the united republic of tanzania tanga regional socio-economic profile

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
TANGA REGIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE
Joint publication by:
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS (NBS)
AND
TANGA REGIONAL COMMISSIONER’S OFFICE
CO-ORDINATED BY: MINISTRY OF PLANNING,
ECONOMY AND EMPOWERMENT
DAR -ES -SALAAM
SECOND EDITION
JANUARY 2008

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD ..........................................................................................................................................iv
LAND, PEOPLE AND CLIMATE.......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION ............................................................................................... 1
1.2 LAND AREA AND ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS ............................................................................. 1
1.3 ETHNICITY.................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................ 5
1.5 CLIMATE ..................................................................................................................................... 19
1.6 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE .............................................................................................. 20
1.7 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES .................................................................................................... 20
SECTION II ........................................................................................................................................... 22
REGIONAL ECONOMY ...................................................................................................................... 22
2.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 22
2.2 REGIONAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) AT CURRENT PRICES ................... 22
2.3 REGIONAL PER CAPITA GDP AT CURRENT PRICES...................................................... 24
2.4 MAIN OCCUPATIONS AND INDUSTRY ................................................................................... 25
2.5 PRODUCTIVE SECTORS...................................................................................................... 27
2.5.1 Agriculture ............................................................................................................................ 27
2.5.2 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 43
2.5.3 Natural Resources ................................................................................................................. 51
2.5.4 Mining ................................................................................................................................... 64
2.5.5 Industrial Development......................................................................................................... 65
SECTION III.......................................................................................................................................... 67
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 67
3.1 ROAD TRANSPORT .................................................................................................................... 67
3.2 RAILWAY TRANSPORT............................................................................................................... 71
3.3 MARINE SERVICES .................................................................................................................... 71
3.4 AIR TRANSPORT......................................................................................................................... 73
3.5 TELECOMMUNICATIONS ......................................................................................................... 74
3.6 ENERGY....................................................................................................................................... 75
SECTION IV........................................................................................................................................ 78
SOCIAL SERVICES ............................................................................................................................. 78
4.1 HEALTH SECTOR ....................................................................................................................... 78
4.1.1 Morbidity and Mortality........................................................................................................ 78
4.1.2 Health Facilities..................................................................................................................... 84
4.1.3 Maternal and Child Health .................................................................................................... 91
4.2 EDUCATION SECTOR.............................................................................................................. 101
4.2.1 Pre-School Education.......................................................................................................... 101
4.2.2 Primary Education............................................................................................................... 103
4.2.3 Secondary Schools Education ............................................................................................. 115
4.3 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION ....................................................................................... 118
4.3.1 Water Supply....................................................................................................................... 118
4.3.2 Sanitation............................................................................................................................. 121
SECTION V ......................................................................................................................................... 123
OTHER DEVELOPMENT ISSUES.................................................................................................... 123
5.1 WOMEN DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION...................................................................... 123
ii

5.2 YOUTH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................... 124
5.3 CO-OPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................... 125
5.4 NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS AND COMMUNITY........................................... 127
BASED ORGANISATIONS .............................................................................................................. 127
5.5. HOUSING AND ASSETS OWNERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS ............................................... 129
SECTION VI........................................................................................................................................ 132
POTENTIAL INVESTMENT AREAS ............................................................................................... 132
6.1 AGRICULTURE......................................................................................................................... 132
6.2 LIVESTOCK............................................................................................................................... 133
6.3 NATURAL RESOURCES ........................................................................................................... 135
6.3.1 Forestry................................................................................................................................ 135
6.3.2 Bee Keeping ........................................................................................................................ 135
6.3.3 Fisheries .............................................................................................................................. 136
6.3.4 Wildlife and Tourism ........................................................................................................ 137
6.4 EDUCATION ............................................................................................................................. 138
6.5 HEALTH..................................................................................................................................... 138
6.6 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ........................................................................................... 139
6.7 MINING...................................................................................................................................... 140
iii

FOREWORD
1. Tanzania’s Vision 2025 continues to be the guiding beacon of all our future developmental
efforts summarized broadly as being:
- High quality livelihood including the absence of abject poverty.
- Good governance and the rule of law.
- A strong and competitive economy.
The goals of our Vision 2025 are in line with the United Nations’ Millennium Development
Goals with MKUKUTA as the main vehicle of implementation.
2. Yet at this point in our history, problems especially in rural areas are many and daunting.
Social and economic services require sustainable improvement. The high primary school
enrollment rates recently attained have to be maintained; the food situation is still precarious;
infant and maternal mortality rates continues to be high. Unemployment is still triggering
mass migration of youth from rural areas to already overcrowded urban centers.
3. Added to these problems in the menace poised by HIV/AIDS, the prevalence of which
throughout Tanzania is negating our efforts to advance into this century of science and
technology. The pandemic has been exacting a heavy toll on the economically active age
group, leaving in its wake an increasing number of orphans, broken families and much
suffering. AIDS together with environmental deterioration are the new developmental
problems. They cannot be ignored.
4. Our efforts to meet both the new and the old challenges have been hampered by many factors
including ill prepared rural development programmes followed by weak implementation,
monitoring and supervision of these programmes and sectoral strategies. The shortcomings in
policy formulation, project identification, design and implementation is in turn balanced on
the lack of reliable and adequate data and information on the rural development process.
5. The publication of the Regional Socio-economic Profile series by the Ministry of Planning,
Economy and Empowerment, in collaboration with the National Bureau of Statistics and
various regional commissioners’ offices is a major attempt at finding a solution to this data
and information gap.
6. Regional profiles cover a wide range of data and information on geography, population, socioeconomic
parameters, social services, economic infrastructure and the productive sectors.
Such data and information has proved vital to many policy makers, planners, researchers,
donors and functional managers.
iv

7. This Tanga Regional Socio-economic Profile contains the detailed data and information on the
region and is one of the Second Edition series. The second editions take advantage of
experience gained in the production of the First Edition publications. They are proving even
more valuable and informative to our clients. Constructive view and criticisms are still invited
from readers to enable such profiles to become a better tool in the implementation of the
country’s policies.
8. Lastly but not least, I wish to thank the staff of the Ministry of Planning, Economy and
Empowerment, the National Bureau of Statistics and the Tanga Regional Commissioner’s
Office, for their devotion in ensuring the successful compilation of this document.
Dr. Juma H.Ngasongwa
MINISTER OF PLANNING, ECONOMY
AND EMPOWERMENT
January, 2008
v

1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
SECTION I
LAND, PEOPLE AND CLIMATE
Tanga Region is located in the northeastern side of Tanzania Mainland. The region lies between
latitudes 4 o and 6 o south of the Equator, and between longitudes 37 o and 39 o east of Greenwich. The
Region is bordered by the Republic of Kenya in the north, Kilimanjaro Region in the northwest,
Manyara Region in the west, Morogoro and Coast Regions in the south and the Indian Ocean in the
east.
1.2 LAND AREA AND ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS
Tanga Region has a total area of 27,342 km² out of which 572 km² are covered by water. The Region’s
total area is about 2.9 percent of the total area of Tanzania (which is 942,784 km²). Table 1.1 indicates
that the larger part of Tanga Region is covered by land (97.9 percent) and water bodies cover only a
small part of the Region (2.1 percent). Out of eight districts of the region, only three districts, that is,
Pangani, Tanga and Muheza have significant water bodies whereby the lions share goes to Pangani
district which has a total of 406 km² equivalents to 71 percent of the total region’s water body.
Table 1.1: Land and Water Surface Area (km²) by District in the Region, 2006
District Land Area Water Area Total Area
Pangani 1,019 406 1,425
Muheza* 4,818 104 4,922
Tanga 474 62 536
Handeni 6,112 Negligible 6,112
Kilindi 7,091 Negligible 7,091
Korogwe *** 3,756 Negligible 3,756
Lushoto 3,500 Negligible 3,500
TANGA REGION 26,770 572 27,342
* Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
1

Area(in sq. km)
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Fig.1:Land distribution by District in Tanga
region
0
Pangani
Muheza*
Tanga
Handeni
District
Kilindi
Korogwe ***
Administratively, the Region is divided into eight districts, namely Handeni, Kilindi, Korogwe,
Lushoto, Muheza, Pangani and Tanga. The eighth district is Mkinga, which was split from Muheza
District (This therefore has made most of the information for Mkinga in this text to be reported in
Muheza District). Kilindi district which was formed in 2002, is also a new district split from Handeni
District.
The Region has nine local government councils which are Lushoto, Pangani, Muheza, Mkinga,
Handeni, Kilindi, Korogwe District Council, Tanga City Council and Korogwe Town Council.
Although Kilindi District was inaugurated in 2002, the local government for Kilindi is just on its
second year in operation. Mkinga District council has been established on 1 st July 2007 (Thus most of
its data is currently included in Muheza District). The districts are sub-divided into divisions, wards
and villages. Urban wards are further subdivided into mitaa (streets) and rural wards are subdivided
into villages. The villages are further subdivided into vitongoji (hamlets). As indicated in Table 1.2,
the Region has a total of 37 divisions, 163 wards, 714 villages, 77 “Mitaa” and 3, 492 “vitongoji”.
2
Lushoto
Area

Table 1.2: Distribution of Administrative Units by District in the Region, 2006
District Divisions No of
Wards
Wards Villages “Mitaa” Vitongoji
Magoma 4 Mashewa, Kizara, Magoma and
Kerenge
Korogwe DC Korogwe 2 Mnyuzi and Korogwe
Bungu 4 Vugiri, Dindira, Bungu, Lutindi
6 Makuyuni, Chekelei, Mombo, 135*** 17*** 716***
Mombo
Mkalamo, Mazinde, Mkomazi
TOTAL 4 16
Korogwe TC
TOTAL 8
Kilindi DC
8
Manundu, Mgombezi, Mtonga
Kwamndolwa, Magunga, Old
Korogwe, Kilole
Kwamsisi
Kwekivu 5 Songe, Masagalu, Kikunde, Lwande
and Pagwi
Mgera 4 Kisangasa, Kwediboma, Saunyi and
Mvungwe
Kimbe 3 Kimbe, Negero and Kilindi
Mswaki 3 Msanja, Jaila and Mkindi
TOTAL 4 15
Mkumburu 3 Segera, Kwedizinga and Ndolwa
Handeni DC
Mazingira 2 Mazingira and Mkata
Kwamsisi 3 Kwamsisi, Kwasunga and
Kwaluguru
Magamba 2 Kang’ata and Kwamkoje
Sindeni 4 Sindeni, Kwamatuku, Misima and
Kiva
Mzundu 3 Kabuku, Mgambo and Komkonga
Chanika 2 Chanika and Vibaoni
TOTAL 7 19
Pangani 4 Pangani Mashariki and Pangani
Maghariribi
Pangani DC Mkwaja 2 Mkwaja and Mkaramo
Mwera 5 Kipumbwi, Mwera, Tungamaa,
Ubangaa and Michunguni
Madanga 3 Madanga, Bushiri and Kimang’a
TOTAL 4 14
Lushoto DC
Lushoto 4 Lushoto, Ubiri, Gare and Kuzi
Mlola 4 Mlola, Makanya, Malimbwi and
Ngwelo
Mlalo 5 Mlalo, Malindi, Mwangoi, Hemtoe
and Shume
Mtae 3 Mtae, Rangwi and Sunga
Umba 4 Mnazi, Mbaramo, Lunguza and
Mng’aro
Soni 5 Soni, Mponde, Mbuzii, Mamba and
3
64
112
33
172
288
704
94
774

*Includes Mkinga District
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
1.3 ETHNICITY
The indigenous people of Tanga Region are mainly of Bantu origin. The tribes that dominate in each
district of the Region are as follows:
Pangani : Zigua, Makonde and Yao
Muheza : Bondei, Sambaa, Digo, Zigua, Segeju and Makonde
Tanga : Digo, Sambaa, Bondei, Zigua and Segeju
Handeni : Zigua and Nguu
Vuga
Bumbuli 4 Bumbuli, Tamota, Funta and Mayo
Mgwashi 3 Mgwashi, Milingano and Baga
TOTAL 8 32
Muheza DC
Amani 3 Kisiwani, Misalai and Zirai
Bwembwera 5 Mkumba, Songa, Bwembwera,
Kwafungo and Potwe
Ngomeni 6 Pande, Lusanga, Kigombe,
Ngomeni, Misozwe and Kicheba
Muheza 9 Tingeni, Magoroto, Mkuzi, Mtindiro,
Kilulu, Masuguru, Magila, Mbaramo
and Majengo
TOTAL 4 23
Mkinga 5 Mwakijembe, Duga, Kwale, Manza,
Mkinga, Moa and Mtimbwani
Mkinga DC
Maramba 7 Kingongori, Daluni, Maramba,
Mhinduro and Gombero
TOTAL 2 12
Chumbageni 6 Chumbageni, Nguvumali, Kiomoni,
Mzizima, Mabokweni and
Chongoleani
Pongwe 7 Maweni, Duga, Tangasisi, Tongoni,
Kirare, Marungu and Pongwe
Tanga
Ngamiani Kati 6 Ngamiani kati, Majengo, Ngamiani
Kusini, Msambweni, Mwanzange
Ngamiani
Kaskazini
TOTAL 4 24
REGIONAL
TOTAL
DIVISIONS
37
and Mabawa
5 Central, Mzingani, Ngamiani
Kaskazini, Usagara and Makorola
WARDS
163
4
175*
23
VILLAGES
714
60
MITAA
77
824*
92
VITONGO
JI
3,492

Kilindi : Zigua and Nguu
Korogwe : Sambaa and Zigua
Lushoto : Sambaa and Pare.
Although, the dominant ethnic tribes are those mentioned above, many other people of different
origins and tribes from up-country Regions have moved and settled in the Region in search of
employment in sisal estates in the past years.These tribes now constitute an important section of the
population of the region. They include Fipa, Nyakyusa, Sukuma and Bena. Also there is a sizeable
number of Masai who have moved in the Region in search of grazing land for their cattle.
1.4 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS
1.4.1 Introduction
In Tanzania, the latest population and housing census that covered all Regions was carried out in 2002.
The census was preceded by three other post-independence population censuses which were conducted
in 1967, 1978 and 1988. This sub-section of the profile discusses the characteristics of the Region’s
population and its distribution at the district and village levels.
1.4.2 Population Size and Growth
According to the 2002 Population and Housing census, Tanga region had a total population of
1,636,280 of which 793,159 were males and 843,121 were females. The Region had a total of 355,713
households. The average population growth rate stood at 1.8 percent per annum. The Regional
average intercensal annual population growth rates between 1967 and 1978, 1978 -1988 and 1988-
2002 were 2.7 percent, 2.1 a percent nd 1.8 percent respectively.
Table 1.3 shows the Region’s intercensal population growth rates between 1988 and 2002. It shows
that the growth rate over the period ranged from 1.1 to 3.1 percent. Pangani and Lushoto districts
experienced the lowest growth rate of 1.1 percent while Handeni district experienced the highest
growth rate of population of 3.1 percent. The high rate of population growth in Handeni district
during this period is due to the increase of inward-migrants from other Regions including Arusha and
Kilimanjaro.
5

Table 1.3: Population Size and Growth Rates by District, Tanga Region for 1978, 1988 and 2002
District
Population Intercensal Growth Rate (percent)
1978 1988 2002 1978-1988 1988-2002
Pangani 33,340 37,669 43,920 1.3 1.1
Muheza* 199,737 229,140 278,405 1.5 1.4
Tanga 143,868 186,849 242,640 2.5 1.9
Handeni** 184,595 250,263 248,633 2.5 3.1
Kilindi - - 143,792 - -
Korogwe *** 191,178 218,810 260,238 1.8 1.2
Lushoto 286,049 357,531 418,652 2.2 1.1
Total 1,038,767 1,280,262 1,636,280 2.1 1.8
• *Contains Mkinga District in 1978 and 1988
• ** Contains Kilindi District in 1978 , 1988 and 2002
• *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council in all censuses
Source: United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.
Table 1.4 shows the national population size and growth trends in all Regions of Tanzania. It shows
that while Tanga Region ranked 14 th (2.7 percent) between 1967 and 1978 in terms population growth
rate, the Region ranked 19 th (2.1) percent and 17 th (1.8 percent) during 1978-1988 and 1988-2002
intercensal periods respectively. This shows that in all intercensal periods, the Region experienced
population growth rate far below the national average of 3.0 percent.
According to the 2002 Population and Housing Census, during the 14 years period from 1988 to 2002,
the population of Tanzania increased by 11.3 millions (49.1 percent). The average annual growth rate
of the population declined from 3.2 percent during the period 1967-1978 to 2.8 percent during 1978 -
1988, but recorded a slight rise to 2.9 percent in 1988-2002. This change in the trend in population
growth was considered to be the result of influx of large number of refugees from the neighbouring
countries.
Fig.2: District population in Tanga Region in 2002
All Regions recorded population increase during the period between 1988 and 2002, but the average
annual population growth rate varied between Regions ranging from 1.4 percent to 4.8 percent. The
6
Pangani
Muheza
Tanga
Handeni
Kilindi
Korogwe
Lushoto

highest growth rate of Kigoma and Dar es Salaam Regions are attributed to inflow of refugees and
high rate of urbanization respectively. Tanga Region was among the four Regions which recorded
average annual population growth rate of below 2 percent. Others include Lindi (1.4 percent), Iringa
(1.5 percent) and Mtwara (1.7 percent).
Table 1.4: Tanga Region Population Trends Compared to Other Regions in
1967, 1978, 1988, and 2002 Censuses
Region
Population Average Annual Rate of
Growth
1967 1978 1988 2002 1967-78 1978-88 1988-02
Tanzania 12,313,469 17,512,610 23,095,882 34,446,603 3.2 2.8 2.9
Tanzania
Mainland
11,958,654 17,036,499 22,455,207 33,461,842 3.2 2.8 2.8
Tanga 771,060 1,037,767 1,283,636 1,636,280 2.7 2.1 1.8
Arusha 610,474 926,223 1,351,675 1,288,088 3.8 3.8 3.9
Mwanza 1,055,883 1,443,379 1,878,271 2,929,644 2.8 2.6 3.2
Dodoma 709,380 972,005 1,237,819 1,692,025 2.9 2.4 2.3
Kilimanjaro 652,722 902,437 1,108,699 1,376,702 2.9 2.1 1.6
Coast 428,041 516,586 638,015 885,017 1.7 2.1 2.4
Dar es Salaam 356,286 843,090 1,360,850 2,487,288 7.8 4.8 4.3
Lindi 419,853 527,624 646,550 787,624 2.1 2.0 1.4
Shinyanga 899,468 1,323,535 1,763,960 2,796,630 3.5 2.9 3.3
Mtwara 621,293 771,818 889,494 1,124,481 2.0 1.4 1.7
Ruvuma 395,447 561,575 783,327 1,113,715 3.2 3.4 2.5
Iringa 689,905 925,044 1,208,914 1,490,892 2.7 2.7 1.5
Mbeya 753,765 1,079,864 1,476,199 2,063,328 3.3 3.1 2.4
Morogoro 682,700 939,264 1,220,564 1,753,362 2.9 2.4 2.6
Singida 457,938 613,949 791,814 1,086,748 2.7 2.5 2.3
Tabora 502,068 817,907 1,036,293 1,710,465 4.4 2.4 3.6
Rukwa 276,091 451,897 694,974 1,136,354 4.5 4.3 3.6
Kigoma 473,443 648,941 853,263 1,674,047 2.9 2.8 4.8
Kagera 658,712 1,009,767 1,326,183 2,028,157 3.9 2.7 3.1
Mara 544,125 723,827 970,942 1,363,397 2.6 2.9 2.5
Manyara NA NA NA 1,037,605 NA NA 3.9
Source: United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.
1.4.3 Population Density
The 2002 Population and Housing census showed that Tanzania Mainland population density was 38
persons per km 2 . The census showed that there were great differences in population densities between
Regions. The densities ranged from 1,786 persons per km 2 to 12 persons per km². However, the
highest density of 1,786 persons per km 2 was an extreme case as it was experienced only in Dar es
Salaam which is highly urbanized. The second and third Regions were Mwanza and Kilimanjaro with
population densities of 150 and 104 persons per km 2 respectively. Tanga Region was the seventh with
population density of 61 persons per km 2 .
Table 1.5 gives Tanga region’s estimated population and the respective population densities by district
in 2006. It shows that Tanga and Lushoto districts are leading in terms of population density. They are
7

followed by Korogwe and Muheza districts. Pangani and Kilindi districts have the lowest population
densities. The high population density in Tanga district can be explained by its urban nature. The
district is principally the city which is the headquarters of the Region and one of the major ports in the
country. The city has a great potential of attracting in-migrants from rural areas as it has employment
opportunities in the manufacturing sector. On the other hand, the high growth rate of population in
Lushoto districts can be attributed to the possession of fertile agricultural land for cash and food crops
production. The district is also very rich in fruits production. The lowest population density in Kilindi
can be attributed to the fact that the larger part of the district is covered by the forest reserves.
Table 1.5: Population Density by District in the Region, 2006.
District
Area (km 2)
Estimated
Population 2006
* Contains Mkinga District
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.
Fig.3:Estimated Regional Population by
District in 2006
8
Population Density
(Persons/km 2 )
2006
Pangani 1,425 45,885 32.2
Muheza* 4,922 294,326 59.8
Korogwe*** 3,756 272,956 72.7
Tanga 536 261,613 488.1
Handeni 6,112 280,927 45.9
Kilindi 7,091 165,005 23.3
Lushoto 3,500 437,379 124.9
TANGA REGION 27,342 1,758,091
64.3
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe***
Tanga
Handeni
Kilindi
Lushoto
Table 1.6 shows the estimated population of Tanga Region in 2006 and the average population per
village. It shows that Lushoto district being a rural area is leading in terms of population density per
village. This could be attributed to the factors leading to high density explained above.

Table 1:6: Distribution of Average Population per Village by District in the Region, 2006
District
Estimated population Number of villages Average population
2006
per village
Pangani 45,885 33 1,390
Muheza* 294,326 175 1,682
Korogwe*** 272,956 135 2,022
Tanga 261,613 23 11,374
Handeni 280,927 176 1,596
Kilindi 165,005 64 2,578
Lushoto 437,379 162 2,700
Total 1,758,091 714 2,462
* Contains Mkinga District
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.
Average village population
Fig.4:Distribution of estimated average village
population per village in Tanga Region in
2006
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1
District
1.4.4 Population Age Groups and Dependency Ratios
9
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe***
Tanga
Handeni
Kilindi
Lushoto
Table 1.7 shows the distribution of population by age groups in the districts of Tanga Region in the
year 2002. The age groups structure in all districts shows typical characteristics of population
configuration in developing countries. In these countries, the dominant age group is the young, that is,
0-4 and 5-14 age groups. This is followed by the youths or the working age group, which includes the
population with the 15-44 and 45-64 ages. The last group with least population is the old age group
that is 65 years and above.

Table 1.7: Distribution Population by Age Groups and Districts in the Region 2002
District
Age Groups (Years)
0-4 5-14 15-44 45 - 64 65+
Pangani 5,726 11,207 19,531 4,991 2,465
Muheza* 40,220 75,240 115,274 31,285 16,386
Korogwe*** 38,966 70,790 108,260 28,499 13,723
Tanga 29,991 60,957 119,305 23,335 9,052
Handeni 44,086 71,001 101,358 22,136 10,052
Kilindi 26,852 42,097 56,401 11,678 6,764
Lushoto 69,166 134,176 155,427 40,167 19,716
TANGA 255,007 465,468 675,556 162,091 78,158
REGION
* Contains Mkinga District
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.
Population age structure of this type has an implication of explaining the extent of the burden on the
working-age population in the society. Table 1.8 and 1.9 show dependency ratios which indicate the
number of people supported by 100 persons in the working age group of 15-64 years. The dependency
ratio is the ratio of populations aged 0-14 years and 65+ years to the population aged 15-64 years.
Table 1.8: Distribution of Dependency Ratios by District in the Region 2002
District
Economically Active Age Group
Dependants Dependence
15 - 44 45 - 64 Total (0-14 &65+) ratio
Pangani 19,531 4,991 24,522 19,398 79
Muheza* 140,229 31,285 146,559 131,846 89
Korogwe*** 108,260 28,499 136,759 123,479 90
Tanga 119,305 23,335 142,640 100,000 70
Handeni 101,358 22,136 123,494 125,139 101
Kilindi 56,401 11,678 68,078 75,534 111
Lushoto 155,427 40,167 195,594 223,058 114
Tanga Region 700,511 162,091 837,643 798,633 95
* Contains Mkinga District
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.
10

Population
Fig.5:Distribution of Age groups by Districts
in 2002
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe***
Tanga
Districts
11
Handeni
Kilindi
Lushoto
Years 15-44 Years 45-64 Years 0-4 & 65+
Table 1.9: Estimated Distribution of Dependency Ratios by District in the Region 2006
District
Economically Active Group
Dependants Dependency
Years 15-44 Years 45-64 Total (0-14 & 65+) ratio
Pangani 20,405 5,214 25,619 21,331 83.3
Muheza* 148,248 33,074 181,322 113,004 62.3
Korogwe*** 113,551 29,892 143,443 129,514 90.3
Tanga 128,634 25,160 153,794 107,819 70.1
Handeni 114,523 25,011 139,534 141,393 101.3
Kilindi 64,721 13,401 78,122 86,677 110.9
Lushoto 162,379 41,964 204,343 233,035 114.0
TANGA REGION 752,461 173,716 926,177 832,773 89.9
* Contains Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.

