[ animt mi>g) rHi 

C[ t[ mLvin) Skyti C[ Kr)? mL) Sk[ t[m hi[y ti[, ke 

r)t[ an[ n mL) Sk[ t[m hi[y ti[, Si miT[? 

piT)diri[n) animtn) mi>gN) g&jrit srkir 

pis[ C[ pr>t& animt a>g[ (nNek aip) Sk[? h>m[Si> aivi mimli 

C[Ãl[ ti[ ki[T

m[Lvvin&> hilni ai>di[lnkiri[n&> ai ai>di[ln (vcirS)l... 

k[ a(vcirS)l? 

“animt aipi[” ai>di[lnni ai>di[lnkiri[ pis[ p(rpkv, 

(vcirS)l, g>B)r, smj& tYi (vv[k b&(¹Fp&N< n[_iZRvni[ 

mi[Ti[ aBiv C[.” 

hilni> “animt aipi[“ ai>di[lnmi> pi[tin[ animtY) 

Yy[li aºyiy n[ kirN[ uÑBv[li aik\i[Smi>Y) jºm[li p\(tSi[Fn&> 

p\B&Rv vFir[ C[, ai kirNY) j “animt aipi[“ n) JdviL&> 

ai>di[ln C[. smj tYi (vv[kb&(¹Fp*v tYi 

t[v) asrkirk v]k(Ãpk ÄyvAYi k[ j[ g&jrit srkirn) s_ii 

myi hi[y t[v) ÄyvAYin) mi>gN) krv) tYi mLt) hi[y 

ti[ animt aipi[n) Jd Ci[D)n[ Av)kirv). 

ai>di[lnkiri[ niri lgiv[ C[ k[: “srdir pT[l bid 

s&BiPc>W bi[z tYi v)r Bgt(s>h pN bn) Sk)S&>..” ai 

(vFinmi> p(rpkvti k[Tl)...!! ai g(Bdi[lnn[ (h>sk bnivvini[ aNsir C[...??? hiln&> animt 

ai>di[ln Kr[Kr a(h>sk C[ Kr&>? ai>di[ln (h>sk hi[y pC) 

pi[l)s kiy? 

34

lil& yidv ji[ kh[ti hi[y k[ j[ (bn animtviLi 

C[ t[mn[ pN animt aipv) ji[ea[ ti[ t[ni[ aY< S&>? lil& 

yidvn&> ai (vFin rijk)y nY)? ki[>g\[s ai bibt[ Si>t Si miT[ C[? 

mZtk miT[ Si[k p\Ativ krivvi g&jrit (vFinsBimi> Fi>Fl 

mcivnir ki[>g\[s n[ti S>kr(s>hJ piT)diri[n[ animt apivvi 

k[m Fi>Fl nY) mcivti? 

ai>di[lnkiri[ “niri[” len[ n)kÇyi C[.. “jy Bvin) – 

srkir jvin).” S&> t[mn) pis[ jvib C[ k[ ai 

srkirn[ kiQ[ ti[ pN a[v) ki[e rijy srkir a[ liv) SkS[ k[ j[n) 

pis[Y) piT)diri[ s(ht animtY) v>(ct sv< ji(tn[ animt 

apiv) Sk[? 

ai>di[lnkiri[ p]k) ki[epN CM k[ PM bn[, ti[ pN 

(vk(st smijn[ animt nh)> j apiv) Sk[ t[mi> ki[e 

S>kin[ AYin j nY), kirN b>FirNni> b>Fn a[vi> C[ k[ jyi> s&F) 

s>sdmi> 67 Tki Y) vF& s¿yi[ shmt ni Yiy Ryi> s&F) ni 

ti[ animt hTiv) Skiy k[ ni bdl) Skiy ! 

B*tkiLni> “animt hTivi[” ai>di[lnn) srKimN)mi> 

piT)diri[ni> hilni> “animt aipi[” ni> ai>di[ln C[. n](tk ºyiy 

an[ umdipNin) Ø(OTa[ “animt aipi["" n) mi>gN)n) 

srKimN)mi> “animt hTivi[[” n) mi>gN) vFir[ u(ct 

an[ vijb) C[, pr>t& simi(jk ºyiyn) Ø(OTa[ b>n[ mi>gN) 

35

ayi[³y C[. simi(jk ºyiyn) Ø(OTa[ ji[ea[ ti[ “Xi(t 

aiFi(rt animt hTivi[-ai(YgN) vFir[ u(ct gN) Skiy. 

an&(ct mi>gN) 

u(ct mi>gN) 

animt hTivi[, animt aipi[. Xi(t aiFi(rt animt 

hTiv) ai(YgN) rijy srkir pis[ nh) pr>t& fkt k[ºW 

srkir pis[ j kr) Skiy kirN k[ fkt k[ºW srkir j 67 Tki 

s¿yi[ s>mt Yiy ti[ aiv) mi>gN)ai[ a>g[ GTt&> kr) Sk[. 

ai rj*aitni[ aY< a[vi[ nY) k[ piT)diri[n) ligN) 

siY[ ai p&Atk lKnirn) ligN)ni[ smºvy nY), piT)diri[n) 

ligN) siY[ amir) p*r) s>m(t an[ s>v[dni C[, pr>t& g&jrit 

srkir ki[e pN s>ji[gi[mi> j[ aip) Sk[ t[m nY) an[ j[ g&jrit 

srkirn) s_ii myi nY) t[ ke r)t[ mL) Skvin&> C[? 

36

t[ni> krti> g&jrit srkirn) S(kt myi hi[y t[v) 

v]k(Ãpk mi>gN) krvimi> j SiNpN C[. 

{D} animt m[Lvvin) kiy n)c[ dSi 

sim[l krvi arJ krv) ji[ea[. 

{2} ji[ piT)dir Xi(tn[ ai[.b).s)mi> um[rvi miT[ni[ ai[.b).s) 

k(mSnni[ (nN smiFin Ye jiy 

C[. ji[ nkiriRmk aiv[ ti[ ai[.b).s) k(mSnni h&km sim[ hie 

ki[T ap)l Ye Sk[ C[. ji[ hieki[T< pN piT)diri[n) ap)l rd 

kr[ ti[ s&p\)m ki[T pN arJ Ye Sk[ C[. pr>t& ji[ s&p\)m ki[T< 

pN rd kr[ ti[ b>FirNni ai[.b).s) S)Dy&lmi> li[ksBi-rijysBi 

oiri um[ri[ krvimi> aiv[ Ryi> s&F) piT)diri[n[ animt mL) 

Sk[ nh). 

{3} piT)diri[ gm[ t[Tl) Jd pkD[, ti[fini[ kr) abji[ $(pyin) 

(mlkti[ n[ n&kSin kr) liKi[ li[ki[ni jin le l[... pr>t& upr 

jNiÄyi m&jb ai[.b).s) k(mSn piT)diri[n[ ai[.b).s).ni 

p(r(SOTmi> sim[l krvini[ (nN

hilni s>ji[gi[mi> piT)diri[n[ animt mL) Sk[ t[v) ki[e Skyti 

nY). srkir rijyn) hi[y k[ k[ºWn), Bijpn) hi[y k[ ki[>g\[sn) 

k[ pC) ki[e pN srkir upri[kt p\(k\yi kyi< (vni (bnanimt) 

Xi(t p]k) ki[e pN Xi(tn[ k[ piT)diri[n[ animt apiv) 

SkS[ nh). 

hv[ mhRvni[ p\Åna[ Yiy k[ ai>di[lnkiri[ animt m[Lvvi 

upri[kt kiy p(rNim 

aiÄy&>? ji[ ni kr) hi[y ti[ Si miT[ nY) kr)? 

{c} g&jrit srkirni[ a(Bgm:- 

B*tkiLn) ki[>g\[s srkirn) srKimN)mi> g&jritn) hiln) 

Bijpi srkir[ ai>di[lnkiri[ siY[ k[vi[ Äyvhir kyi[di[lnmi> siY ni aipvi jih[r 

jntin[ (vn>t) kr). 

2. ai>di[lnkiri[ siY[ viTiGiTi[ krvi uµckxin) k(mT)n) rcni 

krvimi> aiv) tYi viTiGiTi[ miT[ ai>di[lnkiri[n[ aim>#iN 

piqvvimi> aiÄy&>. Bl[ viTiGiTi[ p\Ym tbkk[ (nOfL n)vD), pr>t& 

s&Kd a>t miT[ viTiGiTi[ni[ di[r stt cil& riK) Skiy 

t[ miT[ srkir p\yRnS)l rh) pr>t& ai>di[lnkiri[a[ t[mi> shkir 

n ai¼yi[ an[ ulTin&> ai>di[lnn[ ug\ bniÄy&> 

3. srkir[ ai siY[ni {p(r(SOT-4, pini n>- 95} m&jb 

d](nki[mi> aiKi pinn) jih[riti[ aip) p\ji smx nkkr sRy 

38

hk)ktn) vir>vir rj*ait kr) tYi srkir qili> 

vcni[ aip[ t[ ayi[³y gNiy t[vi Äyvhi(rk an[ n)(ty&kt 

kirNi[n[ an&lx)n[ srkir qili> vcni[ aipvi nY) eµCt) 

t[ bibtn) pN ApOTti kr). 

4. srkir[ T).v). pr pN jih[riti[ kr) p\ji smx sRy tYi 

nkkr hk)kti[n) rj*ait kr). 

Bijp srkir[ hkiriRmk vlNY) p\ji smx sic) bibt 

rj* kr) pr>t& ai>di[lnkiri[ nkkr-hk)kt smjvi t]yir n j Yyi 

an[ aij[ pN nY). 

“d)vi j[v) ApOT bibt Äy(kt smjvi k[ minvi t]yir ni 

hi[y ti[ t[n&> kirN yi[³y tYi p\imi(Nk k[ Äyvhir& hi[e Sk[ Kr&>?” 

a#i[ a[ uÃl[Kn)y C[ k[: “g&jritn) Bijp srkir k[ b)ji 

ki[epN rijyn) b)J ki[epN pxn) srkir, ki[epN (vk(st 

smijn[ animt apiv) Skvin) nY) j” t[ nkkr sRy C[, 

kirN k[ b>FirNmi> j (vk(st ji(t miT[ animtn) ji[gvie 

krvimi> aiv[l nY). 

hv[, ai j bibtn[ b)J r)t[ (vcir)a[ k[ animtn) 

mi>gN) ti[ g&jrit srkir pis[ kr[l) C[! srkirn[ qili> 

vcni[ aipvin) pN C*T C[ ti[ srkir qili> vcni[ aip[, pC) 

Bl[ ki[Ti[< t[n[ rd kr[, ti[ S&> srkir miT[ t[ n](tk r)t[ yi[³y 

39

gNiS[? 

GD)Br a[m min) lea[ k[: 

srkirn) ti[ piT)diri[n[ animt aipvin) s>p*N< eµCi 

C[ an[ srkir pi[t[ animtn) mi>gN)n[ yi[³y tYi ºyiy) mint) 

hi[y ti[ pN animtY) v>(ct (vk(st li[ki[n[ animt apiv) 

Skvin) nY) kirN k[ srkir tYi ki[Ti[FirNn) 

b[D)ai[Y) b>Fiy[li C[. 

ai j kirNY) g&jrit srkir jih[riti[ ¹viri li[ki[n[ smj 

aip[ C[ k[, b)ji> k[Tli>k rijyi[mi> t[ rijyn) srkir[ animtY) 

v>(ct li[ki[ni ai>di[lnn[ q>D&> piDvi animt aip) pr>t& ki[Ti[< 

a[ t[n[ rd kr), ti[ pC) j[ t[ srkiri[a[ animt aip) t[ni[ aY< 

S&> rHi[? ai nkkr sRyn[ ai>di[lnkiri[ Av)kirvi t]yir nY) 

t[n&> kirN ti[ t[ai[ j p\jin[ aip) Sk[. 

b)J bij& a[m pN kh) Skiy k[ ai>di[lnkiri[n[ q>Di 

piDvini h[t&Y) j j[ t[ rijy srkiri[a[ {g&jrit srkir (vni } 

mi>gN) m>j*r kr) d)F) t[n&> kirN a[ pN hi[e Sk[ k[: 

“ aipN[ ti[ „animt‟ aip), pC) ki[T j[ Yv&> hi[y t[ Yiy t[mi> 

srkir kyi> di[(Pt gNivin) C[?” 

g&jrit srkir ai r)t[ p\jin[ g[rmig[< di[rvi k[ g&mrih 

krvi eµCt) nY), t[ g&jrit srkirni mkkm a(BgmY) ApOT 

Yiy C[. 

40

“GD)Br min) lea[ k[ g&jrit srkir animt aip[” 

ti[ pN Ryirbid ki[T< ti[ rd krS[ j t[ (n(v 

ai>di[lnkiri[mi> tikit C[ k[ t[ai[ hieki[T< k[ s&p\)m ki[T ni min[ ti[ t[n) sim[ ai>di[lnkiri[-FrNi kr) 

“ki[Ti[< hTivi[“ t[vi> ai>di[ln krS[! k[ pC) aimrNi>t upvis 

krS[!!! 

hv[ a[ jNivv&> j$r) C[ k[ hilmi> ain>d)b[n pT[ln) 

srkirn) n)(t d)vi j[v) ApOT C[ k[ sRy hk)ktn[ li[ki[ smx m*k) 

jNiv[ C[ an[ smjiv[ C[ tYi nkkr hk)ktn[ Av)kirvi (vn>t) 

kr[ C[ k[, “hilni s>ji[gi[mi> tYi b>FirN an&sir srkir pT[l 

smijn[ animt aip) Sk[ t[m nY), kirN k[ g&jrit 

srkirn[ t[m krvin) s_ii j nY), Cti> pT[l smij[ OBC mi> 

sim[l Yv&> hi[y ti[ OBC k(mÆinrn[ arJ krv) pD[, 

j[ r)t[ B*tkiLmi> b)ji smijni> li[ki[ a[ kr[l) C[, 

ti[ ai>dilnkiri[ Si miT[ arJ nY) krti?” t[n) sim[ b)J 

rijy srkiri[a[ qili> vcni[ ai¼yi>, {jiNti hi[vi Cti> k[ rijy 

srkirn[ animt aipvin) s_ii nY)} j[ piCLY) ki[Ti[n[ n)(tmi>Y) n](tktin) Ø(OTa[ ke n)(t vFir[ sir) 

gNiy? (n(vd)b[n pT[ln) srkirn) ApOT 

n)(t Kr[Kr vF& yi[³y tYi n](tk C[. 

41

hv[ b)J r)t[ (vcir)a[ k[ kdic g&jrit srkir 

piT)diri[n[ animt aip[ ti[ pN, ai>di[lnkiri[ animt kiym 

rh[ t[ miT[ pi[tini[ k[s a[v) r)t[ lD) SkS[ k[ ki[Ti[< t[n[ rd ni kr[? 

b)ji[ p\Ån a[ pN Yiy k[ hieki[T< k[ s&p\)m ki[Tdi[lnkiri[ aiv&> jjm[ºT aipnir minn)y jjni 

Gr sim[ ai>di[ln an[ FrNi> kr[, aimrNi>t upvis pr utr[! 

a[v&> Sky C[? an[ aim krviY) S&> g&jrit srkir[ aip[l) 

animt kiym rh[S[ Kr) ? 

(n(vdi[ln k[ FrNi> 

cilti> nY), piT)diri[ siFn-s>pºn {ai(Y p\v[Sn[ pi#i 

nY)-an[ t[ kirNY) animt m[Lvvin[ pi#i pN nY), ai 

(n(vkiY) pr a[v) nkkr hk)kt C[, j[n[ dr[k (vk(st 

ji(tni li[ki[a[ smjdir)p*vg[ ji[ g&jrit srkir a[m (vcir)n[ ki[e 

pgli> n l[ k[ ai>di[lnkiri[a[ ph[li> ti[D-fi[D kr) aYvi ti[ ph[li> 

h&mli[ kyi[< miT[ pi[l)s vi>kmi> nY) t[m min)n[ pi[l)s sim[ vF& 

pDti dmn a>g[ kDk kiy n aiv[ ti[ t[ Kr[Kr 

srkir px[ g[rvijb) an[ ayi[³y vlN gN) Skiy. 

42

srkirni[ a(Bgm Kr[Kr ti[ a[vi[ hi[vi[ ji[ea[ k[ “Ci[r&> 

kCi[r&> Yiy pr>t& mivtr kmivtr n Yiy” srkir a[ p\ji 

miT[ h>m[Si> mi-bipn) j³yia[ hi[y C[ an[ t[ kirNY) srkir 

pi[t[ j p\ji upr dmn kr[ ti[ srkir dmnkir) gN) Skiy. 

g[rvijb) an[ aºyiy krnir pi[l)si[ sim[ kDk hiY[ pgli> l[vi 

t[ srkirn) n](tk t[mj p\jilx) frj bn[ C[. a[k simiºy 

diKliY) ai bibtn[ smjv) hi[y ti[ a[v&> kh) Skiy 

k[ jyir[ p¸Yrmiri[ Yiy C[ Ryir[ pi[l)sn[ rxN miT[ Qil 

aipvimi> aiv[ C[, t[n[ gi[L)bir krvini[ h&km aipvimi> 

aivti[ nY). ain[ a[ r)t[ ji[e Skiy k[ s>ym riKvi[ a[ srkirn) 

frj C[. 

GD)Br min) lea[ k[ ti.25 ai[gOTn) r[l) 

vKt[ liq)cij< krvi[ a(nviy< hti[, ti[ pN a[ (n(vKvini[ nh)>. Bigti Äy(ktn) piCL 

di[D)n[ t[ Grmi> G*s) jiy ti[ pN t[n) piCL Grmi> di[D) 

jen[ mirvi[ t[ s_iini[ s>ym (vhi[Ni[ v[rvZ(_i Br[li[ upyi[g C[. 

“ j[ pi[l)s ki[ºAT[bl k[ a(Fkir)ai[ s>ym 

siY[ s_iini[ upyi[g ni kr) Sk[ t[mnimi> s_ii m[Lvvin) liykit 

nY).” aivi miNsi[n[ s_ii aip) Skiy nh). 

j[N[ s_iini[ dŠrupyi[g kyi[< hi[y t[n) sim[ smysr kDk (SxiRmk 

43

pgli> l[vi> j ji[ea[ t[ sim&di(yk ºyiyni (htmi> K*b j 

mh_vn) j$r)yit C[. 

Bijp srkir C[ miT[ an&(ct krnir sim[ pgli> l[viS[, 

bik) B*tkiLmi> ti[ t[ pN nhi[t&> Yt&> t[v&> GNi Bijp ag\N)ai[n&> 

kh[v&> C[. ji[ k[ a[ vit sic) C[ k[ pi[l)s dmnni ai p\kirni 

bnivi[mi> B*tkiLmi> ki[e pgli> l[viti> nhi[ti>. di.t. miFv(s>h 

tYi c)mnBie pT[ln) srkir vKt[ Yy[li ai>di[lnmi> 

pi[l)si[a[ kr[li aºyiy) vt l[viyi n hti. 

Bijpni> ag\N)ai[n) a[v) pN ap[xi 

C[ k[ j[ li[ki[ rijkirN)ai[ni> Gr tYi ai[(fsi[ s&F) phi[>c) gyi 

t[ yi[³y nY) j[mN[ Bijpni MP-MLA n) ai[(fsi[ sLgiv) 

t[mn[ pkD)-pkD) a[v) (Sxi krv) ji[ea[ k[ B(vOymi> aiv&> 

krvini[ (vcir pN n kr) Sk[. di[Q m(hni ph[li> ä(Pk[SBien&> 

kiyi {aiSr[ j&lie 2015ni b)ji aqvi(Dyimi> 

a[Tl[ k[ ti. 25 m) ai[gOT-2015 ni ri[j amdividn) mhir[l) 

p*v S&> kirN? ki](Sk pT[lni kiyic-pi>c vir h&mli[ kyi[#i)~) n)(tnBie pT[l tYi 

m>#i)~) rjn)Bie pT[lni Gr[ phi[>c) gyi.. mi[hnBie k&>DL)yi 

{MP-m>#i)} n) ai[(fs sLgiv)!!! aiKr[ ai li[ki[a[ Äy(ktgt 

r)t[ t[mn&> S&> bgiDy&> C[?.....an[ t[ bibt[ (vcirv&> t[ Äyvhi(rk 

44

gNiS[ k[ g&jritni[ ki[epN Firis¿y k[ si>sd animt apiv) 

Sk[ t[v) ki[e j Skyti nY). ai sRy hi[vi Cti> t[mni upr 

h&mli[ krvi[ t[ ke r)t[ yi[³y C[? 

―a[k bij& dmn krnir pi[l)s sim[ (SxiRmk kDk pgli> 

l[vivi> ji[ea[ t[v) p\jin) mi>gN) hi[y, an[ b)J bij& srkir 

ai>di[lnkiri[ p]k) jntin) (mlktn[ n&kSin krnir pkDiy[li 

h&mli>Ki[ri[n[ Ci[D) d[ t[v) ai>di[lnkiri[n) mi>gN) C[, a[Tl[ k[: 

“pi[l)s sim[ pgli> li[ pr>t& ti[fin) - (h>sk ai>di[lnkiri[ n[ Ci[D) 

di[!!” 

ti[ S&> ai ºyiy) mi>gN) C[? 

ai s>ji[gi[mi> “srkir pi[l)s sim[ pgli> pN ni l[ tYi 

pkDiy[li h&mlKi[r ai>di[lnkiri[n[ Ci[D) d["" ti[ srkirn&> ai 

pgl&> srkirn) uNp k[ up[xi gN) Skiy k[ pC) viAt(vkti 

siY[n&> Äyvhi(rk smiFin.? 

“piT)diri[n[ animt aip) Skiy nh)>” (vFinn&> 

(vÅl[PN: 

ti. 24 ai[gOT 2015ni g&jrit smicirn) amdivid 

aivZ(_ini 14 mi> p[j upr p$s¹F Yy[l smicir an&sir 

“b>FirN)y ji[gvie, s&p$mni> c&kidiai[ pC) 

piT)diri[n[ animt aip) Skiy nh)”, ai (vFinn&> g[rsmj 

45

UB) krnir&> simiºy aY 

C[ k[ piT)diri[n[ ai[.b).s).mi> smivvi k[ ni smivvi 

t[ a>g[ g&jrit srkirn[ b>FirN)y ji[gvie tYi s&p\)mni 

c&kidin[ aiFir[ s>p*N< s_ii C[ pr>t& g&jrit srkir 

piT)diri[n[ ai[.b).s).mi> smivvi t]yir nY)!! 

ji[ k[ g&jrit srkirni[ a(Bgm a[vi[ hi[e Sk[ j nh) 

kirN k[ srkir ti[ b>>FirNn) ji[gvie tYi s&p\)m ki[T aid[SY) 

s>p*N< vik[f C[ tYi g&jrit srkirni> ¹yinmi> j C[ k[ animt 

aipvi k[ hTivvin) g&jrit srkirn[ s_ii j nY), 

a[Tl[ k[ srkirni> ai (vFin piCL simiºy jnsm&diy 

j[ aY aipvini[ a(Bgm pN n hti[. 

upri[kt (vFinn[ bdl[ ji[ ki[e a[v&> (vFin aiÄy&> hi[t 

k[ j[n&> aYFirNn) ji[gvie t[mj s&p\)mki[T hi[y ti[ g&jrit 

srkir t[mi> ki[e vi>Fi[-(vri[F k[ hAtx[p krS[ nh)>, t[mj g&jrit 

srkirn[ t[mi> hAtx[p krvini[ a(Fkir k[ s_ii pN nY)!! 