1.4.5 Population Sex Structure and Sex Ratios
Table 1.10 presents the Region’s data on sex structure and sex-ratios for the Population and Housing
Censuses of 1988 and 2002. It shows that in 2002 the regional population had 793,159 males and
843,121 females with a sex ratio of 94.1 or about 94 males per 100 females. The sex ratio has
increased as compared to that of 1988 in which the sex ratio was 93.7. Tanga district had the highest
sex ratios in 1988 but the ratio dropped in 2002. Pangani district showed higher sex ratio only in years,
1988 and 2002 compared to other districts. Lushoto district showed the lowest sex ratios in years,
1988 and 2002.
Table 1:10: Distribution of Sex Ratio by District in the Region, 1988 to 2002
District
1988 2002
Males Females Sex Males Females Sex
Ratio
Ratio
Pangani 18,794 18,876 99.6 22,094 21,826 101.2
Muheza* 113,752 115,387 98.5 139,383 139,022 100.2
Korogwe*** 106,745 112,104 95.2 127,653 132,585 96.3
Tanga 93,809 93,009 100.8 119,621 123,019 97.2
Handeni 121,535 128,709 94.4 122,922 125,711 97.8
Kilindi - - - 70,974 72,818 97.5
Lushoto 164,703 192,789 85.4 190,873 227,779 83.8
TANGA REGION 619,338 660,874 93.7 793,159 843,121 94.1
* Contains Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.
12

Population
Fig.6:Disribution of Males and Females by Districts
in the region in 2002
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe***
Tanga
Handeni
Districts
Kilindi
13
Lushoto
Males
Females
1.4.6 Household Size and Characteristics of Rural and Urban Populations
The term household refers to a group of persons who live together and share living expenses. Usually
these include husband, wife and children. In population census the definition includes other relatives,
boarders, visitors and servants as members of the household, if they were present in the household on
the census night. In these censuses, household members staying in more than one house were
enumerated as one household if they were eating together.
Table 1.11 shows the total number of households and average household size in 2002 in the districts of
Tanga Region. It also shows the estimated number of households in 2006. It reveals that the Region’s
average household size was 4.6 persons per household in 2002. Pangani district had the least average
household size of 3.9 persons. The observed characteristics of household size in the Region and its
districts compares well with household size figures at the national level. According to the 2002
Population and Housing Censuses, the average size of households for Tanzania as a whole was 4.6
persons compared to 5.2 persons in 1988.

Table 1.11: Distribution of Household Size by Districts, Tanga Region, 2002 and 2006.
*Contains Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Census 2002.
However, the census showed that differences existed between rural and urban areas. The average
household size for Tanzania in rural areas was 4.9 persons while that of the urban areas was 4.2
persons. The smaller average size of urban households compared to that of rural households was
explained to be due to the continued rural-urban migration which compels movers to break away from
large rural households. Upon reaching the destination, that is urban areas, the migrants usually
establish their own households.
Tanga Region, like most of other regions in Tanzania has more population living in rural areas than
those living in urban area. According to the 2002 Population and Housing Census of the 1,636,280
peeople of Tanga region only 301,196 (18.4 percent) lived in urban areas and 1,335,084 (81.6 percent)
lived in rural areas. Table 1.12 shows that all districts of the Region except Tanga Urban in 2002 had
more population living in rural areas. Tanga district is different from others in terms of the number of
people living in urban areas due to the fact that it is a city, a major port and the headquarters of the
region.
District Total households in
2002
Average household
size 2002
Table 1.12: Rural and Urban Population by District in the Region 2002
District Rural Population Urban Population Total
Pangani 37,012 6,908 43,920
Muheza* 244,185 34,220 278,405
Tanga 63,240 179,400 242,640
Handeni 230,163 18,470 248,633
Kilindi 143,792 - 143,792
Korogwe*** 260,238 44,538 260,238
Lushoto 400,992 17,660 418,652
TANGA REGION 1,335,084 301,196 1,636,280
*Contains Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses 2002
14
Total households 2006
(estimated)
Pangani 11,283 3.9 11,765
Muheza* 62,183 4.5 65,406
Korogwe*** 58,512 4.5 60,657
Tanga 53,104 4.6 56,872
Handeni 52,240 4.8 58,526
Kilindi 29,408 4.9 33,674
Lushoto 90,263 4.7 93,059
TANGA REGION 356,993 4.6 382,194

Population
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
Fig.7:Distribution of Urban and Rural
Population by District in 2002
0
Pangani
Muheza*
Tanga
Handeni
Kilindi
District
Korogwe***
15
Lushoto
Rural Popn
Urban Popn
Total Popn
The urban population is distributed in various urban centres located in various districts of the Region.
Table 1.13 shows urban wards, urban centres and population in these centres.
Table 1.13: Urban Wards, Centres and their Population by District in the Region, 2002.
District
Pangani
Handeni
Tanga
Type of
Ward Number
of wards
Name of
Urban
Centre(s)
Population
Urban 1 Pangani
Magharibi
4,949
Mixed 1 Pangani East 3,070
Mixed 2 Vibaoni
Chamla
Urban
12
Central
Majengo
Nguvumali
Chumbageni
Ngamiani
Kaskazini
Ngamiani Kati
Ngamiani Kusini
Usagara
18,789
29,703
48,498
6,119
8,866
17,158
15,154
4,480
5,915
8,700
12,517
17,720

Muheza*
Lushoto
Korogwe***
Mixed 5
Makorora
Msambweni
Mwamange
Mabawa
Mungani
Tangasisi
Pongwe
Duga
Mzizima
Mbaramo
Urban 3 Masuguru
Majengo
Mixed 2 Lusanga
Maramba
Mixed 3 Lushoto
Soni
Mlalo
Mixed 4 Mazinde
Mombo
Korogwe
Mnyuzi
16
10,687
7,762
26,604
23,392
11,184
9,975
15,250
9,306
5,637
7,637
9,490
9,238
25,499
23,256
11,920
14,970
19,735
15,990
34,155
17,470
Kilindi NIL - - -
*Contains Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 1.Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.
1.4.7 Urbanisation
The term urbanization refers to the changes in the proportion of the population living in urban areas in
reference to the total population of a particular locality or country over a specified period of time. In
the 2002 Population and Housing Census the urban areas were defined as the localities that are
identified as urban areas by the district authority. As such there was no clear and uniform definition
applied by various districts in the country. The classification of human settlements in Tanzania which
is stipulated in the official National Human Settlements Development Policy of Tanzania of 2000 was
not strictly adhered to. Table 1.14 shows the number of population living in urban areas in the Districts
of Tanga Region. It shows that Tanga District is highly urbanised as the District forms the Tanga City
which is the Regional headquarter, the port and one of the major urban localities in the country.
Table 1.14: Extent of Urban Population by District in the Region 2002
District
Total
population 2002
Urban population
2002
% Urban
population
Pangani 43,920 17,660 40.2
Muheza* 278,405 34,220 12.3
Korogwe*** 260,238 44,538 17.1
Tanga 242,640 168,648 69.5
Handeni 248,633 18,470 7.4

Kilindi 143,792 NIL N/A
Lushoto 418,652 17,660 4.2
Total 1,636,280 301,196 18.4
* Contains Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.
Table 1.15 shows the urbanization levels of Regions in Tanzania for the period of 1988 to 2002. It
shows that Dar es Salaam is the most urbanized Region in the country with 93.9 percent of its
population being in urban areas. Morogoro Region (27.0 percent) and Arusha (31.3 percent) are the
only two Regions which have the proportion of their urban population above the national figure of 23
percent. Tanga Region had 18.4 percent of its population living in urban areas. The Region
experienced 4.3 percent rate of urbanization in the period between 1988 and 2002. The low rate of
urbanization in this period can be attributed to the stagnation of the sisal and manufacturing industry in
the Region.
Table 1.15: Urbanisation Levels of Regions in Tanzania (1978-2002)
Regions
2002 1988 1978 Change in %
Total Population Urban Population Percent Percent Percent urban (1978-
2002)
Tanzania 34,443.603 7,943,561 23.1 18.8 13.8 9.3
Tanzania
33,461,849 7,554,838 22.6 19.9 13.3 9.3
Mainland
Dodoma 1,692,025 213,243 12.6 11.2 8.8 3.8
Arusha 1,288,088 403,597 31.3 12.4 8.0 23.4
Kilimanjaro 1,376,702 288,091 20.9 15.2 7.5 13.4
Tanga 1,636,280 301,196 18.4 17.6 14.1 4.3
Morogoro 1,753,362 473,849 27.0 21.1 14.4 12.6
Pwani 885,017 186,861 21.1 15.4 7.2 13.9
Dar es Salaam 2,487,288 2,336,055 93.9 88.6 91.3 2.7
Lindi 787,624 126,396 16.0 15.3 10.1 6.0
Mtwara 1,124,481 228,539 20.3 14 12.0 8.3
Ruvuma 1,113,715 169,670 15.2 11.9 7.7 7.5
Iringa 1,490,892 256,332 17.2 10 9.1 8.1
Mbeya 2,063,328 421,145 20.4 18.2 9.0 11.5
Singida 1,086,748 148,667 13.7 8.8 9.5 4.2
Tabora 1,710,465 219,884 12.9 14.3 13.1 -0.3
Rukwa 1,136,354 200,122 17.6 14.2 11.8 5.9
Kigoma 1,674,047 202,807 12.1 12.8 9.9 2.2
Shinyanga 2,796,630 256,052 9.2 6.8 4.2 4.9
Kagera 2,028,157 126,750 6.2 5.5 3.4 2.9
Mwanza 2,929,644 601,257 20.5 18.6 10.2 10.3
Mara 1,363,397 253,606 18.6 10.5 7.3 11.3
Manyara 1,037,605 140,719 13.6 N/A N/A N/A
Source: United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1988, 2002.
According to the 2002 Population and Housing Census analytical report, the rapid urbanization in
Tanzania has largely been a result of rural to urban migration rather than natural increase. The report
17

stipulates that in recent years, there has been a notable wave of the young generation migrating into
urban areas to do petty business. Furthermore, the report points out that, this feature is common in all
urban areas regardless of location and cultural background. Also, the consequences of such rapid
urbanization include rapid expansion of squatters, poor social services, inadequate infrastructure,
inadequate housing and increasing urban unemployment.
1.4.8 Migration
Migration is defined as a form of movement over a geographical space, often with a purpose. The
movement entails a change of residence in permanent or semi-permanent terms. Knowledge on these
movements, as is the case with population redistribution, is very important in understanding social and
economic dynamics and development of a particular geographical or administrative area. It is also an
essential element in planning for social and economic development.
The 2002 Population and Housing Census analytical report study of population by the place of birth
revealed that Tanga Region experienced in-migration. Out of the total number of residents in the
Region, 8.1 percent were born in other Regions in Tanzania but were living in Tanga Region. The
census also showed that the Region faces out-migration. It showed that there were lifetime out-
migrants (16.6 percent) who were born in Tanga Region but were living in other Regions of Tanzania.
This revealed that, the Region experienced a net out- migration of lifetime migrants of about -9.9
percent. This indicates that out-migrants exceeded in-migrants in number.
The 2002 Population and Housing Census data showed that the migration flows was heavily between
the Tanga Region and neighbouring Regions including Coast, Manyara and Kilimanjaro. Dar es
Salaam, being a primate city in Tanzania attracted most of migrants from the Region in the form of
urban-urban and rural-urban migration. Table 1.16 summarizes data on lifetime in-migration, out-
migration and net migration in Tanzania Mainland in 2002.
Table 1.16: Lifetime In- and Out-Migration, and Net Migration by Region in Tanzania 2002
Region In-
migrants
Out-migrants Net Migration
18
Rates (%)
Inward Outward Net
Tanzania Mainland 5,044,080 5,050,913 -6,833 15.1 15.3 -0.2
Morogoro 284,542 210,282 74,260 16.2 12.7 4.2
Dodoma 139,808 321,276 -181,468 8.3 17.3 -10.7
Arusha 264,978 183,250 81,728 20.6 15.5 6.3
Kilimanjaro 148,238 411,735 -263,497 10.8 25.4 -19.1
Tanga 132,087 294,130 -162,043 8.1 16.6 -9.9
Coast 189,204 245,454 -56,250 21.4 26.4 -6.4

Dar es Salaam 1,208,479 237,446 971,033 48.6 16.0 39.0
Lindi 100,020 179,293 -79,273 12.7 21.0 -10.1
Mtwara 53,102 186,911 -133,809 4.7 15.3 -11.9
Ruvuma 85,799 138,289 -52,490 7.7 12.0 -4.7
Iringa 79,869 299,189 -219,320 5.4 17.7 -14.7
Mbeya 239,644 171,692 67,952 11.6 8.7 3.3
Singida 104,623 255,894 -151,271 9.6 20.9 -13.9
Tabora 353,132 243,720 109,412 20.6 15.4 6.4
Rukwa 113,954 75,241 38,713 10.0 7.2 3.4
Kigoma 85,424 238,345 -152,921 5.1 13.3 -9.1
Shinyanga 455,087 390,367 64,720 16.3 14.4 2.3
Kagera 201,483 176,312 25,171 9.9 9.1 1.2
Mwanza 417,872 437,209 -19,337 14.3 14.9 -0.7
Mara 108,263 299,432 -191,169 7.9 19.5 -14.0
Manyara 278,472 55,446 223,026 26.8 6.9 21.5
Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.
1.5 CLIMATE
Tanga Region experiences moderate temperature and rainfall climate. The average annual
temperatures vary between 24 0 C in highlands to 32 0 C in lowlands. The Region experiences moderate
temperature of around 23 0 C almost throughout the year. The warm season normally runs from
October to February.
Generally, the Region experiences two major rainfall seasons, that with long rains between March and
May and short rains between October and December. The average annual rainfall varies between
200mm and 2000mm. However, the average annual rainfall varies from year to year and between
ecological zones. Moreover, the coastal nature of the large part of the Region affects the patterns of
temperature and rainfall. The coastal plains in Tanga and Pangani districts, and part of Muheza
district experience moderate high annual rainfall of 800-1,400mm while the dry plains mostly in
Handeni, Kilindi and Korogwe districts receive low rainfall ranging from 200 to 600mm annually.
Highland areas which include areas around Usambara mountains in Lushoto and Korogwe districts,
Amani mountains in Muheza district and Nguu mountains in Handeni district experience high annual
rainfall ranging between 800 and 2000mm.
19

1.6 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE
The topography of Tanga Region is characterized by two remarkable natural features. First, are the
coastal lowlands with varying degrees of soil texture and fertility? The lowlands are located between
0-150m above sea level. The second natural feature is the mountainous areas which include the
Usambara Mountains, Amani and Nguu mountain ranges. They are located between 1000-2,400m
above sea level.
The Region’s drainage is formed by a small number of rivers and streams that flow from highlands to
lowlands. The major rivers include Pangani, Mkomazi, Soni, Lwengera, Umba, Zigi, Mwarongo,
Mgwisha and Mgombani.
1.7 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES
Tanga Region can broadly be divided into four broad Agro-Ecological Zones which include the
coastal plains, dry plains, wet plains and mountainous areas.
i) The Coastal Plains Zone
The coastal plains zone includes Pangani and Tanga districts, and part of Muheza
district. It is located between 0-150 metres above sea level with temperatures ranging
between 24 0 C and 32 0 C. The zone receives moderate rains with average annual
precipitation ranging from 800mm to 1,400mm.
The major soil types that are found in this zone include sand and sandy-clay.
A variety of crops are grown in this zone. They include sisal, coconuts, cashew nuts,
maize, cassava and paddy.
ii) The Dry Plains Zone
The dry plains zone includes Handeni district and part of Korogwe and Muheza
districts. The altitude of this zone ranges from 200m to 600m above sea level, with an
average rainfall between 500mm and 800mm per annum. The temperatures in this zone
range from 21 0 C to 24 0 C annually.
The soils found in this zone are mainly brown-sandy. The major crops grown include
sisal, cotton, tobacco, paddy, maize, cassava, millet and beans.
20

iii) The Wet Plains Zone
The zone includes Korogwe and Muheza districts. The topography of this zone is
predominantly low plain with altitude ranging between 500 and 600m above sea level.
It receives rainfall ranging between 800 and 1,000mm annually. Temperatures in this
zone are high with an annual average ranging between 24 0 C to 31 0 c.
Major food crops grown in this zone include sisal, coconuts, cashew nuts, cotton,
maize, cassava, paddy, beans, tropical fruits and vegetables.
(iv) Mountainous Zone
The mountainous zone includes Usambara Mountains found in Lushoto and Korogwe
districts, Amani Mountains located in Muheza district and Nguu Mountains which is in
Handeni district. The zone is located between 1000-2400m above sea level. The
temperature ranges between 21 0 C and 28 0 C. The annual rainfall ranges between
800mm-2000mm.
The soil is mainly red clay loamy. Major crops grown include coffee, tea, cardamom,
maize, round potatoes, banana, beans, spices, fruits and vegetables.
21

2.1 INTRODUCTION
SECTION II
REGIONAL ECONOMY
Tanga Region is one of the 21 regions of Tanzania Mainland with great potential of economic
development and prosperity. The Region has a very good climate and land which is favourable for
agriculture and other economic investment. The Region contains Tanga city which is its headquarters.
The city which is one of the major ports in the country is strategically located at the coast of Indian
Ocean. It is linked to the up-country Regions by roads and railway transportation infrastructure. This
section discusses the characteristics of income, employment and major economic activities in the
Region.
2.2 REGIONAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) AT CURRENT PRICES
Tanga Region Gross Domestic Product has been growing overtime. According to the National
Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, the Region in 1996 recorded GDP at current prices of Tshs. 141,449
million which increased to Tshs. 418,456 million in the year 2003 and reached Tshs 834,274 million in
the year 2006. Table 2.1 shows the Regions GDP and its percentage change between 1996 and 2006.
Table 2:1 Tanga Region GDP at Current Prices in Million Tshs. 1996-2004
Year
GDP at Current % Changes Average %
Prices Regional GDP
contribution to
(Regional) National GDP
1996 141,449 - 4.10
1997 175,266 23.9 4.09
1998 209,450 19.5 4.09
1999 243,734 16.4 4.08
2000 281,873 15.6 4.20
2001 336,986 19.6 4.42
2002 382,095 13.4 4.39
2003 418,456 9.5 4.26
2004 603,977 43.8 5.33
2005 754,432 24.9 5.78
2006 834,274 10.6 5.56
Source: United Republic of Tanzania, National Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, 2006.
The Region over the period between 1996 and 2003 managed to contribute significantly to the national
economy (See Table 2.1). The contribution was 4.10 percent in 1996 which increased to 4.42 percent
of national GDP in 2001. Despite falling up to 4.26 percent in 2003, the contribution was estimated to
22

e 5.33 percent to the National Economy in 2004 following the expected good weather, revival of sisal
estates and manufacturing industries in the Region. Table 2.2 shows the National GDP and the
contribution of different Regions in Tanzania over the period of 2000 and 2006
Table 2.2 Tanzania Mainland Regional GDP in million Tsh. At Current Prices
REGION/YEAR 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Dodoma 178,947 208,237 226,254 264,197 303,905 324,953 351,998 392,726 457,376
Arusha 383,893 446,730 510,055 582,554 393,050 388,567 492,386 592,244 679,066
Kilimanjaro 217,244 252,803 274,676 310,701 352,292 427,374 535,000 639,617 721,397
Tanga 209,450 243,734 281,873 336,986 382,095 418,456 603,977 754,432
Morogoro 234,402 272,769 296,370 363,271 413,889 439,142 622,226 706,296
Pwani 111,314 129,534 140,741 155,014 174,066 226,488 235,467 253,922
Dar es salaam 916,280 1,066,259 1,158,513 1,282,449 1,473,226 1,589,174 1,715,051 1,961,505
Lindi 113,905 132,550 144,018 158,814 178,333 229,264 238,616 257,565
Mtwara 192,821 237,846 255,028 296,548 333,645 291,834 303,804 326,984
Ruvuma 192,412 223,907 242,947 242,630 273,779 376,291 435,908 533,352
Iringa 284,543 331,118 359,767 424,602 486,091 542,737 607,402 709,802
Mbeya 292,993 340,951 370,450 438,082 501,523 581,086 766,340 929,164
Singida 153,376 178,481 193,923 202,192 225,126 227,114 236,459 239,561
Tabora 195,094 227,028 246,671 262,849 296,594 362,872 447,294 560,574
Rukwa 191,944 223,362 242,688 249,370 280,838 348,625 391,931 447,846
Kigoma 125,560 146,112 158,754 188,712 212,940 357,088 378,528 420,755
Shinyanga 369,846 430,383 520,504 589,032 677,560 667,311 695,248 744,692
Kagera 192,509 224,019 261,739 289,808 327,649 467,959 488,706 526,618
Mwanza 395,229 459,921 573,094 730,697 847,241 834,329 965,448 1,102,181
Mara 173,550 201,957 248,316 256,109 288,989 442,805 472,772 525,022
Manyara 277,057 273,897 347,078 438,461
TANZANIA
MAINLAND
5,125,311 5,977,699 6,706,381 7,624,616 8,699,887 9,816,319 11,331,638 13,063,317
Source: United Republic of Tanzania, National Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, 2006.
23
834,274
807,998
291,807
2,323,743
295,857
376,119
583,718
797,187
1,051,413
285,538
612,978
510,746
480,876
884,347
623,567
1,294,503
606,851
475,886
14,995,247

2.3 REGIONAL PER CAPITA GDP AT CURRENT PRICES
The per capita GDP, that is the average individual income in Tanga Region, has been improving over
the period of time. Table 2.3a shows the Regional per capita GDP at current prices over the period of
1996-2004. It shows that the average per capita income in the Region which was Tshs. 92,948 in 1996
rose to Tshs. 252,128 in 2002. It was estimated to be Tshs. 355,712 in the year 2004. Table 2.3b
shows the Regional per capita GDP at current prices in Tanzania mainland over the period of 2000-
2004.
Table 2.3a: Tanga Regional Per Capita GDP at Current Prices in Tshs.
Year
Per Capita GDP at Current Prices in Tshs.
Tshs. Change %
1996 92,948 -
1997 112,777 21.3
1998 130,741 15.9
1999 147,589 12.9
2000 165,576 12.2
2001 192,028 15.9
2002 232,699 21.2
2003 252,128 8.3
2004 357,109 58.9
2005 439,576 23.1
2006 475,835 8.2
Source: United Republic of Tanzania, National Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, 2006.
Table 2.3b: Regional Per Capita GDP at Current Prices Tanzania in Mainland 2000 to 2006 in TShs.
Region/year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Dodoma 137,278 155,503 178,873 189,840 200,791 219,882 241,132
Arusha 251,522 278,678 303,990 293,764 357,349 414,764 460,231
Kilimanjaro 139,179 152,722 255,071 306,563 377,349 445,463 479,967
Tanga 165,576 192,028 232,699 252,128 357,109 439,576 475,835
Morogoro 173,501 206,304 235,190 245,299 338,356 375,467 418,850
Pwani 169,808 181,432 195,765 251,059 254,603 268,944 301,255
Dar es Salaam 518,602 556,905 589,776 616,780 637,471 700,727 829,412
Lindi 173,018 185,085 225,365 287,936 295,260 315,328 347,346
Mtwara 235,057 265,147 295,647 256,080 261,864 278,022 308,231
Ruvuma 214,306 207,622 245,066 331,186 373,489 447,188 472,584
Iringa 217,041 248,491 325,072 359,496 395,998 456,937 492,792
Mbeya 176,550 202,535 242,276 276,280 355,413 422,116 448,098
Singida 181,861 183,942 206,394 206,209 209,632 208,247 233,510
Tabora 178,352 184,363 172,649 206,064 244,843 296,992 305,860
Rukwa 222,518 221,804 245,973 298,275 323,191 357,791 392,195
Kigoma 134,657 155,279 126,817 205,221 207,169 220,223 244,007
Shinyanga 210,306 230,873 241,504 232,364 234,031 243,350 269,800
Kagera 140,150 150,536 161,095 225,056 227,664 238,633 282,129
Mwanza 224,468 277,635 287,967 277,556 310,793 344,786 408,502
Mara 183,194 183,290 211,157 318,093 330,949 359,292 386,021
Manyara - - 266,283 258,537 315,126 384,151 397,216
TANZANIA
MAINLAND
210,232 231,866 259,044 286,859 321,300 360,892 399,594
Source: United Republic of Tanzania, National Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, 2006.
24

Ranking the Region at the National level in terms of income per capita, showed that Tanga is one of
the relatively high income Regions in the country. The region ranked the 4 th in comparison with other
regions. Regions with higher average per capita income than Tanga Region are Dar es Salaam, Iringa
and Kilimanjaro ranks first, second and third respectively (See Table 2.4).
Table 2:4: Comparisons of per Capita Incomes for Tanzania Mainland Regions the year 2006
Rank Region Regional Per Capita GDP at
Current Prices(Tshs)
1 Dar es Salaam 829,412
2 Iringa 492,792
3 Kilimanjaro 479,967
4 Tanga 475,835
5 Ruvuma 472,584
6 Arusha 460,231
7 Mbeya 448,098
8 Morogoro 418,850
9 Mwanza 408,502
10 Manyara 397,216
11 Rukwa 392,195
12 Mara 386,021
13 Lindi 347,346
14 Mtwara 308,231
15 Tabora 305,860
16 Pwani 301,255
17 Kagera 282,129
18 Shinyanga 269,800
19 Kigoma 244,007
20 Dodoma 241,132
21 Singida 233,510
Source: United Republic of Tanzania, National Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, 2006.
2.4 MAIN OCCUPATIONS AND INDUSTRY
2.4.1 Main Occupation
Main occupation provides an account with regard to what activity engages the labour force in the
given locality (Table 2.5). According to the 2002 Population and Housing Census, the major
occupation of the labour force in the Region is farming which employs about 77.4 percent of the total
labour force. Other occupations that employ a significant number of the labour force include services
(and small businesses under SMES); crafts, fishing, livestock reazing, professional jobs and other
elementary occupations.
25

Table 2.5: Main Occupation of the Labour Force by District in the Region, 2002
Occupation Pangani Muheza* Korogwe*** Tanga
City
Lushoto Handeni Kilindi Total
Legislators/Admin/Managers 97 301 449 676 500 240 73 2,336
Professionals 125 657 523 1,241 1,014 394 75 4,031
Tech. and Associate
Professionals
581 2,258 2,753 6,775 3,146 1,563 723 17,799
Clerks 130 515 740 1425 596 360 127 3,895
Small Business Managers 124 965 1,390 3,026 12,327 730 201 18,764
Services and shop sales
workers
682 3,825 3,899 13,371 3,322 1,720 371 27,191
Street Vendors 1,418 5,104 1946 14417 966 1,477 690 26,019
Craftsmen 999 2,431 2,731 8,175 3,802 1,655 474 20,265
Farmers 12,292 116,328 115,761 20,233 151,048 95,906 58,390 569,959
Livestock keepers 98 2,342 1,300 854 270 1,102 6,336 12,301
Fishermen 953 1,551 558 5,100 13 27 - 8,202
Plant Operators &
Assemblers
193 599 610 4,060 252 325 32 6,071
Elementary Occupations 1,699 2,031 2,824 6,870 551 2,787 933 17,697
Other 68 385 138 145 274 361 20 1,393
TOTAL
*Includes Mkinga disrtict
19,459 139,292 135,622 86,368 178,081 108,647 68,445 735,923
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 2002.
2.4.2 Main Industry
The main industry in the Region gives an explanation on the major economic activities in which the
labour force is engaged. According to the 2002 National Population and Housing census, main
activities in the Region are clustered into several groups such as agriculture; forestry, fishing; mining
and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity, gas and water; construction; raw food sales; trade and
commerce; etc. Table 2.6 shows the main industry in the Region by District in 2002. It shows that
agriculture is the main industry in the Region as it employs the majority of the labour force. Other
industries that employ a significant number of the labour force include forestry, fishing and other
related activities; trade and commerce; and public administration and education; and manufacturing.
26

Table 2.6: Main Industry of the Labour Force by District in the Region, 2002
Industry Pangani Muheza* Korogwe*** Tanga
City
Lushoto Handeni Kilindi Total
Agriculture 13,140 113,598 112,740 18,027 165,025 89,918 49,184 561,631
Forestry, Fishing &
Others
2204 10192 8795 11270 6157 9695 16689 65002
Mining & Quarrying 26 113 148 703 126 156 245 1517
Manufacturing 565 1795 1547 7434 860 1257 558 14012
Electricity, Gas and
Water
41 132 313 1180 77 106 22 1870
Construction 135 566 817 2260 595 187 74 4635
Raw food sales
(Uncooked)
229 754 1007 3568 550 416 42 6569
Trade and Commerce 1676 6582 4102 20486 1554 2513 728 37640
Transport and
Communication
136 581 699 3153 404 192 95 5260
Finance & Insurance 24 96 124 693 44 64 - 1048
Public administration
& Education
879 3323 3154 15847 2414 1727 654 27998
Other 410 1564 2173 1743 272 2419 159 8741
TOTAL 19,465 139,296 135,619 86,364 178,078 108,650 68,450 735,923
*Includes Mkinga disrtict
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 2002
2.5 PRODUCTIVE SECTORS
2.5.1 Agriculture
Tanga Region is found in the feature zone II (see table 2.7 below) of the Agro Ecological Zones.
Tanzania mainland is divided in four feature zones. The essence of having such zone is due to the fact
that the physical features of Tanzania mainland consist of diverse ecological and climatic zones that
accommodate different agricultural patterns. The feature zone II, of which Tanga is within, is that of
coastal areas, having rainfall of between 500 – 1000 mm, allowing crop production and fishing
economic activities. The main features of the agro ecological zones in Tanzania Mainland are as
displayed in Table 2.7.
27

Table 2.7: Main Features and Agro Ecological Zones in Tanzania Mainland
Feature
Zone
I
II
III
IV
General
Characteristics
Feature
Semi and Central
Area of Tanzania
Mostly Coastal
Areas
Mostly Western part
of Tanzania
Mostly Highland
area
Rainfall Specific
Less than 500
mm
500 – 1000
mm
1000 – 1500
mm
Above 1500
mm
Dominant Food
Crop
28
Characteristics
Main Activity
Sorghum, maize Livestock
Paddy, composite
maize, cassava
and groundnuts
Cassava,
composite maize,
pea & sweet
potatoes
Plantains, hybrid
maize, beans &
Irish potatoes
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, 2005
rearing
Agriculture,
fishing,
intensive use of
poultry
Intensive
agriculture,
keeping cattle,
goats, sheep and
poultry
Agriculture,
dairy, keeping
swine, goats,
sheep & cattle
Features/Representative
Areas
Lowland area in Dodoma,
Singida, Arusha & Iringa
Regions
Mtwara, Lindi, Coast, Dar
es salaam, Morogoro, Tanga
& Ruvuma Region
Mwanza, Mara, Shinyanga,
Tabora, Kigoma & Rukwa
Regions
Mostly all the highlands
around Kilimanjaro, Arusha,
Tanga & Mbeya Regions
Agriculture sector contributes about 46 percent of the Gross Domestic Product of Tanzania. Before
getting deep into crop production patterns at district levels in Tanga Region, it is important to review
few facts concerning smallholder productions nation wise in Tanga Region. Of the total 4, 901,837
rural agriculture households in Tanzania, the number of crop growing households in the country was
4,858,810 representing 99 percent of the agriculture households. The number of households growing
crops has increased by 32 percent over the period of the past decade, being an increase of 3.5 percent
per annum.
Specifically, in Tanga Region the few facts with regards to smallholder crop production are displayed
in Table 2.8, as obtained during the 2002/2003 National Sample Census of Agriculture.
Table 2.8: Facts concerning crop production in Tanga Region
Item Details
Total households for the Region 823,525
Number of Agriculture households 265,198
Number of crop growing household 263,528
Average total usable land available to household 1.8 ha
Average usable land utilized by household 1.7ha
Utilized land area / percent of available land 406,869 ha / 86 %
Total planted area in the Region 400,310ha

Land area / percent of annual crops 245,931ha / 47 %
Land area / percent of permanent crop 155,1126ha / 30 %
Land area of planted trees 3,959 ha
Planted area / percent planted area cultivated by oxen 17,519 ha / 4.4 %
Planted area / percent planted area cultivated by hand hoe 379,283 ha / 94.8 %
Planted area / percent planted area without fertilizer 339,202 ha / 84.7 %
Planted area / percent planted area with Farm Yard Manure 44,853 ha / 11.2 %
Planted area / percent planted area with inorganic fertilizer 4,068 ha / 1 %
Planted area / percent planted area with insecticide application 11,913 ha / 3 %
Planted area / percent planted area with fungicide application 5,514 ha / 1.4 %
Planted area / percent planted area with herbicides application 3,342 ha / 0.8 %
Number of households / percent storing crops for 3 – 6 months 117,504 / 51.64 %
Percent of households using unprotected means of storage 21.77 %
Quantity of annual crops stored in tones 31,366 tones
Number of households / percent selling crops 197,168 / 1.8 %
Number of households / percent selling processed crops 197,168 / 1.8 %
Number of households / percent receiving crop extension service from
government
121,487 / 45.81 %
Number of households / percent receiving crop extension service outside
government
Source: National Sample Census of Agriculture 2002/2003
978 / 0.8 %
2.5.1.1 Food crop production
Maize, paddy, sorghum cassava, sweet potatoes and legumes/pulses are among the major food crops
grown in the Region. Table 2.9, shows area used for land production, and productivity in the Region
during the 2002/2003 census, while Table 2.10 shows land area (ha) cultivated in respective districts
starting from the year 1989/99 to 2005/2006.
Table 2.9: Land area used for food crop production and productivity, Tanga Region, 2002/2003
Crop Total planted
area (ha)
Total cereal 295,529
Percent of
total area
29
Area / growing
households
Productivity
(tones/hectares)
Maize 287,476 11 0.93 0.6
Paddy 7,665 0.3 0.38 0.9
Sorghum 116 0 0.38 3.0
Cassava 30,733 1.1 0.7 -
Beans 63,028 2.4 0.44 0.38
Groundnuts 1,645 0.1 0.3 0.7
Tomato 2,568 0.1 0.2 4.2
Cabbage 845.9 0.03 0.2 2.4
Onion 118.5 0 0.3 3.1
Banana 8,125.2 0.3 0.5 6.3
Source: National Sample Census of Agriculture 2002/2003

Table 2.10. Estimated Area (Ha) under selected Major Food Crops in the Region by District
District/Crop
1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06
Maize
Pangani 2,805 3,002 3,287 2,554 3,535 2,550 2,930 3,200
Muheza* 30,335 22,004 33,828 20,960 32,147 33,416 31,987 27,520
Korogwe (District
Council)
44,184 45,183 47,875 46,310 47,883 55,062 69,203.1 67,951
Tanga City 9,725 13,500 14,000 10,000 2,050 9,450 1,414 14,955
Handeni 28,351 20,726 75,061 111,784 44,144 71,923 10,680 57,627
Kilindi 0 0 0 0 0 0 48,901 48,986
Korogwe (Town Council) 5,318 5,318
Lushoto 19,080 24,116 14,793 9,350 15,955 10,776 14,030 14,346
Total 134,480 128,531 188,844 200,958 145,714 183,177 184,463.1 279,966
Paddy
Pangani 675 705 796 496 1125 700 534 532
Muheza* 4,400 3,935 4,514 4,488 4,648 4,960 4,960 3,813
Korogwe (District
Council)
5,435 5,918.4 5,939.4 6,049 6,151 8,978.6 7,645 7,573
Tanga City 62 80 150 100 100 50 160 200
Handeni 668 682 0 8 98 7 0 0
Kilindi 0 0 0 0 0 0 48,901 48,986
Korogwe (Town Council) 1,330 1,100
Lushoto 1,260 2,816 2,844 519 232 1,668 358 371
Total 12,500 14,136.4 14,243.4 11,660 12,354 16,363.6 63,888 24,634
Sorghum
Pangani 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Muheza* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Korogwe (District
Council)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tanga City 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Handeni 5,683 4,494 0 6 0 137 0 0
Kilindi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Korogwe (Town Council) 0 0
Lushoto 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 5,683 4,494 0 6 0 137 0 0
Cassava
Pangani 3,285 2,800 3,735 2,614 1,550 2,400 2,560 2,850
Muheza* 10,338 108,550 28,870 20,552 33,839 26,318 16,503 21,992
Korogwe (District
Council)
4141 7,049 84,184 8,498.3 6,447 11,440.1 11,232 11,189
Tanga City 11,200 16,950 10,000 10,750 4,750 12,250 10,445 23,045
Handeni 13,237 14,749 16,024 16,463 12,738 25,768 5,197 12,048
Kilindi 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,929 8,597
Korogwe (Town Council) 3,042 3,042
Lushoto 4,527 7,024 4,983 3,137 3,796 3,496 4,361 3,396
Total 46,728 157,122 147,796 62,014.3 63,120 81,672.1 64,269 81,635
30

Sweet Potatoes
Pangani 160 120 172 86 34 35 27 25
Muheza* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Korogwe (District
Council)
549 1,012 112 1,124 853 125.6 1,040.1 1,410
Tanga City 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Handeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kilindi 0 0 0 0 0 0 11,144 8,857
Korogwe (Town Council) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lushoto 458 2,078 1,095 2,718 2,017 1,346 5,583 1,268
Total 1,167 3,210 1,379 3,928 2,904 1,506.6 17,794.1 2,213
Legumes/ pulses
Pangani 120 150 75 40 270 54 27 100
Muheza* 8,280 6,875 11,260 7,353 9,712 8,163 7,225 10,741
Korogwe (District
Council)
14,891 9,468 1,3481 3,986 10,292 4,967 16,534 19,370
Tanga City 100 200 100 580 1,220 550 716 716
Handeni 11,929 21,377 27,470 28,494 12,046 2,996 8,675 4,051
Kilindi 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,1413* 47966*
Korogwe (Town Council) 1,603 1,603
Lushoto 17,591 30,744 27,504 14,506 22,280 17,727 21,696 18,064
Total 52,911 68,814 79,890 54,959 55,820 34,457 56,476 102,611
*Includes Mkinga district
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
As Table 2.11 shows, maize was cultivated for a total of 48.77 percent of all the area cultivated among
the eight crops grown. Following maize (in a consecutive order), is cassava (24.56 percent,
pulses/legumes (17.57 percent), paddy (7.21 percent), sweet potatoes (1.52 percent) and lastly
sorghum (0.36 percent). In a way, the analysis can predict the importance of the food crop cultivated,
suggesting maize as the most important food crop and sorghum as the least important food crop the
Region. Comparing the eight crop growing seasons, the year 2005/2006 came out as the year
witnessing most of the land cultivated (17.23 percent), while the year 1989/99 being the year with
least land cultivated (8.86 percent).
Table 2.11 Proportion of land used in cultivating food crop, Tanga Region, 1998/99 – 2005/06
Crop
1998/99
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
31
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
Maize 134,480 128,531 188,844 200,958 145,714 183,177 179,145 2345,85 13,954,34.1 48.77
Paddy 12,500 14,136.4 14,243.4 11,660 12,354 16,363.6 62,558 62,575 206,390.4 7.21
Sorghum 5,683 4,494 0 6 0 137 0 0 10320 0.36
Cassava 46,728 157,122 147,796 620,14.3 63,120 81,672.1 61,227 83,117 702,796.4 24.56
Sweet Potatoes 1,167 3,210 1,379 3,928 2,904 1,506.6 17,794.1 11,560 43,448.7 1.52
Pulses/Legumes 52,911 68,814 79,890 54,959 55,820 34,457 54,873 101,008 502,732 17.57
Total 253,469 376,307 432,152 333,525 279,912 317,313.3 375,597 492,845 2,861,121.6 100.0
% of the year 8.85908 13.1524 15.1043 11.6572 9.7833 11.09052 13.1276 17.2256
Total
% crop

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Havests in kgs
Fig.8: Proportion of land land cultivated for
food crops in the Region in the haversting
year 2005/06
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
-
Maize
Paddy
Sorghum
Cassava
Sweet Potatoes
Food Crops
Pulses/Legumes
32
land cultivated
Table 2.12 shows the estimated production of major food crops (tones) in the respective districts of
Tanga Region. While banana has been observed to be mostly grown in Muheza district, Sorghum has
been found to be grown in Handeni district.
Table 2.12: Estimated Production of Major Food Crops (Tons) in the Region by District 1998/99 – 2005/06
District/Crop
1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06
Maize
Pangani 2,808 3,602 4,818 3,576 1,755 2,550 - -
Muheza* 32,198 20,048 27,705 17,294 21,220 7,519 47,789 41,280
Korogwe *** 60,062 62,017 67,069 547,393 64,553 50,659.1 154,416 14,8870
Tanga 5,385 20,600 14,000 7,672 3,150 5,800 7,674 380
Handeni 43,526 31,089 112,594 166,,242 39730 35962 16,020 86,439
Kilindi - - - - - - 48,901 58,783
Lushoto 14,452 482 6,853 4,110 7,051 10,983 3,774 1,979
Total 158,431 137,838 233,039 253,633 37,459 113,473 265,642 321,644
Paddy
Pangani 675 705 796 374 362 175 - -
Muheza* 5,200 4,722 5,308 5,385 5,572 5,952 7,440 5719
Korogwe *** 13,588 14,257 16,167 9,914 15,727 1,2630.1 20,590.14 18,982
Tanga 50 80 110 80 50 50 75 84
Handeni 1364 1364 - 14 176 12 19 16
Kilindi - - - - - - 48,901 58,783

Lushoto 2,801 1,972 7,051 1,536 450 3,336 718 345
Total 23,678 23,100 29,432 17,303 22,337 221,551 77,743 83,929
Sorghum
Handeni 4546 3146 - 4 - 96 - -
Total 4546 3146 - 4 - 96 - -
Cassava
Pangani 9,855 8,400 4,766 8,628 600 7,200 - -
Muheza* 18,631 25,377 26,013 19,867 26,375 13,189 13,590 109,900
Korogwe *** 20,705 18,243 42,032 42,492 32,334 57,200 23,817 44,856
Tanga City 33,600 48,750 30,000 71,000 16,200 12,250 45,000 36,960
Handeni 39,711 44,247 48,078 49,389 26,749 9,018 15,591 36,144
Kilindi - - - - - - 10,929 8,597
Lushoto 8246 5600 9,178 10,833 9172 11,313 8,016 7,486
Total 130,748 150,017 160,067 202,209 111,430 110,170 116,943 243,943
Sweet Potatoes
Pangani 125 75 95 32 51 105 - -
Muheza* - - - - - - - -
Korogwe *** 2,740 5,060 5,560 5,620 4,265 2,51.2 5,201 7,050
Kilindi - - - - - - 11,144 8,857
Lushoto 1,031 2,910 4,407 2,616 5,620 878 2,927 1,885
Total 3,896 8,045 10,062 8,268 9,936 12,34.2 19,272 17,792
Legumes
Pangani 75 50 45 14 126 58 - -
Muheza* 300 153 385 631 556 661 453 380
Korogwe *** 8,858 4,537.3 12,067 1,801 6,325 2,960.1 16,416 17,808
Tanga 50 160 130 290 920 100 680 450
Handeni 113 17,606 25,646 22,983 2,805 899 6,073 28,357
Lushoto 95,029 15,372 44,019 24,447 12,399 39,324 32,149 87,880
Total 104,425 37,878.3 82,292 50,166 23,131 44,002.1 52,472 49,569
Banana
Muheza* 67,000 67,200 67,200 67,200 52,142 38,332 38,332 42,420
Total 67,000 67,200 67,200 67,200 52,142 38,332 38,332 42,420
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Table 2.13 shows the analysis of crop harvested during the period between the crop growing seasons
1989/99 – 2005/06. The crop growing seasons 2000/01 and 2002/03 witnessed the peak and lowest
production having 26.94 percent and 5.23 percent of all crops harvested during the whole period
respectively.
Table 2.13: Proportion of food crop harvested in tones, Tanga Region, 1998/99 – 2005/06
1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06
Crop
Maize 158,431 137,838 233,039 253,633 37,459 113,473 252,710 305,757
Paddy 23,678 23,100 29,432 17,303 22,337 221,551 76,413 82,434
Sorghum 4,546 3,146 0 4 0 96 0 0
Cassava 130,748 150,017 160,067 202,209 111,430 110,170 111,323 234,907
Sweet
potatoes
3,896 8,045 10,062 8,268 9,936 12,34.2 19,272 17,792
Legumes 104,425 37,878.3 822,292 50,166 23,131 44,002.1 51,413 47,966
Banana 67,000 67,200 67,200 67,200 52,142 38,332 38,332 42,420
Total
33
Total % crop
1,492,340 30.41
496,248 10.11
7,792 0.16
1,210,871 24.68
78,505.2 1.60
1,181,273.4 24.07
492,724 427,224.3 1,322,092 598,783 256,435 528,858.3 549,463 731,276 4,906,855.6
% of the
year 10.04 8.71 26.94 12.20 5.23 10.78 11.20 14.90
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
439,826 8.96

In all eight years assessed, maize made 30.41 percent of all crop harvest, contributing to most of the
food harvested in the Region. Maize was followed by cassava (24.68 percent), legumes (24.07
percent), paddy (10.11 percent), banana (8.96 percent), sweet potatoes (1.60 percent) and sorghum
(0.16 percent).
Table 2.14: Food and cash crops production in the year 2005/06, Tanga region
District
Target Performance
Food crops Cash crops Food crops Cash crops
Ha Estimated Ha Estimated Ha Actual Ha Actual
(in tons)
(in tons)
harvest
harvest
(In tons)
(In tons)
Tanga 31,445 86,013 6,758 16,555 15,741 50,662 7,758 12,691
Pangani 29,001 95,322 17,575 19,046 6,826 13,207 86 88
Muheza 38,839 100,982 31,300 16,269 33,182 126,900 31,300 16,269
Korogwe 118,635 263,711 4,020 3,443 90,739 200,690 4,022 2,565
Mkinga 30,345 109,346 21,067 14,238 23,015 73,400 21,067 14,238
Handeni 62,845 121,180 3,099 2,919 76,859 104,391 9,111 334
Kilindi 111,361 199,729 43,716 61,437 81,373 98,214 2,783 1,433
Lushoto 48,062 156,298 19,526 6,625 44,473 225,060 11,526 9,619
Grand
Total
470,533 1,133,581 147,061 140,532 372,208 892,524 87,653 57,237
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
From the table above, it is seen that neither food crop nor cash crop production targets were met (in
the region level).Food crop production estimated was achieved by 78.7 percent while cash crop
production was met by only 40.7 percent compared to the set targets.
34

Production in tonnes
Fig.9: Targeted Food and Cash crops
production (in tonnes) by Disrtict in 2005/06
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Tanga
Pangani
Muheza
Korogwe
Mkinga
Districts
Handeni
Kilindi
Lushoto
35
Food Crops
Cash Crops

Production (in tonnes)
Fig.10:Actual Food and Cash crops production
in tonnes by district in 2005/06
240,000
220,000
200,000
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
Tanga
Pangani
Muheza
Korogwe
Mkinga
Handeni
District
36
Kilindi
Lushoto
Food crops
Cash crops
2.5.1.2 Food Adequacy
The majority of population in Tanga Region depends largely on grains for their staple food. Harvested
food crops are also sold as cash crops in different proportions. Harvested food crops are estimated to
be available as food in the following proportions:
Maize (60 percent), Paddy (30 percent), Cassava (50 percent),
Sorghum (80 percent), Banana (10 percent), Sweet potatoes (60 percent),
Beans (40 percent).
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Calculations for food adequacy are averaged at 0.12 tons of carbohydrates per unit of population per
year. For pulses / beans, they are based at an average of 0.06 tons per person per year, irrespective of
age. As shown in Table 2:14, Tanga Region, is on average, self sufficient in starch foods. While the
season 2005/2006 experienced the most surplus in starch food, the season 2003/2004 experienced the
highest deficit of the same.