46

t[ j m&jb “ai[.b).s). k(mSn piT)diri[ni[ ji[ ai[.b).s). mi> 

smiv[S ni kr[ ti[ pN ai[.b).s). k(mSnn[ smiv[S krvi 

miT[ frj piDvini[ g&jrit srkirn[ ki[e j a(Fkir k[ s_ii nY).” 

ti[ simiºy jnsm&diy[ j[ aY. upri>t t[vi (vFinY) ApOT Yit k[ j[ bibt g&jrit 

srkirn) s_ii myi nY) t[ bibt[ g&jrit srkir 

eµC[ ti[ pN ki>e kr) Sk[ t[m nY) ti[ pC) g&jrit srkir 

sim[ ai>di[lni[ krviY) sfLti mLvin) Skyti k[Tl)? 

a#i[ a[ uÃl[Kn)y C[ k[ OBC n&> (lAT p(rvt b)J Xi(tai[ um[r) Skiy C[, pr>t& k[v) 

Xi(tai[n[ um[r) Skiy t[ bibtn&> s&p\)m ki[T migFirN Av)kiy&< RyirY) animt aiv), u_iri[_ir 

vFt) ge, S$aitmi> 10 vP< miT[ ht)...t[ vP< ti[ l>bivti gyi 

pr>t& Tki pN vFti gyi tYi bLtimi> G) hi[mvi ri[ATr j[v) 

g[rvijb) p¹F(t tYi g&Nv_ii {m[r)T} mi> smiFin j[v) s>p*

ayi[³y, aºyiy) tYi smg\ d[Sn&> a(ht krnir) bibti[ ki[>g\[s 

Sisnmi> livvimi> aiv)... animtn) b>FirN)y 

ji[gvieni[ an](tk rijrmtY) Brp*r-aºyiy) ti[ Kr) j pN 

d[Sn&> a(ht krnir) tYi li[ki[n) slimt) ji[Kmmi> m*kiy 

t[ r)t[ fkt vi[Tb[>k UB) krvi miT[ upyi[g Yti[ gyi[. 

piT)diri[a[ ai d*PN hd vTiv) gy>& Ryi> s&F) animt ni mi>g)! 

fkt piT)diri[ j Si miT[ animtY) v>(ct bik) rh[l) dr[k ki[mni 

li[ki[ p]k) ki[epN ki[mni smij[ (vri[F ni kyi[ (vri[F ni kyi[< a[Tl[ aRyir[ pN ni 

kr) Skiy, pr>t& bibt vkr)n[ (vkriL Yiy pC) vFir[ aGr) 

bn[ C[. 

a#i[ a[ Ti>kv&> j$r) C[ k[ s>sdmi> j>g) bh&mt) 67 Tki k[ t[Y) 

vFir[ hi[vi siY[ b>FirNn) animtn) ji[gvieai[ni[ fkt vi[Tb[>k 

UB) krvi si]Y) vF& d*rpyi[g Yyi[ hi[y ti[ t[ ki[>g\[sni 

SisnkiLmi> Yyi[ C[. kmns)b[ hilmi> b>FirNn) t[ j 

ji[gvieai[ amlmi> C[. 

ki[en[ a[vi[ p\Ån Yiy k[ “animtni[ upyi[g vi[Tb[>k UB) 

krvimi> kyi[ Ki[T&> S&> C[? 

rijkirN C[, vi[Tb[>k ti[ UB) krv) j pD[ n[? 

hi, rijkirNmi> vi[Tb[>k UB) krv) j$r) hi[y C[, pr>t& t[n) 

piCLni[ eridi[ fkt n[ fkt c*>TN) Jtvini[ hi[y, 

48

a[Tl[ k[ “Bl[ p\jin&> k[ d[Sn&> a(ht Yiy, amir) gid) ti[ scviy 

C[ n[!!” ai an](tk a(BgmY) vi[Tb[>k UB) Yiy t[ ke 

r)t[ yi[³y gNiy? 

ai p\kirn) m[l)m&ridY) UB) kr[l) vi[Tb[>kn[ kirN[: 

{1} vg< (vg\h v¹yi[, 

{2} gr)b vF& n[ vF& gr)b Yti[ gyi[ tYi am)r vF&n[ vF& 

am)r Yti[ gyi[. am)r-gr)b vµc[ni[ tfivt 

mi[Ti[ Yti[ gyi[ pr>t& gr)b) hTivi[ j[vi niri lgiv) 

gr)bi[n[ g[rmig[< di[r) gr)b) hTivvi p\Ry[ d&l aiÄy&> 

an[ t[ rijk)y rmtn[ kirN[ 65-65 vPi[t& vFt) ge. 

{3} SC-ST tYi OBC mL) 80 Tki vg< 

a[vi[ C[ k[ j[ pi[tin&> (ht Yiy C[ k[ a(ht Yiy C[ t[ pN ni smJ 

Sk[. aivi aBN, gr)b tYi min(sk r)t[ Bi>g) pD[li vg animt, ri[ATr vg[r[ j[v) an](tk n)(t ¹viri li[BimNi> 

vcni[ aip) t[mn) ai>Ki[mi> Av¼ni> jgiÄyi>, pN sikir Yyi> nh)>, 

sikir Yiy t[v) ki[e j tjv)j Ye nh)>. 

ain) piCL a[v) gNtr) hi[e Sk[ Kr) k[ “ ji[ aivi vg ti[ t[mn) 

gid) scviy”? ji[ aiv) gNtr) hi[y ti[ t[ miT[ animt$p) 

49

SA#ini[ d&rpyi[g Yyi[. ai d&rpyi[g siY[, pDti n[ piT& a[v&> 

“(DvieD a[ºD $l” {a[Tl[ k[, “ j&di piDi[, zgDivi[, zgDti 

riKi[ an[ rij kri[.” ) n) n)(t aKRyir krvimi> aiv), tYi 

aiv) n)(t aKRyir krvi miT[ j$r) t[vi[ vg aiÄyi[. (DvieD a[ºD $ln) 

n)(t ¹viri 65 -65 vP< s&F) gid) sicvvimi> ki[>g[sn[ sfLti 

mL). 

g&jritni[ diKli[ (vcir)a[ ti[ “KHAM” (Yyr)Y) si] 

(vcirS)l vg< jiNkir C[, Kim (Yyr)ni[ aY< a[vi[ Yiy C[ k[, 

“ x(#iy, h(rjn, ai(dvis) tYi m&(Alm Xi(tai[ a[k bij& Ye 

jiy tYi b)J Xi(tai[ ni[ sm*h sim) bij& rh[ t[m b[ Big 

piDvi miT[ rijk)y rmt rmv). b>n[ Bign[[ j&di riKvi, 

zgDivvi, zgDti riKvi an[ rij krv>&” aiv) an](tk 

n)(tn[ aKRyir krvi animt$p) SA#ini[ b[fim upyi[g krvimi> 

aivti[. ain[ kirN[ “ vg< (vg\h K*b v¹yi[, d[Sni[ (vkis $>Fiyi[, 

gr)b vF&n[ vF& gr)b Yti[ gyi[, gr)b) hTvin[ bdl[ vF). 

pi[tin&> (ht smjvin) b&(¹F S(ktni aBiv[ SC, ST tYi 

OBC vg mtdin 

krti[ rhyi[, an[ smj (vnin&> Xi(t aiFi(rt mtdin pN 

aij[ a[ j li[ki[ vFir[ p\miNmi> kr) rHi C[. a(vcirS)l 

50

mtdinni> miqi> p(rNim K&d animtni[ liBiY)< smij tYi 

smg\ d[S Bi[gv) rhyi[ C[. 

ai an](tk a(BgmY) rijkirN)ai[n) gid) 

ti[ scvie, pN animt ¹viri ap[(xt p(rNimi[ m[Lv) Skiyi 

nh)>. 1949 Y) kr[l) animtn) ji[gvie 65 -65 vP< pC) pN 

(nOfLtimi> p(rNm). 

“D)vieD a[ºD $l” n) n)(tn[ kirN[ a(S(xt tYi 

a(vcirS)l vg ¹yin ad[Kie, (trAkir tYi 

(vg\hmi>Y) bhir ni aiÄy&> an[ p(rNim[ t[mni[ (vkis ti[ ni j 

Yyi[ prºt& rkis Yyi[. 

“animt aipi[” ai>di[ln rijk)y C[ ? 

{a} b>FirN n[ an&lx)n[ sm)xi: 

{1} b>FirNn) ji[gvie an&sir piT)diri[ s(htn) ki[e pN 

(vk(st ji(t k[ smijn[ animt mL) Sk[ t[m nY). 

{2} animtn) ji[gvie a(t gr)b li[ki[ni uRkP< miT[ni umdi 

h[t&Y) krvimi> aiv) C[; t[n) sim[ (vk(st ji(t, sxm ji(tni 

li[ki[ animt n) mi>gN) kr[ t[ k[Tl&> yi[³y gNiy? 

{3} “animt hTivi[” ai>di[lni[ k[ j[ “animt aipi[” krti> 

vFir[ u(ct C[, Cti> t[ (nOfL gyi. b>FirNn) ji[gvien[ kirN[... 

{4} jyi> s&F) b>FirNn) ji[gvie bdliy nh)> Ryi> s&F) 

51

animtn) hiln) ÄyvAYi bdl) Skiy nh)>. 

{5} b>FirN bdlvin) s_ii fkt s>sd pis[ j C[. 

upri[kt hk)ktni aiFir[ ji[ti> animtn[ lgt) 

bibti[ a>g[ g&jrit srkir ki[e j³yia[ vµc[ aivt) nY). Cti> 

“jy Bvin) - srkir jvin)” “animt aipi[” ni> ai>di[lnni 

ai[Yi n)c[ g&jrit srkirn[ uYlivvin) (hlcil S&> btiv[ C[? 

upri[kt viAt(vkti hi[vi Cti> g&jrit 

srkir[ aiSr[ ti.12-13-14 s¼T[Àbr 2015 drÀyin 

ai>di[lnkiri[ siY[ hkiriRmk vlNY) m)(T>gi[ yi[J ki[e asrkirk 

v]k(Ãpk ÄyvAYi krvi miT[ viTi GiTi[ kr), an[ viTi GiTi[ni 

a>t[ srkir[ v]k(Ãpk yi[jniai[ vg[r[ t]yir krvi 10 

(dvsni[ smy mi>³yi[, ai>di[lnkiri[ t[ bibt siY[ shmt Yyi 

tYi t[ ds (dvs drÀyin ai>di[ln$p) ki[ej p\i[g\im nh)> kr[ t[v&> 

vcn ai¼y&> ti[ Kr&>, pr>t& t[ pC) trt j ai>di[lnni nvi nvi 

p\i[g\im S$ Ye gyi...! ai S&> btiv[ C[? 

vi>ci[ smicir:- p(r(SOT 6, pin n>. - 112} {(dÄy 

BiAkr :- ti.18-9-2015, pi.n>.4.} 

a[k pC) a[k bdlit) hrkti[... j[m k[ ti.25-8-2015 n) 

r[l)mi> 

m&²ym>#i)n[ AT[j pr bi[livvini[ a(vv[k... 

p\i[g\immi> ni hi[vi Cti> FrNini[ kiy

a[k pC) a[k bdliti> (vFini[. 

Ryirbid aip[li vcni[ ni piLvi>... 

“g&jritn) rijy srkirn[ animt aipvi k[ hTivvi 

ki[e j s_ii nY)” t[ myi s*cv[ C[? 

{b} fkt Bijp ni j Firis¿y tYi aig[vini[ upr 

h&mli Si miT[? 

ji[ ai>di[lnkiri[ a[m kh[ti hi[y k[ t[mn&> ai>di[ln (nOpx 

C[, ti[ pC) ki[>g\[sni Firis¿y tYi aig[vini[ upr h&mli Si 

miT[ nY) krti? Si miT[ t[mn) ai[(fs, Gr k[ giD)ai[ nY) 

sLgiÄyi>? S&> ai>di[lnkiri[ “animt aipi[” n) mi>gN)ni> s>dB[< 

g&jritni ki[>g\[sni aig[vin ~) S>kr(s>h viG[li tYi ki[>g\[sni 

riOT^)y p\m&K ~)mt) si[(nyi gi>F) pis[ a[v&> lKiv) livS[ k[ : 

“animtY) v>(ct sv[< (vk(st ji(tn[ animt 

mL[ t[ miT[ amiri[ s>p*N< T[ki[ C[ an[ rh[S[ tYi a[n.D).a[. srkir 

li[ksBimi> ai a>g[ p\Ativ livS[ ti[ ki[>g[\s px t[n[ s>p*N< 

T[ki[ aipS[ tYi rijysBimi> pN t[ p\Ativn[ ki>[g\[spxni bFi j 

s¿yi[ T[ki[ aipS[ t[ m&jb Birtn) jih[r jnti n[ ami[ vcn 

53

aip)a[ C)a[.” 

Kr[Kr ji[ ai>di[lnkiri[ (nOpx hi[y ti[ d[SBrmi> bF) 

j rijk)y piT) l[(Kt vcni[ l[vi> ji[ea[. 

pi[tin[ (nOpx gNivti ai>di[lnkiri[ ti[ fkt Bijp ni 

ai>g[vini[ (vr&¹F pi[tini[ ri[P qilv) rHi C[! upri[kt 

bibti[n[ an&lx)n[ S&> a[m minvin) frj 

pD[ C[ k[ ai>dilnkiri[ Bijp (sviyn) ki[e rijk)ypiT)k smymi> aivnir c*>TN)ai[mi> t[ rijk)y piT) 

k[ ai>di[lnkiri[ni> m&Î)Br n[tiai[ ki[e 

rijk)ypxni[ hiYi[ bn[li C[...?> an[ smg\ piT)dir 

smij t[n) piCL K[>cie rHi[ C[!! 

{k} S&> S$aitY) j srkir uYlivvini[ eridi[ hti[? 

animt m[Lvvin&> ai>di[ln (nOpx C[ t[m 

ai>di[lnkiri[ jih[r krti aiÄyi C[. 

animt aipi[ ai>di[ln S$ Yy&> Ryir[ “ai>di[lni[Y) 

animt mLS[ k[ nh)> mL[” t[ bibt ti[ nkk) j nhi[t), 

54

pr>t& ai>di[ln S$ Yti> n) siY[ niri[ aiv) gyi[ k[: 

“jy Bvin)-srkir jvin)” 

ain&> aY Ye Sk[ k[ aii>di[lnkiri[ni[ S$aitY) 

j eridi[ a[vi[ hti[ k[ “animt aipi["" ai>di[lnni ai[qi 

n)c[ Bijp pxn) srkir uYlivvin) an[ a[k vKt srkir 

jiy pC) Bl[ animt mL[ k[ ni mL[!! 

ai hk)ktY) ai>di[ln ki[e ci[kks rijk)y eridiY) 

{Political Intention) krvimi> aiv) rH&> C[ t[m 

minvin[ kirN nY) bnt&>? 

55

3. animtn&> U>DiN: 

{a} simi(jk ºyiy animt an[ smintini[ ºyiy 

ji[ k[ smJ Skiy k[ ki[epN d[Smi> j[m gr)b) t[mj 

am)r-gr)b vµc[ni[ tfivt vFir[ t[m simi(jk ºyiyn&> mh_v 

tYi j$(ryit pN vFir[. gr)b) gm[t[Tl) hi[y pr>t& li[kSih)mi> 

simi(jk ºyiy krvin) p¹F(t a[v) ni hi[v) 

ji[ea[ k[ j[n[ kirN[ ki[epN Äy(ktn[ smintin) Ø(OTa[ aºyiy 

Yiy. ji[ Äy(ktgt aºyiy Yiy ti[ h>m[Si aºyiyn) 

aign[ BDkvini[ avkiS rh[ C[. 

aipNi d[Sn) hiln) simi(jk ºyiy krvi miT[n) Xi(t 

aiFi(rt animt p¹F(tn[ kirN[ h>m[Si> aiv) aig BDkt) j 

rh[vin) C[. (bnanimt) ji(tmi> pN gr)bi[ ti[ C[ j ti[ pC) 

a[k Xi(tni> gr)bn[ kiydini ji[r[ aºyiy) mdd krviY) b)J 

Xi(tni[ gr)b k[ j[ viAt(vk r)t[ a[ni krti vFir[ yi[³yti 

Frivti[ tYi k&drt) tYi smintini> ºyiyn) r)t[ hkdir hi[y 

ti[ pN t[n[ fkt Xi(tni kirN[ aºyiy krvi[ t[ kiydin) k[v) vk\ti 

C[? (v(Fn) vk\ti sim[ miNs licir) an&Bv[ t[ AviBi(vk tYi 

smJ Skiy t[v) C[, pr>t& miNs[ j GD[li kiydin) vk\ti 

sim[ miNs licir) an&Bv) b[s) rh[ Kri[? aipNi d[Sn) 

animt p¹F(tn>& a[k ti(k

“(vk(st vg ki[e Äy(ktn) 

smintin[ an&lx)n[ mLt) hkn) tk C)nv) le, 

aºyiy kr) t[n[ pCit bnivi[ tYi j[n[ pCit g·yi>> 

C[ t[v) ji(tni> Äy(ktn[ aºyiy) r)t[ tk 

aip)n[ (vksvini[ avkiS aipi[!!” ji[ ai tk min) 

Skiy t[v&> t¸y hi[y ti[ d[Sn&> k&l pCit pN&> srK& j 

rh[vin&> n[!! kirN k[ a[k Äy(ktn) (vkis krvin) tk 

C)nv) le b)jin[ (vkis krvin) tk aipviY) d[Sni 

(vk(st liki[mi> ke r)t[ vFiri[ YS[? 

srkir[ j Xi(t aiFi(rt animtn[ bdl[ ai(Y livv) ji[ea[. 

tYi j[n[ animtn[ kirN[ aºyiy Yiy t[n[ ºyiy aipvi p\yRn 

krvi[ ji[ea[. jyi> s&F) Xi(t aiFi(rt animtn) 

ji[gvieai[ amlmi> rh[ Ryi> s&F) dr[k rijy srkir[ tYi k[ºW 

srkir[ animtn[ kirN[ aºyiyni[ Bi[g bn[li Äy(ktn[ ºyiy 

aipvi BNtr tYi ni[kr) x[#i[ Sky bF) j ÄyvAYi krv) ji[ea[. 

57

{b} animtn) kiydik)y tYi b>FirN)y 

ji[gvieai[:- 

animt a>g[n) ji[gvieai[ an&µC[d 16{4}, 

16{4 a}, 16{4 b}, 330 Y) 334, 338, 

340 Y) 342 ¹viri animtn) ji[gvie krvimi> 

aiv[l C[. 

animt a>g[n) b>FirNmi> kr[l ji[gvieai[ ai 

p&Atk p(r(SOT 2 tYi 3mi> {pin n>. 82 tYi 86 } 

C[. upri[kt ji[gvieai[ vi>µyi pC) p&Atkni[ 

aigLni[ Big vi>cSi[ ti[ smjv&> srL rh[S[. 

Upri[kt p(r(SOTmi> aipN[ animt a>g[ b>FirNn) ji[gvie 

vi>c). 

{b} animtn) ji[gvie bdlvi a>g[ sm)xi:- 

(m#ii[, animtn) ji[gvie bdlvi a>g[n) sm)xi vi>cti 

ph[li> b>FirNni[ an&µC[d {klm} 368 vi>c), smJ-(vcirv&> 

K&b j j$r) C[. ai an&µC[d animt bdlvi a>g[n) 

sm)xin[ smjvi miT[n) piyi$p mhRvn) kD) C[. 

animtn) ji[gvie bdlv) hi[y ti[ b>FirNn) klm 368 

58

an&sir b>FirNn) ji[gviemi> f[rfir krvi[ hi[y ti[ f[rfirn[ m>j*r) 

aipvi s>sdni bºn[ gZhi[mi> 67 Tki bh&mt) a(nviy< C[. 

{b>FirNn) klm 368 ai siY[ni p(r(SOT 5-1 pini n>. 100 

m&jb C[.} 

p\Ån a[ Yiy k[ animtn) ji[gviemi> p(rvt&? 

jvib:- p(rvt pr>t& jyi> s&F) li[ksBi t[mj 

rijysBini s¿yi[ p]k) 67 Tki s¿yi[ pC) Bl[ t[ s¿yi[ ki[e pN 

pxni hi[y pr>t&> p(rvtmt ni Yiy Ryi> s&F) animtn) 

ji[gvie hilmi> bdlv) Sky nY). t[ (n(v ji[ aRyir[ p(rvt hi[y 

ti[ li[ksBini sv[< pxni s¿yi[ p]k) 67 Tki tYi rijysBini 

sv[< pxni s¿yi[ p]k) 67 Tki s¿yi[ shm(t aip[ ti[ j Ye Sk[. 

b>FirNn) klm 368n) ai ji[gvien[ kirN[ hilni s>ji[gi[mi> 

animt a>g[ p(rvtb>F Frivt) nY). 

a#i[ a[ uÃl[Kn)y C[ k[ vDip\Fin ti[ fkt li[ksBimi> j 

simiºy bh&mt)Y) c*>Tiy C[ pr>t& animt a>g[n) ji[gvie 

ti[ bºn[ gZhi[mi> 67 Tki s¿yi[ shmt Yiy ti[ j bdliy C[. 

hilmi> a[n.D).a[ n) k[ºW srkir pis[ k[ (vri[F px 

pis[ bºn[ gZhi[mi> 67 Tki bh&mt) nY). 

59

“ki[e rijk)y piT)di[lnkiri[ ai nkkr sRy smjvi t]yir ni 

hi[y t[ AviBi(vk C[, miT[ ti[ smAt pT[l smij[ ai bibtn[ p*r) 

g>B)rti aip) smjv) pDS[.” 

“jy Bvin)-srkir jvin)” a[vi niri lgivvi 

viLiai[a[ tYi t[mn[ shkir aipviviLi sv[ K*b 

j$r) C[ k[: 

“b>FirNmi> animtn) ji[gvie bdlvi miT[ fkt 

g&jritn) j nh) pr>t& BirtBrni ki[epN rijyn) srkir k>e 

j kr) SkS[ nh)> kirN k[ b>FirNn) ji[gvie ti[ fkt s>sd j 

bdl) Sk[ an[ t[ pN s>sdni> bºn[ gZhni> 67 Tki bh&mt) 

s¿yi[ sÀmt Yiy ti[.” 

b)J bij& aRyir[ animt a>g[ g&jrit srkir oiri j[ k>e 

Ye rH&> C[ t[ fkt n[ fkt s&p\)m ki[T. 

ri[ATr p¹F(tn[ kirN[ g&Nv_iin) avgNni kr) 

sxmti an[ liykit siY[ smiFin-C[Di kr) xmtini 

an[ liykit aBivviL) Äy(ktn[ tk aipv) 

t[ k[Tl[ a>S[ yi[³y? t[niY) d[Sn[ tYi li[ki[n[ k[Tl&> 

n&kSin? 

60

animt ri[ATr vg[r[Y) sxmti (vhi[Ni miNsi[ jyi> 

n[ Ryi> vh)vTmi> G*s) jiy C[ an[ srkirni> kim Krib Yiy C[, 

li[ki[n[ hiDmir) pD[ C[, n](tktini[ aBiv hi[vin[ kirN[ B\OTicirn&> 

dŠPN vFt&> jiy C[. ai GN&> mi[T& dŠPN C[ kirN k[ aivi Km)r 

tYi n](tkti (vhi[Ni li[ki[ j B\OTicirmi> gLiD*b rh[ C[. ki[>g\[s 

srkirn) ai d[Sn[ dŠPNy&kt d[n C[. 

animt m[Lvvi miT[ k[ hiln) animtn) ji[gviemi> f[rfir 

krvi miT[ smy s&s>gt nY), s>ji[gi[ p(rpkv nY) t[mj 

srkirni hiY-pg b>FirNn) b[D)ai[Y) b>Fiy[li C[, kirN 

k[ li[ksBi t[mj rijysBimi> 67 Tki s¿yi[ animt bdlvi, 

hTivvi k[ t[mi> f[rfir krvi s>m(t aipS[ k[ k[m t[ S>ki C[. 

{k} animtni> p(rNimn) sm)xi tYi (vkÃp:- 

{1} g&jritmi> aiSr[ C[Ãli 12 vPdi[ln 

yi[³y, p\BivSiL), (vcirS)l an[ p(rpkv n[tZRvni 

aBiv[ vg hi[y t[m hilni> s>ji[gi[ prY) minvin[ kirN 

bn[ C[. 

a[k bij& animt aipv) t[ bibt g&jrit srkirn) 

61

s_ii myi g&jrit srkir pis[ animtn) mi>g 

an[ n aip[ ti[ t[n[ kirN[ srkir UYlivvini[ ¹y[y ti[ b)J bij& 

yi[³y viTiGiTi[ tYi (vcir (v(nmyY) (nrikrN livvini 

a(Bgmni[ aBiv, ai>di[ln (h>sk bnivvin) g(Bg[ avgNni t[mj “animt j aipi[” t[v&> JÑ) vlN, ai 

bF) j bibti[ prY) a[m minvin[ frj pD[ C[ k[, ai>di[ln ki[e 

ci[kks rijk)y h[t&Y) Ye rH>& C[. 

{2} animtY) ap[(xt p(rNim mÇy&>? 

25 s¼T[Àbr t[ simi(jk ºyiy tYi a(Fki(rti (dvs 

tr)k[ ujviy C[. g&jrit srkirni m>#i)~) rmNlil 

vi[ria[ “s>d[S” d](nkni pin-9 pr piqv[l smicir $p) 

ni[>F GN&> bF& kh) jiy C[. 

{ai siY[ni p(r(SOT-6-a pin n>. -114 pr 

t[ smicir C[}. 

t[n) mhRvn) bibti[ n)c[ m&jb C[. 

1. “aizid)ni 68 vP< pC) pN simi(jk ºyiyni 

(s¹Fi>tn[ sikir krvi[ a[k pDkir” 

2. g&ni Ki[r)mi> vFiri[-2004 mi> 1.83 liK g&ni 

ni[>Fiyi hti t[ vF)n[ 2013 mi> 2.64 liK g&ni 

ni[>Fiyi. 

62

3. A#i), biLki[ tYi vZ¹Fi[ sim[ Yti g&niai[mi> 

vFiri[ Yyi[. 