Pulses/ beans which are normally used as relish are the major sources of proteins. However, this type
of food is usually complemented by fish obtained from the Indian Ocean, and the use of other
vegetables. Cattle, small ruminants and chicken from the same Region are also used to fulfill the same.
As displayed in Table 2.15, considering only protein sourced from crops, there has been a protein
deficit averaging at 84,881 tons.
Table 2: 15: Food crops Production (Tons) and Food Requirements (Tons) Tanga Region
2000/01 – 2005/2006
Food Category
Crop Growing Season
2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06
1. Food Crop
Production
- Maize 233,039 253,633 137,459 113,473 252,710 305,957
- Paddy 29,432 17,003 22,337 22,155.1 76,413 82,434
- Cassava 160,067 202,209 111,430 110,170 111,323 234,907
- Bananas 67,200 67,200 52,142 38,332 38,332 42,420
- Sweet potatoes 10,062 8,268 9,936 12,34.2 19,272 17,792
Total Production 499,800 548,613 33,304 285,460.3 498,050 683,510
Crop Available for
starch food
241,443.7 2,70156 156,067 134,389.05 245607.8 340,675.1
Estimated Population 1,618,687 163,6280 1,665,733 1,695,716 1,726,239 1,757,311
2. Starch Food
194,242.4 19,6353.6 19,9887.9 203,485.5 207,148.7 210,877.3
Requirement
6
3. Starch Food Surplus
(+) Deficit (-)
+40,481 +73,802.4 -43820.7 -69096.5 +38459.1 +129797.8
Beans Production 82,292 50,166 23,131 44,002.1 51,413 47,966
Beans Available for
Food
32,9168 20,066.4 9,252.4 17,600.8 205,652 19,186.4
Protein Requirement 97,121.2 98,176.8 99,943.9 101,742.9 103,574.3 105,438.7
Protein Food Surplus
(+)/Deficit (-)
+232,046.8 -78,110.4 -90,691.5 -84,142.1 -83,009.1 -86,252.3
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
2.5.1.3 Cash crop production
The following cash crops are grown in Tanga Region: Sisal, tea, cashew nuts, coffee, coconuts,
oranges, mangoes, temperate fruits (plums, apples, avocado, passion fruits and peaches), cardamoms,
cotton, betel nuts, spices, cocoa and tobacco. Table 2.16 shows the summary for cash crop production
(in tons) for the period starting from 2001/02 – 2004/05.
Table 2.16 Cash crop production (in tons) 2001/02 – 2003/04
Crop 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05
Sisal 18,282 16,344 15,498 12,775
Tea 8,523 9,675 8,357 5,248
Cashew nut 8,203 9,309 5,527 3,717
Coffee 302 268 266 3,717
Coconut 55,802 64,447 10,940 57,930
Oranges 65,580 65,780 65,650 65,680
37

Spices 964 979 695 662
Betel nuts 200 208 45 -
Cotton 624 109 656 477
Irish potatoes 22,159 23,062 16,813 20,751
Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office – 2005
The land area used for cash crop production and productivity for smallholder in Tanga Region, for the
year 2002/2003 is shown in Table 2:17
Table 2:17 Land area used for cash crop production and productivity for smallholder, Tanga Region, 2002/2003
Crop Total planted Percent of Area /growing Productivity
area (ha) total area households
(tones/hectares)
Cotton 264 0.01 1 1
Tobacco 180 0.01 0.3 0.4
Cashew
nuts
7,904.67 1.9 1.5 -
Coffee 3,199.51 1.8 0.524 0.223
Mango 4,268.14 4.3 0.7 13
Coconuts 14,765.12 21.6 1.3 3.5
Oranges 9342.34 - 1.3 11
Sugar cane 2,356.04 10.9 0.4 9.4
Source: National Sample Census of Agriculture 2002/2003
Table 2.18 shows the analysis of land used to cultivate cash crop for the period ranging from
1999/2000 to 2005/06. As it is seen in Table 2.17, 2005/06 has been the season with the peak use of
land in cash crop production while 2000/01 had been the year with the minimum land cultivated for
cash crop production. In overall, coconut had been the cash crop with the largest share in land
cultivated for cash crop production occupying 56.22 percent. Fruits provide the second important cash
crop in the Region occupying 34.61 percent of all land cultivated for cash crops. Sesame (0.05
percent) had been the cash crop occupying the least area among land cultivated cash crop during the
period 1999/2000 to 2005/2006.
Table 2.18 Proportion of land used in cultivating cash crop, Tanga Region, 1998/99 – 2005/06
Crop 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06
38
Total
% total
crop
Cotton 2,879.6 58.4 660.8 387 877 785 308 5,955.8 0.83
Cashew nuts 7,669 8,279 8,601.1 8,154.3 8,805.3 8,858.3 9,055 59,422 8.29
Sesame 45 56 75 65 60 35 30 366 0.05
Coconut 56,839 57,620 57,586 57,972 5,8072 58,202 56,645 402,937 56.22
Fruits 13,336 12,754 16,143 17,025 1,6667 29,489 142,601 248,015 34.61
Total 80,769 78,768 83,065.9 83,603 84,481 97,369 208,639 716,696
% of the year 11.27 10.99 11.59 11.67 11.79 13.59 29.11
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Eight cash crops are grown by large scale producers. These crops are coffee, capamia, cotton, grapes,
moringa, rubber, sisal and tea. Summing up the registered land sizes used in large scale production for
the year 2006 shows that the area used for such purpose is not less that 24,187 hectares (see Table 2:
18).
Table 2.18 Large Scale Cash Crop Production and Producers per District 2006
Tea
Crop District Name of Farm Owner Area (Ha)
Muheza
- Bulwa Tea
Est.
304
- Mgambo Est. 394
- Derema 328
- Maramba EUTCO 269
- Monga 285
- Ndola 155
- Ngua 195
- Kwamtoro 270
- Marvera Bombay Burma Tr.C 0
Lushoto - Herkulu Tea
Est.
Bombay Burmah 230
Lushoto - Balangai Tea
Est.
Bombay Burmah 212
Korogwe *** - Ambangulu Mohamed
Enterprises
681
sub total 3,323
Rubber Muheza - Kihuhwi
Rub. Est
- 318
Pangani - Sakura Amboni Plantation 5,636.75
Lushoto - Mnazi Sisal Marsh Enterprise 910
Sisal
Est.
Pangani - Mwera Amboni Plantation 8,650
Korogwe *** Dindira Mohamed
Enterprises
443
Korogwe*** Hale Mruazi Est. Katani Ltd. 828
Korogwe *** - Gomba Agr.
Ind.
D. D. Ruhinda 1,902.5
Sisal
Korogwe *** - Mwelya Sisal
Est.
1,364
Korogwe *** - Mkumbara
Est.
422
subtotal 20,156.25
Moringa Handeni - Kwatuku Private 200
Coffee Lushoto - VCU
Kwehangala
Bombay Burmah 150
Cotton Lushoto - Twahiru Issa Twahiru Issa NA
Grape & Coffee Lushoto - Sakaran Benedictor Father 40
Capamia
Farm
TOTAL A > 24187.25
ha
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
So far, it is only Handeni and Muheza districts which are involved in growing Moringa and rubber
respectively. While majority of tea is cultivated in Muheza, majority of sisal is cultivated in Pangani,
39

followed by rural Korogwe. Coffee, cotton and grapes are only grown in Lushoto. This is to say that only
five out of seven districts of Tanga are involved in large scale cash crops production. Table 2.18 shows
that sisal is the most cultivated cash crop (20,156.25 ha), followed by tea (3323 ha). Of all cash crops
cultivated using large scale, grapes are the least cultivated (40 ha).
Table 2.19 shows that there has been a variation of price from place to place. Fruits have shown to be
good business in Lushoto district valuing at shillings 63 billion by the year 2005/06.
Table 2.19: Amount and Value of Cash Crops Purchases in the Region by District 2005/06
District/Crop Amount Purchased Price per Kgs Value in Tshs
(Kgs)
(Tshs)
Cotton
Handeni 20,000 260 4,160,000.00
Lushoto 37,063 300 11,118,900.00
Cashew nuts
Muheza* 1,742,000 150 2,613,000,001.00
Tanga 350,000 250 2,450,000.00
Handeni 34,000 480 16,320,000.00
Coconuts
Pangani 3,400,000 120 408,000,000.00
Muheza* 18,757,000 100 1,875,700,000.00
Tanga 1,135,800 50 56,790,000.00
Lushoto 64,000 800 51,200,000.00
Fruits
Pangani
Muheza* 4,6060,000 60 2,763,600,000.00
Tanga 683,000 100 6,830,000.00
Lushoto 126,036,000 500 63,018,000,000.00
*Includes Mkinga district
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
The biggest variation of price among the districts was observed in coconuts in which a kilogram is
sold at Tshs 800 in Lushoto, while the same in Tanga is sold at Tshs 50. The high price difference was
also seen in the prices of fruits, where they were sold at 500 Tshs/kg and 60 Tshs/kg in Lushoto and
Muheza respectively. Cotton was the cash crop with least price variation. Prices for cotton have been
300 Tshs/kg and 260 Tshs/kg in Lushoto and Handeni respectively. In almost all crops, Lushoto and
Tanga city have been the districts with relatively high and low prices respectively.
2.5.1.4 Irrigation
National wise, despite abundance of water from lakes and rivers, the area under irrigation is still low.
Irrigation, both traditional and modern, has been tried in all Tanzania Regions. There are Regions
where tradition irrigation is the most practiced and there are those Regions where modern irrigation
has been tried and showed encouraging results. Table 2.20 displays Regional area under irrigation
through traditional and modern methods in Tanzania mainland.
40

Table 2.20: Area under irrigation by Region in 1991/92 and 2002/03 Tanzania Mainland
Region Tradition
irrigation
(hectares)
Modern irrigation
(hectares)
Total area under
irrigation
41
Changes
total area
under
irrigation
% change for
total area
under
irrigation
1991/92 2002/03 1991/92 2002/03 1991/92 2002/03
Dodoma 484 3150 1079 300 1,563 3,450 1,887 120.73
Arusha 4520 89,833 0 3361 4520 93194 88,674 1961.81
Kilimanjaro 4260 92949 3160 16250 7420 109199 101,779 1371.68
Tanga 6535 17549 430 360 6965 17909 10,944 157.13
Morogoro 1110 122684 4783 48698 5893 171382 165,489 2808.23
Coast 687 11500 24 33660 711 45160 44,449 6251.62
D’salaam 71 142 49 5185 120 5327 5,207 4339.17
Lindi 425 6258 0 1900 425 8158 7,733 1819.53
Mtwara 2877 7100 40 - 2917 7100 4,183 143.40
Ruvuma - 7850 0 - 0 7850 7,850 0.00
Iringa 688 15981 80 1534 768 17515 16,747 2180.60
Mbeya 2130 51343 4322 7094 6452 58437 51,985 805.72
Singida - 11840 20 - 20 11840 11,820 59100.00
Tabora 1312 9980 472 1500 1784 11480 9,696 543.50
Rukwa 253 43272 96 2400 349 45672 45,323 12986.53
Kigoma 618 20930 40 - 658 20930 20,272 3080.85
Shinyanga 8036 700 107 400 8143 1100 -7,043 -86.49
Kagera 0 17166 122 - 122 17166 17,044 13970.49
Mwanza 70 358 163 4975 233 5333 5,100 2188.84
Mara 1620 - 203 11965 1823 11965 10,142 556.34
TOTAL 35699 530585 15190 139582 50886 670167 619,281 1217.00
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Irrigation Department 2004
As it is seen in Table 2.20, there was an increase in traditional irrigation in Tanga Region as well as
decrease in modern irrigation during the period between 1991/92 and 2002/2003. Overall, the land
irrigated has increased by 157.13 percent during the same period. Table 2.21 shows the irrigation
prospects in Tanga Region.

Table 2.21: Potential Irrigation Areas in Tanga Region, 2006
District
Potential Area
(ha)
Area under
iIrrigation (ha)
42
Area under devel
(ha.)
Total devel % Potential
Lushoto 11,000 6,000 420 6,420 55
Korogwe 19,286 5,000 700 5,700 24.8
Pangani 3,000 - - 3,000 %
Kilindi 1,300 429 200 629 27.5
Handeni 2.111 315 250 565 15
Mumheza 970 20 150 170 2
Mkinga 230 - - - 0
Tanga 2,000 180 60 240 7.5
Total 39,897 11,944 1,780 13,724 35
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Comparing data collected in 2006, to those collected in 2002/2003, there has been an increase of 1661
hectares under irrigation for Tanga Region (Table 2.22). However, as shown in Table 2.21, Tanga has
more opportunities for irrigation yet to be utilized. According to 2006 estimations, Tanga Region has
utilized only 20,010 out of 67,030 hectares, which is only 29.9 percent of its land capable of being
irrigated.
Table 2.22 Irrigation schemes already developed and in use at least partly in Tanga Region by 2006.
District Scheme Area (Ha.)
Muheza *
Korogwe ***
Misozwe 320
Maduma 100
Mkulumuzi 20
Mashewa 50
Mwakijembe 100
Mbuta 40
Churwa 20
Masindeni 20
Sub Total 670
Mombo Irrigation Scheme 220
Kwamazandu irrigation Scheme 100
Mahenge Irrigation Scheme 300
Kwamngumi Irrigation Scheme 170
Magoma Irrigation Scheme 200
Chekele irrigation Scheme 300
Chepete Irrigation Scheme 100
Mangamikocheni Irrigation Scheme 150
Mandera Irrigation Scheme 40

Mazinde irrigation Scheme 120
Mahenge irrigation Scheme 170
Subu Total 17,440
Kilindi Kilindi 1300
Lushoto Kitivo Irrigation Scheme 600
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Grand Total 20010
Korogwe district, being the district with largest irrigated area in the Region, covers about 17,000
hectares of irrigated land. Although Kilindi district has one irrigation scheme, it has more coverage
(1300 hectares) than the remaining districts in the Region. Muheza district has eight irrigation schemes
with a total of 670 hectares which are developed and used. The crops which are mainly serviced by
these irrigation schemes are paddy, maize, vegetables and beans.
2.5.2 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
During the 2002/2003 agriculture year there were 1,745,776 livestock keeping households in Tanzania
representing 37 percent of the total 4,901,837 smallholder households. As of October 2003, there were
33,728,717 heads of the major livestock types in the country. Cattle are the predominant animal
species kept by smallholder with a population of 16,999,793 followed by goats (11,808,181), sheep
(3,945,566) and pigs (974,507). The number of chicken was 34,371,037 being kept by 62 percent of
all smallholder farmers in the country. During the period 1995 to 2003, per annum growth rate of
cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and chicken was 0.92, 1.2, 3.1, 11 and 4.3 percent respectively.
Specifically, in Tanga Region the few facts with regards to livestock production are displayed in Table
2.23, as obtained during the 2002/2003 National Sample Census of Agriculture.
Table 2.23: Facts concerning livestock production in Tanga Region as of 1 st October 2003
Item Details
Cattle population 378,338
Cattle density per km 2 15
Improved dairy cattle population 27,683
Improved beef population 298
Goat population 514,620
Goat density 19
Dairy goat population 11,057
Goat for meat population 1720
Sheep population 164,355
Sheep density 6.1
43

Pig population 6,281
Pig density 0.2
Chicken population 1,788,767
Chicken density 67
Indigenous chicken population 1,751,278
Layers chicken population 29,630
Milk production per day during wet season 224,336 litres
Egg production per day 10,859,545
Number of households receiving livestock extension services 53,666
Number of household involved in fishing 1,074
Number of cattle, sheep & goats infected by helminthiosis 303,712
Number of cattle, sheep and goats infected by pleuro pneumonia 89,506
Number of cattle, sheep and goats infected by foot and mouth disease 303,712
Number of cattle, sheep and goats infected with foot rot disease 30,221
Number of cattle infected by trypanasomiasis 2,962
Number of cattle infected with tick borne disease 32,866
Percentage of households 15 km or more from vet clinic 70 %
Percentage of households 15 km or more from water point 3 %
Percentage of households 15 km or more from nearest primary market 37 %
Percentage of households 15 km or more from nearest secondary market 41%
Percentage of households 15 km or more from hide and skin shed 22 %
Source: National Sample Census of Agriculture 2002/2003
Data collected in 2006 across Tanga Region shows that chicken occupy the largest share (58.33
percent) of all livestock kept, followed by cattle (18.65 percent), goats (16.18 percent), sheep (5.98
percent), pigs (0.53 percent) and donkeys (0.32 percent) (see Table 2.24). Comparing to 2006 data and
those of 2002/2003, there has been an increase of cattle, sheep, pigs kept in the Region while there has
been a decrease of goats, and chicken.
Table 2.24: Estimated Livestock Kept in the Region by District, 2006
District Name Cattle Goats Sheep Donkeys Pigs Poultry total %
district
Pangani 14,385 13,081 2,981 156 42 130,573 161,218 6.82
Muheza* 32,202 43,449 11,111 530 873 252,628 340,793 14.45
Korogwe *** 61,333 59,573 16,340 2,689 2,727 143,721 286,383 12.1
Tanga 16,000 10,500 6,100 99 3,500 75,000 111,199 4.70
Handeni 91,145 123,956 34,409 1,884 873 429,926 682,193 28.85
Kilindi 122,476 62,081 20,532 1,969 0 138,424 345,482 14.61
Lushoto 103,500 70,105 50,000 294 4,500 209,300 437,699 18.51
Total 441,041 382,745 141,473 7,621 12,515 1,379,572 2,364,967
%livestock type 18.65 16.18 5.98 0.32 0.53 58.33
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
44

number of livestock kept
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
Fig.11:Estimated Livestock by District in 2006
0
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe ***
Tanga
Handeni
District
Kilindi
45
Lushoto
No of cattle
No.of goats
Handeni district has been found to contain the largest share of livestock (28.85 percent), followed by
Lushoto (18.51 percent), Kilindi (14.61 percent), Muheza (14.45 percent), Korogwe (12.1 percent),
Pangani (6.82 percent), Tanga city (4.70 percent) and lastly Korogwe Urban (1.37 percent).
Proportional wise, indigenous cattle have been mostly kept followed by dairy cattle and lastly
improved beef cattle. Improved beef cattle have only been kept in Handeni district. Table 2.25 shows
the estimated number of cattle by type and districts in 2006.
Table 2.25: Estimated Number of Cattle by type and by District, Tanga Region 2006
District Indigenous
Improved/Exotic
Dairy Beef
Total cattle
Pangani 10,677 3,708 - 14,385
Muheza* 26,788 5,414 0 32,202
Korogwe *** 57,742 3,491 - 61,333
Tanga 9,400 5,600 - 16,000
Handeni 84,020 667 6,465 91,145
Kilindi 122,298 178 - 122,476
Lushoto 90,000 13,500 - 103,500
TOTAL 400,925 32,558 6,465 441,041
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

2.5.2.1 Dairy production
Smallholders have still been the leading keepers of dairy cattle in Tanga. During the 2007 survey,
organizations involved in dairy production were 100, 10, 3 and 1 for Korogwe, Lushoto, Muheza and
Handeni respectively. Table 2.26 displays the dairy cattle raised and their ownership across the
districts of Tanga Region.
Table 2.26: Distribution of Dairy Cattle in the Region by district, 2006
District Number of Dairy No. Of Individual Owner No. of organizations
Name
Cattle
Pangani 3,708 3,708 -
Muheza 5,414 1,248 3
Korogwe *** 3,491 2,600 100
Tanga City 5,600 1,450 Small holders
Handeni 660 132 1
Kilindi 178 98 -
Lushoto 13,500 4,441 10
TOTAL 32,551 13,677 114
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
46

Number of d/cattle
fig.12:Distribution of Dairy cattle in the region in
2006
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Pangani
Muheza
Korogwe ***
Tanga City
Handeni
District
Kilindi
Lushoto
47
Dairy cattle
Ignoring the number of organizations involved, there is an average of 2.4 dairy cattle per each dairy
cattle keeper. While Lushoto has been the district with most dairy cattle, Kilindi has been the last in
the same aspect.
Although dairy cattle has been least kept compared to other type of cattle in Tanga, there has been an
increase dairy cattle keeping in the Region (Table 2.27). During the period 2000 to 2006 Lushoto
district registered the highest increase in dairy cattle population (1025 percent). The least increase of
cattle population during the same period was registered in Korogwe (11.48 percent). In overall, Tanga
Region has registered dairy cattle increase of about 159.92 percent during the same period (Table
2.27).

Table 2.27. Estimated Dairy Livestock Population Trend by District, Tanga Region 2000, 2002 and 2006
District
Dairy Cattle Number
2000 2002 2006 % change 2000 -2006
Pangani 2,581 2,788 3,708 43.67
Muheza* 2,771 3,450 5,414 95.38
Korogwe *** 2,422 2,610 3,491 11.48
Tanga 3,500 4,300 5,600 60.00
Handeni - - 667
Kilindi 52 78 178 242.31
Lushoto 1,200 12,500 13,500 1025.00
TOTAL 12,526 25,726 32,558 159.92
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
2.5.2.2 Grazing Land
One of the factors limiting livestock keeping in the Region that has an abundant grazing land is tsetse
fly infestation (Table 2.28). However, the ratio of land area suitable for grazing to the area infested by
tsetse fly shows that there is more land suitable for grazing than land infested by tsetse fly.
Table 2.28: Estimated Area under Grazing in the Region by District, 2006
District Land
Suitable for
Grazing
(Ha)
Land Used
for Grazing
(Ha)
Tsetse fly
infected
Area (Ha)
48
unutilised
suitable
land (ha)
%
unutilised
suitable
land (ha)
ratio, suitable
land: tsetse
infested area
Pangani 23,500 10,310 23,500 13,190 56.13 1
Muheza* 135,968 135,968 43,575 0 0.00 3.12
Korogwe 142,941 71,031 35,735.25
***
71,910 50.31 4
Tanga 8,000 8,000 4,000 0 0.00 2
Handeni 367,530 232,000 367,530 135,530 36.88 1
Kilindi 216,240 152,970 - 63,270 29.26
Lushoto 125,000 101,000 83,122 24,000 19.20 1.50
TOTAL 1,019,179 711,279 557,462.25 307,900 30.21 1.83
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Hectares
Fig.13:Estimated area(in Ha) for grazing in the
region by district in 2006
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe ***
Tanga
District
Handeni
Kilindi
49
Lushoto
Suitable for grazing
Used for grazing
The proportion of unutilized suitable land to total land suitable for grazing in percentage shows that
there are still potentials areas for raising cattle in Pangani, Korogwe, Handeni, Kilindi and Lushoto
districts. Muheza and Tanga city districts have utilized all potential areas suitable for grazing. In
overall, Tanga Region has not managed to utilize 30.21 percent of the suitable grazing land (Table
2.28).
2.5.2.3 Livestock infrastructure and markets
The distribution of livestock infrastructure is one of the key issues with regards to livestock
development. In summary, Table 2.29 displayed households’ accessibility to veterinary clinics, water
point, nearest primary and secondary markets as well as hides and skin sheds at the regional level. At
the Regional level, accessibility (in terms of distance) to veterinary clinic has been most acute,
followed by secondary markets, primary markets, hides and skin sheds and lastly water points.
Percentage of households living 15 km or more from veterinary clinics is about 70 percent, secondary
markets (41 percent), primary markets (37 percent), hides and skin sheds (22 percent), water points (3

percent). Table 2.29 shows the distribution of livestock infrastructure in districts in Tanga region by
the year 2005. The condition of the infrastructure is also displayed.
Table 2.29: Livestock Infrastructure Distribution in the Region by District, 2005
District Name
Dips
Veterinary centers
Crushes Hides/skin
sheds
Abattoirs
W NW W NW
Pangani 2 2 0 0 0 1 1
Muheza* 3 10 1 2 1 1 1
Korogwe *** 10 4 1 3 2 2 2
Tanga 5 7 9 1 3 3 1
Handeni 17 0 3 3 3 0 1
Kilindi 10 0 0 4 1 0 0
Lushoto 3 7 - 7 - 4 3
Total 50 30 14 20 10 11 8
W – Working, NW – Not working
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Muheza has been the district with more dips not working than working ones. Kilindi has four
veterinary centres, all of them not functioning. While there is no crush in Pangani, Handeni and Tanga
city have three for each of them. Kilindi district does not have hides and skin sheds and abattoirs.
Handeni district does not have hides and skin shed as well. Referring Table 2.29, such services are
essential to Tanga Region districts since they all contain considerable amount of livestock population.
The market registers for the year 2006 showed that marketed cattle have generated most income,
consecutively followed by chicken, goats, pigs and lastly sheep. For the year 2006, there were a total
of 12,834,668,254 Tshs (Table 2.30). The information is based on data collected through official sales
and does not involve sales done traditionally. This therefore suggests that there is more income earned
through livestock sales than what is really registered.
Table 2.30: Marketed Livestock by Type (Official Markets) and Value in the Region by District, 2006
District /Livestock Total number of Livestock Total Value (Tshs)
Cattle
Pangani 360 4,200,000
Muheza* 5,095 484,025,000
Korogwe *** 620 155,000,000
Tanga - -
Handeni 5,814 1,323,501,050
Kilindi 4,872 7,313,999,501
Lushoto 2,059 272,768,961
SUBTOTAL 18,820 9,553,494,512
50

Goats
Muheza* 5,942 142,608,000
Korogwe *** 2,570 64,250,000
Handeni 9,681 271,621,600
Kilindi 1,625 41,092,850
Lushoto 415 12,851,306
SUBTOTAL 20,233 532,423,756
Sheep
Muheza* 902 20,520,500
Korogwe *** 801 9,623,757
Tanga - -
Handeni 925 18,885,500
Kilindi 0 0
Lushoto 329 -
SUBTOTAL 2,506 49,029,757
Pigs
Muheza* 994 72,065,000
Korogwe *** 605 30,000,000
Lushoto 163 21,190,000
SUBTOTAL 1,762 123,255,000
Chicken
Muheza* 504,490 1,513,470,000
Handeni 291,626 668,942,629
Kilindi 54,961 164,883,000
Lushoto 76,499 209,969,600
SUBTOTAL 932,376 2,576,465,229
TOTAL 12,834,668,254
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
2.5.3 Natural Resources
In Tanga Region the natural resources sector is comprised of various sub-sectors including forestry,
fisheries, bee-keeping and wildlife. The Region is very rich in natural resources which include all-
weather streams, springs and rivers such as Mkomazi, Soni, Rwengera, Umba, Zigi, Mwarogo,
Mgwisha and Mgombani/Kakindu. Also, they include mangrove forest ecosystems, wildlife areas of
attraction such as Mkomazi and Umba Game Reserves; and Game controlled areas of Umba,
Kalimawe, Handeni, Lake Manka and Mkwaja.
The sector is very important in the contribution to social and economic development of the Region.
According to the 2002 Population and Housing Census, the sector provides employment to a total of
51

58,440 people which is about 8.8 percent of the total labor force in the Region. Apart from economic
gains, the sector also plays an important role in the maintenance of climate stability, conservation of
water sources, soil fertility, controlling land erosion, and providing source of wood fuel, industrial
materials and hydro-electric power.
2.5.3.1 Forestry
The types of forest found in Tanga Region can be classified in different ways including high topical
rain forests, Miombo woodlands and plantation forestry.
Most of Tanga Region’s forest reserves are located in the East and West Usambara Mountains. The
areas in high rainfall and therefore are important catchements. They are also rich in valuable timber
like Mvule, Mbokoboko, Mnyasa, Mninga maji and Mkangazi; these forests are of Eastern Arc type
with high biodiversity value characterized by species of restricted distribution. However in many areas
the tree species have been exploited and regeneration is given a priority. The remaining forest reserves
cover outlying hills of the Usambara Mountains and the North Nguru Mountains, with a few reserves
found at lower attitudes nearer the coast including the Mangrove forests. The Mangroves are salt
tolerant forests and are at the transitional zone between dry and open Ocean forming only one
component of complex Mangroves ecosystem which includes associated water bodies and substrate
and variety of other plants, animals and microorganisms. They are also associated with Lagoons and
estuaries which are important habits for aquatic organisms rich in moluscs, several species which are
gathered by local communities as important source of protein in diets of these comminities.
Furthermore, commercial fisheries of Crabs and Prawns as well as fish are directly dependant on these
Mangroves. A wide variety of insects and other arthropods inhibit the Mangroves; and large numbers
of migrant birds from Europe and Asia as well as resident birds occur in the Mangroves, which form
an important resting and feeding stopover. Several species of mammals utilize the Mangroves
including bats, monkeys, hippopotamus and wild pigs. However, ecology stability of the Mangrove
ecosystem is dependant on the upland terrestrial and coastal estarine ecosystems with which it is
closely and inseparably linked.
There are 58 Central Government Gazetted Forsets Reserves mainly of catchment value in East and
West Usambara and Nguu Mountains.
Plantation forestry is practiced at Shume a soft Wood Plantation occupying 4,200 Ha and Lunguza
Plantation 1,800 Ha is planted with Teak.
52

Expansion of tree planting on farm land is also a departure from concentration of efforts on specific
areas of locations. Further to that is development of Urban and the demand for Community forests.
Forests and woodland in the Region provide wide range of products, accounting for largest amount of
heat energy needed for domestic and industrial supplies.
Forests in Tanga Region cover a total of 2,013,279 hectares of land. These include dense and open
forests, shrub bushes and thickets. Most of the forest reserves in the Region are found in Handeni,
Kilindi, Muheza and Lushoto districts. Most of the forests have been declared as forest reserves for
conservation purposes. These reserves are found in all districts of the Region as shown in Tables 2.31
to table 2.37. They show that Handeni district is leading in terms of the area covered by forests;
followed by Lushoto and Muheza districts. Tanga has the smallest size of forest cover. This is
probably because of its urban nature.
Table 2:31: Forest Reserves by District in the Region, 2006
District No. of Reserved Forests Total Area (Ha)
Pangani 1 4,602
Muheza 9 16,168.90
Mkinga 8 32,723
Tanga 1 309
Handeni 31 35,168
Kilindi 13 30,751
Lushoto 19 33,087.50
Korogwe *** 9 15,190
TOTAL REGION 91 167,999.4
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
Table 2:31: Distirbution of Mangrove Forest in the Region, 2006
District Total Area (Ha)
Pangani 3,035
Muheza * 7,431
Tanga 5,500
TOTAL REGION 15,966
*includes Muheza and Mkinga Districts
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
Table 2:32 Forest Reserves in Pangani District, Tanga Region, 2006
No. Name of Forest Reserve Size in hectares
1. Msubugwe Garafuru 4,602
2. Mangrove 4,950
Total 9,552
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
53

Table 2:33 Forest Reserves in Muheza District, Tanga Region, 2006
No. Name of Forest
Reserve
Size in hectares No. Name of Forest
Reserve
54
Size in
hectares
1. Manga 1,635 6. Kwani 2,545
2. Kwamarimba 1,032 7. Tongoe 1,201.90
3. Mlinga 840 8. Nilo 6,025
4. Kambai 1,050 9. Derema 960
5. Semdoe 880
TOTAL 16,168.90
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Table 2:34 Forest Reserves in Mkinga District, Tanga Region, 2006
No. Name of Forest
Reserve
Size in hectares No. Name of Forest
Reserve
Size in
hectares
1. Mtai 3,107 6. Mlungui 200
2. Bamba Rigde 24,800 7. Bombo East I 1,120
3. Segoma 1,100 8. Bombo East II 470
4. Kwangumi 580
5. Mgambo 1,346
TOTAL 32,723
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Table 2:35: Forest Reserves in Korogwe (R) District, Tanga Region 2006
No. Name of Forest
Reserve
Size in hectares No. Name of Forest
Reserve
Size in
hectares
1 Lukoka 236.8 6 Bombo west 3,523.6
2 Zungunati 146.0 7 Chang’andu 6,529
3 Migombani 95 8 Ndolwa 1173
4 Maffi Hill 2,671 9 Mwenga 1159
5 Vugiri 40
TOTAL 15,190
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Table 2.35: Forest Reserves in Tanga District, Tanga Region 2006
No. Name of Forest Reserve Size in hectares
1 Kolekole 309
TOTAL 309
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Table 2:36: Forest Reserves in Handeni District, Tanga Region 2006
No. Name of Forest
Reserve
Size in
hectares
No. Name of Forest
Reserve
Size in
hectares
1 Kwemsundi 1,100 17 Maboya 800
2 Bongi 440 18 Kwapango 2,250
3 Kwendege 2,764 19 Kiganje 1,900
4 Kwanjugo 330 20 Koffi 850

5 Mbuzini 558 21 Nkale 850
6 Gole 954 22 Masimbani 1,250
7. Kwalunguzini 275 23 Kwedibangi 960
8. Mswaha 895 24 Chugo 1,400
9. Kwedilomba 185 25 Puzo 876
10. Kwedibanga 1,000 26 Handeni Hill 544
11 Mlima Msaza 350 27 Gendagenda South 1,908
12. Kwemshangazi 900 28 Gendagenda North 890
13 Lugie 2,500 29 Mtunguru 3,506
14 Luhanga 630 30 Magambazi 750
15 Kwasunga 230 31 Kwasumba 2,933
16 Kiva 391
TOTAL 35,168
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Table 2:37: Forest Reserves in Lushoto District in the Region 2006
No. Name of Forest
Reserve
Size in
hectares
No. Name of Forest
Reserve
55
Size in
hectares
1 Shume/Magamba 12,276 11 Mahezangulu 322
2 Mkusu 3,674 12 Kisimagunja 1,423
3 Shagayu 7,830 13 Mwenigombero 1,029
4 Bagai 234.7 14 Bumba Mavumbi 1,044
5 Mtumbi 304.0 15 Shambalai 21.0
6 Kitala 388.0 16 Kwenyeshu 16.2
7 Baga I 357 17 Hebagwe 33.6
8 Baga II 1,459 18 Bombo 263.0
9 Balangai 992
10 Ndelemai 1,421
TOTAL 31,827
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Because of high Biodiversity and catchment values some of the catchment forest reserves with total of
8,380 Ha in Eastern Usambara are gazetted as Nature Reserve.
The main purpose of forest reserves includes protection of water catchments areas and production of
forest products such as timber and logs. At present there is no survey which has so far quantified the
coverage of forests by these purposes. Apart from forests found in forest reserves, a number of forests
are found in other landuses such as agricultural and grazing land which are controlled by communities
and village governments.
Forests in Tanga Region are subjected to pressure from other uses by the communities living in or
within close proximity. These uses include excessive tree felling for firewood and charcoal making.
Also, forests are over utilised in the process of land clearance for agriculture.

Many of the forest reserves in Tanga Region contain valuable timber such as mvule, mbokoboko,
mnyasa, mninga maji, mkangazi and muhuhu. The tree species however, are already very much over
exploited and in need of regeneration.
Environmental Conservation
Apart from the declining land area under forest reserve status, serious measures are needed to be
undertaken to protect the existing forest cover and planting new trees in deforested and new areas as
part of environmental conservation initiative. At present, the Region is undertaking various tree
planting initiatives by involving various stakeholders including the local government’s forest
divisions, villages, primary schools, NGOs, individual and other institutions such as prisons, army
camps, etc.
Table 2.38 and 2.39 show the type of institutions that have been involved in environmental
conservation and the number of tree seedlings raised over the period of 1999/00 to 2005/2006 in
Muheza and Kilindi Districts. Although no such data was available on this aspect from other districts
in the Region, data from the two districts can be used to indicate such efforts in the Region. Table 2.40
shows the tree planting target and achievement in the years 1999/2000, 2001/2002 and 2003/2004.
Table 2.38: Tree Seedlings Raised in Muheza by Institutions from 1999/2000 -2004/05
Institution Name 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05
Central Government - - - - - -
District council - - - - - -
Village Council 17,956 2,814 115,786 52,420 49,113 862,649
Schools 4,313 9,618 8,517 24,445 7,008 27,552
NGO’s 9,742 384,124 975,230 1,273,947 1,413,470 1,046,536
Other 1,697,549 103,933 284,855 361,213 87,073 794,827
Total 1,729,560 500,489 1,3843,88 1,712,025 1,556,664 2,731,564
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Table 2.39 Tree Seedlings Raised in Lushoto by Institutions
Institution Name 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05
Central Government 650,000 595,000 601,264 594,515 663,500 642,188
District council 827,011 476,000 481,011 475,619 530,800 573,750
Village Council 879,700 833,000 841,770 832,321 928,900 899,062
Schools 289,404 238,000 240,506 273,806 265,400 256,875
NGO’s 276,090 119,000 120,735 128,903 164,000 136,475
Other 450,000 119,000 120,752 98,903 101,400 120,400
Total 3,372,205 2,380,000 2,406,038 2,404,067 2,654,000 2,628,750
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
56

Table 2.40: Tree Seedlings Planted in the Region in 2001/02-2004/05
District Number of Seedling (Target) Number of Seedling (Planted) % achievement
1999/00 14,400,000 10,383,639 72.11
2001/02 7,500,000 5,296,482 70.62
2003/04 5,000,000 65,558,138 1311.16
Total 26,900,000 81,238,259 302.00 (Av.)
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Forest products such as timber, poles and charcoal earn revenue to the government through permits
and taxes. Tables 2.41 and 2.42 show the amount of revenue earned from timber/poles and charcoal
over the period of 1999/00 – 2005/06 in the districts of the Region in which data on this aspect was
available.
Table 2:41 Estimated Value of Timber/Poles Harvested in the Region by District
District
Name
1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06
Muheza* 2,839,000 2,798,700 2,000,950 2,918,200 2,470,497 4,282,727 3,847,270
Korogwe*** 4,597,686 5,488,960 3,461,000 4,225,205 - - -
Pangani 2,020,900 24,545,000 1,835,900 - - - -
Kilindi - - - - - - -
Handeni 16,562,722 8,463,700 18,457,300 56,055,205 250,000 - -
Lushoto 611,000,000 517,000,000 423,000,000 329,000,000 235,000,000 235,000,000 178,600,000
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Table 2:42 Estimated Value of Charcoal (Tshs ‘000’) in the Region by District 1999/00-2005/06
District
Name
1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06
Muheza* 478,000 651,800 581,000 641,600 689,800 847,600 798,300
Korogwe*** 2,108,200 4,934,400 4,464,800 1,217,160 - - -
Pangani 60,000 79,000 140,000 - - - -
Kilindi - - - - - - 4,350,000
Handeni 24,000,000 30,000,000 32,000,000 36,000,000 52,000,000 42,000,000 24,000,000
Lushoto - - - - - - -
Tanga - - - - - - -
Total 26,646,200 35,665,200 37,185,800 37,858,760 52,689,800 42,847,600 29,148,300
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
2.5.3.2 Bee Keeping
The extensive forest cover and large part of well-watered land makes Tanga Region to have a great
potential for bee keeping. At present this sector is under developed due to lack of know-how and
modern technology in bee-keeping. This results in the existing potential of this important economic
activity not to be fully exploited.
57

At present, bee-keeping in the Region is done by individuals by using traditional and modern beehives.
Table 2.43 shows the number of traditional and modern beehives by district (where data was available)
in the Region over the period of 1999 to 2006.
Table 2.43: Number of Traditional and Modern Beehives by District in the Region 1999-2006.
District
Name
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Traditional
beehives
Muheza* 1,074 1,340 1,670 2,231 2,972 4,003 5,275 6,252
Tanga - - - 45 10 - - -
Handeni 30,500 30,800 34,350 34,800 36,000 37,075 38,600 41,851
Kilindi - - - - - - - 4,000
Lushoto 3,819 5,980 5,468 5,930 5,830 6,839 7,065 7,276
Korogwe 2,331
Modern
beehives
Muheza* 135 195 239 310 390 580 680 919
Handeni 502 530 530 575 604 640 695 754
Kilindi - - - - - - - 412
Lushoto 12 40 38 68 68 89 85 105
Korogwe*** 275
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
It shows that Handeni whose data includes that of Kilindi districts until 2004 is leading in bee- keeping
activity as shown by the number of beehives in the period of eight years considered. The district is
followed closely by Kilindi and Muheza districts. All districts have relatively fewer modern beehives
as compared to tradition beehives. This situation has led to low production of honey and bee – wax
within such sector. Tradition beehives are mainly made by carved logs.
The new forest policy of 2002 provides an opportunity for bee-keeping expansion as it allow this
activity to be carried in forest reserves. At present there is honey and bee-wax processing plant built in
1975 in Handeni town. The plant has the capacity of processing 150 tons of honey and 9.9 tons of bee-
wax a year. The plant is currently not operating due to technical problems. Therefore there is a need
for revival of this important factory for the benefit of the Region’s economy and its people, in
particular, the bee-keepers.Table 2.44 shows the estimated production levels of bee-products by
districts in the Region during the 2005/06 season.
58

Table 2.44: Estimated Production Levels of Bee-Products by Districts in the Region, 2005/06
District Beeswax (Kgs) % Honey (Kgs) %
Muheza* 3,650 21.8 56,500 60.1
Handeni 12,191 72.7 24,630 26.2
Kilindi 678 4.0 9,500 10.2
Lushoto 13 0.1 577 0.6
Korogwe*** 230 1.4 2,750 2.9
Tanga - - - -
Total 16,762 100.0 93,957 100.0
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
The production levels show that bee- keeping is an important economic activity in the Region
especially in Handeni, Muheza and Kilindi districts. Bee-keeping production levels could be raised if
bee keepers can be given assistance to enable them to change from using traditional to modern
beehives which are more efficient in honey production. This could be achieved through improved
extension services and where possible provision of micro-credits to bee-keepers as seed money.
Moreover, the Region’s work-force living in areas which are favourable to bee keeping especially
those living in close proximity to forest reserves should be encouraged to engage them in this
important off-farm economic activity. Bee-keeping has an advantage of being carried out along with
other economic activities such as farming and livestock keeping without unnecessary loss of time and
labour
2.5.3.3 Fisheries
Fishing is one of the major economic activities in Tanga Region. It is mainly carried out along the
Indian Ocean and major rivers including Pangani. The Region has a very long coast-line with about 45
villages totally dependent on fishing. In these villages, agriculture and others economic activities such
as livestock keeping are carried out in small scale only.
The coastal line is about 150 km long and fishing is carried out in the continental shelf which is fairly
narrow, between Tanga and Pangani of about 3 to 5 nautical miles towards oceanic from the beach.
The stretch widens in the northern part of Tanga and southern part of Pangani up to 25 nautical miles.
Major types of fish include Tuna, Kingfish, Sailfish, blue fish and other marine products in the Region
are crustaceans (Lobsters, Prawns and Crabs) and octopus.
59

Table 2.45 shows that fishing is practiced mainly in districts that border the Indian Ocean which
includes Pangani, Tanga and Muheza. Although in the land-locked districts such as Korogwe and
Lushoto fishing activity is poorly developed as an economic sector, it still plays an important part. For
example Korogwe district has a total of 260 ponds of which 4 are small natural lakes and the rest are
man-made for fish-farming. Furthermore, Lakes Kumba and Mark are good producers of fish, mainly
tilapia and clarias species. Fishing almost does not exist in other land-locked districts such as Handeni,
Kilindi and Lushoto, but still people are practicing aquaculture for Tilapia
Table 2.45: Fisheries Resource Facilities and Production by District in the Region 2005/2006.
District Name No. of Fishing
licenses
No. of
Fishermen
No. of Registered
Fishing Vessels
60
Fish Production
Weight (Tons) Value (Tons)
Pangani - 552 213 39.0 22,815,197
Muheza* 1130 1138 268 310.4 148,473,120
Korogwe*** - - - 8.5 -
Tanga 2010 2753 469 1042.7 635,894,740
*Contains Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
Table 2.46 shows the weight of fish catches (tons) and value by district over the period of 2001/2002
to 2005/2006. It shows that fishing is an important activity in providing employment, food as well as
income to the communities of Tanga Region especially where the activity is practiced.
Table 2.46: Weight of Fish Catches (Tons) and Value by District Tanga Region 2002/03 – 2005/06
District
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06
Tons Value Tshs
(000)
Tons Value
Tshs (000)
Tons Value
Tshs (000)
Tons Value
Tshs (000)
Pangani 59.3 17,150,774 42.7 16,335,639 57.8 29,843,289 38.6 22,815,197
Muheza* 464.19 198,198 1193.22 16,761 458.39 172,872 339.69 221,796
Korogwe*** 2.0 1,170,000
8.5 49,725,000 8.5 49,725,000 8.5 49,725,000
Tanga 951.68 464,273,874 753.9 296,701 8950.9 671,048.8 1042.7 635,894.7
* Contains Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
Fishing also provides revenue to the government through fishing licenses, registration of fishing
vessels, trading licenses, transportation permits and marketing levy. Table 2.47 shows the amount of
revenue earned by the Government from fishing industry.