4. ai(Y 

p\yisi[ Cti> b[kir), gr)b) tYi ji(tvid bLv_ir 

bºyi> C[. t[n[ phi[>c) vLvimi> srkir UN) utr) 

C[ t[v) fr)yid. 

m>#i) rmNlil vi[ri ni ai m>tÄyY) t[ ApOT Yiy 

C[ k[ 'animt" ti[ ap[(xt p(rNim m[Lvvimi> (nOfL 

n)vD) j C[, pr>t& pCit ji(tai[ni (vkis miT[n) GN) 

bF) yi[jniai[ hi[vi Cti> p(rNim n 

mLvin[ kirN[ srkir uN) utyit& a[ (n(vt& pCit li[ki[ni 

(vkis a>g[ ap[(xt p(rNim nY) mÇy&>, ti[ pC) 

pCit li[ki[ni (vkis miT[ animt s(htn&> j[ siFn 

upyi[gmi> l[viy C[ t[ ti[ (bnasrkirk C[ j, t[m 

kh) Skiy? kirN k[ an[k srkiri[ bdlie pr>t& 

63

animtn) ji[gvie nY) bdlie!! 

ji[ k[ bF) j srkiri[n) pCit vgg[n) 

(nOfLtimi> B\OTicir pN kirNB*t ti[ C[ j pr>t& 

animt j[v) (bnasrkirk ji[gvieai[ pCit tYi 

gr)b vg vFir[ jvibdir C[! kirN k[ B\OTicir nh)>vt` 

hi[y ti[ pN animt ¹viri pCit ji(tni 

(vkisni[ lx (s¹F krvi[ aSky j rhy&> C[ an[ rh[j, 

t[ AviBi(vk C[. j[Tl) mi#iimi> j$(ryit uB) Yiy 

C[ t[Tl) mi#iimi> p*N< krvi miT[ 'animt" n&> siFn 

sxm nY). di.t. pi>c hjir Äy(ktn[ ri[jgirn) j$r 

hi[y, pr>t& animt fkt pi>csi[n[ ri[jgir 

apiv[ ti[ pC) “animt” ni siFnY) ke r)t[ lx 

(s¹F Yiy?. 

srkir) ni[kr)ai[ tYi BNtrmi> animt ¹viri pCit 

ji(tni li[ki[n[ mLti[ liB t[mni (vkisn) 

j$(ryitn) mi#iimi> nh)>vt` C[, ai pN a[k 

'animtn)" (nOfLti miT[ jvibdir kirN C[, 

'animt" ni AYin[ ai(Y

j[ animt 1949n) b>FirN)y ji[gvie an&sir fkt 

10 vP< miT[ ht) t[n[ l>bivit) ge, aij[ 67-68 vP< Ye gyi>, 

pr>t& pCit ji(tni[ (vkis Yyi[? ap[(xt p(rNim ti[ a[ ht&> 

k[ pCit ji(tni[ (vkis Yiy!! t[mnimi> gr)bi[n) Tkivir) 

GT[ tYi simi(jk pCit pN&> rh[ nh)>... pr>t& ni ti[ gr)bi[n) 

Tkivir) ai[C) Ye k[ ni simi(jk pCit pN&> d*r Yy&>? 

animtn) hiln) ji[gvie a[vi p\kirn) C[ k[ t[ animtni 

liBiY) sd>tr (nOfL n)vD) C[. 

j[ miNsi[ (h>mt t[mj Km)rv>ti C[ t[mn[ ai(Y²y&> C[, an[ bihi[S) tYi 

(hm>tn[ hriv) d)Fi C[. 

(h>mt an[ Km)r tYi simi(jk u¹Fir bºn[ a[k 

b)jini> pŠrk C[. Äy(ktni u¹Fir miT[ yi[³y rh[N)krN), yi[³y 

JvnS]l) tYi p\imi(Nk an[ n](tk (vcirS]l) k[Lviv) ji[ea[. 

SC-ST tYi OBC vg aivi g&N tYi s>Akirni> (s>cn 

krvi trf[ 67-67 vP mhÑa>S[, AvuRkP< miT[ni ai mhRvni> 

g&Ni[ni[ aBiv hti[ tYi aij[ pN C[. jyi> s&F) ai bF) Xi(t 

ji(tni mi[Ti Bign) vAt) (vni mh[nt[ m[Lv) l[vin) 

65

vZ(_in[ kirN[ animtni llcivniri p\li[Bni[Y) li[BiS[ Ryi> s&F) 

t[mnimi> ai sd`g&Ni[ (vks) ni Sk[ t[ AviBi(vk C[. 

(3) SC-ST tYi OBC ni AYin[ EBC (Economic 

Backward Class) aiv[ ti[ S&> fiydi[... tYi hilni 

SC-ST tYi OBC n[ g[rliB Kri[ k[ k[m? 

ai p\Ånni[ jvib a[v) r)t[ (vcir) Skiy k[ EBC 

aiv[ ti[ pN SC-ST mi>Y) t[mn) vAt)ni aiSr[ 95 TkiY) vF& 

li[ki[ EBC mi> aivS[ t[ (n(vY) 

aiSr[ 80 TkiY) vF& li[ki[ EBC mi> aivS[ tYi piT)diri[ tYi 

aºy (vk(st ji(t p]k) Bi³y[ 15 Tki j[Tli EBC ni liBiY)< 

Ye SkS[. ai hk)ktn[ ji[ti> Xi(t aiFi(rt ni hi[vi Cti> Xi(t 

aiFi(rt animtni[ j[ h[t&> C[ t[ s>p*N (vk(st ji(tni piT)diri[ s(ht gr)b 

li[ki[n[ j[ aºyiy Ye rHi[ C[, t[mn[ ºyiy mLS[ tYi SC-ST 

an[ OBC mi>Y) pi[t[ (vk(st Ye gyi hi[vi Cti> 

j[ li[ki[ g[rvijb) {Bl[ kiydin) Ø(OTa[ kiyd[sr C[} tYi 

an](tk r)t[ liB le rHi C[ t[ bid Ye jS[. Xi(t aiFi(rt 

animt krti> ai(Y 

66

Sky hi[y ti[ Xi(t aiFi(rt animtmi> ai(Y 

p\ki[pni> kirNi[mi> GTiDi[ YS[. 

animtY) u¹Fir nh)> rkis C[, aij[ 67 vP< pC) pN 

animt m[Lvnir bF) j ki[m k[ ji(t p]k) mi[TiBigni 

li[ki[ pCit pNin[ an&lx)n[ lgBg ti[ a[ j 

j³yia[ C[ j[ j³yia[[ t[ 67 vP< ph[li> hti. Yi[Di m&Î)Br 

miNsi[a[ t[ni[ ai(Y ai(Y pr>t& simi(jk pCit pNimi> Kis s&Firi[ ji[vi 

mLti[ nY) kirN k[ animt ¹viri ni hkkn&> tYi liykit (vnin&> 

mL) jiy C[. ai ji(tai[mi> kiyFirNn) animtn[ lgt) bF) j ji[gvie (nOfL n)vD) 

C[. Kr[Kr ti[ aigL aivvi miT[ a[Tl[ k[ AvuRkP< miT[ ti[ (hm>t, 

F)rj, n](tkti tYi Km)r ji[ea[, j[ SC-ST t[mj OBC ni 

li[ki[mi>Y) animt[ kcD) ni>²y&> C[. aCtmi> miNs GDiy, 

j[mk[ mirviD) ki[m, pr>t& ai SC-ST tYi OBC ki[m 

ti[ aCtmi> pN nY) GDit)! kirN k[ animtn) 

ji[gvieai[ n)c[ liB m[Lvvin) an](tk vZ(_i, an[ lilcmi> 

“Äy(kt-(vkis” $>Fiy C[. SC-ST tYi OBC Xi(tai[ p]k) 

j[ai[ aigL aiÄyi C[ t[ai[ animtn) ai>gL) pkD)n[ aigL 

67

nY) aiÄyi>!!! pi[tini (h>mt, sihs, F]yGP< kr)n[ aigL aiÄyi C[. 

ji[ EBC livvimi> aiv[ ti[ vg< (vg\h ti[ b>F YS[ j 

pr>t& t[n) siY[ n](tk ºyiy t[mj simi(jk ºyiy pN YS[. 

amiri a(Bp\iy m&jb fkt animt hTivvi k[ bdlvin) 

bibt pr (vcir krvi krti> a[ (vcirv&> vFir[ mhRvn&> tYi smg\ 

d[Sni (htmi> j$r) C[ k[: animtY) vFir[ asrkirk a[v&> S&> Ye 

Sk[ k[ j[ni ¹viri.. 

a. j[ li[ki[ simi(jk r)t[, ai(Y

)t[ frj (nBivt) hi[y C[. dr[k (vk(st vg[< smijni 

a(vk(st vge yi[gdin aipv&> j pDS[ tYi srkir 

aivi umdi h[t& miT[ j[ ki>e kr[ t[mi> sxm smij[ pN 

yYiS(kt yi[gdin aipv&> ji[ea[ prºt& t[mi> Big 

piDvin) vZ(_i ki[e pN d[Sni smi[RkP< miT[n) simŠ(hk 

j$(ryitn[ hi(n phi[>ciDnir) C[. 

a#i[ a[ uÃl[Kn)y C[ k[ am[(rki, e>³l[ºD tYi aºy 

(vk(st d[Si[mi> pN n](tk ºyiyn) (vr&¹F je, “si[Ayl 

s)kyi[r)T)” ¹viri gr)bi[n[ s)F) mdd krvimi> aiv[ C[, ai 

Bl[ n](tk ºyiyn) (vr&¹F hi[y pr>t& simi(jk ºyiy ti[ C[ j. 

dr[k a(vk(st d[S miT[, jyi> s&F) gr)b, aBN 

an[ simi(jk r)t[ pCit li[ki[ gNni pi#i s>²yimi> C[ Ryi> s&F) 

t[vi d[S[ a[k yi b)J r)t[ simi(jk ºyiyn) r)t)-n)(t apnivv) 

j pDS[, gr)b an[ am)r vµc[ni[ tfivt GTti[ j jiy t[v) n)(t 

apniv) j pDS[, nh)> ti[ ci[r), l*>TfiT, K*n-Kribi 

vg[r[ g&niai[ vFti jiy t[mi> ki[e S>ki nY), pC) Bl[ simi(jk 

ºyiy krvi[ t[ n](tk ºyiyni (s¹Fi>ti[n) (vr&¹F hi[y!! 

dr[k rijk)y pxi[a[ g>B)rtiY) a[ (vcirv&> j$r) 

C[ k[ “ a(vk(st gr)b t[mj pCit li[ki[ ni uRkP

h[t&Y) j[ p\kir[ 67 vP< p*v[FirNmi> j[ j[igvieai[ krvimi> 

aiv) t[ ji[gvieai[Y) ji[ p(rNim n mLt&> hi[y t[mj mLvin) 

Skyti pN ni hi[y ti[ t[v) (bnasrkirk 

ji[gvieai[n[ AYin[ asrkirk ji[gvieai[ livv) ji[ea[. 

kirN k[ animtn) ji[gvieai[ fkt 10 vP< miT[ j krvimi> 

aiv) ht), a[Tl[ k[ t[ vKtni b>FirNsBini s¿yi[a[ ap[xi 

riK) hS[ k[ 10 vP ain&> a[v&> p(rNim mLS[ k[ Ryirbid Xi(t 

aiFi(rt ji[gvien) j$(ryit rh[S[ nh)> tYi simi(jk ºyiy 

miT[n) v]k(Ãpk ÄyvAYiY) simi(jk ºyiy kr) SkiS[, b)J bij& 

a[v&> pN (vciy& hi[y k[ ji[ 10 vP ai ji[gvieai[Y) p(rNim 

ni mL[ ti[ t[ ji[gvieai[ (bnasrkirk 

C[ miT[ t[ ji[gvieai[n[ dŠr krv) ji[ea[, tYi t[n) j³yia[ b)J 

asrkirk ji[gvieai[ livv) ji[ea[. 

ai bibt upr (vks(t smij krti> ti[ SC-ST t[mj 

OBC viLi smij[ vF& g>B)rti p*v j$r) 

C[ k[ j[ animt ¹viri aij[ 68 vP< pC) pN t[mni[ uRkP< 

Yyi[ nY) t[n[ nib&d kr), simi(jk ºyiy miT[ asrkirk ÄyvAYi 

livv) ji[ea[. 

70

“animt aipi[” ni[ (vkÃp :- 

a[ bibt ti[ (n(v(ct Xi(tai[m>i 

pN gr)bi[ C[, an[ Ct) aivDt[ tYi sir) xmti hi[vi> Cti> 

pi[tin[ mLvi liyk BNvin) k[ ni[kr)n) tk g&mivv) pD[ C[. 

j[n[ aºyiy Yiy t[ni hdymi> aºyiyY) uÑBv[l 

(cngir) BDk[ k[ j[ B(vOymi> aig bn) n[ BBŠk[ ti[ t[mi> 

nvie S&> hi[e Sk[! aivi[ aºyiy t[ rimbiN j[vi[ C[, 

j[n[ vig[ t[n[ j Kbr pD[.! 

hilni s>ji[gi[mi> (vk(st ji(tni {piT)diri[ s(ht} 

j[ gr)b (vwiY)F ni riK) fkt ai(Y BN) Sk[ t[v) ki[e 

yi[jni kr) ºyiy krvi p\yRn krvi[ ji[ea[. ai a[k (vkÃp 

tr)k[ (vcir) Skiy. t[v) j r)t[ srkir) ni[kr)ai[mi> C)nvit) 

tki[mi> pN ki[e (vkÃp Ye Sk[ ti[ vFir[ yi[³y gNiS[. ji[ k[ ai>kDi 

a[v&> jNiv[ C[ k[ aiKi d[Smi> k&l j[Tli ni[kr) krti 

li[ki[ C[ t[mi>Y) fkt 2.5 Tki j li[ki[ srkir) ni[kr)mi> C[, 

97.5 Tki li[ki[ p\iev[T ni[kr)ai[mi> C[ jyi> animtni> 

b>Fni[ ligti> nY). ji[ ai sRy hi[y ti[ (vk(st smijn[ pi[tini> 

(h>mt tYi Km)rY) aigL aivvin) GN) bF) tki[ C[. srkir) 

71

ni[kr)ai[mi> animtn[ kirN[ tk jt) rh[v) t[ pT[l smijni 

(vkisn[ ri[k) Sk[ t[m nY) t[ (n (vk(st smijni 

li[ki[n) srkir) ni[kr)n) C)nvie jt) tkn[ an&lx)n[ ki[e 

(vkÃp Yiy ti[ t[ ºyiy) gNiS[. 

ki[epN s>ji[gi[mi> j[ ki[e Xi(tn[ a[k r)t[ aºyiy 

Yti[ hi[y t[n[, b)J ki[e r)t[ t[ni p*rk tr)k[ (vkÃp 

Ki[L)n[ srBr krvi p\yRn Yiy j[Y) aºyiyY) uÑBv[l aig pr 

piN) Ci>Tvi smin p(r(AY(t sj j ri[k) Skiy C[. 

b)J a[v) mi>gN) pN yi[³y 

gNiS[ k[ “j[ Xi(tai[n[ animtni[ liB mL[ C[ t[ Xi(tn[ simiºy 

ki[Timi> pN liB aipvimi> aiv[ C[. ai s>ji[gi[mi> 

j[n[ animtni[ liB nY) mLti[ t[v) Xi(tni liBmi> a[k j³yi 

ai[C) Yiy C[. ai p(r(AY(tni kirN[ s&(p\m ki[TgN) yi[³y 

gNiy k[ j[ Xi(tai[n[ animtni[ liB mLti[ hi[y t[mn[ simiºy 

ki[Timi> liB mLvi[ ji[ea[ nh). ” 

72

hmNi> j g&jrit hieki[T[< aip[l c&kidi[ k[ j[ vP< 2011 mi> 

hieki[TdB[< 

aip[li[ C[ t[ c&kidi an&sir aini pr Yi[D) b[\k ligvin) 

s>Bivni C[, prºt& ai c&kidi[ s&(p\m ki[T< rd n kr[ ti[ ai b\[k 

li>bi[ smy kim kr) Sk[ t[v) Skyti C[. ai siY[ni p(r(SOT 7 

{pini n> 116} ni 15/9/2015 ni> ri[j p\(s¹F Yy[l smicir 

C[ k[ j[ sdr cŠkidini aiFir[ C[. 

g&jrit srkir pis[ aipN) g&jrit hieki[TgN) pN yi[³y gNiy. 

{4} (vk(st ji(tni> uRkP kirNi[:- 

(vk(st ji(tai[ p]k) GNia[ animtn[ kirN[ BNvin) 

k[ ni[kr)n) tki[- liykit hi[vi Cti> g&miv) hS[, an[ pi[tin) 

ligN) pN d&Bie hS[. d&Biy[l) ligN)mi>Y) AviBi(vk a[v) 

miºyti jºm[ k[ “ji[ mn[ BNvin) k[ ni[kr)n) tk, k[ j[n[ miT[ mir) 

liykit vFir[ ht) t[ mL) hi[t ti[ miri[ j$rY) uRkP< Ye jit.” 

ti[ t[ aAYin[ nY)!! ji[ k[ AviBi(vktimi>Y) uÑBvt) dr[k ligN) 

yi[³y-sic) j hi[y C[ t[m minvin[ kirN nY). uRkP< a>g[n) ai 

miºyti k[ ligN) pN sic) nY), nh)> ti[ SC-ST tYi OBC 

mi>Y) j[mN[ animtni[ liB m[LÄyi[ C[ t[ bFini[ uRkP< Ye 

gyi[ hi[t, pr>t& nY) Yyi[! 

73

)J bij& E(this j&ai[. a[k vKt hilni 

piT)diri[ hiY[-pg[ “gr)b K[D*t” hti. rijp*ti[ {si[l>k), civDi, 

ci]hiN} rijiai[ hti. Aimy jti> gr)b piT)dir 

K[D*ti[ jm)ni[viLi Yyi, piT)diri[[n) k$N khin) 

ti[ j&ai[ k[ vDviai[n) vPi[ GNi 

bFia[ jm)ni[ g&miv), pr>t& nis)pis Yyi (vni sit sm>dr 

K[D)n[ prd[S jen[ vAyi, kmiyi an[ hv[ piT)diri[n) mhin 

an[ umdi khin) j&ai[ ti[ prd[Smi> kmiy[li Fnmi>Y) vtnmi> 

nitjitni B[dBiv (vni gr)bi[n[ mdd krvi li³yi, gimmi> sv[< 

jn(htiy li[k-upyi[g) kimi[ krvi mi>Dyi, jm)ni[ gyi pC) 

j[ai[ d[Smi> rHi t[mN[ (h>mtY) F>Fi ri[jgir cil& kyi ai>di[lni[ nhi[ti kyi< pr>t& 

animt kiQvini ai>di[lni[ kyi< hti! kirN k[ Xi(t aiFi(rt 

animt Y) n](tk aºyiy ti[ j$r Yiy C[, an[ Km)rv>t) ji(t 

aºyiy shn ni kr[ t[ pN AviBi(vk C[. animtini[ liB ni 

hi[vi> Cti> piT)diri[ ai(Y aidrN)y 

bºyi> tYi aºy ki[m miT[ nit-jitni> B[dBiv (vni GNi 

simi(jk kiyi[< kyi

mi>g)n[ piT)diri[ Km)r tYi aiRmgi]rv a>g[n) pi[tin) Cipmi> 

“si[nin) YiL)mi> li[K>Dn) krc” j[v) (AY(t p[di kr) rHi C[. 

animtY) Yti aºyiy sim[ lDv&> t[ gi]rvSiL) C[, animt 

mi>gv) t[ ti[ kiyrti smin C[. 

aºyiy sim[ lDvi miT[ p(r(AY(tn[ an&lx)n[ (vcirS)lti p*v ji[ea[, kirN 

k[ hilni s>ji[gi[mi> 'animt" n) ji[gvie hTiv)n[ ºyiy 

mLvi[ Sky j nY), pr>t& asrkir v]k(Ãpk ÄyvAYi k[ yi[jni 

¹viri j ºyiy mL) Sk[ t[m C[. 

AvuRkP< miT[ ti[ Km)r siY[ n](tkti an[ ki[qi sŠzn) 

j$r C[, an[ ki[qi sŠzn&> jºm AYin C[ ~m, sihs an[ s>GPGP< (vnin&> Jvn a[ Si>t piN)mi> 

UBi rh[li vhiN j[v&> C[, ni aigL jiy k[ ni piCL 

jiy.” animtY) v>(ct piT)diri[ tYi aºy (vk(st ji(tn[ ai 

~m, sihs tYi s>GP mLti aiv[ C[, 

jyir[ animtn) liBiY)< Xi(tni[ simi(jk uRkP< Yti[ nY) kirN 

k[ aivi g&N t[mnimi> (vksti nY). srkir[ Kr[Kr ti[ pCit 

Xi(tni fkt ai(Y simi(jk u¹Fir trf[ vFir[ ¹yin 

aipvin) j$r C[. simi(jk u¹Fir YS[ ti[ Km)r aiRmgi]rv tYi 

n](tktini[ t[ ji(tmi> (vkis YS[. ain[ kirN[ t[ ji(tni[ ai(Y

(vkis YS[, an[ pi[tini j ~m, sihs tYi s>GP ai(T²yimi> gr)b 

li[ki[n[ aivr) le Sk[ t[v) C[ jyir[ animt ¹viri t[ Sky nY). 

a#i[ a[v) aiSi aAYin[ ni gNiy k[ ai yi[jniai[ 2020 

s&F)mi> a[v) kiyTN) smy[ j[ n[ti (bnasrkirk animtn) ji[gvie 

cil& rKivvini[ m&Ñi[ pi[tini c*>TN) Q>Q[rimi> sim[l kr) aNsmj&, 

aBN tYi pCit li[ki[n[ llciv) t[mni mt m[Lvvini> 

p\yRni[ kr[ t[vi pxni s¿yi[ Jt) ni Sk[ t[ miT[ mh[nt krvi 

k(Tb¹F rh[ji[. ai miT[ si]Y) aG$ kiy< C[ aBN tYi pCit 

76

li[ki[n[ smjivvin&>!! animt) ki[mn[ miri[ Birp*vt& 

aiv) li[l)pi[p aipnirn[ jikiri[ aipvi k(Tb¹F Yji[. 

a>tmi> sv[< ji(t-Xi(tni (vk(st tYi (vcirS)l 

sm&diyn[ miri[ nm\ an&ri[F C[ k[ j[ gr)b, aBN, simi(jk 

r)t[ pCit tYi Jvn Tkivvi miT[ {uRkP< miT[ n(h!} s>Gti kr) mig

p(r(SOT n) an&k\m(Nki 

p(r(SOT-1 : - p[j n> 80 

b>FirNn) aim&K {Preamble) 

{r[frºs b&k: Birt)y b>FirN s>(x¼t p(rcy, l[Kk 

an[ s>pidk: p\i.a(Åvnk&mir n. kir)ai, g*jg\[J ai(T 82 

Birtni b>FirNni[ ai(TFirN s>(x¼t p(rcy, l[Kk 


k[Tli>k vgi[< s>b>Fmi> Birtni b>FirNmi> (v(SOT 

ji[gvieai[ an&µC[d-330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 

338, 340, 341 an[ 342 a[ m*L 

an&µC[dni[ g&jrit)mi> Bivin&vid C[. 

{r[frºs b&k: Birt)y b>FirN s>(x¼t p(rcy, l[Kk 

78


g&jrit srkirn) jih[rit 

p(r(SOT-4/2 : - p[j n> 96 

g&jrit srkirn) jih[rit 

p(r(SOT-5/1 : - p[j n> 100 

b>FirNmi> s&Firi[-Birtni b>FirNni[ ai(TFirN s>(x¼t pr)cy, l[Kk 


(dÄy BiAkr smicir 

p(r(SOT-6 a- p[j n> 114 

s>d[S ºy&z amdivid, 25/9/2015 

79

p(r(SOT :- 7 - p[j n> 116 

y&g b&l[T)n g&jrit) si¼ti(hk 

80

p(r(SOT: 1 

{a>g\[Jni[ m*L Bivin&vid} 

b>FirNn) aim&K (Preamble) 

b>FirN aim&K n)c[ m&jb C[. 

“ am[ Birtni li[ki[, Birtn[ siv 

an[ t[ni tmim nig(rki[ miT[ simi(jk, ai(Y#iti, drjji an[ tkn) sminti 

(n(át krvini[ an[ t[mnimi> Äy(ktn&> gi]rv an[ riOT^n) 

a[kti an[ aK>(Dttin) Kitr) aipt) b>F&ti 

(vkisvvini[ g>B)rtip*v ai 

b>FirN apniv)n[ t[n[ kiydin&> $p aip)n[ am[ amir) 

jitn[ sm(pdB< pin n>. 12 

81

p(r(SOT: 1 

Preamble of The Constitution of India 

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly 

resolved to constitute-India into a (SOVEREIGN 

SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC 

REPUBLIC]1 and to secure to all its citizens : 

JUSTICE, social, economic and political; 

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith 

and worship; 

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; 

And to promote among them all; 

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of 

individual and the [unity and integrity] of the 

Nation ; 

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this 

twenty-sixth day of November 1949, do HEREBY 

ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS 

CONSTITUTION. 