Table 2.47: Government Revenue from Fishing Industry by District in the Region
1999/00 – 2005/06
District
Name
1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe ***
2,228.08
NA
6,650,130
2,233.99
NA
13,564,485
2,008.93
NA
13,269,060
2,213.88
NA
NA
4,095.22
NA
NA
2,989.37
NA
NA
3,540.05
NA
NA
Tanga 4,589,800 4,566,100 3,694,690 4,583,355 4,318,870 3,776,700 7,617,355
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
At present, most of the local fishermen use traditional or locally made vessels in fishing such as out
rigger (Ngalawa), Dhows (Dau), dug out canoes (Mtumbwi) and Mashure. Also, the catches are
processed locally by smoking or sun-drying. However, a significant part of fish is sold when it is still
fresh.
There are two companies by now doing processing of selected fin fish for export but mainly exporting
Octopus, Squids and Cuttle fishes, Lobster and Crabs .The two companies are Tanga Sea Products
(Tanpesca) and Bahari Food.
Table 2.48: Fishing Product produced by fish industries in the region Jan – December 2006
Sno Sea Products type Sea product exported in Kg
1 Octopus 449,662
2 Cuttle fish 22,209
3 Squid 1,184
4 Crab 1,901
5 Lobster tail 664
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
As such the most important investment that could boost the fishing industry is constructing fish
processing industry or factories especially in Tanga, Pangani and Korogwe which are prominent
producers of fish. Also provision of micro-credits to local fishermen to purchase improved fishing
vessels can increase the tonnage of catches.
2.5.3.4 Wildlife
Tanga Region is one of the Regions endowed with extensive wildlife in Tanzania. Table 2.49 shows
the type and area occupied by game reserves/national parks in the Region. It shows that some of the
districts in the Region are very rich in terms of wildlife and game reserves.
61

Table 2:49 Type and Area Occupied by Game Reserves in the Region by District, 2006
District Name Name of Game Reserve/National Park Area Covered (Km 2 )
Pangani
Mkwaja purposed game reserve
Saadani National Park
300
Muheza* Umba game reserve 1500
Korogwe*** Lake Manka Control Area 20
Handeni Gendagenda game controlled area 20
Kilindi Handeni game controlled area 3500
Mkomazi 1000
Lushoto
Kalimawe game control Area 300
* Contains Mkinga district
Umba river game controlled area 300
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe district council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Kilindi district has one main game reserves recognized for hunting and photographic tourism namely
Handeni Game controlled area. The reserve has a size to 3500 km² which covers about 26 percent of
the district. The reserve is mainly used by foreign tourist hunting. The reserve was formerly controlled
by the Handeni District before it was shifted to Kilindi in 2005. Handeni district is has been left with
the Gendagenda open area which is used for hunting mainly by local hunters.
Lushoto district has three reserve areas. First is the Mkomazi game reserve (1000 km²), Kalimawe
controlled area (300 km²) and Umba river controlled area (300km²). The wildlife reserve coves about
60 percent of the district area. Muheza has one game reserve known as Umba (1500 km²) and
Korogwe district has also one reserve namely Lake Manka controlled area (20 km²).
Tanga Region possesses huge tourism resources and facilities. Table 2.50 shows tourism resources and
activities in various districts of the Region. It shows that Tanga district is leading in terms of tourism
resources and facilities. It possesses a number of tourist sites including Amboni Caves, Totten Island,
First World War graves, Tongoni ruins, Amboni and Galanos Sulphur hot springs, Mworogo sand
beaches, Ndumi village defense works, and Yaumbe and Baobarb Islands. In addition to these sites,
Tanga City has a number of good hotels for harbouring tourists including the famous Mkonge Hotel.
62

Table 2.50: Development of Tourism in the Region by District, 2006
District Name Type of Tourist Facility
Available
Active Potential
Pangani Hotel, Lodge, Camp site Active
Muheza* Hotels Active
Korogwe *** Hotels
Tourist sites
Active
- Amboni Ruen’s
- Tongoni Ruen’s
- Common wealth war graves
- Toten Island
Active
Tanga
- Amboni sulphur baths
- Yaumbe Island
- Mworongo Island
- Baobard Island
Handeni None Archeological sites
Kilindi None Tourist hotels/camps
Lushoto Eco& cultural sites Active Local tourism camps
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Pangani district has attractive white sands beaches and 8 well developed tourist hotels along the
beaches. Muheza district has good potential of tourism attraction which is not yet developed. These
potentials include a number of beaches and an ample land suitable to locate tourist hotels. Amani
Natural Reserve (ANR) is one of the highest biodiversity areas in the World. The reserve has a
pleasant climate for walking tours and site seeing. ANR was legally established in 1997. It covers a
forest area 8,380 hectares. Several attractive sites with different unique fauna and flora are found in
this reserve. Tourist facilities in the area include 2 hotels, namely, Amani Nature Reserve and Peponi
Resort tourist hotels.
Other districts of the Region have a variety of tourism potentials. For example, Korogwe district has
Pangani River with plenty of crocodiles, variety of fish species and natural trees. Usambara Mountains
have a very high diversity of flora and fauna. Kilindi district has the Handeni Forest Reserve which is
very famous for tourist hunting. Lushoto district is very famous for its potentials in eco-tourism. The
district has a pleasant climate, a scenic landscape, variety of vegetation and wildlife.
The Government has been earning revenues from tourism activities including photographic safaris,
hunting and game seeing. Table 2.51 shows the amount of revenue earned over the period of 2000/01-
2005/06 for Muheza and 2005/06 for Kilindi districts. Such information was not available in other
districts.
63

Table 2.51: Revenue Collected from Hunting in Tshs in the Region, 2000/01-2005/06
Sources of
revenues
/ District
HUNTING
2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06
Muheza* 364,300 588,400 446,800 263,200 301,900 963,026
Kilindi 823,000
Handeni
TOURISM
33,500 37,420 12,640 21,800 25,320 42,770
Muheza 93,088 125,739 50,501 140,246 149,896 -
Kilindi 4,000,000
Lushoto 494,000 744,000 248,000
* Contains Mkinga district
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
Poaching from unauthorized hunters is a serious problem faced by all game reserves and national
parks in the Region. For the year 2005/06 a total of 44 poachers were arrested by the responsible
authorities.
2.5.4 Mining
The Tanga Region’s mining sector is still operating mainly in small scale. The government through its mine
offices in the Region provides extension services to small scale miners on the use of proper technology.
However, the central government has been striving to improve the mining sector by attracting the private sector
to invest in this important sector by establishing favourable environment.
Table 2.53 shows that in Tanga Region, various types of mineral deposits are mainly found in Muheza,
Tanga, Korogwe, Lushoto, Handeni and Kilindi districts. However, due to the fact that mining is only
done on small scale basis, the sector has contributed insignificantly to the regional economy (See Table 2.54).
Table 2.53: Distributions of Existing Mineral Deposits and Scale of Mining in the Region by District 2006
District Name Type of Mineral Deposit Small Scale
(number of
small scale
miners)
64
Medium Scale
(number of
medium scale
miners)
Large Scale
(number of
large scale
miners)
Tanga Gemstone, B/materials 203 NIL NIL
Muheza* Gemstones, salt, building
materials
99 NIL NIL
Lushoto Gemstones, salt, building
materials, limestone, red soil
128 2 NIL
Handeni & Gold, gemstones, building
NIL
Kilindi
minerals, industrial minerals
Pangani - - - -
Korogwe*** Gemstones, lime, gypsum,
feldspar, bauxite
scattered 2
* Contains Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006

Table 2.54: Weight and Value of Minerals Mined in the Region by District 2006
District Mineral Small Scale Medium Scale Large Scale
Name Type Weight Value (Tshs) Weight Value (Tshs) Weight Value
(Tshs)
Tanga Red soil - - 148,272t 3,468,002,800 - -
Limestone - - 63363 1,589,597,324 - -
B/Materials 800.8t 3,154,985 - - - -
Muheza* Salt 909.3t 35,620,744 - - - -
Gold 60g 600 USD - - - -
Lushoto Bauxite - - - - - -
Pangani - - - - - - -
Korogwe*** Gemstones 18281.47kg 33,484,411.77 - - - -
* Contains Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006
2.5.5 Industrial Development
Tanga Region in the past few years had a good number of industries which in many ways
contributed to her economy. The Region experienced a down fall of most of the industries due to
different economical fluctuation including inflation in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s and the
stagnation of sisal industry. Privatisation of industries was one of the remedial measures carried
out to revive the industrial sector. Table 2.55 shows the status of industries in the Region in
2006. It shows that most industries are located in Tanga district and some few in Muheza
district.
Table 2.55: Status of Industries in Tanga Region in 2006
S/N District Name of Industry Name After Privatisation
1 Tanga Cement Tanga Cement Co. Ltd.
2 Singh Saw Mills Ply & Panel (T) Ltd.
3 Tanga Diaries International Food Processors
Tanga
Ltd -Azania Fresh
4 Tanga Steel Rolling Mills Unique Steel Rolling Mills
5 SDL Ltd. Sabuni Product Ltd.
6 Tanga Fertilizer Co. Ltd. Gulf Bulk (T) Ltd (not an
industry).
7 CIC Afritex
8 Amboni Spinning Mills -
9 PEE PEE (T) Ltd. -
10 Kilimanjaro Blankets Corporation -
11 Tanga
Ldt
Pharmaceuticals Plastic
-
12 Athi River Manufacturing –ARM
(T) Ltd
-
13 Tanga
EA Briquetes Co. Ltd. -
14
Pembe Flour Mills -
65

15 Tanga Limestone Co. Ltd Simba Lime Co. Ltd.
16 Bajaber Packaging Co. Ltd -
17 Mamujee Products Ltd -
18 Tanga Fresh -
19 International Food Packers -
20 Anjari Soda Factory -
21 Sea Products -
22 Burhan Saw Mills -
23 TIP SOAP (2005) Ltd
24 Asher’s Industries
25 Tanzania Gypsum Co. Ltd
26 Muheza* TANCORD (1998) Ltd -
27 East Usambara Tea Co. Ltd. -
28 Marvera Tea Co. Ltd. -
29 Muheza
USAMBARA Spinning Mills -
30 Kigombe Sisal Co. Ltd. -
31
Kauzeni Co. Ltd -
32 KIMSO saw Mills
33 Herkulu Tea Estate
34 Lushoto
Natural Choice Co Ltd
35 Mponde Tea Factory
36 Lushoto Lion Wattle Co.
37
Ambanguru Tea Factory
38 Tembo Chipboards Co.
Korogwe
(Mkumbara)
39
Dindira Tea Factory
*Includes Mkinga district
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
The Region also possesses a wealth of small scale industries. Table 2.56 shows data on this aspect in
Muheza district where data on this aspect was only available. No data was available in other districts.
Table 2.56: Small Scale Industries by Activities in Muheza District, 2006
District Total Major Activities
1. Haulling & Milling of Grains – 117
2. Fruits and Vegetable Processing – 1
Muheza* 138
3. Furniture Marts – 11
4. Garages – 6
5. Metal Workings – 1
6. Salt Making - 2
*Includes Mkinga district
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
66

3.1 ROAD TRANSPORT
SECTION III
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Tanga Region is served by Trunk roads, Regional roads, district roads, urban and feeder roads. Types
of roads covering the districts in the Region and their conditions are shown in Table 3.1.By Tanzanian
standards, most of these roads are in good condition. The roads are important as they link different
parts of the Region and in particular help transportation of different produce to the processing area and
other economic activities around the Region. The roads network linking Tanga Region with its
neighbors of Kilimanjaro, Manyara, Morogoro, Coast and Republic of Kenya is relatively well
distributed, conversing 5,380 kms. Most of the roads are passable throughout the year and all districts
headquarters can easily be reached by road. There are about 260 bridges along the road network.
Table 3.1: Road Networks in the Region by Types and District, 2006
District Name
Type (Km)
Trunk Regional District Feeder Urban Total
Pangani District 0 93 109.4 128.4 14.3 345.1
Muheza District 43 127.5 302.6 200 14.2 687.3
Mkinga District 46 21 290 68 0 425
Tanga City 42.6 43 72.8 87.4 285 530.8
Korogwe District 111 231.6 153.3 339.1 0 835
Korogwe Town 0 10 63.2 73.2
Handeni District 82 256.5 159.3 349 18.3 865.1
Kilindi District 417.4 256.4 6.6 680.4
Lushoto District 0 337.5 218.2 360.9 21.5 938.1
Total 324.6 1,110.1 1,723 1,789.2 359.9 5,380.00
Note:
1. Trunk and regional roads for Korogwe District and Handeni District include for Korogwe Town and Kilindi district respectively
(was not possible to separate by border).
2. Trunk and Regional roads are under the responsibility of TANROADS, while District, Feeder and Urbans are under
Councils.
Basically Tanga Region roads network is mainly of five types and are distributed across districts. There
are trunck roads, where Korogwe District (town council) is leading having 111 kms being the first in the
Region. Regional roads Lushoto is leading, district roads Kilindi comes first followed by Muheza. Road
network surface conditions in the Region are as shown in Table 3.2.
67

Table 3.2 : Road Networks Surface Condition in the Region by District, 2006
ROADS CLASS
TOTAL
District
TRUNK (Km) REGIONAL (Km) FEEDER (Km) DISTRICT (Km) URBAN (Km)
Paved Unpaved Paved Unpaved Paved Unpaved Paved Unpaved Paved Unpaved Paved Unpaved
Pangani 0 0 0 93 0 128.4 0 109.4 0 14.3 0 345.1
Muheza 43 0 1.5 126 0 200 0 302.6 0 14.2 44.5 642.8
Mkinga 0 46 0 21 0 68 0 290 0 0 0 425
Tanga City 31 11.6 2 41 0 87.4 0 72.8 0 285 33 497.8
Korogwe 111 0 2.5 229.1 0 339.1 0 153.3 0 0 113.5 721.5
Korogwe 0 0 0 0 0 63.2 0 10 0 0 0 73.2
Town
Handeni 82 0 2.5 254 0 349 0 159.3 0 18.8 84.5 781.1
Kilindi 0 0 0 0 0 256.4 0 417.4 0 6.6 0 680.4
Lushoto 0 0 33.5 304 0 360.9 0 218.2 0 21.5 33.5 904.6
309 5071.5
TOTAL
TANGA
REGION
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
68

Concerning passability of roads during the whole year, Kilindi had the worst roads condition in
comparison to other districts. Tanga district is leading by having 74 percent of her roads passable
throughout the year (Table 3.3). On average, Tanga Region has 43 percent of its roads all weather
passable.
Table 3:3 Road Length Passable the whole year by District Tanga Region 2006
District Name Total Road
Length of Road Passable year
(Length in kms) Kms
% Total road network
Pangani 345.1 119.75 34.7
Muheza* 1112.3 531.68 47.8
Korogwe *** 908.2 483.70 53.26
Tanga 530.8 392.79 74.00
Handeni 865.6 169.22 19.55
Kilindi 680.4 0 -
Lushoto 938.1 517.36 55.15
Total
*Includes Mkinga district
5,380.5 2,214.52 43.8 (Av.)
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
Table 3.4 shows the comparison distributions of trunk and regional roads by Region, Tanzania
Mainland for the year 2004/05.
Distance (in km)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Fig.14:Road distance passable the whole
year around by district in 2006
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe
***
Tanga
district
Handeni
69
Kilindi
Total road distance Total road distance passable
Lushoto

Table 3:4 Distributions of Trunk and Regional Roads by Region, Tanzania Mainland 2004/05
ROADS CLASS
TOTAL
Region
TRUNK (Km) REGIONAL(Km) FEEDER (Km) DISTRICT(Km) URBAN (Km)
Paved Unpaved Paved Unpaved Paved Unpaved Paved Unpaved Paved Unpaved
Arusha 263 351 0 979 0 2840 0 3368 41 4 7846
Coast 355 56 0 710 0 1297 0 733 0 0 3151
Dar es Salaam 83 0 10 257 0 0 0 0 119 35 504
Dodoma 133 423 60 517 15 1590 0 1300 32 41 4111
Iringa 457 109 6 1200 0 1806 0 2635 36 68 6317
Kagera 194 388 0 1093 0 911 32 1275 4 29 3926
Kigoma 6 427 0 418 0 372 0 642 8 54 1927
Kilimanjaro 326 109 26 462 0 834 0 1075 57 33 2922
Lindi 127 221 0 736 20 637 6 1750 4 20 3521
Mara 112 137 7 637 0 416 0 740 5 56 2110
Mbeya 335 502 0 805 0 849 0 1619 3 69 4182
Morogoro 312 186 0 942 0 870 0 1140 4 65 3519
Mtwara 94 103 0 565 0 1460 0 1584 6 32 3844
Mwanza 162 236 15 987 0 1446 12 969 31 3 3861
Rukwa 10 831 0 717 0 1059 0 1270 1 98 3986
Ruvuma 179 526 29 1097 47 598 0 1303 0 8 3787
Shinyanga 189 87 0 912 0 1780 0 1460 8 15 4451
Singida 0 613 0 766 0 873 0 399 0 15 2666
Tabora 0 800 0 806 0 1784 0 1594 30 75 5089
Tanga 263 64 0 879 0 1093 0 1602 70 26 3997
Total 3,600 6169 153 15485 82 22515 50 26458 459 746 75,717
Note. Total road network in Tanzania is about 85,000Km. Unclassified roads make up about 9,400Km of the network which is not included in the table above.
Source: Ministry of Works
70

3.2 RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Tanga Region is connected with railway to other parts of the country. Currently the railway is
mainly used to transport goods rather than passengers because the road networks are well
distributed around the district and the existence of marine services. Currently the Region does not
depend much on railway transportation because it is connected to other neighbouring Regions and
countries by tarmac roads and water-ways.
The railway line is a vital link for trans-shipment of goods to upcountry Regions. A stretch of
Tanga – Arusha; and Mnyuzi – Ruvu railway lines which lies in Tanga Region is about 279 Kms.
There are 32 railway stations along the line. Tanzania Raiways Cooperation (TRC) provides the
railway service. In 2004 the railway in Tanga Region transported 5,784 passengers and 111,189
tons of cargo. Table 3.5 shows the distribution of railway services in the Region.
Table 3.5 Railway Services in the Region by District, 2006
District Name
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe ***
Tanga
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
3.3 MARINE SERVICES
Railway Services
No. Stations Cargo Services (Tons) No. of Passengers
1 (Not available) (Not available)
2 (Not available) 420
2 (Not available) (Not available)
3 111,189 5784
Tanga Region is connected to other parts of the coastal Region and other countries by Tanga port. The
port is mainly used for cargo transports as compared to passengers. The existence of Tanga habbour is
among the major factors contributing to the growth of the Tanga city economy.
Tanga has a good natural harbour, which lacks deep – water berths. As a result, lighters are used to
bring goods to and from the shore. The port has a normal rated capacity of about 500,000 tons per
year. Most of the cargo from northern Regions of Kilimanjaro, Arusha and Manyara pass through
71

Tanga port. Capacity utilization stands at 88 percent (June 2005). The projected performance for the
year 2005/06 is 106 percent. Table 3.6 shows the principal export commodities handled at Tanga port.
Table 3.6: Principal Export Commodities Handled at Tanga Port (tons)
S/N Commodity 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
1 Beans 5,850 1,761 5,095 7,153 4,924
2 Coffee 14,198 17,438 10,910 9,913 10,469
3 Tea 181 90 0 42 0
4 Cotton 369 541 0 0 0
5 Sisal 11,511 13,837 14,531 15,108 11,574
6 Sisal Ropes and Twines 3,066 3,165 1,587 1,228 1,315
7 Cement in Bags 12,360 11,900 11,884 73,336 47,261
8 Other General Cargo 41,991 53,811 98,504 106,762 39,815
Total 91,526 104,544 144,513 215,545 117,362
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Data on the tonnage handled in Tanga port shows that there has been an increment in utilization
(114.63 percent) of the port during 2004/05 as compared to 1999/00 (see Table 3.7). As compared to
1999/00 there was an increment of 110.22 percent and 119.54 percent for export and import cargo
during 2005. Table 3.8 shows the principal import commodities handled at Tanga Port in tons.
Table 3.7: Tonnage Handled by Tanga port – (1999/2000-2004/05)
Year 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 % difference
Imports 114,510 1,191,623 148,586 224,292 215,036 251,400
2004/05 to 1999/00
119.54
Exports 89,526 102,543 144,962 185,620 216,669 188,200 110.22
Total 204,036 221,705 293,548 409,548 439,600 115.45
% 41 44 59 82 86 88
Utilization
114.63
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
72

Tons
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
Fig.15:Tonnage handled at Tanga Airport
from 1999/00-2004/05
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
1999/00
2000/01
2000/02
2002/03
Years
2003/04
73
2004/05
3.8: Principal Import Commodities Handled at Tanga Port (tons)
Imports
Exports
S/N Commodity 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
1 Bulk Oil
Bulk Oil 26,438 9,552 31,280 26,903 39,213
Sub-Total 26,438 9,552 31,280 26,903 39,213
2 General Cargo
Paper and Paper
Products
504 1,332 4,140 3,564 2,335
Tallow facts 888 2,039 1,362 403
Bale Twills Jute and - 1,620 2,189 684 -
Hension Cloth
Iron and Steel works - 36 26 72 82
Machinery and Parts 17,099 15,379 25,599 29,410 29,438
Fertilizer in Bags - 6,018 2,664 1,854 -
Motor Vehicle, 227 947 2,816 612 254
Tractors and Trailers
Miscellaneous Cargo 69,444 82,747 85,472 155,400 63,824
Sub-Total 88,162 110,118 124,268 191,999 95,933
Total Imports 114,600 119,670 155,548 218,902 135,146
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
3.4 AIR TRANSPORT
Tanga Region is served mainly by Tanga Airport and other small aerodromes located in the Regions
districts. Tanga Airport serves daily scheduled flights with capacity of 14 passengers and other
medium and small charter planes. The Airport has two runways 06/24 tarmac and 14/32 grasses with
dimensions 1,286m x 31m and 1,385m x 30m respectively. Runaway 06/24 is operational 24 hours on
request. The annual flight movement is 1,093 while annual passenger’s movement is 5,787.

Other aerodromes in the Region include Mombo Airstrip with runway 17/35 of a dimension of
1285mx46m and 13,600 Kg strength. Also other Airstrips belonging to private individuals are in
Pangani district such as MASHADO, USHONGO, KWA JONI and SAADANI National Park.
Table 3.9 shows the aircrafts landed at selected airports starting from the year 2000 to 2004. As it is
seen, the aircrafts that landed at Tanga airport increased from 314 during 2000 to 1,328 by 2004 being
an increment of 322.93 percent. Tanga airport therefore registered the highest increment of flights
landed during the period starting from 2000 to 2004. Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar airports have been
the airports receiving the largest number of aircrafts, being 49,797 and 29, 293 respectively in the year
2004.
Table 3.9: Aircrafts Landed at Selected Airports in Tanzania (2000-2004)
S/N AIRPORT 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 % change 2000 to 2004
1 Dar es Salaam 28,597 31,309 36,925 45,253 49,797
74.13
2 Zanzibar 16,184 17,124 24,260 25,068 29,293
81.00
3 Arusha 15,877 15,098 14,795 12,223 11,913
-
4 Mwanza 12,052 12,447 7,598 9,457 11,329
-6.00
5 Dodoma 2,220 2,263 2,258 2,116 2,089
-5.90
6 Kogoma 1,630 1,005 838 1,099 1,344
-17.55
7 Tabora 1,560 1,615 1,746 1,669 2,299
47.37
8 Mbeya 580 273 497 624 319
-45.00
9 Iringa 248 210 256 296 208
-16.13
10 Pemba 1,623 2,554 2,832 3,323 4,251
161.92
11 Mtwara 654 790 981 1,138 1,053
61.01
12 Tanga 314 754 1,042 1,016 1,328
322.93
13 Songea 180 432 71 74 306
70.00
Total 81,274 85,472 93,999 103,366 115,529
42.15
Source: Tanzania Airport Authority
3.5 TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Tanga Region is well served with various telecommunication systems. The Tanzania
Telecommunications Company Limited (TTCL) is providing its service (land line services) in all
districts headquarters with an exception to Kilindi. In Tanga city alone, TTCL offers more than 6,000
lines and future plans include the introduction of 8,000 wireless loop line systems. The mobile phones
service providers have also been providing services in all districts (including Kilindi). Some of these
mobile phones providers are Celtel, tiGO, VodaCom, Zantel. Internet and fax services are available to
all districts except Kilindi. Radio and television broadcast, and postal services are widely available
throughout the Region. Radio services include Radio Tanzania, Sauti ya Tanzania Zanzibar, FM
74

Stereos (Radio one RFA and Radio Sauti ya Injili). A local Television station (TaTV) has been
established recently. Cable Television network includes Bahama, CTV, Mng’amboni cable TV,
Korogwe Cable TV and Muheza Cable TV. Agents for ITV, TVT, TVZ, DTV, Channel Ten and Star
TV have their offices in Tanga City. Postal and express mail services (EMS) are offered by Tanzania
Post Corporation and DHL.
Involvement of private sector in telecommunication services have been a great relief to residents,
government offices and other institutions, by enabling them to communicate effectively inside and
outside their districts.
3.6 ENERGY
Energy is an important economic infrastructure in any area. It is a source for industrial development as
well as domestics use. Source of energy for lighting is mostly determined by economic power of the
residents of particular area. Due to this there are clusters, in such a way that many rural residents use:
lamp, firewood and wick lamp. In urban areas main sources of lighting are electricity and lamp.
Lushoto district have been found to have more households using electricity as source of lighting as
compared to other Districts in Tanga. By the time of the current survey, electricity was not available
in Songe, the headquarters for Kilindi, but available in the area of Kwediboma ward only. Table 3.10
shows the total number of households with regards to the household’s main source of energy for
lighting.
Table 3.10: Total Number of Households Main Source of Energy for Lighting (2002)
Pangani Muheza* Tanga Korogwe*** Lushoto Handeni Kilindi Total
using
75
energy
% using
energy
Electricity 1,323 4,156 14,434 5,549 1,794 2,944 26 30,226 8.79
Lamp 701 4,211 5,544 5,447 12,253 3,035 1,647 32,838 9.55
Presence
lamp
144 280 875 547 1,024 320 72
3,262 0.95
Firewood 366 1401 250 1,044 2,232 2,248 1381 8,922 2.59
Candle 20 122 251 177 387 135 41 1,133 0.33
Wick 8,870 52,718 14,470 46,480 73,859 44,316 26,661
lamp
267,374 77.75
Solar 2 22 12 15 33 5 89 0.03
Other 8 9 1 10 28 0.01
Total 11,434 62,921 35,835 59,260 91,582 53,010 29,832 343,874 100.00
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 2002 Population and Housing Census, 2002 Regional Profile

While Lushoto and Muheza have shown to pioneer utilization of solar energy, there was no any
household utilizing the same as the source of lighting energy in Handeni during 2002. Electricity is
utilised by small proportion of Tanga Region (8.79 percent) households. Wick lamps are the most
prominent source of lightning serving 77.75 percent of the households in Tanga Region.
In Tanga district, charcoal is the most prominent source of cooking energy (Table 3.11). However,
firewood has shown to be the most source of cooking fuel utilized Regional wise (82.21 percent).
Table 3.11: Main Source of Energy for Cooking (2002)
Main
source of
Energy
for
looking
Pangani Muheza* Tanga Korogwe*** Lushoto Handeni Kilindi Total
using
energy
76
% using
energy
Electricity 57 202 1,241 519 107 131 10 2,267 0.63
Paraffin 150 463 2,998 733 314 516 41 5,215 1.44
Gas 8 34 140 29 67 44 36 358 0.10
Firewood 10,411 57,238 16,232 50,504 89,402 45,583 28,483 29,853 82.21
Charcoal 631 4,806 32,026 7,213 1,669 6,560 1,175 54,080 14.93
Others 79 142 1,188 216 22 157 82 1,886 0.52
Not
applicable
96 35 44 46 1 19 5
246 0.07
Total 11,434 62,921 53,869 59,260 91,982 53,010 29,832 362,308 100.00
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 2002 Population and Housing Census, Regional Profile
In 2004, the Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO) sold a total of 4790 kWH to Tanzania
mainland. The amount sold in 2004 was 34 percent than the amount sold during 2000, which
amounted to 3620 kWh (see Table 3.12). While there have been a reduction of use in Kagera,
Kilimanjaro and Tabora, there have been an increment (61 percent) of use in Tanga Region. Tanga
Region had used 89 percent and 144 percent kWh during 2000 and 2004 respectively.
Table 3.16: Quantity of Electricity Sold by Region, Tanzania 2000 – 2004 (kWH)
Region 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 % change
2000 to 2004
Dodoma 40 39 43 47 46 15.00
Arusha 126 156 171 167 194 53.97
Kilimanjaro 106 91 106 105 103 -2.83
Tanga 89 101 126 155 144 61.80
Morogoro 73 87 80 90 86 17.81
Coast 1 1 1 6 6 500.00
Dar 836 957 1,110 1,077 1,130 35.17
Lindi 5 9 8 10 11 120.00
Mtwara 1 23 15 19 20 1900.00
Ruvuma 9 9 11 12 13 44.44