Notes 

The preamble of a statue conveys the 

general object and intention of legislature in 

enacting it. It sets out the main objectives which the 

legislation intended to achieve [Golaknath Vs State 

of Punjab : 1967 S. C. 1643]. It is a sort of 

introduction to the statute and is usually very helpful 

to understand the policy and legislative intent. It is a 

way to open the mind of the makers of the Act. (Re 

Berubari Union : A.I.R. 1960 S, C. 845.) In nut shell 

the preamble contains its ideals and its aspirations. 

82

p(r(SOT :- 2 


Birtni b>FirNni[ ai(T tkn) sminti{Equality of 

Opportunity in matters of Public Employment) 

an&µC[d 16 qriv[ C[ k[ :- 

1. rijy h[qLn) ri[jgir)n) bibti[mi> tmim 

nig(rki[ miT[ smin tk rh[S[. 

2. rijy h[qLn) ri[jgir)mi> ki[epN nig(rk mi#i Fmg, k&L aYvi jºmAYL aYvi t[mi>ni 

ki[e pN a[k kirNsr g[rliyk bnS[ n(h. 

3. ai B[dBiv krvi sim[ rijyn[ krvimi> aiv[l aid[S 

mi#i S$aitn) (nmN*k {Initial Appointment} 

p*rti[ j n(h, pr>t& bQt) an[ ni[kr)mi>Y) r&Ksd 

{Termination from service} n) bibtn[ pN 

lig& pD[ C[. 

4. rijy h[qLn) ki[epN (nmN*kni s>b>Fmi> s>sdni 

kiydiY) rijymi> (nvis fr(jyit qriv) Skiy. 

5. an&s*(ct ji(t an[ an&s*(ct jnji(t miT[ rijyn) 

ni[kr)ai[mi> k[Tl)k animt b[qk riKvin) ji[gvie 

krvimi> aiv) C[. 

6. ¥ s>dB< pin n>. 17 

83

Article: 16. Euality of opportunity in 

matters of public employment: 

Clause (1): There shall be equality of 

opportunity for all citizens in matters relating 

to employment or appointment to any office 

under the State. 

Clause(2):No citizen shall on grounds only of 

religion, race, caste sex, descent, place of 

birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible 

for, or discriminated against in respect of any 

employment of office under the State. 

Clause (3): Nothing in this article shall 

prevent Parliament from making any law 

prescribing, in regard to a class or classes of 

employment or appointment to an office 

under the Government of or any local or 

other authority within, a State or Union 

Territory, any requirement as to residence 

within that State or Union Territory prior to 

such employment or appointment. 

Clause (4) - Nothing in this Article shall 

prevent the State from making any provision 

for the reservation of appointments or posts 

in favour of any backward class of citizens 

which in the opinion of the State, is not 

adequately represented in the services 

under the state". 

84

Clause (4-A): Nothing in this article shall 

prevent the State from making provision for 

reservation in matters of promotion to any 

class or classes of posts in the services 

under the State in favour of the Scheduled 

Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, which in 

the opinion of the State are not adequately 

represented in the service of the State. 

Clause (4-B): Nothing in this article shall 

prevent the State from considering any 

unfilled vacancies of a year which are 

reserved for being filled up in that year in 

accordance with any provision for 

reservation made under clause (4) or Clause 

(4-A) as a separate class of vacancies to be 

filled up in any succeeding year or years and 

such class of vacancies shall not be 

considered together with the vacancies of 

the year in which they are being filled up for 

determining the ceiling of fifty percent 

reservation on total number of vacancies of 

that year (Constitution 81 st Amendment Act, 

2000). 

85

Clause (5) – Nothing in this article shall affect 

the operation of any law which provides that 

the incumbent of an office in connection with 

the affairs of any religious or denominational 

institution or any member of the governing 

body thereof shall be a person professing a 

particular religion or belonging to a particular 

denomination. 

86

p(r(SOT :- 3 


k[Tlik vgi[< s>b>Fmi> Birtni> b>FirNmi> 

(v(SOT ji[gvieai[ 

jyir[ b>FirNn&> GDtr Ye rH&> ht&> {1946Y) 

1949} Ryir[ b>FirN GDv]yiai[ni mnmi> a[ (c#i ht&> 

k[ d[Smi> vNi sim[l krvin&> j$r) 

ht&>. ai nbLi> j*Yi[n[ s)Fi m&²y p\vih s&F) aivvin) 

t[mn) xmti n ht). vL), b>FirN[ smintini[ (s¹Fi>t 

Av)kir[l C[, t[Y) p\g(tni> fL t[mni s&F) pN 

phi[>ciDvini h[t&Y) b>FirN {an&µC[d 330Y) 342}mi> 

an&sŠ(ct ji(tai[ {Schedule Castes}, an&s*(ct 

jnji(tai[{Schedule Tribes) a[>³li[e(ºDyn ji(t, 

vg[r[ miT[ li[ksBi an[ rijy (vFin sBiai[mi> 

b[qk-airxN miT[ ji[give kriy[l C[. li[ksBimi> 

an&s*(ct ji(tai[ an[ an&s*(ct 

jnji(tai[ miT[ b[qkn&> airxN 

an&µC[d 330 qriv[ C[ k[ li[ksBimi> 

{a[} an&sŠ(ct ji(tai[; 

{b)} aisim Aviy_i (jÃliaimi> an&sŠ(ct 

ai(dji(tai[ (sviyn) ai(dji(tai[; 

{s)} aisim Aviy_i (jÃliaimi> an&sŠ(ct 

ai(dji(tai[ miT[ b[qki[n&> airxN krvimi> 

aivS[. 

t[ j r)t[, an&µC[d 331Y) li[ksBimi> 

87

a[>³li[e(ºDyn ji(tni p\(t(n(FRvni airxN 

miT[ ji[gvie kriy[l C[. an&µC[d 331 

jNiv[ C[ k[ an&µC[d 81 n) ji[gvie Cti>, 

ji[ riOT^p(tni[ mt a[vi[ hi[y k[ a[>³li[e(ºDyn 

ji(tn[ li[ksBimi> p*rt&> p\(t(n(FRv mL[l nY). 

ti[ riOT^p(t a[>³li[e(ºDyn ji(tni vF&mi> vF& 

b[ s¿yi[ li[ksBimi> (ny&kt kr) Sk[. 

rijyi[n) (vFinsBiai[mi> an&sŠ(ct 

ji(tai[ an[ an&sŠ(ct jnji(tai[ miT[ b[qki[n&> 

airxN. 

an&µC[d 330 Y) j[ r)t[ li[ksBimi> an&s*(ct 

ji(tai[ t[mj an&sŠ(ct jnji(tai[ni airxN 

miT[ ji[gvie krvimi> aiv) C[, t[v) j r)t[, an&µC[d 

332Y) dr[k rijy (vFinsBimi> an&sŠ(ct 

ji(tai[ an[ {aisimni Aviy_i (jÃliai[n) an&s*(ct 

ai(dji(tai[ (sviy} an&sŠ(ct 

ai(dji(tai[ miT[ b[qki[ air(xt krvin) ji[gvie 

krvimi> aiv[l C[, jyir[ aisim rijy (vFinsBimi> 

an&sŠ(ct ai(dji(tai[ miT[ b[qki[ animt riKvin) 

ji[gvie kriy[l C[. 

an&µC[d 331Y) j[ r)t[ li[ksBimi> a[>³li[e(ºDyn 

ji(tni p\(t(n(F_vni airxN miT[ ji[gvie krvimi> 

aiv) C[, t[ j r)t[, an&µC[d 333 Y) rijyi[n) 

(vFinsBiai[mi> a[>³li[e(ºDyn ji(tni airxN s>b>Fmi> 

ji[gvie kriy[l C[. an&µC[d 333 jNiv[ C[ k[ an&µC[d 

170n) gm[ t[ ji[gvie hi[vi Cti>, ji[ ki[e rijyni 

rijypilni[ a[m a(Bp\iy hi[y k[ rijy (vFinsBimi> 

88

a[>³li[e(ºDyn ji(tn&> p*rt&> p\(t(n(F_v Yy[l nY), 

ti[ t[ rijyni rijypil t[ ji(tni a[k 

s¿yn[ (vFinsBimi> (ny&kt kr) Sk[. 

b[qk airxNn) smi(¼t. 

b>FirN amlmi> aiÄyini smy[ li[ksBi an[ rijy 

(vFinsBiai[mi> an&sŠ(ct ji(tai[ an[ an&sŠ(ct 

ai(dji(tai[ miT[ S$aitmi> 10 vP< s&F) b[qki[n&> 

airxN krvimi> aiv[l&> ht&>. Ryirbid 1959ni vP 

b>FirNmi> s&Firi[ kr)n[ ai m&dt b)ji 10 vP< vFirvimi> 

aiv) ht) 1969mi> fr) b>FirNmi> s&Firi[ kr)n[ vF& 10 

vP< miT[ ai m&dt l>bivvimi> aiv) ht). aim, dr 10 

vPbivvimi> aiv) C[. an&µC[d 334 

n) hiln) ji[gvie p\miN[ ai airxN 2020mi> smi¼t 

YS[. {Ryirbid ai m&dt l>bivvimi> aiv[, ti[ t[ alg 

vit C[.} 

an&sŠ(ct ji(t riOT^)y p>c:- 

an&µC[d 338mi> an&s*(ct ji(tai[ miT[ an&sŠ(ct 

ji(t riOT^)y p>cn) (nmN*k krvin) ji[gvie krvimi> 

aiv[l C[. t[mi> a¹yx, upi¹yx an[ aºy pi>c 

s¿yi[ hi[y C[. t[mn) (nmN*k riOT^p(t kr[ C[. t[mni> 

hi[dìn) m&dt, a¹yx, upi¹yx an[ aºy s¿yi[n) s[vin) 

Srti[ riOT^p(tni h&kmY) nkk) kriyi m&jbn) rh[S[. 

p>cn) frji[:- 

1. b>FirN aYvi ki[e kiydi h[qL ji[gvie kriy[l 

an&sŠ(ct ji(tai[n) slimt)ai[ siY[ s>b>(Ft 

tmim bibti[n&> aºv[PN an[ ÄyvAYi an[ aiv) 

slimt) kimg)r)n) sm)xi; 

89

2. an&sŠ(ct ji(tai[ni a(Fkiri[ an[ slimt) n 

mLvi bdl f(ryidi[n) tpis; 

3. an&sŠ(ct ji(tni simi(jk-ai(Y slih p\din an[ t[mni (vkisn) 

p\g(tn&> m*Ãyi>kn; 

4. riOT^p(tn[ vi(P rxN, kÃyiN an[ simi(jk 

ai(YG an[ rijy[ kyi> pgli> l[vi> ji[ea[, 

t[n) BlimNi[ krvin); 

6. riOT^p(t trfY) aºy j[ kiyi[< si[>pvimi> 

aiv[ t[ bjivvin). 

p>cn) s_iiai[:- 

an&s*(ct ji(tai[n) slimt) siY[ s>kLiy[l 

bibti[n&> aºv[PN krt) vKt[ k[ a(Fkiri[ n mLvi 

k[ slimt) n mLvi bdl Yy[l f(ryidmi> tpis krt) 

vKt[ p>cn[ n)c[ m&jb s_iiai[ rh[S[: 

1. Birtni ki[e pN Bigmi>Y) ki[e pN 

Äy(ktn[ hijr rh[vin) frj piDvin) an[ si[g>d 

pr t[n) tpis krvin); 

2. ki[e pN dAtiv[j rj* krivvin); 

3. si[g>dnimi pr p&rivi[ Av)kirvin); 

4. ki[e pN jih[r dftr aYvi t[n) nkl ki[epN 

adilt aYvi kc[r)mi>Y) m[Lvvin); 

90

5. six) k[ dAtiv[jn) tpis miT[ k(mSnn) (nmN*k 

krvin); 

6. riOT^p(t (nymY) nkk) kr[, t[v) aºy ki[e pN 

bibt. 

an&s*(ct ai(dji(tai[ miT[ riOT^)y p>c:- 

ai agiu an&s*(ct ji(tai[ an[ an&s*(ct 

ai(dji(tai[ miT[n&> p>c a[k j ht&>. b>FirNni 89mi 

s&FiriY) t[n[ (vBi(jt kr)n[ an&s*(ct ji(t 

an[ an&s*(ct ai(dji(tai[ miT[ alg-alg p>cn) 

(nmN*k krvin) ji[gvie kriy[l C[. an&µC[d 338-AY) 

an&s*(ct ai(dji(tai[ miT[ alg p>c rcvin) ji[gvie 

C[. ai p>cn) frji[ an[ s_iiai[ an&s*(ct 

ji(tai[ miT[ni p>c j[v) j C[, t[Y) t[n&> p&nrivtt). 

pCit vgi[cn) (nmN*k. 

an&µC[d 340mi> riOT^p(t ¹viri pCitvgi[cn) (nmN*k Yvin) ji[gvie 

C[. an&µC[d 340mi> jNiÄyi m&jb, 

{a} Birtni p\d[Smi> simi(jk an[ S]x(Nk 

r)t[ pCitvgi[ai[ s>b>Fmi>, aYvi 

{D} ki[e rijy[ aipvi ji[eti an&din s>b>Fmi> 

91

an[ aiv&> an&din j[ Srti[a[ aipv&> ji[ea[, 

t[ s>b>Fmi> BlimNi[ krvi miT[. 

ai an&µC[d h[qL aRyir s&F) b[ p>ci[n) (nmN*k 

krie C[. p\Ym p>c 1953mi> kiki 

kil[lkrn[ a¹yxpNi h[qL rciy[l ht&>, 

jyir[ 1978mi> mi>Dlp>cn) (nmN*k krvimi> aiv) 

ht). t[ p>cn) BlimNi[ni aiFir[ pCitvgi[< miT[ 27 

Tki animt riKvin) ji[gvie krvimi> aiv[l C[. 

Ryirbid s>sd[ National Commission for 

Backward Classes Act, 1993 pN psir 

kr[l C[. 

an&s*(ct ji(tai[ an[ an&s*(ct jnji(tai[:- 

an&µC[d 341 m&jb, ke 

ji(tai[ k[ Xi(tai[ k[ ai(dji(tai[ni kyi 

sm*hi[n[ an&s*(ct ji(tai[ gNiv), t[ riOT^p(t, 

j[ t[ rijyni rijypil siY[ cci

Above Provision of the 

Constitution in English: 

Article 335 

Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 

to services and posts :- 

The claims of the members of the Scheduled 

Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken in 

to consideration, consistently with the maintenance 

of efficiency of administration, in the making of 

appointments of services and posts in connection 

with the affairs of the Union or of a State. 

Article 338 

Special Officer for scheduled Castes, Scheduled 

Tribes etc – (1) There shall be a special officer for 

the scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes to be 

appointed by the President. 

(2) It shall be the duty of the Special Officer to 

investigate all matters relating to the safeguards 

provided for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled 

Tribes under this constitution and report to the 

President upon the working of those safeguards at 

such intervals as the President may direct, and the 

President shall cause all such reports to be laid 

before each House of Parliament. 

(3) In this article references to the Scheduled 

Castes and Scheduled Tribes shall be construed as 

including references to such other backward 

clauses as the President, may on receipt of the 

report of Commission appointed under clause (1) of 

article 340, by order specify and also to the 

Anglo-Indian community. 

93

Article 340 

Appointment of a commission to investigate the 

conditions of backward classes – (1) The President 

may by order appoint a Comission Consisting of 

such persons as he thinks fit to investigate the 

conditions of socially and educationally backward 

classes within the territory of India and the 

difficulties under which they labour and to make 

recommendations as to the steps that should be 

taken by the Union or any State to remove such 

difficulties and to improve their condition and as to 

the grants that should be made for the purpose by 

the Union or any State and the conditions subject to 

which such grants should be made, and the order 

appointing such commission shall define the 

procedure to be followed by the Commission. 

(2) A commission so appointed shall investigate the 

matters referred to them and present to the 

President a report setting out the facts as found by 

them and making such recommendations as they 

think proper. 

(3) The President shall cause a copy of the report 

so presented together with a memorandum 

explaining the action taken thereon to be laid 

before each House of Parliament. 

Article 341 

Scheduled Castes – (1) The president and where it 

is a State after consultation with the 

Governor thereof, by public notification, 

pecify the castes, races or tribes or parts of 

or groups within castes, races or tribes 

which shall for the purpose of this 

Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled 

Castes in relation to that State. 

94

(2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude 

from the list of Scheduled Castes specified 

in a notification issued under clause (1) any 

caste, race or tribe or part of or group within 

any caste, race or tribe, but save as 

aforesaid a notification issued under the said 

clause shall not be varied by any 

subsequent notification. 

Article 342 

Scheduled Tribes – (1) The President may 

with respect to any State, or Union Territory 

and where it is a State after consultation with 

the Governor thereof, by public notification, 

specify the tribes or tribal communities or 

parts of or groups within tribes or tribal 

communities which shall for the purpose of 

this Constitution be deemed to be Schedules 

Tribes in relation to that State or Union 

territory as the case may be. 

(2) Parliament may by law include in or 

exclude from the list of Scheduled tribes 

specified in a notification issued under 

clause (1) any tribes or tribal community or 

part of or a group within any tribe or tribal 

community, but save as aforesaid a 

notification issued under the said clause 

shall not be varied by any subsequent 

notification. 

95

p(r(SOT :- 4/1 

(dÄy BiAkr-amdivid, S&k\vir 21/08/2015 - p[j:-15 

96 

¥ s>dB< pin n>. 36

p(r(SOT :- 4/2 - g&jrit srkirn) jih[rit 

g&jrit smicir {amdivid aivZ(_i}, r(vvir, 

ti.23/08/2015 - p[j:-3 

g&jritni> Ähili nig(rki[n[ nm\ ap)l 

miri (p\y nig(rk Bieai[ an[ bh[ni[, 

g&jritmi> Yi[Dik smyY) (v(vF Xi(t - 

smiji[ ai>di[ln cliv) rHi C[ an[ aiv[dnp#ii[ oiri 

rj*aiti[ kr) rHi C[. 

animt ai>di[lni[n[ kirN[ B*tkiLmi> 

g&jritn[ j[ shn krv&> pDy&> 

C[ t[ni[ aipNn[ si]n[ an&Bv C[ j an[ t[ smyn) 

g&jritn) (AY(t aipN[ bFia[ ji[y[l) pN C[. C[Ãli 14 

vP C[. siDi C kri[D 

g&jrit)ai[ d[S an[ d&(nyimi> t[ni SiNpN, si]jºy 

an[ (vv[k miT[ si]ni aidrn[ pi#i bn[li C[. aij[ pN 

(vkisn) g(tS)lti miT[ g&jritn&> WOTi>t aipvimi> 

aiv[ C[. 

riOT^ miT[ p[\rNini A#ii[t bn[li srdir sih[b 

ti[ si]n) a[kti EµCti hti. nit-jit k[ Xi(tni B[dBiv 

(mTiv) a[k j*Y Ye si]ni[ (vkis Yiy, si]n) p\g(t Yiy. 

Birt S(ktSiL) riOT^ bn[ t[v) t[mn) mh[µCi ht). 

srdir pT[l[ rijk)y k*n[h an[ li[K>D) mni[bLY) 

97

d[Sn[ a[kti an[ aK>(Dtti aip). 

ai ai>di[lni[ srdir sih[bni (vciri[ni mig[< 

C[ K$> ? jri (vcir)a[... 

g&jritmi> vsti sv< nig(rki[ ki[epN Xi(tji(t, 

vgdi[lnY) 

j[ (vvidni[ v>Ti[L uqyi[ C[ t[ni pDGi (v(vF Atr[ smij 

Jvn upr pDyi C[. j[niY) aj>piBr) (AY(t sjidi[ln s>dB[< aipN[ cci< an[ m>#iNi 

Yk) smiFin Si[F) Sk)a[ C)a[. rijy srkir[ sit 

(s(nyr p\Fini[n) a[k s(m(tn) rcni kr) C[ an[ s(m(t 

smx an[ piT)dir s(htn) aºy Xi(tai[n[ pN 

aipN[ m>#iNi miT[ aim>#iN aip[l&> C[. cci< -(vcirNi 

cil[ C[ an[ t[mi>Y) j uk[l aivS[ t[m h&> min&> C>&. 

ai>di[ln k[ S(ktp\dS mi¹ym k[Tlik aiRy>(tk 

mins miT[ ah>m bn) Sk[. pr>t& g&jrit j[vi SiNpN 

an[ (vv[k Frivti smij miT[, g&jritni B(vOy 

miT[ nkiriRmk an[ n&kSinkti< bn) rh[[S[ a[m h&> smj& 

C&> an[ g&jritn) p\g(t tYi (vkis an[ smij 

miT[ (ht(c>tk sh& ai vit Av)kirS[ j a[vi[ mn[ ØQ 

(vÅvis C[. 

animt ai>di[lnn) min(skti piCL aipNi 

y&vini[, t$N s>tini[ an[ Bi(v p[Q)ni B(vOyn) (c>ti 

C[ an[ a[ AviBi(vk pN C[. animtn) ji[gvieY) uµc 

98

(SxNi[mi> p\v[S an[ ni[kr)ai[ a>g[ pDt) 

asri[ (vS[ aºy v]k(Ãpk upiyi[Y) (nrikrN aiv) 

Sk[ t[m C[ an[ rijy srkir ai miT[ skiriRmk r)t[ bFi 

Xi(t-smijni s&cni[n[ rcniRmk gN)n[ yi[³y krvi 

t]yir C[. 

C[ÃÃii 15 vP g&jrit[ ai]wi[(gk, kZ(P 

an[ s[vini x[#i[ j[ p\g(t kr) C[ t[n) n[i>F Birt d[Sni 

aºy rijyi[ an[ (vd[Sni Siski[ le rHi C[. v](Åvk 

s>AYiai[a[ g&jritn) (vkisn) (dSi an[ p\g(tn) p\s>Si 

kr) C[. g&jrit[ ai vPi[ t[n) uRkZOq kimg)r) p[T[ 350 

Y) vF& a[vi[D< m[LÄyi C[. (vkisni fL aipNn[ mL) rHi 

C[. 

tij[trmi> rijymi> a(t Bir[ vrsidn[ kirN[ K[D*t 

vg C[ t[mi> shiy$p Yvi ai srkir t[n) 

bF) j S(kt kim[ lgiD)n[ t[mn) tkl)f d*r krvimi> 

jyir[ KD[pg[ C[ Ryir[ aivi ai>di[lnY) srkirn&> ¹yin 

b)j[ di[riy t[ S&> (htivh C[ K$>? 

aipNi b>FirNn) ji[gvieai[ an[ nimdir 

s&(p\m ki[T aipN[ ki[e j 

f[rfir krvi mi>gti nY) an[ 50 TkiY) vFir[ animt 

ki[TFirN an[ ki[T krvi mi>gti nY) an[ qili 

vcni[ aipvimi> aipn) ai srkir nY) mint). 

99

aim, nkiriRmk a>di[ln ki[epN vgdi[lni[a[ gr)b p(rviri[, simiºy 

minv)n) ri[J-ri[T) C)nv) C[, (h>si an[ tniv, aY#i 

upr (vp(rt asri[ kr[ C[. 

ai smy (vwiY)di[lni[ni[ di[r smij(vri[F) tRvii[ni 

hiYmi> kyir[ jti[ rh[ C[ an[ smijni (ht miT[ s(k\y 

bn[lin[ k[v&> bdnim Yv&> pD[ C[ t[ni[ B*tkiL pN B*liy 

a[vi[ nY). 

ni[kr) an[ (SxNx[#i miT[n) smAyiai[ni[ srL 

an[ s)Fi[ uk[l, AYiy) (nrikrN mi#i n[ mi#i (vkisn) 

nv) U>cieai[mi> j C[. p\g(tS)l smiji[ ai smj[ C[. 

mn[ aip si] s&Xjni[ni si]jºy, SiNpN 

an[ (vv[k upr p*ri[ Bri[si[ C[ a[Tl[ j aipn[ ai jih[r 

ap)l kiZ> C&>. ai>di[lni[n[ hv[ b>F kr)n[ rijyni (vkismi> 

ji[Diea[. 

aipn) 

ain>d)b[n pT[l 

{m&²ym>#i),g&jrit rijy} 

“si]ni[ siY ... si]ni[ (vkis” 

¥ s>dB< pin n>. 36 

100

p(r(SOT :- 5/1 


b>FirNmi> s&Firi[-Birtni 

b>FirNni[ an&µC[d {ai(TFirNmi> s&Firi[ Yvi bibt[ (voini[mi> 

a(Bp\iyB[d C[. k[Tlik (voini[ni mt[ b>FirN c&At hi[v&> 

ji[ea[, s&Firi miT[ (AY(tAYipk hi[v&> n ji[ea[. 

jyir[ aºy k[Tlikni mt[ b>FirNmi> pN zDpY) 

s&Firi[ Ye Skti[ hi[vi[ ji[ea[. ai (vvidn[ aipN[ bij& 

pr m*k)a[ an[ Birt)y b>FirNmi> s&Firi[ krvi (vS[n) 

kiysdn[ b>FirNmi> s&Firi[ krvin) 

s_ii p\i¼t Yiy C[ an[ an&µC[d 368Y) j b>FirNmi> 

s&Firi[ krvin) kiy aiv[l 

C[. b>FirNmi> j&d)-j&d) 3 r)t[ s&Firi[ Ye Sk[ C[. 

p\Ym r)t 

an&µC[d 4, an&µC[d 169 an[ an&µC[ 239 mi> 

s&Firi[ krvi miT[ fkt sid) bh&mt)n) j$r rh[ C[. b)ji 

S¾di[mi> kh)a[ ti[ an&µC[d 4, an&µC[d 169 

an[ an&µC[d 239mi> j fkt sid) bh&mt)Y) s&Firi[ kr) 

Skiy C.[ an&µC[d 4 Y) s>sdn[ a[vi[ aid[S 

apiyi[ C[ k[ ji[ an&µC[d 2 k[ an&µC[d 3 h[qL ki[e 

kiydi[ GDiy, ti[ t[mi b>FirNni> p\Ym an[ ci[Yi 

p(r(SOTmi> s&Firi[ krvin) ji[gvieai[ni[ smiv[S 

101

Yvi[ ji[ea[. an&µC[d 169 mi> rijymi> (vFinp(rPdn) 

rcni aYvi nib*d)n) ji[gvie C[, jyir[ an&µC[d 

239mi> s>G aYvi k[ºW)y p\d[S k[ (vAtiri[ni vh)vT 

a>g[ ji[gvie kriy[l C[. 

b)J r)t 

an&µC[d 4, an&µC[d 169 an[ an&µC[d 239 (sviyn) 

ki[e pN b>FirN)y ji[gviemi> s&Firi[ krvi miT[ dr[k 

gZhn) k&l s¿y s>²yin) bh&mt)Y) t[m j t[ gZhmi> hijr 

rh)n[ mtdin krti s¿yi[n) 2/3 bh&mt)Y) s&Firi[ psir 

Yy[l hi[vi[ ji[ea[. 