Iringa 41 69 62 53 59 43.90
Mbeya 86 81 84 83 113 31.40
Singida 11 12 13 15 15 36.36
Tabora 72 49 52 60 69 -4.17
Rukwa 8 8 9 9 9 12.50
Kigoma 7 10 9 9 13 85.71
Shinyanga 38 36 142 157 174 357.89
Kagera 161 18 18 20 20 -87.58
Mwanza 82 78 105 117 128 56.10
Mara 18 24 29 37 42 133.33
Manyara 1,810 1,858 2,194 2,248 2,395 32.32
Total 3,620 3,716 4,388 4,496 4,790 32.32
Source: Tanzania Electricity Supply Company, 2006
Units (in KwH)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Fig.16: Trend of Quantity of Electricity sold to
Tanga region from 2000-2004
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Years
77
Units

4.1 HEALTH SECTOR
SECTION IV
SOCIAL SERVICES
While the referral hospital (Bombo) is located in Tanga district, the new Mkinga district is still having
its health services administered in Muheza district (mother district). This therefore made all the health
sector data for Mkinga district to be obtained in the profile for Muheza District. Korogwe district
hospital also serves Korogwe town council. Kilindi district was formed in 2002 from Handeni district.
This therefore implies that all health sector information before 2002 were inclusive in Handeni district.
4.1.1 Morbidity and Mortality
Morbidity and Mortality are necessary criteria in defining health status of human beings. Morbidity
shows the number of times people have developed various diseases while mortality shows the number
of times such sick people have failed to recover. In short, Morbidity is the term used to refer to illness
and mortality refers to death. Understanding the prevalence of morbidity and mortality is of
paramount importance in planning health strategies for each portion of community. Such information
is also important to health managers and policy makers in deriving their objectives and priorities
respectively. As shown in Table 4.1, Malaria was the largest cause of morbidity making 47.06 % of
morbidity in Tanga Region.
Table 4.1: Ten most commonly reported causes of morbidity, Tanga Region, 2006
Disease
District Disease
Total
Pangani Muheza* Korogwe*** Tanga Handeni Kilindi Lushoto
Malaria 38,015 350,300 105,330 173,059 95,321 53,023 72,246 887,294
ARI 12,715 61,312 48,002 69,256 30,488 26,886 55,623 304,282
Pneumonia 8,271 49,628 25,538 34,582 18,164 5,244 22,532 163,959
Intestinal
worms
9,611 33,859 13,856 18,423 14,429 2,964 12,465 105,607
Diarrhea 4,623 34,460 13,877 29,655 15,941 7,981 14,527 121,064
Anemia 3,689 35,806 7,045 40,944 8,846 5,928 2,579 104,837
Eye
infections
2,482 13,790 8,134 - 7,460 4,332 5,117 41,315
Minor
surgical
- 27,125 2,630 14,196 1,535 3,715 9,995 59,196
UTI 1,899 - 5,751 20,778 3,814 1,296 3,121 36,659
Other
Diagnosis
- 24,916 12,560 - 10,867 3,127 9,825 61,295
District
Total
81,305 631,196 242,723 400,893 206,865 114,496 208,030 1,885,508
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
78

Following Malaria was Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) and Pneumonia leading to 16.14 % and
8.70 % of morbidity in Tanga Region. While respiratory diseases such as Pneumonia and ARI are
associated with highland zones (low temperatures) and high relative humidity as a result of wet
conditions, diarhorrea and worms are water borne diseases. Anaemia, shortage of red blood cells in
human blood is mainly caused by malnutrition (unavailability of iron rich/containing food) and
precipitated by malaria which attacks them directly. The food element iron is necessary for production
of red blood cells. In short, anemia is closely associated to malaria and malnutrition.
As it was in the case of 2006, malaria had been the leading cause of morbidity for 1998 (see Table
4.2). ARI, pneumonia and diarhorrea have been following diseases causing morbidity in the Region.
As it was described before, all these diseases are related to wet condition.
Table 4.2: Ten most commonly reported causes of morbidity, Tanga Region, (1998)
Disease
District
Pangani Muheza* Korogwe*** Tanga Handeni Lushoto
79
Disease
Total
Malaria 21,327 178,000 127,482 147,367 115,835 95,784 685,795
ARI 2,181 59,159 48,742 72,088 34,974 62,527 279,671
Anemia 2,495 31,642 12,700 6,647 9,006 6,271 68,761
Diarrhea 2,181 32,411 18,706 16,395 14,451 14,117 98,261
Intestinal 3,718 40,207 20,784 25,334 14,169 17,842 122,054
worms
Pneumonia 2,688 41,712 26,050 24,534 22,985 17,131 135,100
Eye infections 2,111 14,333 8,594 12,844 7,085 3,279 48,246
Skin infections 2,965 26,098 14,081 19,372 9,503 579 72,598
PID 1,062 - 3,204 9,659 2,886 1,871 18,682
STIs/HIV/AIDS 303 - 1,074 8,383 4,379 4,169 18,308
District Total 41,031 423,562 281,417 342,623 235,273 223,570 1,547,476
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
Figure 1 displays the trend for indicative diseases through the years 1998 and 2006. Malaria, ARI,
pneumonia, intestinal worms, diarhorrea, anemia and eye infection have repeatedly been seven
diseases out of ten found to be top causes for morbidity in Tanga for both 1998 and 2006. While the
disease situation have been almost similar in the years 1998 and 2006, there has been a slight
increment of disease proportions in case of ARI, intestinal worms, and eye infection, while there has
been a slight decrement of disease proportion in case of malaria, pneumonia, diarhorea and anemia.
Increment of proportion of disease in morbidity does not necessarily mean that the disease becomes
more frequent or vice versa. While malaria is reported to be reduced in proportions in 2006 as

compared to 1998, there were more cases of malaria in 2006 (887,294) as compared to 1998
(685,795).
% proproportion
Figure 17: Comparison of large causes of morbidities 1998 and 2006
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
47.06
44.32
16.14
18.07
Malaria ARI Pneumonia Intestinal
worms
Similar to morbidity, malaria has been the leading cause of mortality followed by anemia, pneumonia,
and diarhorrea (see Table 4.3).
8.70 8.37 7.89
5.60 6.42 6.35 5.56
4.44
Diseases
Table 4.3: Reported causes of mortality, Tanga Region, 2006
Disease District Disease
Total
Pangani Muheza* Korogwe*** Tanga Handeni Kilindi Lushoto
Malaria 24 487 164 53 121 715 186 1,750
ARI 0 38 0 55 4 206 4 307
Pneumonia 6 140 38 0 43 291 49 567
STI / HIV/AIDS 18 368 28 6 19 18 0 457
Tuberculosis 0 0 18 0 0 29 23 70
Pregnancy
42
complications 4 28 9 0 0 1
Int. worms 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 26
Anemia 10 212 52 31 69 183 38 595
Diarhorrea 0 53 0 27 15 273 0 368
PID 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 23
Oral diseases 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 16
District Total
*Includes Mkinga district
62 1326 309 172 287 1,764 301 4,221
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.
Kilindi district has largely contributed to the Region mortality contributing to 41.79 percent of all
deaths in 2006. A peculiar observation was done in the Region, whereby HIV/AIDS has appeared
80
2.19
3.12
Diarrohoea Anaemia Eye
infections
Year 2006
Year 1998

among the top ten diseases causing mortality in Tanga Region. Such an observation is not only an
indicator of the rate of HIV/AIDS infection, but also an alarm to both health managers, policy makers
and the community at large.
Voluntary testing registers have been realized to be the reliable source of HIV /AIDS infection
information. During the year 2006, the study of HIV / AIDS prevalence among family blood donors
showed that out of 14,997 blood donor samples, there were 864 blood samples which were HIV
positively in Tanga Region (Table 4.4). The statistics simply translate that for every 100 blood
donated samples, there were 5.67 percent six blood samples which were HIV positive in Tanga
Region. The highest rate was observed in Pangani (7.61 percent), while the lowest rate was witnessed
in Handeni district (2.06 percent).
Table 4.4: Results of Family Blood Donor Test Tanga Region 2006
District Number of
Blood sample
Number
blood sample
HIV+
81
Percent
HIV +
Pangani 1,892 144 7.61
Muheza* 2,716 166 6.11
Korogwe *** 1,752 122 6.96
Tanga 4,601 284 6.17
Handeni 1,502 31 2.06
Kilindi 1,336 37 2.76
Lushoto 1,198 80 6.68
Total 14,997 864 5.76
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.
As shown in Table 4.5, 2006 was the year with the least proportion of blood donated to be HIV
positive. However, as show in the same Table, Tanga Region has an average of 8.09 percent of blood
samples being HIV positive during the period starting from the year 1999 to 2006. During the same
period, Lushoto district had the highest proportion of blood donated being HIV positive. During 2006,
Kilindi had been the district with less of its blood samples tested HIV positive.

Poulation(in numbers)
Fig.18:Results of family blood donors test for
HIV by District in 2006
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1892
2716
1752
4601
144 166 122 284
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe ***
Tanga
District
1502 1336 1198
82
Handeni
31 37 80
Table 4.5: Trend, results for family blood donor test, Tanga Region 1999 to 2006
Year
District
Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza Tanga Pangani Handeni Kilindi
Kilindi
Lushoto
Blood Sambles
HIV+
Region
average
1999 11.90 7.90 9.00 7.40 6.80 10.30 - 8.50
2000 10.70 7.40 9.10 10.60 5.50 4.80 - 8.90
2001 8.90 6.30 9.30 9.40 5.60 5.80 - 8.30
2002 11.40 7.50 6.30 8.60 4.40 4.30 - 7.60
2003 11.35 6.72 17.30 8.96 5.52 6.17 - 8.44
2004 11.06 17.90 7.57 8.99 4.65 3.43 - 8.26
2005 11.06 17.90 7.57 8.99 4.65 3.43 - 8.93
2006 6.68 6.96 6.11 6.17 7.61 2.06 2.77 5.76
Average 10.38 9.82 9.03 8.64 5.59 5.04 2.77 8.09
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

It has been proposed that apart from voluntary testing registers, the number of new HIV / AIDS cases
has to be analyzed and interpreted with caution considering other factors which may have influenced
the magnitude of the data. However, the data collected through new AIDS cases reported for the
period starting from 1998 to 2006 can show the trend of the disease in respective districts (see Table
4.6). While the highest number of HIV/AIDS cases over the period of 1998-2006 was registered in
Tanga district (36.7 percent), the lowest number was registered in Pangani district (2.7 percent).
Table 4.6: New HIV/AIDS Cases reported by District, Tanga Region, 1998 to 2005
District
Name
Year District
Total
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Pangani 45 22 56 58 61 50 58 106 456
Muheza* 41 347 172 267 869 348 951 1823 4,818
Korogwe
***
106 - 71 79 - 141 262 180 839
Tanga 260 208 245 277 211 296 1621 2965 6,083
Handeni 103 271 331 413 463 527 562 648 3,318
Lushoto 99 67 149 114 223 184 127 77 1,040
Kilindi - - - - - - - - -
Year
Total
654 915 1,024 1,208 1,827 1,546 3,581 5,799 16,584
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
83

Population
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
Fig.19:Yearly HIV cases reports from 1998 t0
2005
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Years
84
Year Total
4.1.2 Health Facilities
The dispensary is the medical station where first aid and other routine medical treatment are given.
Dispensaries had been the major outlet for health facilities making 85 percent of all health facilities in
Tanga Region during 2006 (Table 4.7).
Table 4.7: Ownership and distribution of health facilities 2006
District No. of Hospitals No. of Health No. of Dispensaries District
Name
Centres
Total
Public Private Public Private Public Private
Pangani 1 0 1 0 11 2 15
Muheza* 0 1 4 2 49 10 66
Korogwe 1 1 3 1 37 8
***
Tanga 1 2 3 3 28 15 52
Handeni 1 1 3 0 22 4 31
51

Kilindi 0 0 1 2 18 1 22
Lushoto 1 1 6 1 32 11 52
Facility
Total 5 6 21 9 197 51 289
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
During 2006, there was a sum of 248 dispensaries in Tanga Region, 78 percent of all dispensaries
were owned by the public. Following dispensaries were health centres (11 percent) and hospitals (6
percent). Muheza district had most of the health facilities in the Region (20 percent), while Pangani
district had least health facilities (5 percent).
As seen in Table 4.8, Pangani, Muheza and Tanga had been the districts with most available health
facilities having 3 and 2 of them serving a population of 10,000. As shown in the same Table, Handeni
district has been the least in the same aspect, having one health facility serving a population of 9,062.
Table 4.8: Population per health facility, Tanga Region, 2006
District Population
Estimate
Number of
Health
facilities
Population
per health
facility
85
Health
Facilities per
10,000
population
Ranking
Pangani 45,885 15 3,059 3.37 1
Muheza* 294,326 66 4,460 2.2 2
Korogwe 272,956
5,352 1.61 5
***
51
Tanga 261,613 52 5,031 2.07 3
Handeni 280,927 31 9,062 1.10 7
Kilindi 165,005 22 7,500 1.61 4
Lushoto 437,379 52 6,190 1.16 6
Total 1,758,091 289 6,089 1.54
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

22, 8%
31, 11%
Fig.20:Distribution of health facilities by
District in 2006
52, 18%
52, 18%
15, 5%
66, 22%
51, 18%
86
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe ***
Tanga
Handeni
Kilindi
Lushoto
During the year 2006, there have been a total of 2,050 beds located in various health centers and
hospitals in Tanga Region (Table 4.9). Regional wise, there was an average of 857 units of population
per bed.
Table 4.9. Population per hospital beds, Tanga Region, 2006
District Estimate
Population
Health
Centre
beds
Hospitals
Beds
Total Beds Population
per Bed
Pangani 45,885 18 104 122 376
Muheza* 294,326 148 270 418 704
Korogwe *** 272,956 119 195 314 869
Tanga 261,613 115 463 578 452
Handeni 280,927 72 180 252 1,114
Kilindi 165,005 73 0 73 2,260
Lushoto 437,379 100 193 293 1,492
Total 1,758,091 645 1,405 2,050 857
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.

Population
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Fig.21:Distribution of population per bed in
the region by district in 2006
0
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe ***
Tanga
Handeni
District
87
Kilindi
Lushoto
Total
Total beds
Popn per bed
The trend of the ratio of beds to prevailing population is a useful indicator for human development.
While the situation was the best in Pangani, the least populated district, having 76 units of population
per bed, the situation was worse in Kilindi District, whereby one bed is ought to serve 2,260 units of
the same.
Comparing the number of hospital/health centres bed for the year 1995 and 2005 and their ratios to the
population was necessary in understanding trend of availability of health services to the residents of
Tanga Region during the past decade (Table 4.10).
Table 4.10: Comparison between number of health facilities and beds, Tanga Region, 1995 and 2005
Year
% Changes 2005 to
1995 2005
1995
District
Number
of
health Number Popn/health
Popn/health
Popn/health
Popn. est. facilities of beds facilities Popn/beds facilities Popn/beds facility Popn/bed
Pangani 41,450 2 110 20,725 377 2,967 365 -86 -3
Muheza* 256,811 54 366 4,756 702 5,075 672 7 -4
Korogwe*** 246,310 65 417 3,789 591 6,227 1,470 64 149
Tanga 222,825 70 716 3,183 311 4,828 485 52 56
Handeni 299,376 46 295 6,508 1015 9,090 1,110 40 9

Kilindi - - - - - 6,226 2,684 - -
Lushoto 416,040 41 451 10,147 922 8,652 1,477 -15 60
Total 1,482,812 278 2,355 5,334 630 6479 930 21 48
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
The positive sign connotes that there is an increase of population per health facility/ bed. The negative
sign shows that the situation is getting better since there were more utilities available to the population
during 2005 as compared to 1995. In overall, the situation has not been better during 2005 as
compared to 1995. Regional wise, the percentage change of populations to be served by health
facilities and beds shows that more people have to be served by the respective utilities by 21 percent,
and 48 percent. The great stride has been witnessed in Pangani where the population per health facility
and bed has been reduced by 86 percent and 3 percent respectively. Korogwe had been the district
most failing to catch up with population growth having it population per health facility and bed being
increased by 64 percent and 149 percent respectively in 2005 as compared to 1995.
As the Government holds a pivotal role in assuring better health services to the public at large,
assessing the performances of the Governments health facilities and the way people look at them is
deemed to be necessary. While the case fatality rates indicates the percentage of in-patients loosing
their life, the bed occupancy rate indicates how people trust obtaining such services in Government
hospital. Table 4.11 displays the case fatality rates for inpatients during the period starting from the
year 1999 to 2005.
Table 4.11: Case Fatality Rate of In-patients in District Hospitals, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2005
88
District Region
Year Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni Kilindi average
1999 3 4 13 2 3 2 - 5
2000 5 3 9 4 2 2 - 5
2001 4 2 6 4 1 2 - 3
2002 3 2 2 1 5 3 - 2
2003 3 3 1 2 4 2 - 3
2004 4 3 2 1 4 2 - 2
2005 4 3 2 1 4 2 - 3
% Changes 19 -29 -86 -52 30 -1 - -42
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

While the negative sign connotes that there have been reduction of In-patients deaths during 2005 as
compared to 1999, the positive sign connotes the opposite. Regional wise, the fatality rate of In-
patients was found to drop by 42 percent during 2005 as compared to 1999. It has been in Pangani and
Lushoto Districts, where there have been increased deaths for In-patients during 2005 as it was in
1999. Although the rates can indicate on the quality of services provided, still they are relatively low
showing that the services provided in such hospitals are worthy.
As mentioned before, the bed occupancy rate indicates the average frequency the hospital bed have
been occupied annum. When the bed occupancy rate in Government hospital is below 60, it is
normally translated that less people go to obtain such services from the government hospitals. There
might be several reasons for this, among them being availability of other preferable options, or
services provided by district hospitals are not worthy. The overall trend for a Region shows that
people have been using the government facilities increasingly showing how the later are increasing
their utilities (Table 4.12).
Table 4.12: Bed Occupancy rate in District Hospitals, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2005
Year
89
District Region
Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni Kilindi average
1999 66 45 130 - 37 28 - 74
2000 61 76 115 16 35 51 - 58
2001 85 73 127 46 63 67 - 76
2002 46 60 89 50 52 49 - 61
2003 52 60 109 48 60 79 - 56
2004 70 102 57 - 49 96 - 72
2005 70 102 57 - 49 96 - 75
District / Region
average 64 74 98 40 49 66 - 67
% change(1999 to
2005) 5 130 -56 - 31 249 - 2
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
In summary, both the low case fatality rate for In-patient and high bed occupancy rates in the district
hospitals shows that the government is still playing its role in ensuring quality health services are
made available in Tanga Region.

Comparing the number of doctors per population between the years 1995 and 2005, there were more
doctors available to the population in 2005. As shown in Table 4.13, there were a total of 48 doctors
serving an estimated population of 1,482,812 making a ratio of 1doctor to 30,892 units of population
during 1995. In the year 2005 there was a total of 108 doctors serving an estimated population of
1,801,100 making a ratio of 1doctor to 16,524 units of population being served. Regional wise, the
changes remark a decrease of 47 percent of the population to be served by one doctor during 2005 as
compared to 1995, indicating significant progress in a respective human development concern.
Table 4.13: Doctors available to the population, Tanga Region, 1995 and 2006
District Number of Doctors Population estimate
Population per
doctor
1995 1998 2002 2005 2006**** 1995 2006 1995 2006
Pangani 4 2 3 5 9 41,450 45,885 10,363 5,098
Muheza* 12 10 13 24 17 256,811 294,326 21,401 17,313
Korogwe*** 5 5 5 10 17 246,310 272,956 49,262 16,056
Tanga 19 34 41 52 47 222,825 261,613 11,728 5,566
Handeni 4 2 2 6 8 299,376 280,927 74,844 35,115
Kilindi - - - 1 - 165,005 - 165,005
Lushoto
Total
4 14 13 11 13 416,040 437,379 104,010 33,644
48 67 77 108 112 1,482,812 1,758,091 30,892 15,697
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
**** This includes MDs and AMOs
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.
90

Number of doctors
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fig.22:Distribution of doctors per district in
selected years
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe***
Tanga
Handeni
Districts
91
Kilindi
Lushoto
1995
1998
2002
2005
2006****
Among all districts in Tanga, it was only Lushoto which had the increase of population per doctor (4
percent) in 2005 as compared to 1995. During 1995 and 2005, Lushoto had one doctor serving
104,010 and 33,644 units of population respectively.
4.1.3 Maternal and Child Health
The delivery / availability of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) are a necessary component in having
a health community. While carrying children and child bearing is a risky process, special attention to
the health of a child after being born is necessary for having a well developed and individual health. A
child therefore requires special attention from the period of his/her birth to when he/she reaches the
age of five where vulnerability for childhood diseases is at its lesser extent. The attendance of women
who are expecting birth in percent is a measure or indicator on how the expecting women understand,

trust and utilizes the Ante Natal Clinics (ANC) services. As shown in Table 4.14, the coverage of
expected birth for the period starting from 1999 to 2005 had been on the average of 98.8 percent
Region wise. Therefore the coverage indicates significant utilization of ANC services by expecting
women.
Table 4.14: Percent coverage for ANC First Attendances of expected birth, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2005
Year District Region
Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni Kilindi
1999 83.0 96.0 98.0 83.0 83.0 77.0 86.1
2000 76.1 134.9 103.1 74.7 79.5 122.5 99.7
2001 86.5 129.5 99.0 109.2 84.8 121.4 106.3
2002 92.0 121.4 88.9 109.9 93.6 90.6 98.5
2003 110.6 121.2 112.9 118.1 87.1 109.6 108.5
2004 88.6 111.9 96.1 101.8 84.7 92.5 96.3
2005 88.6 111.9 96.1 101.8 84.7 92.5 - 95.9
Average 158.0 118.1 99.1 99.8 85.3 100.9 98.8
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
Since there is a great risk during delivery, the expectant mothers need vaccination for tetanus. As
shown in Table 4:15, the Region managed to achieve 113 percent of their immunization target by
immunizing 22,257 women, exceeding the target of 19,660 expecting women. Pangani district has
been the last district to achieve the target managing to immunize 81 percent of their entire target.
Having 101 percent of the target reached, Tanga Region has shown progress in 2006 as compared to
1998 where 89 percent of the target was met.
Table 4:15: Protection rate of Ante Natal Clinics (ANC) clients’ women against Tetanus, Tanga Region, 1998, 2002
and 2006
District
Year 1998 Year 2002 Year 2006 % Coverage
Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated
1998 2002 2006
Pangani 3,292 2,131 1,693 1,554 1,718 1,395
65 92 81
Muheza* 12,665 12,589 11,157 4,321 11,816 7,108
99 39 60
Korogwe*** 12,123 10,034 15,589 9,134 13,235 13,267
83 59 100
Tanga 9,727 7,726 9,743 11,171 10,239 9,499
79 115 93
Handeni 13,575 16,998 15,253 18,001 12,099 17,387 125 118 144
Kilindi NA NA NA NA 6,604 7,536 - - 114
Lushoto 17,919 14,873 19,470 17,659 19,660 22,257 83 91 113
Average 11,550 10,725 12,151 10,306 10,767 11,207 89 85 101
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
92