#i)J r)t 

n)c[ni p\s>gi[a[ s&Firi[ krvi miT[ ai[Cimi> ai[Ci 

aDFi> rijy (vFinm>DLi[a[ s&Firin[ an&mi[dn 

aipti[ qriv psir krvi[ ji[ea[. 

{a[} svi[g[ni> p\b>Fi[, 

{b)} vD) adilt a>g[ni> p\b>Fi[, 

{c)} riOT^p(tn) c*>TN), 

{D)} s>Gp\d[Si[ miT[ vD) adilti[, 

{E} s>Gn) kiri[bir) s_iini[ (vAtir, 

{a[f} rijyn) kiri[bir) s_iini[ (vAtir, 

{J} s>sdmi> rijyn&> p\(t(n(FRv, 

{a[c} k[ºW an[ rijyi[ vµc[ v]Fi(nk s_iiai[n) vh[>cN), 

{aie} b>FirNn&> 7 m&> p(r(SOT, 

{j[} an&µC[d 368, 

b>FirNmi> s&Firi[ krvi s>sd sxm C[ k[ t[m 

a>g[ B*tkiLmi> an[k vKt (vvidi[ Yyi C[. svi[

adilt[ ai s>bFmi> k[Tlik c&kidiai[ pN jih[r kyi< C[. 

svi[ 1967 mi> a[m 

c&kidi[ jih[r kyi[< hti[ k[ s>sd b>FirNmi> m*LB*t 

a(Fkiri[ s&FiriY) myi. Ryirbid 1971 

mi> an&µC[d 368 mi> j s&Firi[ kirvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. 

hiln) b>FirN)y ji[gvie m&jb, s>sdn[ m&LB*t 

a(Fkiri[ s(htn) ki[epN b>FirN)y ji[gvie s&Firvin) 

s_ii C[. vL), s>sd jyir[ b>FirN)y s&Firi[ an&µC[d 

368 m&jb psir kr[, Ryir[ t[n[ an&m(t aipvi riOT^p(t 

b>Fiy[l C[. aivi[ KrDi[ ri[k) riKvin) k[ prt mi[klvin) 

riOT^p(tn[ s_ii nY). 

svi[d k[smi> 

b>FirN)y s&Firi bibt[ a[k nvi[ (s¹Fi>t p\kiSmi> 

ai·yi[ C[. ai k[smi> svi[t {Doctrine of Basic 

Structure) GD) kiQyi[ C[. ai (s¹Fi>t a[vi[ C[ k[ s>sd 

b>FirNmi> s&Firi[ krt) vKt[ piyini miLKimi> f[rfir kr) 

Sk[ nh)>. s>sd b>FirNmi> gm[ t[ s&Firi[ kr[ ti[pN 

b>FirNni piyini> miLKin[ ki[e asr phi[>cv) 

ji[ea[ nh)>. di.t., s>sd d[Sn&> li[kSih) an[ p\jis_iik 

k[ smviy) Av$p bdl) Sk[ nh)>. s>sd b>FirNmi> 

s&Firi[ kr)n[ svi[>. d[Sn) 

rijk)y ÄyvAYi s>sd)y p\kirn) C[. t[mi> s>sd b>FirNmi> 

s&Firi[ kr)n[ f[rfir kr) Sk[ nh)>. t[ j r)t[, 

smintini[ (s¹Fi>t s>sd b>FirNmi> s&Firi[ kr) nib*d kr) 

Sk[ nh)>. 

¥ s>dB< pin n>. 56 

103

p(r(SOT :- 5/1 

Article 368 in English 

Amendments under article 368 

Article 368 (1) of the Constitution of India grants 

constituent power to make formal amendments and 

empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution by 

way of addition, variation or repeal of any provision 

according to the procedure laid down therein, which 

is different from the procedure for ordinary 

legislation. Article 368 has been amended by the 

24th and 42nd Amendments in 1971 and 1976 

respectively. The following is the full text of Article 

368 of the Constitution, which governs 

constitutional amendments. New clauses 368 (1) 

and 386 (3) were added by the 24th Amendment in 

1971, which also added a new clause (4) in article 

13 which reads, "Nothing in this article shall apply to 

any amendment of this Constitution made under 

article 368." The provisions in italics were inserted 

by the 42nd Amendment, but were later declared 

unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Minerva 

Mills v. Union of India in 1980. After the 24th 

amendment, Article 4(2), etc. of the constitution are 

superseded/made void by article 368 (1) which is 

104

the only procedure for amending the constitution 

however marginal may be the nature of the 

amendment Supreme court ruled that the 

constituent power under article 368 must be 

exercised by the Parliament in the prescribed 

manner and can not be exercised under the 

legislative powers of the Parliament. 

368. Power of Parliament to amend the 

Constitution and Procedure therefor: 

(1) Notwithstanding anything in this 

Constitution, Parliament may in exercise of 

its constituent power amend by way of 

addition, variation or repeal any provision of 

this Constitution in accordance with the 

procedure laid down in this article. 

(2) An amendment of this Constitution may 

be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill 

for the purpose in either House of 

Parliament, and when the Bill is passed in 

each House by a majority of the total 

membership of that House and by a majority 

of not less than two-thirds of the members of 

that House present and voting, it shall be 

presented to the President who shall give his 

assent to the Bill and thereupon the 

Constitution shall stand amended in 

accordance with the terms of the Bill: 

Provided that if such amendment seeks to 

make any change in – 

(a) Article 54, article 55, article 73, article 162 

or article 241, or 

105

(b) Chapter IV of Part V, Chapter V of Part 

VI, or Chapter I of Part XI, or 

(c) Any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule, 

or 

(d) The representation of States in 

Parliament, or 

(e) The provisions of this article, 

the amendment shall also require to be 

ratified by the Legislatures of not less than 

one-half of the States by resolutions to that 

effect passed by those Legislatures before 

the Bill making provision for such 

amendment is presented to the President for 

assent. 

(3) Nothing in article 13 shall apply to any 

amendment made under this article. 

(4) No amendment of this Constitution 

(including the provisions of Part III) made or 

purporting to have been made under this 

article whether before or after the 

commencement of section 55 of the 

Constitution (Fortysecond Amendment) Act, 

1976 shall be called in question in any court 

on any ground. 

(5) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby 

declared that there shall be no limitation 

whatever on the constituent power of 

Parliament to amend by way of addition, 

variation or repeal the provisions of this 

Constitution under this article. 

As per the procedure laid 

out by article 368 for amendment of the 

Constitution, an amendment can be initiated 

only by the introduction of a Bill in either 

106

House of Parliament. The Bill must then be 

passed in each House by a majority of the 

total membership of that House and by a 

majority of not less than two-thirds of the 

members of that House present and voting. 

There is no provision for a joint sitting in case 

of disagreement between the two Houses. 

Total membership in this context has been 

defined to mean the total number of 

members comprising the House irrespective 

of any vacancies or absentees on any 

account vide Explanation to Rule 159 of the 

Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business 

in Lok Sabha. 

The Bill, passed by the 

required majority, is then presented to the 

President who shall give his assent to the 

Bill. If the amendment seeks to make any 

change in any of the provisions mentioned in 

the proviso to article 368, it must be ratified 

by the Legislatures of not less than one-half 

of the States. These provisions relate to 

certain matters concerning the federal 

structure or of common interest to both the 

Union and the States viz., the election of the 

President (articles 54 and 55); the extent of 

the executive power of the Union and the 

States (articles 73 and 162); the High Courts 

for Union territories (article 241); The Union 

107

Judiciary and the High Courts in the States 

(Chapter IV of Part V and Chapter V of Part 

VI); the distribution of legislative powers 

between the Union and the States (Chapter I 

of Part XI and Seventh Schedule); the 

representation of States in Parliament; and 

the provision for amendment of the 

Constitution laid down in article 368. 

Ratification is done by a resolution passed by 

the State Legislatures. There is no specific 

time limit for the ratification of an amending 

Bill by the State Legislatures. However, the 

resolutions ratifying the proposed 

amendment must be passed before the 

amending Bill is presented to the President 

for his assent. 

Rules of Procedure in Parliament 

Further information: Lawmaking procedure in India 

Article 368 does not specify the legislative 

procedure to be followed at various stages of 

enacting an amendment. There are gaps in the 

procedure as to how and after what notice a Bill is to 

be introduced, how it is to be passed by each House 

and how the President's assent is to be obtained. 

This point was decided by the Supreme Court 

in Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of 

India (AIR 1951 SC 458). Delivering the judgment, 

Patanjali Sastri J. observed, "Having provided for 

108

the constitution of a Parliament and prescribed a 

certain procedure for the conduct of its ordinary 

legislative business to be supplemented by rules 

made by each House (article 118), the makers of 

the Constitution must be taken to have intended 

Parliament to follow that procedure, so far as it may 

be applicable consistently with the express 

provisions of article 368, when they entrusted to it 

power of amending the Constitution." Hence, 

barring the requirements of special majority, 

ratification by the State Legislatures in certain 

cases, and the mandatory assent by the President, 

a Bill for amending the Constitution is dealt with the 

Parliament following the same legislative process 

as applicable to an ordinary piece of legislation. The 

Rules of the House in the Rajya Sabha do not 

contain special provisions with regard to Bills for the 

amendment of the Constitution and the Rules 

relating to ordinary Bills apply, subject to the 

requirements of article 368. 

The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business 

make certain specific provisions regarding 

amendment bills in the Lok Sabha. They relate to 

the voting procedure in the House at various 

stages of such Bills, in the light of the requirements 

of article 368; and the procedure before 

introduction in the case of such Bills, if sponsored 

by Private Members. Although the "special 

majority", required by article 368 is prima facie 

109

applicable only to the voting at the final stage, the 

Lok Sabha Rules prescribe adherence to this 

constitutional requirement at all the effective 

stages of the Bill, i.e., for adoption of the motion 

that the Bill be taken into consideration; that the Bill 

as reported by the Select/Joint Committee be taken 

into consideration, in case a Bill has been referred 

to a Committee; for adoption of each clause or 

schedule or clause or schedule as amended, of a 

Bill; or that the Bill or the Bill as amended, as the 

case may be, be passed. 

This provision was arrived at after consultation with 

the Attorney-General and detailed discussions in 

the Rules Committee. It has been described as 

"evidently ex abundanti cautela", a Latin phrase, 

which in law, describes someone taking precautions 

against a very remote contingency. By strictly 

adhering to article 368, the provision is intended to 

ensure the validity of the procedure adopted, but 

also guard against the possibility of violation of the 

spirit and scheme of that article 29 by the 

consideration of a Bill seeking to amend the 

Constitution including its consideration clause by 

clause being concluded in the House with only the 

bare quorum present. Voting at all the above stages 

is by division. However, the Speaker may, with the 

concurrence of the House, put any group of clauses 

or schedules together to the vote of the House, 

provided that the Speaker will permit any of the 

110

clauses or schedules be put separately, if any 

member requests that. The Short Title, Enacting 

Formula and the Long Title are adopted by a simple 

majority. The adoption of amendments to clauses or 

schedules of the Bill, requires a majority of 

members present and voting in the same manner as 

in the case of any other Bill. 

Private Members' Bills 

A Bill for amendment of the Constitution by a Private 

Member is governed by the rules applicable to 

Private Members' Bills in general. The period of one 

month's notice applies to such a Bill also. In 

addition, in Lok Sabha, such a Bill has to be 

examined and recommended by the Committee on 

Private Members‘ Bills before it is included in the 

List of Business. The Committee has laid down the 

following principles as guiding criteria in making 

their recommendations in regard to these Bills: 

"(i) The Constitution should be considered as a 

sacred document — a document which should not 

be lightly interfered with and it should be amended 

only when it is found absolutely necessary to do so. 

Such amendments may generally be brought 

forward when it is found that the interpretation of the 

various articles and provisions of the Constitution 

has not been in accordance with the intention 

behind such provisions and cases of lacunae or 

glaring inconsistencies have come to light. Such 

amendments should, however, normally be brought 

111

y the Government after considering the matter in 

all its aspects and consulting experts, and taking 

such other advice as they may deem fit. 

(ii) Some time should elapse before a proper 

assessment of the working of the Constitution and 

its general effect is made so that any amendments 

that may be necessary are suggested as a result of 

sufficient experience. 

(iii) Generally speaking, notice of Bills from Private 

Members should be examined in the background of 

the proposal or measures which the Government 

may be considering at the time so that consolidated 

proposals are brought forward before the House by 

the Government after collecting sufficient material 

and taking expert advice. 

(iv) Whenever a Private Member‘s Bill raises issues 

of far-reaching importance and public interest, the 

Bill might be allowed to be introduced so that public 

opinion is ascertained and gauged to enable the 

House to consider the matter further. In determining 

whether a matter is of sufficient public importance, it 

should be examined whether the particular 

provisions in the Constitution are adequate to 

satisfy the current ideas and public demand at the 

time. In other words, the Constitution should be 

adapted to the current needs and demands of the 

progressive society and any rigidity which may 

impede progress should be avoided." 

112

p(r(SOT :- 6 - smicir 

(dÄy BiAkr ºy&z gi>F)ngr, :- 18/09/2015 - p[j:-4 

nvi kiy vcn n piÇy&> 

hi(d j aY#i) 

ain>d)bh[n pT[l 

an[ piT)dir animt 

ai>di[ln s(mt)ni 

kºv)nr hi(ddi[ln 

miml[ ki[e (nOkP< n)kÇy&> 

nY). UlTin&> ai ki[kD&> 

vFir[ g*>cviy&> C[. 

b>n[ pxi[a[ aip[l) 10 

(dvsn) m&d`tni[ ki[e aY< 

syi[< nY). b[qkni 4 j 

(dvs pC) (AY(t ph[li 

j[v) j ji[vi mL) rh) 

C[. piT)diri[ an[ srkir 

aimn[ simn[ hi[e t[vi 

s>ji[gi[ d[Kie rHi 

v]k(Ãpk yi[jnin) 

jih[rit aTvie 

animt 

ai>di[lnn[ Si>t piDvi 

miT[ srkir[ (bnanimt vgi[< 

miT[ v]k(Ãpk yi[jni t]yir kr) 

riK) C[ j[mi> (SxN 

an[ ri[jgir) miT[ an[k 

ji[gvie krie C[, pr>t& 

srkirn[ ai yi[jni jih[r 

krvi miT[ yi[³y vitivrN 

jNit&> nY). s*#ii[n&> kh[v&> C[ k[, 

srkir[ hi(dt& t[N[ animt (sviyni> 

ki[e 

pN 

(vkÃpn[ Av)kirvini[ eºkir 

kr) d[ti> ai yi[jnin) 

113

C[ Ryir[ hv[ srkir[ pN 

hi(dgN)ai[ pr primS< 

krvin&> Ci[D) d)F&> 

C[ an[ nvi 

m&dìai[ siY[ nv[srY) 

b)J b[qk yi[jvin) 

g(t(v(Fai[ t[j bniv) 

d)F) C[. 

hi(dgN)ai[ pr 

kiyt& 

hi(dgN) kr) 

d)F). 

jih[rit hil p*rt) aTvie 

C[. 

b)J trf smg\ rijymi> 

piT)diri[ ¹viri YiL)-v[lN 

¹viri 

(vri[F 

p\dS n[tiai[n[ G[rvini 

p\yis Yyi, b[ºki[mi>Y) YipN 

upiDvi s&F)ni> 

kiyjim 

apiyi[ t[ ji[en[ srkir[ pN 

vlN bdÃy&> C[. 

¥ s>dB< pin n>. 50 

114

p(r(SOT -6- a - smicir 

s>d[S ºy&z amdivid, :- 25/09/2015 - p[j:-9 

aij[ simi(jk ºyiy a(Fki(rti (dvs 

aizid)ni 68 vP< pC) pN simi(jk ºyiyni (s¹Fi>tn[ sikir 

krvi[ a[k pDkir 

25 m) s¼T[Àbrni (dvsn[ si[(Syl j(ATs D[ tr)k[ Ujvvimi> 

aiv[ C[. g&jritmi> simi(jk ºyiy an[ a(Fkir miT[ algY) 

aiKi[ (vBig uBi[ krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[. ji[ k[ aizid)ni> 68 vP< 

pC) pN am&k m&Ñ[ simi(jk ºyiy an[ a(Fkir m&Ñ[ k[Tlik 

p\Åni[ q[rni q[r C[ ti[ k[Tli nvi p\Åni[ an[ pDkiri[ smij 

sim[ aiv) rHi C[, jyir[ Birt aizid Yyi[ hti[ Ryir[ 36 kri[Dn) 

mim*l) vAt) hv[ 1.20 abjY) pN vF& Ye ge C[. g&jritmi> 

j vAt) 6 kri[D[ phi[>c) C[ Ryir[ g&niKi[r)mi> vFiri[ ni[>Fiyi[ C[. 

2004mi> 1.83 liK g&ni ni[>Fiyi hti j[mi> 2013 mi> 2.64 

liK j[Tl&> bmN&> p\miN ni[>Fiy&> ht>&. A#i), 

biLki[ an[ vZoi[ sim[ Yti g&niai[mi> vFiri[ ni[>Fiyi[ C[, aim 

Kr[Kr simi(jk ºyiy hJ Av¼n j C[. 

simiJk ºyiy an[ a(Fki(rti (vBig ¹viri Kis smijni> 

pCit vgi[(ct sm&diyi[, vZoi[, aniY biLki[, Sir)(rk 

an[ min(sk x(t Frivt) Äy(ktai[, an&s*(ct ji(tai[, 

simi(jk an[ ai(Y

smijmi> ji(tvid j[ bLv_ir bn) rHi[ C[ t[n[ phi[>c) vLvimi> 

srkir UN) utr) hi[vin) pN fr)yid C[. 

biLki[ a[ aivnir&> B(vOy C[ Ryir[ biLji(tp\miN, biLji(ty 

stimN), biLki[n) tAkr), biLmj*r) vg[r[ j[vi p\Åni[ mi[> 

fiD)n[ UBi C[. 

(dvs nh)> vP< UjviS[ 

ai vP pr>t& aiK& vP< j Kis bibi sih[b 

ai>b[Dkrn) '125" m) jºmjy>t) (n(m_i[ ujv) rHi C)a[. j[mi> 

(v(vF kiy vP< cilvini C[, Kis 

kr)n[ biLki[ miT[ vkZRv ApFi SiLi l[vl[ pC) 

til&ki l[vl[ an[ JÃli an[ rijy l[vl[ (v(vF 

h(rfieai[ yi[jvimi> aivS[. simi(jk ºyiy an[ a(Fkir) (vBig 

¹viri h>m[Si (vkisni kim Yti> rh[ C[. 

- rmNlil vi[ri {simi(jk ºyiy an[ a(Fkir p\Fin, g&jrit} 

¥ s>dB< pin n>. 59 

116

p(r(SOT :- 7 y&g b&l[T)n g&jrit) si¼tih)k ti. 15/09/2015 

117 

¥ s>dB< pin n>. 69

INDEX OF REFERENCES 

ARTICLE 1: 

Critical Analysis on Reservation Policy in India 

ARTICLE 2: 

Economic System and political philosophy. 

ARTICLE 3: 

Reservation Policy – The Caste and Crunch 

ARTICLE 4: 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on the 

POLICY OF Reservation to SCs, STs, and OBCs. 

ARTICLE 5: 

Amendments under Article 368 

ARTICLE 6: 

Link of KHAM Theory 

118

REFERENCE ARTICLE - 1 

Critical Analysis on Reservation Policy 

in India 

Introduction & Research Methodology 

The provisions available in the Constitution of India, 

based on which orders relating to reservations in 

services for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled 

Tribes (STs) and other Backward Classes (OBCs) 

have been issued by Department of Personnel & 

Training and Ministries of Social Justice of 

Government of India. The provisions made in 

the Articles 16, 335, 338, 340, 341 & 342 of 

the Constitution relate to reservation, protection 

and safeguards, in public employment in respect of 

the persons belonging to the SCs/STs and other 

backward classes. 

Article 16 enables the ‗State‘ to make provisions for 

reservation of appointments or posts in favour of 

SCs, STs and OBCs. However, the detailed 

provisions regarding the quantum and the 

applicability of reservation in appointment or posts 

are governed by the orders issued from time to time 

by the Department of Personnel &Training, Ministry 

of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension, 

Government of India. The applicability of 

reservation orders is dependent on the method of 

recruitment. Not only the percentage of reservation 

but also the procedure of the application of 

reservation will depend and vary according to the 

method of recruitment 

119

However the job reservation policy has three 

important flaws. First, it has a "discriminatory bias 

against Muslims who do not benefit from such 

policies". Second, it emphasises caste or tribe 

rather then income or wealth: 

The goal of reservation in India has been to bring 

about an improvement in the welfare who, 

historically, have been economically and socially 

depressed. But, in arriving at this judgement about 

who should be eligible for reservation, the criterion 

has been a person‘s caste rather than his income or 

wealth. Consequently, groups belonging to 

what Article 115 of the Indian Constitution calls 

―socially and educationally backward classes‖ have 

benefited from reservation even though, in practice, 

many of these groups could not be regarded as 

―backward‖. This has meant that many of the 

benefits of reservation have been captured by 

well-off groups from the depressed classes (for 

example, chamars from the SC) while poorer 

groups from the depressed (for example, bhangis 

from the SC) have failed to benefit. 

Statement of Problem / Research Question 

However the job reservation policy has three 

important flaws. First, it has a "discriminatory bias 

against Muslims who do not benefit from such 

policies". Second, it emphasises caste or tribe 

rather then income or wealth: 

The goal of reservation in India has been to bring 

about an improvement in the welfare who, 

historically, have been economically and socially 

depressed. But, in arriving at this judgement about 

who should be eligible for reservation, the criterion 

120

has been a person‘s caste rather than his income or 

wealth. Consequently, groups belonging to 

what Article 115 of the Indian Constitution calls 

―socially and educationally backward classes‖ have 

benefited from reservation even though, in practice, 

many of these groups could not be regarded as 

―backward‖. This has meant that many of the 

benefits of reservation have been captured by 

well-off groups from the depressed classes (for 

example, chamars from the SC) while poorer 

groups from the depressed (for example, bhangis 

from the SC) have failed to benefit. 

Objective 

The objective of this project is: 

Ø To study the implementation of reservation policy. 

Ø To find out the actual need of the reservation 

policy. 

Hypothesis 

The researcher has made certain assumption in the 

beginning of the research project which are going to 

be tested during the project, they are the following. 

Ø The reservation policy for jobs for SC & ST should 

be changed. As there is vast change in today‘s 

condition. 

Ø The reservation policy should be based on the 

economical basis not on the class or caste basis. If 

it caste based then we are only creating 

discrimination with them. 

Scope Of The Study 

The research is a doctrinal research. The 

researcher here would like to study only the judicial 

viewpoints in the appointment of SC & ST in various 

jobs in public and private sector. The researcher 

121

has tried to analysis the topic by studying various 

authors, experts, cases of The Indian Apex Court 

and High courts, articles, etc. The researcher has 

strictly followed the boundary and has studied only 

with reference to Indian authors, experts, cases, 

etc. 

Welfare Schemes 

Information is also collected in respect of benefits 

accruing under different central/state sponsored 

schemes to Scheduled Tribe Workers and their 

families. The concepts of sub-plan approach for 

tribal development are being formulated and 

implemented in the state since the beginning of the 

5th plan. The blocks having 50 per cent tribal 

concentration are brought under the umbrella of the 

tribal Sub-Plans. The tribal Sub-Plan envisages the 

integrated development of the Tribal area in which 

all programmes irrespective of their source of 

funding operate in unison to achieve a common 

goal or bringing the area at par with the rest of the 

state and to improve the quality of life of Tribals. 

Integrated Tribal Development Agencies were 

formed to co-ordinate implementation of various 

Schemes. 

There are some other social welfare schemes in 

vogue in the state viz. Old Age Pension/WP, 

National Old Age Pension Scheme, Gujarat 

Disability Pension Scheme, National Family Benefit 

Scheme, Personal Accident Insurance Social 

Security Scheme, Supply of Special Aids and 

Appliances to Handicapped persons and 

scholarships to disabled students. It has been 

reported that Scheduled Tribe families were 

122

enefited by these schemes in Schedule Tribe belt 

area. Gujarat Scheduled Castes and Scheduled 

Tribe Development Finance Corporation was 

providing economic assistance to SC/ST families 

living below the poverty line by way of arranging 

institutional credit under the Margin Money Loan 

Programme (MMLP) for various income generating 

schemes. Apart from the above schemes, 

Scheduled Tribe students were given scholarships, 

books, boarding and lodging facilities to the eligible 

students in order to promote literacy and education 

amongst Scheduled Tribes. 

Two types of schemes were run by the Labour 

Welfare Organization in Gujarat, one for the direct 

benefit for workers and the other for managements. 

The schemes for direct benefit of Schedule Tribe 

workers pertain to health, housing and education. 

Under health sector there are schemes for the 

benefits of T.B. patients, Leprosy patients, Mental 

Patients, schemes for supply of free spectacles, 

scheme for Cancer patients, schemes for 

reimbursement of expenditure as financial 

assistance to S. T Workers suffering form heart 

disease, kidney transplantation etc and fatal and 

serious accidents benefits scheme. Under these 

schemes different type of benefits like free 

treatment, medicines, subsistence allowance, 

traveling allowance, diet charges, reimbursement of 

expenditure, financial aid etc. are given to the 

Scheduled Tribe workers. Under housing sector 

assistance upto Rs.40,000/- is provided to 

Scheduled Tribes to construct a new house or 

repair of the old house with some conditions. In 

additions to the above welfare schemes, the 

following schemes run by the office of Vigilance 

123

Officer for the Tribal development for the 

development of the Scheduled Tribe are in four 

parts (1) Education (2) Economic development (3) 

Health and housing (4) Administration, Directions 

etc. 

Education Scheme 

Examination Fee: The students in SSC and 

equivalent standard appearing in the SSC board 

examination are provided with examination fee 

ranging from Rs 170/- to Rs. 200/- Scholarship: 

Students with 38 per cent results in Govt. Schools, 

Govt. recognized schools and with 45 per cent 

result in Private Schools were given yearly 

scholarship of Rs.125/- to Rs.200/- per year. Tuition 

fee of Rs.250/- p.m. paid to the students whose 

parents/guardian income was less than Rs.24000 

p.a. Scholarship were also sanctioned to girl 

students whose family income exceeds between 

Rs.50,920 p.a. Engineering medical & B. Sc(Agri) 

Diploma courses are given Rs.510 to Rs.740/- for 

Residential hostel, while for the day scholars it is 

Rs.330/ p.m. In addition to the above narrated 

schemes the following schemes are also in vogue 

(i) free uniform (ii) food assistance scheme (iii) free 

Bicycle scheme (iv) financial assistance to medical 

and engineering students to purchase educational 

equipments upto Rs 1000/- (v) cash payment 

scheme to S. T. college students and (vi) Balwadi 

scheme in which 90 per cent to 100 per cent 

Grant-in-aid was provided. Under the housing 

sector, assistance upto Rs.40,000 is provided to 

Scheduled Tribes to construct or purchase a new 

house or repair of the old house. 

124

Some of the other welfare schemes are also 

functioning like Social education camps are 

arranged to educate the S.T people to take out from 

backwardness and to give information about these 

schemes and for these camp Rs.5000/- has been 

sanctioned. The Public cell Scheduled Tribe 

Atrocities Assistance also provides atrocity 

assistance. Kunwar bair Noo Mameroo assistance 

and Saat Phere Samooh Lagna scheme were also 

in vogue and Rs.1000 to Rs.5000 are given. 

Reservation In Service For Sc & ST 

In this Unit we shall discuss the provisions available 

in the Constitution of India, based on which orders 

relating to reservations in services for Scheduled 

Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and other 

Backward Classes (OBCs) have been issued by 

Department of Personnel & Training and Ministries 

of Social Justice of Government of India. The 

provisions made in the Articles 16, 335, 338, 340, 

341 & 342 of the Constitution relate to reservation, 

protection and safeguards, in public employment in 

respect of the persons belonging to the SCs/STs 

and other backward classes. 

3.1 Constitutional Provisions 

Every Constitution has philosophy of its own. The 

Preamble of our Constitution proclaims the 

resolution of PEOPLE OF INDIA to constitute India 

into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR AND 

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its 

citizens: 

JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY 

of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; 

EQUALITY of status and opportunity; and to 

125

promote among them all ; FRATERNITY assuring 

the dignity of the individual and the unity and 

integrity of the Nation. The ward 'social justice' in the 

Preamble implies recognition of greater good to a 

larger number without deprivation of legal rights of 

anybody. 

The concept of equality, enshrined in the Preamble 

has also found expression as a fundamental right 

in Article 14 to 16, which we shall discuss in the 

next section. 

3.1.1 Right To Equality-Article 14 

The Article 14 of the Constitution is one of the 

fundamental rights of the Constitution of India. Let 

us now know about thisArticle. Article 14 of 

the Constitution reads: ―The state shall not deny to 

any person equality before the law or the equal 

protection of the laws within the territory of India" 

What do the two phrases in this Article namely 

―equality before the law‖ and ―equal protection of 

law‖ mean? On the face of it the two phrases may 

seem to be identical, but in fact, they mean different 

things. 

While ―Equality before the law‖ is negative concept; 

―equal protection of laws‖ is a positive one. The 

former declares that everyone is equal before law, 

that no one can claim privileges and that all classes 

are equally subject to the ordinary law of the land. 

―Equal protection of Law‖, on the other hand means, 

that among equals, the law should be equal and 

equally administered. That like should be treated as 

like. Or in other words, persons differently 

circumstanced need not be treated in the same 

manner. For example ‗Equal protection of Law‘ 

126

does not mean that every persons shall be taxed 

equally, but that persons under the same category 

should be taxed by the same standard. The 

guarantee of ―equal protection‖ thus is a guarantee 

of equal treatment of persons in ―equal 

circumstances‖ permitting differentiation in different 

circumstances. If there were a reasonable basis for 

classification, the legislature would be entitled to 

make different treatment. Thus, the legislature may 

(i) exempt certain classes of property from taxation 

at all, such as charities, libraries etc; (ii) impose 

different specific taxes upon different trades and 

profession. 

Illustration of reasonable classification: Yusuf V. 

State of Bombay, AIR.1954 S.C.321 

3.1.2 Safeguards for public employment (Art-16) 

In the previous section we learnt about Article 14 

and the doctrine of equality‖. In this Unit we will 

learn in detail about Article 16, which is regarding 

equality of opportunity in the matter of employment 

under State Article 16 of the constitution provides 

for equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters 

relating to employment or appointment to any office 

under the state. Article 16 reads as under: 

Clause(1):There shall be equality of opportunity for 

all citizens in matters relating to employment or 

appointment to any office under the State. 

Clause(2):No citizen shall on grounds only of 

religion, race, caste sex, descent, place of birth, 

residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or 

discriminated against in respect of any employment 

of office under the State. 

127

Clause (3): Nothing in this article shall prevent 

Parliament from making any law prescribing, in 

regard to a class or classes of employment or 

appointment to an office under the Government of 

or any local or other authority within, a State or 

Union Territory, any requirement as to residence 

within that State or Union Territory prior to such 

employment or appointment. 

Clause (4)- Nothing in this Article shall prevent the 

State from making any provision for the reservation 

of appointments or posts in favour of any backward 

class of citizens which in the opinion of the State, is 

not adequately represented in the services under 

the state". 

Clause (4-A): Nothing in this article shall prevent the 

State from making provision for reservation in 

matters of promotion to any class or classes of 

posts in the services under the State in favour of the 

Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, which 

in the opinion of the State are not adequately 

represented in the service of the State. 

Clause (4-B): Nothing in this article shall prevent the 

State from considering any unfilled vacancies of a 

year which are reserved for being filled up in that 

year in accordance with any provision for 

reservation made under clause (4) or Clause (4-A) 

as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in 

any succeeding year or years and such class of 

vacancies shall not be considered together with the 

vacancies of the year in which they are being filled 

up for determining the ceiling of fifty percent 

reservation on total number of vacancies of that 

year (Constitution 81stAmendment Act, 2000). 

128

3.1.3 Limitations of the Safeguard-Article 335 

Article 335 of the Constitution originally read as 

under:- ― The claim of the members of the 

Scheduled castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall 

be taken in to consideration, consistently with the 

maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the 

making of appointments to services and posts in 

connection with the affairs of the Union or of the 

State.‖ 

The Hon‘ble Supreme Court has held in a number of 

cases, that Article 335 operates as a limitation to 

the provision contained in Article 16(4) 

though Article 16(4) does not specifically refer 

to Article 335 or raise any question of maintenance 

of efficiency of the administration. Thus, reservation 

for the backward class will be struck down as 

violative of Article 14 and 16(1), if it is unreasonably 

excessive. While forming an opinion for making 

reservations the State shall also take cognisance of 

the limitation set out in Art.335 i.e. whether making 

reservation is consistent with the maintenance of 

efficiency of administration. 82nd Amendment Act, 

2000, amended the Article 335. The background for 

the amendment was that the Hon‘ble Supreme 

Court in the case of S.Vinod Kumar Vs. U.O.I had 

held that the various instructions of Government 

providing for lower qualifying marks/lesser standard 

of evaluation in matter of promotion for candidates 

belonging to SC/ST are not permissible in view of 

the provisions contained in Article 335. In view of 

this decision the various orders regarding lower 

qualifying marks/standard of evaluation for SC/ST 

in the matter of promotion were withdrawn by the 

Government w.e.f. 22.7.97. However, the 

Parliament decided to once again restore the 

129

elaxations and concession in promotion and the 

following proviso to Art.335 were added:- ―Provided 

that nothing in thisArticle shall prevent in making of 

any provisions in favour of the members of the 

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for 

relaxation in qualifying marks in any examination or 

lowering the standards of evaluation, for reservation 

in maters of promotion to any class or classes of 

services or posts in connection with the affairs of the 

Union or of a State‖ 

3.2 Percentage of reservation 

The percentage of reservation for each category 

viz. SC, ST and OBC in Promotion and Direct 

Recruitment as these are the only two methods of 

recruitment to which the orders on reservation are 

applicable. In general of SC it is 15%, for ST it is 

7.5% & for OBC it is 27% 

3.3 Reservation In Direct Recruitment 

In the previous Unit, we learnt about the three 

categories of direct recruitment viz. (i) All India basis 

by open competition (ii) All India basis otherwise 

than open competition and (iii) recruitment to Group 

‗C‘ and ‗D‘ posts normally attracting candidates from 

a locality or region. Until September 1993, in the 

method of ‗Direct recruitment‘, reservations of posts 

were only for SCs and STs. From September 1993 

reservation for OBCs has also been provided in the 

case of direct recruitment. The percentage of 

reservation for SC, ST and OBC is different in each 

of the three types of direct recruitment and is shown 

in the table-1 below: - 

130

Sr. 

No. 

Category 

Share of Entitlement 

SC ST OBC 

Direct recruitment on 

all-India 

1 

basis by open 

competition 

2 Direct recruitment on 

all-India 

15 7.5 27 

16 2/3 7.5 25.84 

basis otherwise than 

by open 

competition 

3 Direct Recruitment to 

Group 

‗C‘ & ‗D‘ posts which 

normally 

attract candidates 

from a 

Generally in proportion to 

the population of 

SCs, STs and OBCs in the 

respective 

States/Union Territory. 

locality or region 

Table 1 

%age in Recruitment made through Staff Selection 

Commission (SSC) by Open Competition In the 

previous section we learnt about the percentage of 

reservation in the three types of direct recruitment. 

So far as recruitment by Staff Selection commission 

is concerned, the percentage of reservation is 

further governed by the OPT‘s O.M.No 

131

.36011/9/82-Estt.(SCT) dated 8.2.83. 

The examination conducted by SSC involves a 

mixture of following two kinds of nomination: - 

1. On the basis of a single common All India list 

and; 

2. On the basis of zone-wise lists 

(the whole country having been divided into a 

number of zones where each zone corresponds 

more or less to a State/U.T) drawn up in accordance 

with the centre-linked-zonal scheme under which 

candidates are eligible to be considered for 

appointment to posts in offices located in the Zone 

in which the centre of examination opted by the 

candidates falls, though the examination is common 

. where they have taken the examination. In view of 

this the percentage of reservation applicable in case 

the recruitment is through SSC can be put in tabular 

form as under:- 

132

Recruitment Made Through SSC 

RECRUITMENT MADE THROUGH SSC 

Share of Entitlement 

SC ST OBC 

Sr. Method 

No. 

1 Organisations, 

which receive 

candidates from 

a single common 

15 7.5 27 

All India, list. 

2 Organisations 

which receive 

candidates from 

the list prepared 

by SSC on the 

basis of 

Centrelinked 

zonal basis 

3 Organisations 

spreading into 

more than one 

State/Union 

Territory 

Proportion to the 

population of 

SC/ST/OBC of State. 

Roster to be drawn up 

in consultation 

with DOPT taking into 

consideration 

the population of 

SC/ST/OBC in such 

areas. 

The percentage of reservation for SC, ST and OBC 

in respect of each State and Union Territory has 

been prescribed by the Department of Personnel & 

133

Training and is available in the ‗Brochure on 

Reservation in Service‘ (8th Edition) at P.P 

494-502) 

For example the percentages of the following States 

are Andhra Pradesh - 15 SC/ 06 ST/ 27OBC 

Karnataka - 15 SC/ 05 ST/ 27 OBC Tamil Nadu - 19 

SC/ 01 ST/ 27 OBC 

Manipur - 01 SC/ 27 ST/ 22 OBC Sikkim - 06 SC/ 23 

ST/ 21 OBC West Bengal - 22 SC/ 06 ST/ 22 OBC 

3.4 Percentage of reservation in promotion 

In the previous section we learnt that the 

percentage of reservation in the case of direct 

recruitment varied according to the various types of 

direct recruitment. However, the percentage of 

reservation in promotion is uniform i.e. 15% for SC 

and 7.5% for ST, irrespective of the mode of 

promotion. 

We had seen in the case of direct recruitment that 

reservation is applicable to all level of posts. Is the 

position same in the case of promotion also? The 

answer is ‗NO‘. 

In seniority-cum-fitness mode, reservation in 

promotion is applicable to all level of posts i.e. in 

Groups C & D, Group C to Group B, within Group B, 

from Group B to Group A and within Group A. But in 

selection mode, reservation is NOT applicable in 

promotion within Group ‗A‘. Promotion ―Within 

Group A ― means, that the lower post (feeder post) 

and the higher post to which promotion is taking 

place, both belong to Group ‗A‘. 

134

The applicability of reservation in various modes of 

promotion can be indicated in the table-3 below: - 

Mode of promotion 

Limited Departmental 

Competitive 

Reservation 

applicable: 

YES NO 

Yes 

Examination (LDCE): 

Groups B,C & D. 

Seniority-cum-fitness: 

Yes 

In all groups (Groups A, B, C 

& D.) 

selection Groups C & D, 

Group C to 

Group B, 

Yes 

within Group B, 

from Group B to 

lowest rung of 

Group A. 

Lowest rung of 

Group A to 

higher group A 

posts. 

No 

In the table-3 you can see that reservation in 

―Selection‖ mode is applicable upto the lowest rung 

of Group ‗A‘. The lowest rung of Group A can either 

be the scale of Rs.8000-13500 (pre-revised 

135

2200-4000) or could be 10000-15200 (pre-revised 

3000-4500) , depending on whether the promotion 

in the particular service takes place from group ‗B‘ 

to 8000- 13500 or directly to 10000-15200 For 

example in the Central Secretariat Service, Section 

Officers (Rs.6500- 10500, Gp.‘B‘) with 8 years of 

service are eligible for promotion to the post of 

Under Secretary ( Rs.10000-15200, Gp.‘A‘) and 

there is no intermediate scale of pay of 

Rs.8000-13500. Thus in the CSS, the lowest rung of 

group A will be 10000-15200 and reservation is 

applicable in the promotion from Section Officer to 

Under Secretary8. 

3.4.1 Concession In Promotion 

In the previous section we have learnt that in 

promotion reservation is not applicable in only one 

situation i.e. if the mode of promotion is by selection 

and promotion is taking place within group ‗A‘. 

Although there is no reservation in such cases and, 

therefore, no posts are reserved for SC or ST but a 

‗concession‘ is available to SC/ST employees. In 

the next paragraph we will learn what is this 

‗concession‘. But it is important to understand that 

the ‗concession‘ is available only in promotion by 

selection within group ‗A‘ which carry an ultimate 

salary of Rs.5700 (pre-revised scale) or less p.m. 

The concession available to the SC/ST Officers is, 

that those SC and ST Officers who are senior 

enough in the Z.O.C so as to be within the number 

of vacancies for which the select list has to be 

drawn, would be included in that list provided they 

are not considered unfit for promotion. 

136

Critical View on Reservation policy and 

Conclusion 

Now we have seen that government had kept 

various welfare schemes for the SC and ST in india. 

If we take few examples than reservations in 

educational systems, land allotments for residents( 

free of cost), agricultural land allotted free of cost for 

farming etc. 

I believe that there should be reservation in the 

educational system of india. Due to which they can 

also get good and higher education, but at the time 

of the jobs/ public service there should be n 

reservation. A person has got almost 22 to 25 years 

benefit of reservation policy and had completed his 

studies. Now he should stand on his own feets and 

should face the competition in the market. They 

have got all the things which a person born in other 

cast has got by now. 

If government still wants to keep reservation policy 

then now it should not be based on caste or class, it 

should be based on the annual income of the 

person. If the person is earning less than he 

requires more money for his family and children and 

this thing he can get only by a job or in public 

service.By this means only such persons can 

provide good education to their children. 

Judiciary has played great role in the reservation 

policy. The great example of this N Nagrajan‘s case, 

Ashok Kumar Thakor, and Indira Shawnay‘s case. 

In this cases , supreme court has given passing 

reference to the reservation on the SC & ST in jobs. 

But Supreme court has said that reservation should 

not increase then 50% in any condition but in most 

137

of North Eastern state this reservation is increased 

to 85% and still they have started a move to 

increase it to the 95% and court is not taking any 

steps against it. By this way we can see that 

judiciary is also palying a role in increase of 

reservation for SC & ST. 

Now days politicians are playing a major role in 

reservation policy.The reservation policy was only 

for 10 years afer the independence, for upiftment of 

SC and ST but till now it is continue and no one has 

taken any step to amend it or revise it or to change 

it. The reason behind this is the population of SC 

and ST in country. Nearly 33% voting is done by SC 

and ST so now if they make any change in the 

reservation policy against the SC and ST then they 

have to suffer a lot for the same. So they are not 

taking any steps against the reservation policy. 

Now if you consider the theory of john rawles of 

justice then he has clearly said that ―starting line 

should be / must be the same for all the Persons.‖ 

By providing reservation in the educational systems 

we are giving the same line to all the persons. He 

further also said that by providing equality in 

education they are providing equal chance to start 

to all the persons and further there is no need of 

reservation in service also. 

I am totally agreed with the viewpoint of john rawles 

on reservation. Policy and there is clear need of 

revising the present reservation policy. 

138

Bibliography 

Books 

# J.N.Pandey, The Constitutional Law of India, 46th 

Ed. Reprint 2009 

# Raju .C.B, Social Justice & The Constitution of 

India (with reference to sc‘s and st‘s) 

# Ram Ahuja, Social Problems in India 

# Social Problems in India,Author – Ram Ahuja 

# SE_GUJARAT 06-07_CHAPTER IX 

# Pandey, J.N., the constitutional law of India 

# Raju.C.B., Social Justice & The Constitution of 

India (with reference to sc‘s and st‘s) 

# Sandeep Mukherjee, Institute of Secretariat 

Training & Management 

139


This article is about the economic system and 

political philosophy. For other uses, see Socialism 

(disambiguation). 

Socialism is a social and economic system 

characterised by social ownership and/or social 

control of the means of production and co-operative 

management of the economy, as well as a political 

theory and movement that aims at the 

establishment of such a system. "Social ownership" 

may refer to cooperative enterprises, common 

ownership, state ownership (achieved 

by nationalization), citizen ownership of equity, or 

any combination of these. There are many varieties 

of socialism and there is no single definition 

encapsulating all of them. 

A socialist economy is based on the principle 

of production for use, to directly satisfy economic 

demand and human needs, and objects are valued 

by their use-value, as opposed to the principle of 

production for profit and accumulation of capital. In 

the traditional conception of a socialist economy, 

coordination, accounting and valuation are 

performed in kind (using physical quantities), by a 

common physical magnitude, or by a direct 

140

measure of labour-time in place of financial 

calculation. For distributing output, two alternative 

principles have been proposed: to each according 

to his contribution and from each according to his 

ability, to each according to his need. The 

advisability, feasibility and exact way of allocating 

and valuing resources are the subjects of 

the socialist calculation debate. 

The socialist political movement includes a diverse 

array of political philosophies. Core dichotomies 

include reformismversus revolutionary socialism, 

and state socialism versus libertarian socialism. 

While all tendencies of socialism consider 

themselves democratic, the term "democratic 

socialism" is often used to highlight its advocates' 

high value for democratic processes and political 

systems and usually to draw contrast to other 

socialist tendencies they may perceive to be 

undemocratic. The varieties of socialism differ in the 

type of social ownership they advocate, the degree 

to which they rely on markets or planning, how 

management is to be organised within productive 

institutions, and the role of the state in constructing 

socialism. Today, some socialists have adopted the 

causes of other social movements, such 

as environmentalism, feminism and liberalism. 

141

Modern socialism originated from an 18th-century 

intellectual and working-class political movement 

that criticised the effects of industrialisation 

and private propertyon society. The revival 

of republicanism in the American Revolution of 

1776 and the revival of egalitarianism in the French 

Revolution of 1789 converged into the rise of 

socialism as a distinct political movement by the 

turn of the century. Initially, "socialism" referred to 

general concern for the social problems of 

capitalism regardless of the solutions to those 

problems. However, by the late 19th century, after 

waves of revolutionary movements, "socialism" had 

come to signify opposition to capitalism and 

advocacy for a post-capitalist system based on 

some form of social ownership. During this 

time, German philosopher Karl Marx and his 

collaborator Friedrich Engels published works 

criticising the utopian aspects of contemporary 

socialist trends, and applied 

a materialist understanding of socialism as a phase 

of development which will come about 

through social revolution instigated by escalating 

and conflicting class relationships within capitalism. 

Within this surge of opposition to capitalism 

appeared other more or less complementary 

tendencies such as anarchism, communism, 

and social democracy and later, the confluence of 

socialism 

142

with anti-imperialist and anti-racist struggles 

around the world. 

Socialism became the most influential worldwide 

movement and political-economic world view of the 

20th century. Many anarchist, socialist and Marxist 

tendencies argue that the Soviet Union did not 

establish socialism, but rather established state 

capitalism. Socialist parties and ideas remain a 

political force with varying degrees of power and 

influence in all continents, leading national 

governments in many countries. 

143


Reservation policy: The caste crunch 

Anti-reservation stir in Gujarat spills over into 

communal violence 

Shekhar Gupta December 6, 2013 | 

UPDATED 12:44 IST 

The stout, slant-eyed naik subedar is a veteran of 

war and peace having seen two rough battles on the 

western front and several riots. But Ahmedabad 

perplexes him. "For two days," he says helplessly, "I 

have been leading patrols in these lanes and am yet 

to see a rioter. But houses burn, people die. If only I 

could see the...," he ends the statement with a 

tell-tale gesture, unclasping the magazine from his 

carbine and displaying the bullets. 

Many more shared his predicament in Ahmedabad 

last fortnight. People talked of the elusive 

marauders who burnt scores of buildings and left 15 

dead in the city's worst outbreak of communal 

rioting since 1969. 

Said Medina Begum from Raikhad locality: "Who 

knows who is attacking whom? But all day you hear 

about flying kakdas (fireballs of cloth soaked in 

144

kerosene, tied to short sticks and flung far and 

high), and slit throats. Who is behind all this?" 

On the surface, more elusive than the marauders 

was their motive. There was no cause for 

Hindu-Muslim tension. Yet destruction had been 

immense. Relief Road, the walled city's jugular was 

littered with debris and ash. 

So was the nearby Gandhi Road. Death, though, 

was a speciality of the narrow, labyrinthine maze of 

lanes locally called poles. Three days after the 

troops moved in they still continued to find the 

occasional mutilated body. 

Victim of a stabbing incident escorted by police 

And an hour-long curfew relaxation after four days 

of vigil left six more stab victims on the streets. Even 

by the high standards of illogic that mark communal 

riots Ahmedabad's, last fortnight, was a case apart. 

The Government spokesmen, however, were 

looking for explanations elsewhere and pointed 

repeatedly at the anti-reservation agitation raging in 

the state for nearly a month. On his short visit Prime 

Minister Rajiv Gandhi too made the same 

suggestion though blaming the defeated opposition 

for engineering violence. 

145

Despite vehement denials by agitation leaders the 

bits of available evidence pointed the finger at them, 

though it was more a case of unintended abetment 

than outright felony. 

On the evening of March 19, the day of the Gujarat 

bandh, in the localities of Dariapur and Kalupur, 

which have a tradition of communal tension, some 

Muslims opened their shops. They were handed out 

swift retribution. 

The second provocation came from the other side 

when the agitators gave a call for 

sounding mrityu-dhwani (death-knell) of the 

Government in the evening. As hundreds of people 

came out clanging large spoons with metal thalis to 

raise a loud din, some Muslims threw stones. 

Thereafter events followed the predictable course. 

Despite denials by agitation As 

leaders the bits of available fresh 

evidence pointed the finger at infusion 

them, though it was more a case of 

of unintended abetment than troops 

outright felony. 

failed to 

bring 

quiet, Chief Minister Madhavsinh Solanki found 

himself helpless, blamed by many within his cabinet 

for having stirred trouble by hastily ordering 

implementation of the report of the Rane 

Commission on Backward Classes resulting in a 

146

further 18 per cent reservation in government jobs 

and educational institutions, sparking off an 

agitation from the higher castes.. 

With the bulk of the paramilitary forces still engaged 

in Punjab, the Centre had no reserves. "Today", 

said a Union Home Ministry official, "trouble in 

peaceful states like Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh is 

the last thing we want." 

But with caste passions unleashed on the question 

of the "new" reservations the Government did not 

know how to escape without betraying the 

commitments made to the backward classes on 

election-eve. 

The mood was conciliatory, as evidenced by Home 

Minister S.B. Chavan's offer to get the agitators an 

audience with Rajiv Gandhi who had made a 

surprising anti-reservation statement at Hyderabad. 

If the tactic worked, it was yet to show results. In 

cities as distant as Jamnagar from Raipur, Gwalior 

from Rajkot, the approach was strikingly similar as 

high caste students took to the streets. "Join Solanki 

and support the Government that 

moves-backwards," said a poster in Ahmedabad. 

"Hail the Government which has made another 105 

castes backward in 37 years of independence," 

echoed thousands of handbills in Bhopal. Also 

147

common to the two states was the perfidy of the 

Government, using the new reservations as an 

election gimmick ignoring the forces of social 

discord that such bad timing could unleash. 

Army patrols reassuring residents in Ahmedabad : 

In Gujarat, the Rane Commission on Backward 

Classes submitted its report over 18 months ago. 

The Government did not place the report in the 

Assembly. Now, with the elections approaching it 

announced acceptance of the report with a 

disastrous rider. 

The commission had suggested economics as the 

key criterion for establishing backwardness, but 

Solanki threw it out summarily in favour of caste. 

Solanki's decision was election-oriented, and it 

brought short-term gains. As Makrand Desai, the 

state BJP president said: "The Government 

announced the increase in the reservations to win 

over the backward class votes. Now, with this stir 

on, they will go back on their decision. But they have 

been able to capture the votes." Yet, whatever be 

the political logic it was certainly not warranted by 

public interest. 

In 1981 the state saw a bloody anti-reservation stir 

that left 40 dead and a whole lot of property burnt in 

the course of its 100 furious days. More than that, it 

left the social fabric in the state totally asunder. 

148

In such a situation any further effort to make political 

capital by evoking caste feelings was self-defeating. 

Says Girish Patel, a human rights activist and 

lawyer, pointing to this danger: "The situation is very 

explosive. If not dealt with sensitively, the agitation 

will escalate into a caste war with frightening 

consequences." Solanki gambled and made a few 

initial gains but as a final result left a casteist streak 

behind. 

Ram Mahajan: Predicting a caste war 

The reaction came rather late. But it hit the state 

with telling effect. On February 18 a warning came 

from the L.D. Engineering College in Ahmedabad, 

the cradle of all student strife in the state. Students 

demonstrated and the state Government panicked, 

closing down all institutions. 

Soon, in a move reminiscent of the massive 

Navnirman movement that cost former chief 

minister Chimanbhai Patel his job, the high-caste 

students came together under the banner of Gujarat 

Navrachana Samiti. Officials in Gandhi nagar vouch 

for the fact that the new leadership has already 

been infiltrated, if not usurped by some of the fiery 

men who led the 100-day agitation in 1981. 

Arjun Singh, on the other hand, had no such 

background of violence to worry about when he 

accepted the Ramji Mahajan Backward Classes 

Commission report on the eve of the Lok Sabha 

elections. And if he did not face an angry outburst 

149

immediately it was at least partly because of the 

Bhopal gas tragedy. 

With the violence in Gujarat hogging the headlines, 

the agitation in Madhya Pradesh lost out on 

prominence to an extent. But last fortnight, the odd 

bus was still being burnt, rail services were hit, a 

large number of educational institutions shut and 

yet another group of anti-reservation leaders was in 

the process of taking charge. 

In Bhopal, the centre of action is the Maulana Azad 

College of Technology (MACT) on the outskirts of 

the town. This, the state's premier engineering 

college, is where the Madhya Pradesh elite sends 

its children and, even more important, is the only 

institution with a history of an anti-reservation 

movement of sorts. 

In August 1984, Amogh Gupta, a final year student 

had initiated a movement against the state 

Government's decision to give women applicants 

preference in admission at the institution since most 

engineering colleges elsewhere in the state do not 

have hostels for women. 

Stir leaders in Ahmedabad: Flashpoint 

"We said if there are no hostels, build them. But you 

can't just give away seats in the state's most 

coveted engineering college to undeserving girls 

150

while men wait. And we won," says Gupta. On this 

occasion, however, the issues are much wider. 

In Madhya Pradesh the agitation began at Rewa, 

led by a dissident to whom we did not give ticket, to 

quote Arjun Singh. But now, even though the state 

Government has been able to purchase or subdue a 

number of leaders of the first phase of the agitation, 

the problem has come to stay. 

All over, parents associations are coming up and 

these give the sanctity and financial impetus an 

ordinary students' movement would lack. In Indore, 

the state's biggest town, parents have decidedly 

been more active than their wards in carrying out 

processions and even running boot-polish stalls by 

the roadside, a gimmick meant to illustrate the 

rapidly deteriorating status of the so-called high 

castes. 

Statistically, the Madhya Pradesh agitators have a 

case much stronger than that of their Gujarat 

counterparts who are agitating against a total 

reservation of 49 per cent. Since the state has a 

large tribal population which has already been given 

a 23 per cent reservation in addition to the 14 per 

cent given to Scheduled Castes, the new 25 per 

cent reservation announced for the backward 

classes has pushed the tally to a ridiculous 78 per 

cent. 

151

This includes other categories such as 

ex-servicemen and their wards and people below 

poverty line. In fact, the agitators have worked out 

startling statistics that scream from the posters and 

graffiti all over the state, and which the Government 

does not deny. 

For example, of the 1,725 seats in the state's 

engineering colleges, 1,358 now come under 

reserved quota. Of the 720 medical college seats, 

497 fall in this category. Similarly, the ratio for 

agriculture, veterinary, polytechnic and ayurvedic 

medical colleges, respectively, is 336 out of 425, 78 

out of 100, 2,831 out of 3,730 and 150 out of 317. 

Says Amogh Gupta: "At this rate they should have 

similar reservations for the national cricket team. 

How will it look if it were to mandatorily have two 

men each from Scheduled Castes, tribes and 

backward classes, an ex-serviceman, a woman and 

a disabled person?" Added Shailendra Chaudhri, a 

second year polytechnic student and a member of 

the action committee of the agitators: "We do not 

grudge them privileges. 

Anti-reservationists block roads in Bhopal: 

Uncompromising stands 

We do not care whether the Government gives 

them air-conditioned houses or Impala cars. But 

why take away our seats. But it is this logic of our 

seats that Arjun Singh questions, saying, "We will 

152

have to keep in mind the fact that the state has a 

very large number of communities which have 

always been backward because they were not 

given the opportunity to grow. 

We can't ignore them forever." At the same time the 

backward classes themselves were becoming alive 

to the new threat. In Indore, the Harijan 

organisations threatened to launch a counter stir. 

Said Arjun Singh Dharu, a former state minister: 

"People of the upper classes should be able to 

make at least some sacrifice for the downtrodden." 

Dalit Panther General Secretary Madhukar 

Gaikwad went a step further, arguing that only a 

Harijan, tribal or backward chief minister could 

effectively implement the new reservation policy. 

But the key question in Madhya Pradesh is the 

Ramji Mahajan report. The commission concluded 

that 48.8 per cent of the state's population consists 

of backwards. This is in addition to 20 percent 

tribals and 13 percent Scheduled Castes. 

"By what stretch of imagination can the goldsmiths 

be categorised as backward?" asks Raj Jain, a 

Bhopal agitation leader. In fact when the state 

Government referred the report to a secretaries' 

committee they rejected it. Interestingly, the state 

Government has not yet placed the report in the 

153

Assembly. The two documents continue to carry the 

"secret" tag. 

Most state commissions, including the two under 

scrutiny now, have made a valiant attempt at 

sounding erudite. They also refer to the Mandal 

Commission report as their model and quote 

copiously from it. But unexpectedly there lies the 

catch. 

One reason why the Centre has been so wary of 

accepting the Mandal Commission report is the 

suspicion that the report, which was meant to form 

the bulwark of the policy for backward class welfare 

was scientifically unsound and doctored. The 

grounds for this suspicion are well-documented in 

the tiles. 

Initially, the commission asked Dr B.K. Roy 

Burman, then a professor at Shantiniketan and a 

prominent demographer, to lead research. He 

launched a pilot project in Orissa's Birbhum district 

and prepared a model for similar surveys all over 

the country. 

The commission did this with the help of a high-level 

technical committee but soon, as the data began to 

pour in, secrecy began. It was never shown to Roy 

Burman and other experts. Roy Burman protested 

to the commission in writing and got a polite reply, 

seeking his cooperation rather than criticism. 

154

The report upset him a great deal and he wrote to 

the Home Ministry questioning the very basis of the 

findings and seeking access to the data. This was 

not done. Roy Burman feels that while there 

certainly are a few backward classes who come 

close to the Scheduled Castes their number could 

hardly be as large as the commission report 

suggested. Says he: "There is an urgent need to 

conduct a scientific survey to gauge the dimensions 

of the problem." 

Politically, the Mandal Commission report has 

acquired a curious status. While continuing to back 

the report at the time of the elections, the leaders of 

the Janata and the BJP privately express their 

reservations about it. But they were collectively 

responsible for setting up the commission and also 

approving concessions similar to its 

recommendations by the Karpoori Thakur 

government in Bihar. 

In fact it is in Bihar, the eternal caste cauldron, that 

the current scene in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh 

has a parallel. In 1978, Thakur, who had visions of 

becoming another Annadurai, added 26 percent 

reservation for the backward classes to the already 

existing 24 for the Scheduled Castes and 

Scheduled Tribes. 

155

The result was a caste war that cleaved his cabinet. 

Two Janata legislators, Vikrem Ver, a Rajput, and 

Ram Jatan Sinha, a Bhumihar, launched a forward 

league movement which crossed lathis with Ram 

Avadhesh Singh and R.L. Chandpuri, the president 

of the All India Backward Classes Federation. 

The fracas consumed over Rs 5 crore worth of 

public property, many lives and, ultimately, Karpoori 

Thakur's chair. But he remained steadfast. Now he 

is watching the scene in Gujarat and Madhya 

Pradesh with obvious glee, saying, "See, people 

called me casteist for doing this. But now even a 

Rajput like Arjun Singh has done the same." 

But an alarming background like this also fails to 

dissuade political leaders from fiddling with the 

caste equilibrium, as Congress(I)'s 

Chandrashekhar Singh demonstrated in granting 

the Momins, a group among the Muslims, the 

backward status, creating castes where there were 

none. 

In Bihar the document of reference is the report of 

the Mungeri Lal Commission, which identified 128 

back ward castes in 1976. And though tensions are 

dormant at the moment, agitations elsewhere can 

spill over any day, snapping the slender thread of 

inter-caste peace. 

156

In fact Tamil Nadu is the only state to have been 

able to implement the Mandal Commission report 

without much fuss. But there the situation has to be 

viewed in the background of the DMK agitation 

which subdued the Brahmins. 

The other states are now watching Gujarat and 

Madhya Pradesh before they plan their own policy. 

Kerala may be the next state to face the caste 

crunch as the Sundaresan Committee on 

reservation is expected to submit its report in a few 

months. But they have to tread warily, for any fresh 

reservations could snowball into a movement 

against the very idea. 

The anti-reservation feeling has already been 

perked up by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi's rather 

cryptic statement at Hyderabad that reservations 

had been provided for a certain purpose which they 

have failed to serve and that the whole question 

requires a new look. 

Said Gaurang Shah, vice-president of the) unior 

Doctors' Association in Ahmedabad: "We are for an 

eventual abolition of reservations over a reasonable 

period of time. In any case, why should the son of 

Jagjivan Ram one of the richest Harijans, be given 

the benefit of reservation?" 

The reply comes from Jagjivan Ram himself. Says 

he: "I will not seek reservation for my son the day he 

becomes a touchable." He elaborates, arguing, 

157

"Even I am not a touchable. Will a Brahmin call me 

to his house for a meal? May be Mrs Gandhi would 

have done so. But aristocracy does not define social 

values, the lower middle class does." 

Like most Harijan and backward class leaders 

Jagjivan Ram also argues that caste has to be the 

basis of identifying backwardness. "I am for 

reservations not because it is a means of economic 

uplift but because it is an instrument of social 

change," he says, "a shoemaker may make thrice 

the amount a clerk does. Yet, does he have 

prestige? But if a chamar's son becomes a 

sub-inspector a Brahmin constable will salute him. 

Imagine what kind of social revolution it is when a 

bhangi's son becomes a district magistrate?" If the 

Government should curtail reservations now 

Jagjivan Ram predicts caste war. And he should 

know. 

Reservation inevitably arouses caste passions and 

yet, as current happenings show, there is no escape 

from facing the issue square on. Both social 

scientists and responsible politicians agree that 

there is need for reservations to continue and 

perhaps even for a slight increase to include 

genuine backward classes. 

This, however, needs to be done on the basis of a 

sound scientific study and not merely on the whims 

158

of the odd politician made in-charge of a 

politically-motivated panel. Even Jagjivan Ram, a 

strong supporter of reservations, points out that the 

system is often irrational and requires a deeper, 

more scientific look. 

The new Government, however, has indicated a 

different approach implicit in Rajiv Gandhi's 

statement at Hyderabad. It will make a difference if 

he could translate that thought into action by setting 

up a new commission to draft a plan for the coming 

decades. 

The question cannot be evaded for long now. Status 

quoism will only add fire to the higher castes' 

campaign and the backward classes' insecurities. 

And a combination of the two can hardly promise 

good news in years to come. 

- with Ramesh Menon in Ahmedabad and bureau 

reports 

159


Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

on the Policy of Reservation to SCs, 

STs and OBCs: 

Q.1 what is the policy of the 

Government on reservation for SCs, 

STs and OBCs? 

Ans: Reservation to the SCs. STs and 

ORCs in case of direct recruitment on all 

India basis by open competition is given 

at the rate of 15%, 7.5% and 27% 

respectively. In case of direct recruitment 

on all India basis otherwise than by open 

competition, r e s e r v a t ion for SCs. STs 

and OBCs is 16.66%, 7.5% and 25.84% 

respectively. In case of direct recruitment 

to Group C and D posts which normally 

attract candidates from a locality or a 

region, percentage of reservation for 

SCs/STs is generally fixed in proportion 

to the population of SCs and STs in 

the respective States/UTs. For OBCs it is 

fixed keeping in view the proportion of 

160

their population in the concerned 

State/UT and the fact that total 

reservation for SCs/STs/OBCs remains 

within the limit of 50% and reservation for 

OBCs remains within the limit of 27%. 

Reservation in promotion by 

non-selection method is available to 

SCs and the STs in all groups of services 

viz. A. B. C and D at the rate of 15% and 

7.5% respectively. In ca se of 

p r o m o t i o n by selection method 

reservation is available upto the lowest 

rung of Group ― A‖ at the same rates. In 

promotion by selection to posts within 

Group ― A ‖ which carry an ultimate salary 

of Rs. 18,300/- or less (in pre-revised 

scale). there is no reservation, but the 

Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe officers 

who are senior enough in the zone of 

consideration for promotion so as to 

be within the number of vacancies for 

which the select list is to be drawn up, 

would be included in that list provided 

they are not considered unlit for 

promotion. 

161

Q.2 What are the key provisions of 

Reservation Policy? 

Ans: Following are the key 

provisions of Policy of 

Reservation for SCs, STs and 

OBCs: 

(i) SCs/ STs get reservation in all 

groups of posts under the 

Government in case of direct 

recruitment and in case of 

promotions made by 

non-selection method. In case 

of promotions made by selection, 

reservation is available to them 

when promotions are made in 

Group B, C, D posts and from 

Group B to the lowest rung in 

Group 'A' p o s t . 

(ii) SC/ST/OB8C candidates 

appointed by direct recruitment 

and SC/ST candidates also 

promoted on their own merit are 

adjusted against unreserved 

posts. 

(iii) In promotion by selection to posts 

within Group ·A' which 

Carry an ultimate salary of 

Rs.18.300/- or less (pre-revised), 

162

there is no reservation, but the 

Scheduled Caste/Scheduled 

Tribe officers who are senior 

enough in the zone or 

consideration fo r promotion so 

as to be within the number of 

vacancies f o r which the select 

list is to be drawn up, would be 

included in that list provided they 

are not considered unfit for 

promotion. 

(iv) There is a general ban on 

dereservation of posts in case of 

direct recruitment. 

(v) In case of direct recruitment 

various relaxations. Like 

r elaxations in age limit by 

5 years: exemption f rom 

payment 

of 

examination/application fees: 

relaxation in qualification of 

experience at the discretion of 

UPSC/competent authority; 

relaxation in standard of 

suitability etc. are available to 

members of SCs and STs. 

(vi) In case of direct recruitment. 

OBCs get relaxation of 3 years 

in upper age limit, relaxation in 

standards of suitability, etc. 

163

(vii) In case of promotion. zone of 

consideration is extended upto 

five times the number of 

vacancies in case suitable 

candidates are not available 

within normal zone of 

consideration: 

minimum 

qualifying marks/ standards of 

evaluation are relaxable; upper 

age limit is relaxable by five years 

where upper age limit for 

promotion is prescribed not more 

than 50 years. 

(viii) There is a provision of 

appointment of liaison officers 

in all Ministries/Departments to 

ensure proper implementation 

of reservation policy. 

164

Q. 3: What are the relaxations 

available to SCs/ STs? 

Ans: The relaxations that are 

available for the SCs and STs in 

direct recruitment are as follows: - 

a) Relaxation in the upper age limit by 

five years; 

b) Exemption from payment of 

examination/application fees; 

c) Where interview is a part of the 

recruitment process, SC I ST 

candidates should be interviewed 

separately; 

d) Qualification regarding experience 

can be relaxed in respect of SC IST 

candidates at the discretion of UPSC/ 

Competent Authority; 

165

e) Standards of suitability can be 

relaxed etc. 

The relaxations that are available 

for the SCs I STs in promotions are 

as follows:- 

a) The zone of consideration is 

extended to five times the number of 

vacancies in case suitable SC I ST 

candidates are not available within 

the normal zone of consideration; 

b) Minimum qualifying marks I 

standards of evaluation are 

relaxable; 

c) Upper age limit relaxable by five 

years where upper age limit for 

promotion is prescribed not 

exceeding fifty years. Etc.; 

166

Q.4. What are the relaxations 

available to OBCs? 

Ans: Relaxations available to 

OBCs in direct recruitment are as 

follows: (i) Relaxation in the upper 

age limit by 3 years. 

(ii) Qualification regarding 

experience can be relaxed at 

the discretion of Competent 

Authority. 

(iii) Standards 

relaxed, etc. 

of suitability can be 

Q:5 Who is an own merit candidate? 

Ans: A candidate belonging to 

SC/ST/OBC who is selected on the 

same standard as applied to general 

category candidates and who appears 

in the general merit l ist is treated as 

own merit candidate. Such candidate 

is adjusted against unreserved point of 

the reservation roster. Department of 

Personnel and Training 

O.M.No.36011/1/98-Estt (Res) dated 

1-7-1998 clarifies that only such 

167

SC/ST/OBC candidates who are 

selected on the same standard as 

applied to general candidates shall 

not be 

adjusted against reserved 

vacancies. In other words, when a 

relaxed standard is applied in selecting 

an SC/ST/OBC candidate, for example 

in the age limit, experience 

qualification, permitted number of 

chances in written examination, 

extended zone of consideration larger 

than what is provided for general 

category candidates, etc. the 

SC/ST/OBC candidates are to be 

counted against reserved vacancies. 

Such candidates would be deemed to 

be unavailable for consideration 

against unreserved vacancies. 

168

Q.6. What is the Difference between 

post based reservation and 

vacancy based reservation ? 

Ans: Reservation to SCs. STs And 

OBCs prior to 2.07.1997 

Was implemented through vacancy 

based rosters in which case 

calculation of reserved vacancies 

depended on the total number of 

vacancies to be filled. The Supreme 

Court in the case of R.K. Sabharwal 

held that reservation in a cadre should 

be calculated on the basis of total 

number of posts in the cadre and not 

the vacancies. It means that if 

reservation for SCs is 15% and cadre 

strength in a grade is I00, 15 posts will 

be reserved for SCs i.e. at any point of 

time 15 posts in this cadre should be 

held by SCs appointed by reservation. 

Whenever their representation comes 

down, it would be completed. 

169

Q.7. What is a Backlog vacancy and 

why are so many backlog vacancies in 

services? 

Ans: Backlog Revered Vacancies of a 

category are those vacancies which were 

earmarked 

reserved for that category in 

and earlier recruitment year but remained 

unfilled in the previous recruitment attempt 

on account of non availability of suitable 

candidatesbelonging to that category 

and are still lying unfilled. 

As per instructions issued by the 

DoP&T, if sufficient number of suitable SCs, 

STs and OBC candidates do not become 

available to fill up the vacancies reserved 

for them in the first attempt of recruitment, 

a second attempt is made for recruiting 

suitable candidates belonging to the 

concerned category in the same 

recruitment year or as early as possible 

before the next recruitment year so that 

backlog reserved vacancies are not 

created. However, even after making such 

efforts the reserved vacancies are not filled 

up and backlog vacancies are created 

170

which are carried forward to the 

subsequent recruitment year, in which 

concerted efforts are made to fill up the 

backlog reserved vacancies as soon as 

possible. 

It may be observed that reason of 

creation of backlog reserved vacancy is 

non-availability of reserved category 

candidates for some posts. 

Q, 8. Whether the ceiling of 50% 

reservation would apply to backlog 

reserved vacancies of SCs, STs and 

OBCs. 

Ans. Backlog reserved vacancies are 

treated as special and distinct group and 

ceiling of 50% reservation in a 

recruitment year does not apply to backlog 

reserved vacancies. 

Q.9. What is the policy of 

Government about appointment of 

less qualified SCs, STs and OBCs 

candidates? 

Ans: Instructions provide that in direct 

recruitment whether by examination or 

171

otherwise, if sufficient number of 

Scheduled Caste candidates are not 

available on the basis of the general 

standard to fill all the vacancies reserved 

for them, candidates belonging to this 

community should be selected to fill up the 

remaining vacancies reserved for them 

provided they are not found unfit for such 

post or posts. Thus, to the extent the 

number of vacancies reserved for 

Scheduled Castes cannot be filled on 

the basis of general standard, candidate 

belonging to SC community are taken by 

relaxed standard to make up the 

deficiency in the reserved quota, subject 

to the fitness of these candidates for 

appointment to the post/ posts in question. 

In addition to the concession 

referred to above, instructions further 

provide that in cases where the requisite 

number of SC candidates fulfilling even 

the relaxed standards admissible in their 

cases are not available to fill the 

vacancies reserved for them in 

non-technical and quasi-technical Group 

C and D services/posts required to be 

172

flled by direct recruitment otherwise than 

by written examination, the selecting 

authorities should to the extent of the 

vacancies reserved for SC. select for 

appointment the best among the SC 

candidates who fulfill the minimum 

educational qualification laid down in the 

notice for recruitment 

173 

of advertisement. 

In order to bring such candidates to the 

minimum standard necessary for the posts 

and for the maintenance of efficiency of 

administration, they should be given 

in-service training. 

Where some period of experience 

is prescribed as an essential qualification 

for direct recruitment to a post, an where, 

in the opinion of the Ministry/ 

Department concerned, the relaxation 

the experience qualification is not 

inconsistent with efficiency, a provision 

is inserted under the "essential 

qualification'' in the relevant recruitment 

rules to the effect that UPSC/ Competent 

Authority may relaxed the 

experience/qualification in the case of 

SC/ST/OBC candidates. 

of

Q.1O. Why there is no reservation in 

case of promotion within Group A? 

Ans: Reservation to SCs and STs is 

available at all levels in the matter of 

promotion by non-selection 

method. In 

case of promotion by selection, they get 

reservation up to the lowest rung of 

Group 'A'. Though there is no reservation 

in promotion by selection within Group A, 

in case of promotion by selection from a 

Group 'A' post to another Group 'A' post 

having a maximum salary of Rs.l8,300/- 

or less (in pre-revised scale), the 

Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe officers 

who are senior enough in the zone of 

consideration for promotion so as to be 

within the number of vacancies for which 

the select list is to be drawn up, are 

included in that list provided they are not 

considered unfit for promotion. Thus 

sufficient care is taken to ensure that the 

SC/ST officers get promotion to such 

higher posts even if they do not meet the 

criterion laid down for general category 

candidates. 

174

The Supreme Court in lndra 

Sawhney's case had declared 

reservation in promotion ultra virus. 

However, in order to continue 

reservation in promotion, the 77th 

Amendment was made to the Constitution 

incorporating clause (4A) in Article 16 of 

the Constitution which enabled the 

to continue reservation 

State 

in promotion. 

The statement of Objects and Reasons of 

the Constitution (Eight-Sixth Amendment) 

Bill which became the Constitution (77th 

Amendment) Act, stated that the object 

was to continue the then existing 

dispensation. Since reservation in 

promotion was not available when 

promotions were made by selection within 

Group ― A‖ posts even before the judgment 

of the Supreme Court in lndra Sawhney 

case, the Department's O.M. dated 

August 13, 1997 issued in pursuance of 

Article 16 (4A) has restored the previously 

existing dispensation, which did not 

provide for reservation in promotion by 

selection within Group ·A· posts. 

175

Q.11 What is the objective behind the 

issuance of caste certificates to 

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled 

Tribes? 

Ans. The main objective of issuance or 

caste certificate is to facilitate access of 

bonafide candidates belonging tothe 

Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribe and 

Other Backward Class to the reserved 

posts and services under the State and 

other facilities provided by the State to 

them. 

Q.12 Whether the Government have 

achieved the objective behind the 

issue of caste certificate? 

Ans. On the basis of caste certificates, 

large number of reserved category 

candidates have been able to secure 

employment 

176 

inGovernment 

establishments, PSUs, Banks, 

autonomous bodies etc.; secure 

admissions to educational institutions; and 

get other facilities provided by the 

Government t o the members of

Scheduled Castes, Scheduled 

and Other Backward Classes. 

Tribes 

Q.13. What is the procedure for 

issuing of Scheduled 

Caste/Scheduled Tribe/Other 

Backward Class certificates? Who 

is the competent authority to issue the 

same? Is any other authority other 

than specified, in any circumstances 

allowed to issue such certificates. If so, 

elaborate. 

Ans. The instructions contained in this 

Department's OM No.36012/6/88- Estt. 

(Res.) dated 24.4.90 and OM 

No.36012/22/93_Estt.(Res.) 

dated15.11.1993 provide the Authorities 

who are competent to issue of caste 

certificates and also the proforma However, 

the Central Government accepts the 

certificates issued only by the following 

authorities 

in the prescribed proforma: 

(1) District Megistrate/Additional District 

Megistrate/ 

Collector/Deputy 

Commissioner/Additional Deputy 

177

Commissioner/Deputy Collector/1st Class 

stipendiary Magistrate/Sub Divisional 

Magistrate/Taluka Magistrate/Executive 

Magistrate/Extra Assistant Commissioner. 

(2) Chief Presidency Magistrate/Additional 

Chief Presidency Magistrate/Presidency 

Magistrate. 

(3) Revenue Officer not below the rank of 

Tehsildar and 

(4) Sub-Divisional Officer of the area 

where the candidate and /or his family 

normally resides. 

Q.14. What are the guidelines that 

have been issued to the appointing 

authorities in regard to scrutiny and 

verification of caste certificates of 

candidates at the time of their entry 

into Government service? Whether 

the present guidelines on the subject 

are fool proof so that genuine SC/ST 

are not deprived of their Constitutional 

rights. 

178

Ans. The Government h of India has issued 

instructions regarding scrutiny and 

verification of the caste certificates of the 

candidates at the time of initial 

appointment and at every important 

upturn of employee's career. This 

Department re-iterated the instructions 

vide O.M. No.36011/3/2005-Estt.(Res.) 

dated 9 th September 2005. 

Q.15. What are the guidelines in case 

of migration of a reserved category 

person from one state to another 

State? 

Ans. When a person migrates from 

the portion of the State in respect of 

which his community is Scheduled to 

another part of the same State in respect 

of which his community is not scheduled, 

he will continue to be deemed to be a 

member of the Scheduled Caste or the 

Scheduled Tribe or the Other Backward 

Class, as the case may be in relation to 

that State; 

179

When a person who is a member 

from one State to another, he can claim to 

belong to a Scheduled Caste or a 

Scheduled Tribe only in relation 

to the 

State to which he originally belonged and 

not in respect of the State to which he has 

migrated. 

Q.16 What action is taken when 

complaints are received about the 

genuineness of caste certificate once 

the appointments have been given or 

on detection of a prima facie case of 

a false SC/ST certificate at any stage 

of employment? Is there a set 

procedure to be followed for 

punishing such an employee? 

Ans. The instructions contained in The 

Department of Personnel & Training's 

O.M.No.1101217/91-Estt. (A) dated 

19-5-93 provide that wherever it is found 

that a Government servant, who was 

not qualified or eligible 

180 

in terms of the 

recruitment rules etc. for initial recruitment 

in service or had furnished false 

information or produced a false certificate

in order to secure appointment, he should 

not be retained in service. If he is a 

probationer or a temporary 

Government servant, he should be 

discharged or his services should be 

terminated. If he has become a 

permanent Govt. Servant, an inquiry as 

prescribed 

in Rule 14 of CCS (CCA) 

Rules, 1965 may be held and if 

the 

charges are proved, the Government 

servant should be removed or dismissed 

from service. In no circumstances should 

any other penalty be imposed. Necessary 

action may also be taken under the 

provisions of the IPC for production of 

false certificates. 

Q. 17. What is 'Creamy Layer' amongst 

OBCs? 

Ans.The Supreme Court in Indra Sawhney 

case has upheld 27% reservation for 

OBCs in civil posts and services under 

the State subject to exclusion of socially 

advanced persons/ sections (creamy 

layer) from OBCs within 4 months form the 

181

date of judgment. 

2. Following the above judgment of the 

Supreme Court, the Government had 

constituted an Expert Committee to make 

recommendations on the socio economic 

criteria to be adopted for excluding the 

creamy layer amongst OBCs. The report 

of the Expert Committee was considered 

and accepted by the Government and the 

categories of the persons/ selections to be 

excluded from the purview of reservation 

orders for OBCs were notified in the 

Schedule to the OM dated 8.9.1993 

issued by this Department. Initially, the 

Income limit of 'creamy layer' vide the 

aforesaid O.M. for exclusion of reservation 

was fixed Rs. 1 Lakh. 

3. Last time, this income ceiling was 

revised from Rs.2.5 lakh to 4.5 lakh vide 

OM No.36033/3/2004-Estt.(Res.) on 

14.10.2008. 

182

Q.18. What is the criteria to determine 

the 'creamy layer' amongst OBCs 

Employees working in PSUs? 

Ans. The criteria prescribed for determining 

creamy layer status of some and daughters 

of persons in Government service mutatis 

mutandis applies to the sonsand daughters 

of persons holding equivalent or 

comparable posts in PSUs, Banks, 

Insurance Organizations, Universities etc. 

and also holding equivalent or comparable 

posts and positionsunder private 

employment. The creamy layer status of 

the sons and daughters of employees of 

organizations where evaluation of the 

posts on equivalent or comparable basis 

has not been made is determined on 

the basis of 'Income/Wealth Test' given in 

the Schedule. The income/ wealth Test 

prescribes that the gross annual income 

of Rs.4.5 lakh or above or possessing 

wealth above the exemption limit as 

prescribed in Wealth Tax Act for a period of 

three consecutive years would be treated 

to fall in creamy layer. 

183


Amendments under Aarticle 368 

Article 368 (1) of the Constitution of India grants 

constituent power to make formal amendments and 

empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution by 

way of addition, variation or repeal of any provision 

according to the procedure laid down therein, which 

is different from the procedure for ordinary 

legislation. Article 368 has been amended by the 

24th and 42nd Amendments in 1971 and 1976 

respectively. The following is the full text of Article 

368 of the Constitution, which governs constitutional 

amendments. New clauses 368 (1) and 386 (3) were 

added by the 24th Amendment in 1971, which also 

added a new clause (4) in article 13 which reads, 

"Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment 

of this Constitution made under article 368." The 

provisions in italics were inserted by the 42nd 

Amendment, but were later declared 

unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Minerva 

Mills v. Union of India in 1980. After the 24th 

amendment, Article 4(2), etc. of the constitution are 

superseded/made void by article 368 (1) which is 

184

the only procedure for amending the constitution 

however marginal may be the nature of the 

amendment. Supreme court ruled that the 

constituent power under article 368 must be 

exercised by the Parliament in the prescribed 

manner and can not be exercised under the 

legislative powers of the Parliament. 

368. Power of Parliament to amend the 

Constitution and Procedure therefor: 

(1) Notwithstanding anything in this 

Constitution, Parliament may in exercise of 

its constituent power amend by way of 

addition, variation or repeal any provision of 

this Constitution in accordance with the 

procedure laid down in this article. 

(2) An amendment of this Constitution may 

be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill 

for the purpose in either House of Parliament, 

and when the Bill is passed in each House by 

a majority of the total membership of that 

House and by a majority of not less than 

two-thirds of the members of that House 

present and voting, it shall be presented to 

the President who shall give his assent to the 

Bill and thereupon the Constitution shall 

stand amended in accordance with the terms 

of the Bill: 

Provided that if such amendment seeks to 

make any change in – 

185

(a) article 54, article 55, article 73, article 162 

or article 241, or 

(b) Chapter IV of Part V, Chapter V of Part VI, 

or Chapter I of Part XI, or 

(c) any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule, 

or 

(d) the representation of States in 

Parliament, or 

(e) the provisions of this article, 

the amendment shall also require to be 

ratified by the Legislatures of not less than 

one-half of the States by resolutions to that 

effect passed by those Legislatures before 

the Bill making provision for such amendment 

is presented to the President for assent. 

(3) Nothing in article 13 shall apply to any 

amendment made under this article. 

(4) No amendment of this Constitution 

(including the provisions of Part III) made or 

purporting to have been made under this 

article whether before or after the 

commencement of section 55 of the 

Constitution (Fortysecond Amendment) Act, 

1976 shall be called in question in any court 

on any ground. 

(5) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby 

declared that there shall be no limitation 

whatever on the constituent power of 

Parliament to amend by way of addition, 

186

variation or repeal the provisions of this 

Constitution under this article. 

As per the procedure laid out by article 

368 for amendment of the Constitution, an 

amendment can be initiated only by the 

introduction of a Bill in either House of 

Parliament. The Bill must then be passed in 

each House by a majority of the total 

membership of that House and by a majority 

of not less than two-thirds of the members of 

that House present and voting. There is no 

provision for a joint sitting in case of 

disagreement between the two Houses. Total 

membership in this context has been defined 

to mean the total number of members 

comprising the House irrespective of any 

vacancies or absentees on any account vide 

Explanation to Rule 159 of the Rules of 

Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok 

Sabha. 

The Bill, passed by the required 

majority, is then presented to the President 

who shall give his assent to the Bill. If the 

amendment seeks to make any change in 

any of the provisions mentioned in the 

proviso to article 368, it must be ratified by 

the Legislatures of not less than one-half of 

187

the States. These provisions relate to certain 

matters concerning the federal structure or of 

common interest to both the Union and the 

States viz., the election of the President 

(articles 54 and 55); the extent of the 

executive power of the Union and the States 

(articles 73 and 162); the High Courts for 

Union territories (article 241); The Union 

Judiciary and the High Courts in the States 

(Chapter IV of Part V and Chapter V of Part 

VI); the distribution of legislative powers 

between the Union and the States (Chapter I 

of Part XI and Seventh Schedule); the 

representation of States in Parliament; and 

the provision for amendment of the 

Constitution laid down in article 368. 

Ratification is done by a resolution passed by 

the State Legislatures. There is no specific 

time limit for the ratification of an amending 

Bill by the State Legislatures. However, the 

resolutions ratifying the proposed 

amendment must be passed before the 

amending Bill is presented to the President 

for his assent. 

188

Rules of Procedure in Parliament 

Further information: Lawmaking procedure in India 

Article 368 does not specify the legislative 

procedure to be followed at various stages of 

enacting an amendment. There are gaps in the 

procedure as to how and after what notice a Bill is to 

be introduced, how it is to be passed by each House 

and how the President's assent is to be obtained. 

This point was decided by the Supreme Court 

in Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India (AIR 

1951 SC 458). Delivering the judgment, Patanjali 

Sastri J. observed, "Having provided for the 

constitution of a Parliament and prescribed a certain 

procedure for the conduct of its ordinary legislative 

business to be supplemented by rules made by 

each House (article 118), the makers of the 

Constitution must be taken to have intended 

Parliament to follow that procedure, so far as it may 

be applicable consistently with the express 

provisions of article 368, when they entrusted to it 

power of amending the Constitution." Hence, barring 

the requirements of special majority, ratification by 

the State Legislatures in certain cases, and the 

mandatory assent by the President, a Bill for 

amending the Constitution is dealt with the 

Parliament following the same legislative process as 

applicable to an ordinary piece of legislation. The 

Rules of the House in the Rajya Sabha do not 

189

contain special provisions with regard to Bills for the 

amendment of the Constitution and the Rules 

relating to ordinary Bills apply, subject to the 

requirements of article 368. 

The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business 

make certain specific provisions regarding 

amendment bills in the Lok Sabha. They relate to 

the voting procedure in the House at various stages 

of such Bills, in the light of the requirements of 

article 368; and the procedure before introduction 

in the case of such Bills, if sponsored by Private 

Members. Although the "special majority", required 

by article 368 is prima facie applicable only to the 

voting at the final stage, the Lok Sabha Rules 

prescribe adherence to this constitutional 

requirement at all the effective stages of the Bill, 

i.e., for adoption of the motion that the Bill be taken 

into consideration; that the Bill as reported by the 

Select/Joint Committee be taken into 

consideration, in case a Bill has been referred to a 

Committee; for adoption of each clause or schedule 

or clause or schedule as amended, of a Bill; or that 

the Bill or the Bill as amended, as the case may be, 

be passed. 

This provision was arrived at after consultation with 

the Attorney-General and detailed discussions in the 

Rules Committee. It has been described as 

190

"evidently ex abundanti cautela", a Latin phrase, 

which in law, describes someone taking precautions 

against a very remote contingency. By strictly 

adhering to article 368, the provision is intended to 

ensure the validity of the procedure adopted, but 

also guard against the possibility of violation of the 

spirit and scheme of that article 29 by the 

consideration of a Bill seeking to amend the 

Constitution including its consideration clause by 

clause being concluded in the House with only the 

bare quorum present. Voting at all the above stages 

is by division. However, the Speaker may, with the 

concurrence of the House, put any group of clauses 

or schedules together to the vote of the House, 

provided that the Speaker will permit any of the 

clauses or schedules be put separately, if any 

member requests that. The Short Title, Enacting 

Formula and the Long Title are adopted by a simple 

majority. The adoption of amendments to clauses or 

schedules of the Bill, requires a majority of members 

present and voting in the same manner as in the 

case of any other Bill. 

Private Members' Bills 

A Bill for amendment of the Constitution by a Private 

Member is governed by the rules applicable to 

Private Members' Bills in general. The period of one 

month's notice applies to such a Bill also. In addition, 

191

in Lok Sabha, such a Bill has to be examined and 

recommended by the Committee on Private 

Members‘ Bills before it is included in the List of 

Business. The Committee has laid down the 

following principles as guiding criteria in making 

their recommendations in regard to these Bills: 

"(i) The Constitution should be considered as a 

sacred document — a document which should not 

be lightly interfered with and it should be amended 

only when it is found absolutely necessary to do so. 

Such amendments may generally be brought 

forward when it is found that the interpretation of the 

various articles and provisions of the Constitution 

has not been in accordance with the intention 

behind such provisions and cases of lacunae or 

glaring inconsistencies have come to light. Such 

amendments should, however, normally be brought 

by the Government after considering the matter in all 

its aspects and consulting experts, and taking such 

other advice as they may deem fit. 

(ii) Some time should elapse before a proper 

assessment of the working of the Constitution and 

its general effect is made so that any amendments 

that may be necessary are suggested as a result of 

sufficient experience. 

(iii) Generally speaking, notice of Bills from Private 

Members should be examined in the background of 

the proposal or measures which the Government 

192

may be considering at the time so that consolidated 

proposals are brought forward before the House by 

the Government after collecting sufficient material 

and taking expert advice. 

(iv) Whenever a Private Member‘s Bill raises issues 

of far-reaching importance and public interest, the 

Bill might be allowed to be introduced so that public 

opinion is ascertained and gauged to enable the 

House to consider the matter further. In determining 

whether a matter is of sufficient public importance, it 

should be examined whether the particular 

provisions in the Constitution are adequate to satisfy 

the current ideas and public demand at the time. In 

other words, the Constitution should be adapted to 

the current needs and demands of the progressive 

society and any rigidity which may impede progress 

should be avoided.‖ 

193


Written by Parimal Dabhi | Ahmedabad | Updated: August 27, 2015 

2:47 am 

Patidar community leader Hardik Patel leading a 

rally for reservation in Ahmedabad. (Source: PTI) 

In all the caste-based politics Gujarat has seen 

since it became a state in 1960, the Patels or 

Patidars have been the most dominant community. 

―Caste has always remained a pivotal force behind 

Gujarat politics. Since Sardar Patel was a prominent 

leader in the Freedom Struggle, the Patel 

community has remained influential,‖ said 

Ahmedabad-based historian Achyut Yagnik. 

The Patels formed the first political grouping with 

Swatantra Paksh. Bhailal Patel brought together the 

Patidars (Pa) and the Kshatriyas (Ksh) as a vote 

bank that won them 60-odd seats in the assembly in 

1967. 

 

 

 

 

The shrinking, the rage 

Patels and the neo-middle class syndrome 

What do the Patidars really want? 

Why are crowds in Gujarat lining up to listen to Hardik 

Patel, 21 

194

Fight is ‗against the system‘, says the 21-year-old 

leading Patidar stir 

The Patel prize: up for grabs,no clue so far 





Patel, 21 








Patel, 21 




―It mobilised Patidar votes along with those of 

Rajputs, Thakors and Koli Patels by systematically 

making the Thakors and Koli Patels believe they are 

Kshatriyas… The Patidars alone did not have the 

number power to wield any political influence then.‖ 

195

The caste factor came into play again in the 

mid-1970s when then Congress chief minister 

Madhavsinh Solanki, himself an OBC, introduced 

OBC reservation. A commission included 86 

communities; the OBC list today has 146. 

In 1981, Solanki went about further caste-based 

political engineering without the Patidars. He 

introduced what is known as the Kham 

(Kshatriya-Harijan-Adivasi-Muslim) theory and 

brought these four communities together. Veteran 

Congressman Jhinabhai Darji was the chief 

architect of the theory, which helped Solanki win 156 

196

assembly seats. The Patidars found themselves 

isolated for the first time, with not one of them a 

minister in Solanki‘s cabinet. 

This was also the period when Gujarat witnessed 

two major anti-reservation movements by the 

Patidars, leading to rioting, said sociologist Gaurang 

Jani. ―In 1981, the riots were against the Scheduled 

Castes, and in 1985, it was against the OBCs. So, in 

those five years, more than half the population of 

Gujarat — SCs and OBCs — saw a movement 

against them by the upper castes led by the 

Patidars. The 1985 anti-reservation movement 

ultimately uprooted the Congress government. The 

Patidars sided with the BJP and it gradually saw the 

rise of the party. This was also the time when 

probably the Hindutva card was slowly tossed by the 

BJP to counter the Kham effect. And backward 

communities were brought to the BJP fold in the 

name of Hindutva.‖ 

The BJP came to power in 1995 and Keshubhai 

Patel became chief minister. Since then, it has been 

in power barring a couple of years when 

Shankersinh Vaghela broke away. After 

Keshubhai‘s second term as chief minister, the BJP 

brought in Narendra Modi to arrest the erosion of its 

support base in 2001. The assembly elections of 

December 2002 was probably the only one fought 

overtly on communal lines. 

197

All through BJP rule in Gujarat since 1995, the 

Patidars have remained the backbone of the BJP. 

Jani said, ―The BJP model of development in 

Gujarat is at core a development model of Patidars. 

In this development model, the community that has 

remained most marginalised is tribal.‖ 

Alpesh Thakor, an OBC leader who has opened a 

front against the Patidar agitation, said, ―The caste 

factor has always been there in Gujarat and after 

this unconstitutional demand of the Patidars, I don‘t 

think it is fading away in the near future. In this 

Patidar agitation, the master has come out to take 

the rights of the slave. But, it will bring together 

maginalised communities.‖ 

- See more at: 

http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/th 

e-fixed-centre-around-which-gujarat-caste-politics-r 

evolves/#sthash.tutPftZj.dpuf 

198

Link of KHAM Theory 

KHAM theory - Wikipedia, the free 

encyclopedia 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHAM_theory 

KHAM stands for Kshatriya, Harijan, Adivasi and 

Muslim. The theory was propounded by 

Madhavsinh Solanki in 1980s in Gujarat to create 

vote bank for Indian ... 

Kham theory of Congress for Gujarat 9283908 

www.jagran.com/.../national-kham-theory-of-congress... 

Jul 27, 2013 - The final degeneracy started with 

the KHAM theory of Madhav Sinh Solanki where 

the arithmetical formula of the sum total of the 

votes of ... 

KHAM theory - awesomely interesting facts, 

images & videos 

sussle.org/t/KHAM_theory 

199

રેખકનો રયચમ: 

શ્રી યોરિત ટેર રોકનેતા તયીકે કામયયત છે. તેઓ 

આણંદના ધાયાસભ્મ તયીકે ોતાની ઉત્કૃષ્ટ નેતાગીયી અને 

સભાજસેલાનો રયચમ આી યહ્ાં છે. તેઓ બાયતીમ જનતા 

ાટીના એક આદળય નેતા અને નનષ્ઠાલાન કામયકતાય છે. ‘નભલ્સેંટ’, 

‘ભાકય’, ‘ભેગ્નેટો’ જેલી કંનીની ધુયા સંબાીને એક સપ 

ઉદ્યોગનત તયીકે નાભના ભેલી છે. 

તે 

ભની ભીલ્સેંટ કંનીનેBest MSME એલોડય પ્રાપ્ત થમો છે. 

તથા યુયોનો પ્રખ્માત C.E. Mark ણ ભેવ્મો છે. તેભની 

લેાયયીનત અને નીનતને કાયણે ઘયઘંટીનું ફજાય છેક જાાન સુધી 

નલસ્તયુ ું છે. તેભણે નળક્ષણ , સભાજ અને સંસ્કૃનત ભાટે નલનલધ 

સંસ્થાઓને ઘણી આનથિક સિામ કયી છે. 

શ્રી યોરિતબાઈ એલા નેતા છે જે સતત સભાજ અને દેળ ભાટે 

ચચિંતા અને ચચિંતન કયી યહ્ા છે. એ ચચિંતા અને ચચિંતનના બાગરૂે 

તેઓનું આ ુસ્તક “અનાભતના આટાાટા અને ઊંડાણ’ પ્રસ્તુત 

200

થઈ યહ્ુ ં છે. સાભાજજક ન્મામ, જનકલ્માણ અને રોકદ્રષ્ષ્ટના 

રયાકરૂ આ ુસ્તક તેભણે 

દેળના સભસ્ત જનસમુદામને 

અનાભત અંગેની મોગ્મ ભારિતી ભે તે અચબગભથી પ્રસ્તુત કયુ ું 

છે. “લાંચો, નલચાયો, સભજો અને સભજાલો ” એ એભની અેક્ષા છે. 

- ડૉ. િયીળ ાયેખ 

201

202

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