Fig.23:Protection rate of ANC against tetanus
per district in 2006
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe***
Tanga
District
Handeni
Kilindi
93
Lushoto
Targeted
Actually vaccinated
Understanding the place of delivery is a necessary indicator towards assessing accessibility of health
services to the public. As shown in Table 4:16, 54.3 percent of all registered births in Tanga Region
happened either in the health facility or under administration of the Tradition Birth Attendants (TBA)
during 2006.
Table 4:16: Percent proportion deliveries with medical assistance, including
Trained TBAs, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2006
Year District Region
Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni** Kilindi average
1999 27 48 51 60 79 41 - 44
2000 24.2 48.5 48.8 48.9 76.0 47.8 - 42.3
2001 21.5 49.3 52.3 58.8 65.0 49.4 - 43.8
2002 30.9 56.4 51.6 34.3 69.9 44.2 - 34.8
2003 35.5 42.1 55.6 62.5 70.0 49.9 - 46.9
2004 87.0 48.8 55.6 62.2 70.6 47.4 - 61.7
2005 87.0 48.8 55.6 62.2 70.6 47.4 - 61.9
2006 44 50.2 61.9 73.6 83.9 42.2 57.7 54.3
*Includes Mkinga district

**Includes Kilindi District
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
Having large proportion attending births at health facilities and trained TBAs has been a progressive
indicator. During 1999, only 44 percent of all deliveries in Tanga were administered in the Health
facilities and trained TBA respectively. While Lushoto witnessed the highest proportion of births (87
percent) taken under professional assistance, things were at its opposite in Handeni where only 47.4
percent of all births were supervised by the same during 2005.
From birth, a new born goes through an immunization process against childhood disease such as
Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertusis, Tetanus, Polio and Measles. The child at the age of nine months
takes her last inoculation which is that of measles. Table 4:17, 4:18, 4:19 and 4:20 display the
coverage for BCG, DPT3, OPV3 and Measles immunization to children by districts of Tanga Region
respectively.
Table 4.17: BCG Vaccination of Children under One Year, Tanga Region, 1998 ,2002, 2006
District
Year 1998 Year 2002 Year 2006 % Coverage
Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated 1998 2002 2006
Pangani 1,745 1,727 1,812 1,571 1,917 1,788 99 87 93
Muheza* 10,701 10,320 11,157 10,924 11,816 11,632 96 98 98
Korogwe*** 9,981 9,881 10,474 9,804 11,854 11,356 99 94 96
Tanga 9,727 8,897 9,743 9,888 10,424 10,977 91 101 105
Handeni 13,575 12,253 15,253 15,257 12,100 20,644 90 100 171
Kilindi - - - - 6,604 8,838 - - 134
Lushoto 17,793 11,921 16,768 16,869 17,353 16,520 67 101 95
Total 63,522 54,999 65,207 64,313 72,068 81,755 Av. 87 Av. 99 Av. 113
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
94

Table 4.18: DPTHb3 Vaccination of Children under One Year, Tanga Region, 1998,2002, 2006
District
Name:
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.
Table 4.19: OPV 3 Vaccination of Children under One Year, Tanga Region, 1998 to 2006
District
Year 1998 Year 2002 Year 2006 % Coverage
Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated 1998 2002 2006
Pangani 1,745 1,541 1,812 1,638 1,917 1,768 88 90 92
Muheza* 10,701 10,128 11,157 10,946 11,816 11,589 95 98 98
Korogwe*** 52,907 54,787 10,476 7,941 11,820 11,293 104 76 96
Tanga 9,727 8,741 9,743 8,870 10,424 9,271 90 91 89
Handeni 13,575 9,422 15,253 14,636 12,100 17,097 69 96 141
Kilindi - - - - 6,604 6,245 95
Lushoto 17,712 10,627 16,800 16,364 17,354 16,252 60 97 94
Total 106,367 9,5246 65,241 60,395 72,035 73,515 Av.90 Av.93 Av.102
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.
Table 4.20: Measles Vaccination of Children under One Year, Tanga Region, 1998 to 2006
District
Year 1998 Year 2002 Year 2006 % Coverage
Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated 1998 2002 2006
Pangani 1,745 1,575 1,812 1,621 1,917 1,768 90 89 92
Muheza* 10,701 10,146 11,157 10,946 11,816 11,589 95 98 98
Korogwe*** 7,740 59,598 10,470 9,758 11,500 10,689 770 93 93
Tanga 9,727 8,741 9,743 8,870 10,424 9,271 90 91 89
Handeni 13,575 9,740 15253 11,324 12,100 14,639 72 74 121
Kilindi - - - - 6,604 6,245 - - 95
Lushoto 17,724 11,166 16,819 14,296 17,353 16,241 63 85 94
Total 61,212 100,966 65,254 56,815 71,714 70,442 Av.165 Av.87 Av.98
Year 1998 Year 2002 Year 2005 % Coverage
Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated 1998 2002 2006
Pangani 1,745 1,541 1,812 1,638 1,917 1,768 88 90 92
Muheza* 10,701 10,555 11,050 10,873 11,816 11,712 99 98 99
Korogwe 7,663 5,824 9,614 8,787 11,855 11,359
***
76 91 96
Tanga 9,727 8,308 9,743 8,062 10,424 9,949 85 83 95
Handeni 13,573 9,435 15,253 12,970 12,100 14,826 70 85 123
Kilindi - - - - 6,604 7,377 112
Lushoto 17,955 15,800 16,806 16,335 17,353 16,079 88 97 93
Total 61,364 51,463 64,278 58,665 72,069 73,070 Av.84 Av.91 Av.101
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
95

As the immunization trend has shown, Tanga Region has been performing well in vaccination of
children under one year through out the period while the year 2006 has witnessed most of the
impressing records.
Measles, the last vaccine provided to the child at the age of nine months can be used to indicate the
proportion of children who have managed going through and complete the vaccination circle. Table
4.21 displays the percent of proportion of children who got vaccinated against measles and hence
completed the vaccination circle from the year 1999 to 2005.
Table 4.21: Trend for Measles Vaccination to children under one year, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2006
Year
% Proportion of children vaccinated by District
Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni Kilindi
1999 78 77 92 68 81 64 - 76
2000 89 89 96 66 83 82 - 85
2001 92 92 96 79 99 86 - 90
2002 97 96 97 83 88 82 - 91
2003 89 100 91 77 87 108 - 95
2004 104 96 96 87 85 104 - 98
2005 104 96 96 87 85 104 112 98
2006 92 95 96 95 94 98 120 98
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.
As seen in Table 4.21, there has been a great stride done Regional wise whereas 98 percent of the
children expected to be vaccinated against Measles were vaccinated of the same during 2005. Looking
back in 1999 only 79 percent, of the children expected to be vaccinated against measles were
vaccinated against it. In short the current findings reveal that in 2005, 98 percent finished the
vaccination circle while only 79 percent of the children managed to do so during 1999. Simply this can
tell that there has been significant improvement of efficiency among the health and immunization
stakeholders, the thing deserving applauding.
96
Region

Family planning is one of the key development aspects since it is a necessary act in controlling human
population growth. However, it requires a social negotiation to the community involved. Campaigning
for family planning has been done and significant proportion of all couples in the district has been
increasingly responding to family planning programs. Table 4.22 shows the proportion of couples in
the district who attending family planning programs in the respective years.
Table 4.22: Couple Year Protection, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2005
Year
% proportion of Couples protected by District
Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni Kilindi
97
Region
average
1999 11.9 19.0 18.4 28.0 22.8 9.6 - 16.3
2000 14.6 19.6 31.6 29.1 21.1 13.3 - 20.3
2001 17.5 23.2 34.6 27.2 25.0 17.2 - 22.9
2002 29.5 24.4 39.4 31.4 29.0 16.9 - 27.6
2003 16.7 27.0 41.0 37.6 28.5 15.7 - 22.4
2004 26.7 28.2 44.3 40.0 30.9 16.6 - 25.3
2005 26.7 28.2 44.3 40.0 30.9 16.6 - 31.1
2006 39.7 37.3 45 42.5 32 22.8 6.47 32.1
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
As seen in Table 4.22, there has been more couples engaged in family planning programs during 2005
(31.1 percent) as compared to (16.3 percent) during the year 1999. The trend has also been increasing
in a linear progression showing that there have been serious works done on the ground in making the
population aware and persuade with such programs. Again, this has been an initiative showing that the
stakeholders in the respective agenda are having their job well done.
Proper nutrition and health care is necessary to health, growth and development of children.
Monitoring of children’s weight starts from when the child is born and continues through out to the
age of five. The nutritional status indicators are categorized in three standard indices which are
a. Height for age (stunting)
b. Weight for height (wasting) and
c. Weight for age (underweight).
According to the Tanzanian Demographic and Health Survey 2004 – 05 preliminary reports, Tanga
was found to have 15.9 percent, 0.3 percent and 5.5 percent of their children stunted, wasted and
underweighted respectively. Scrutinizing the weight for children less than one year can be used to
indicate for children’s nutrition status. While 0.96 percent of the children were reported to be severely

malnourished during 2005, 1.60 percent of the same were reported during the year 2000 in Tanga
Region (see Table 4:23). Similarly, across all the Districts of Tanga Region, there has been remarkable
improvement by having fewer children who are severely underweighted (stunted).
Table 4.23: Distribution of Children under 5 who were severely underweight During Measles
Vaccination, Tanga Region, 2000 to 2005
District
Total 126,553 2,750 169,176 2979 190683 2357 2.2 1.76 1.2
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
An overall Weight and Age measurement to children who are attending clinic (under five) also shows
that there has been a significant nutritional improvement among children of the same age category
(See Table 4.24). Scrutinizing or assessing nutritional status for children who are up to five years old
is necessary to clear the doubt for factors influencing nutrition status of the child. Since children who
are more than six months and probably over two years old are out of the exclusive breastfeeding stage
and are already weaned respectively, it is easy to assess the other food factors apart from mother’s
milk.
Total
Weighed
Table 4.24: Proportion of children with severe malnutrition, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2005
Year Proportion of children who are severe malnourished by District Region
Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni Kilindi
1999 5.40 6.00 3.80 6.50 2.80 4.90 - 5.10
2000 5.10 4.80 3.70 0.60 2.00 5.50 - 4.30
2001 3.00 3.80 3.20 2.90 1.60 4.00 - 3.20
2002 2.80 3.80 0.70 1.40 2.30 1.40 - 1.80
2003 2.14 1.61 2.30 1.18 0.96 1.60 - 1.79
2004 2.36 3.09 3.98 0.31 1.07 3.12 - 2.68
2005 2.36 3.09 3.98 0.31 1.07 3.12 - 2.32
2006 1.6 1.1 0.9 0.6 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.17
Key: Severe malnourished children have Weight / Age under 60 %
*Includes Mkinga district
Year 2000 Year 2002 Year 2005 % severely
Severely
Underweight
Total
Weighed
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
Severely
Underweight
98
Total
Weighed
Severely
Underweight
underweight
2000 2002 2005
Pangani 1,902 38 4,337 41 9,587 23 2.00 0.95 0.24
Muheza* 12,675 464 52,273 368 53,962 406 3.66 0.70 0.75
Korogwe*** 9,499 454 9,912 376 32,171 369 4.78 3.79 1.15
Tanga 6,723 96 8,062 95 9,144 105 1.43 1.18 1.15
Handeni 75,004 644 39,391 550 18,413 236 0.86 1.40 1.28
Kilindi - - - - 7377 118 - - 1.60
Lushoto 20,750 1,054 55,201 1,549 60,029 1,100 5.1 2.81 1.83

The levels for Infant Mortality Rates (IMR), under five Mortality Rates (U5MR) and Maternal
Mortality Rate (MMR) have been used as indicators for human development. With regards to the
census of 1978, 1988 and 2002 there have been an improvement in Infant and under five Mortality
rates in Tanga Region (see Table 4.25).
Table 4.25: Infant and under five mortality rates, Tanzania, 1978, 1988 and 2002.
Region Infant Mortality Rate Under five Mortality rate
1978 1988 2002 % change
1988 -
2002
99
1978 1988 2002 % change
1988 -
2002
Dodoma 133 132 114 -13.64 225 222 191 -13.96
Arusha 108 75 41 -45.33 179 179 58 -67.60
Kilimanjaro 76 67 46 -31.34 119 104 67 -35.58
Tanga 112 106 98 -7.55 187 176 162 -7.95
Morogoro 140 125 100 -20.00 236 211 193 -8.53
Pwani 121 113 101 -10.62 204 189 166 -12.17
DSM 108 105 79 -24.76 179 173 123 -28.90
Lindi 151 140 129 -7.86 255 136 217 59.56
Mtwara 161 138 126 -8.70 267 233 212 -9.01
Ruvuma 145 113 104 -7.96 245 188 171 -9.04
Iringa 152 130 102 -21.54 257 220 166 -24.55
Mbeya 161 124 101 -18.55 267 209 165 -21.05
Singida 137 96 82 -14.58 231 153 132 -13.73
Tabora 140 101 83 -17.82 236 166 133 -19.88
Rukwa 170 131 106 -19.08 283 221 175 -20.81
Kigoma 163 115 92 -20.00 269 192 148 -22.92
Shinyanga 150 110 92 -16.36 252 183 149 -18.58
Kagera 133 130 110 -15.38 225 219 182 -16.89
Mwanza 139 185 87 -52.97 233 192 139 -27.60
Mara 140 125 113 -9.60 236 211 188 -10.90
Manyara - 75 69 -8.00 - - 107
North
132 130 103
223 220 170
Unguja
-20.77
-22.73
South
120 120 87
200 200 141
Unguja
-27.50
-29.50
Urban/West 112 113 70 -38.05 187 188 109 -42.02
North
128 123 101
218 206 166
Pemba
-17.89
-19.42
South
123 119 95
206 200 154
Pemba
-20.17
-23.00
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.
While there has been a slight decrease in IMR during 2005 as compared to 2002, there is a significant
decrease in under five Mortality Rate in 2005 as compared to 2002. By the year 2002, life expectancy
at birth for Tanga Region was 49 and 47 for female and males respectively. The Infant Mortality Rate
and under five Mortality Rate in various districts of Tanga Region for the years 2002 and 2005 are
displayed in Table 4.26.

Table 4.26: Infant and Under five Mortality Rates, Tanga Region, 2002 and 2005
District IMR/1000
2002
Estimated
IMR/1000
2005
100
U5MR/1000
2002
Estimated
U5MR/1000
2005
Pangani 105 100 173 140
Muheza* 96 92 158 150
Korogwe *** 115 86 192 184
Tanga 75 73 118 158
Handeni 104 99 172 140
Kilindi 108 105 179 40
Lushoto 91 90 147 23
Regional 98 96 162 140
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.
2. 2002 Population and Housing Census
The Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) was found to be varying from year to year in Tanga Region (see
Table 4.27). While the lowest MMR was witnessed in 2001, the highest MMR was observed in the
year 1999. During 2005, Pangani had the highest MMR while Lushoto had the least MMR. During the
year 1999, Muheza had the biggest MMR while Handeni had the least MMR in the Region.
Table 4.27: Maternal Mortality Rate, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2005
Year MMR among reported deliveries, HF + TBA per 100,000 by District Region
Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni** Kilindi average
1999 200 300 600 280 300 100 - 300
2000 154.3 139 607 244.6 194.3 114.5 - 245.6
2001 106 84 287 311 225 48 - 170
2002 184 266 633 52 238 112 - 262
2003 186.2 214.8 621.0 391.6 899.0 106.5 - 249.3
2004 58.4 133.3 408.6 444.9 606.1 64.8 - 196.3
2005 58.4 133.3 408.6 444.9 606.1 64.8 - 286.0
Total 947.3 1,270.4 3,565.2 2,169 3,068.5 610.6 0
*Includes Mkinga district
** Contains Kilindi district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

4.2 EDUCATION SECTOR
The education sector reforms began in 1995. The overall objectives of introducing education reforms
together with other policy initiatives is to ensure growing and equitable access to high quality formal
education and adult literacy through facilities expansion, efficiency gains and quality improvement,
accompanied with efficient supply and use of resources. Therefore in early 1997 the Tanzania
Government developed a Basic Education Master Plan (BEMP) to guide development in basic
education provision. In response to the Local Government Reforms agenda, an action plan for
transferring responsibility to local school committees has been prepared (refer local Government
Reform Act of 1998).
Tanga Region education sector is structured into Pre-primary, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
education levels. This profiling will only stipulate the data for the first three. In all these levels, efforts
have been made to improve both access and quality. Statistics show that, enrolment rate for standard
one in most Tanga districts is increasing yearly. This is associated with the introduction of Primary
Education Development planning (PEDEP).
4.2.1 Pre-School Education
According to the Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania 2006, the enrolment into pre-primary school
in Tanga Region is dominated by the government as it is about four times of the enrolment in the
private pre-primary schools. Table 4.28 shows the total enrolment into Pre-Primary school with
respect to age and sex in Tanga Region.
4.28 Total Enrolment in Pre-Primary Education by Age, Sex and Region, Tanga Region, 2006
Category Under 5 years 5 years 6 years Total
Both Govt Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
Non-Govt. Pre-
Primary
679 663 1,342 8,252 8,094 16,346 12,118 12,626 24,744 21,049 21,383 42,432
Govt. Pre-
Primary
383 385 768 7,557 7,621 15,178 6,078 6,755 12,833 14,018 14,761 28,779
Non-Govt. Pre-
Primary
186 163 349 285 112 397 2 5 7 473 280 753
For the Government and Non government schools the data are only for first year.
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.
101

Percentage of
enrollment
Fig.24:Enrollment of Pre- Primary school by
sex in the region in 2006
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Govt. Pre-
Primary
Nature of Pre-school
Non-Govt. Pre-
Primary
The above table presents the data for total enrollment in pre-primary Schools in Tanga Region. The
majority of the children are enrolled in government owned schools as compared to non government
ownership (Table 4.29). The sex ratio in these schools is revealed to be almost equally proportional.
As shown in the same table, pre-primary schools have been on the increase in Tanga Region.
102
Girls
Boys
Table 4.29: Distribution of Pre-Schools by Ownership and Enrolment in the Region by District
District Name
Year 2001 Year 2002 Year 2006
Centers Pupils Centers Pupils Centers Pupils
Pu Pr Pu Pr Pu Pr Pu Pr Pu Pr Pu Pr
Pangani 15 0 57 0 16 0 1,190 0 21 1 754 110
Muheza* 73 0 0 0 151 0 5,516 0 167 3 5,314 332
Korogwe *** 31 0 0 0 31 0 30 0 28 0 138 0
Tanga 16 9 433 113 38 9 575 237 76 14 2,320 905
Handeni
Kilindi
73 0 ND 0 73 0 ND 0 92
84
1
0
4,252
3,725
0
0
Lushoto 97 0 9,111 0 188 0 12,041 0 228 1 16,024 0
Total 305 9 9,601 113 497 9 19,352 237 696 20 32,527 1,347
Pu-Public, Pr-Private, ND-No Data
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
In urban areas, most of the children enrolled in primary education have gone through pre primary
education as compared to the rural areas. Although they are still few in numbers, their contribution in
complementing primary education is significant.

Table 4.30: Distribution of Primary Schools by Ownership in the Region by District 1998, 2002 and 2006
District Name: Year 1998 Year 2002 Year 2006
Pubic Private Public Private Public Private
Pangani 25 0 27 1 30 1
Muheza* 151 0 151 0 167 3
Korogwe *** 141 0 144 1 158 2
Tanga 63 0 65 8 77 14
Handeni 120 0 151 0 127 0
Kilindi
0
103
84 0
Lushoto 184 0 206 151 232 0
TOTAL 684 0 744 161 875 20
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.
4.2.2 Primary Education
Tanzania's success in getting many more children into the schools is seen in many of her Regions
including Tanga Region. Mainly these successes are noticed in Primary school education, where
enrolment was stuck at around 50 per cent for several years. Abolition of school fees from 2001 has
resulted in an increase in the number of children enrolled in primary school from 4.4 million in 2000
to 7.5 million in 2005. Countries wise, more than 95 % of children aged 7 to 13 are now enrolled in
primary schools. Tanga Region has 880 primary schools being an improvement as the number has
increased from 727. Table 4.31 displays the distribution of primary schools among the population and
villages and districts by the year 2006.
Table 4.31: Distribution of Primary Schools among the Population and the Villages, by District Tanga Region, 2006
District Estimated
Population
2006
Number of
Primary
Schools
Average
Population Per
School
Number of
Villages
Pangani 45,885 31 1,480 33 0.9
Muheza* 294,326 170 1,731 175 1.0
Korogwe*** 272,956 159 1,717 135 1.2
Tanga 261,613 91 767 23 4.0
Handeni 280,927 127 2,103 176 1.1
Kilindi 165,005 84 648 64 1.3
Lushoto 437,379 218 2,006 162 1.3
Total
1,638 714 1.3
1,758,091
*Includes Mkinga district
880
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006
Average Number of
School per Village

Fig.25:Distribution of Primary Schools per
District in the Region,2006
218, 25%
84, 10%
127, 14%
31, 4%
91, 10%
170, 19%
159, 18%
104
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe***
Tanga
Handeni
Kilindi
Lushoto
As shown in Table 4.32, there has been an improvement with regards to the average population per
school. During 2001 and 2006, the average population per school was 2226 and 1997 respectively.
Table 4.32: Trend in Average Population per Primary School, Tanga Region, 2001, 2003 – 2006
Years Estimated
Population
Number of
Primary Schools
Average Population per
School
2001 1,618,632 727 2,226
2003 1,665,733 746 2,233
2004 1,695,716 823 2,060
2005 1,726,239 855 2,019
2006 1,758,091 880 1,997
Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006
4.2.2.1 Primary School Enrolment
Table 4.33, shows that pupils enrolment into primary schools was 226,215, 420,132 and 427,934 in
1995, 2005 and 2006 respectively. This leads to an average of 244 pupils per 1000 population for year
2006. Pangani and Lushoto districts, the least and most populated district in the Region have been the
one with lowest and highest enrolment in the Region respectively.

Table 4: 33 Total Enrolments in Public Primary School in the Region by Sex and District
District
Year 1995 Year 2003 Year 2006
Name Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls
Pangani 3,311 3,149 4,717 4,658 5,298 5,162
Muheza* 19,339 18,425 36,281 32,842 39,544 35,481
Korogwe*** 19,618 19,917 29,960 28,579 28,016 26,419
Tanga 16,719 16,481 24,498 23,677 30,394 29,965
Handeni** 19,687** 16836** 36,185** 3,211** 32,523 28,964
Kilindi NA NA NA NA 16,698 15,085
Lushoto 39,218 33515 52,055 104,073 66,946 67,439
Total 117,892 108,323 219,881 200,251 219,419 208,515
* Includes Mkinga district
** Both Handeni + Kilindi
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006
Students
Fig.26:Enrollment of Students in Government
primary schools by District in 2006
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe***
Tanga
District
Handeni**
Kilindi
The total enrollment ratio has been increasing by 53.72 percent and 51.95 percent for boys and girls
respectively. During 1995, the enrollment per year was (117892 boys, 108323 girls) and during the
year 2006 the enrolment ratio was 219,419 boys and 208,515 girls. The population group aged 7 years
to 13 years is the primary school age population. Table 4.34 gives the proportion and the number of
this group in Tanga Region by districts as given by the 2002 population census. This is an important
factor to be considered whenever planning for any improvement of primary education infrastructure.
105
Lushoto
Boys
Girls

On average, there population aged 7 to 13 years old constitutes 18.9 % of the total population in Tanga
Region.
Table 4.34: Distribution of 7 to 13 years olds by District and by Sex, Tanga Region 2002
Total 2002
Seven to Thirteen year olds
District
Population Number Percentage
Population
of Total
Pangani 43,920 7929 18.1
Muheza* 278,405 52788 19.0
Tanga 242,640 21664 8.9
Handeni 248,633 54445 21.9
Kilindi 143,792 28432 19.8
Korogwe *** 260,238 49871 19.2
Lushoto 418,652 94773 22.6
Total
*Includes Mkinga district
1,636,280 309,902 18.9
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006
In the year 2002 Population Census, 3.2% of the Tanga Region population was 7 years of age. This
population is of children who were principally meant to be enrolled into standard one during the same
year. During 2006, the actual number of pupils who were enrolled into STD I were 75859 while the
proportion of 7 years old age population was estimated to be 58870 (3.37 %) of the Tanga Region
population. This shows that the enrollment exceeded the target. While Table 4.41 shows the
distribution of seven years olds in the population, Table 4.35 shows the population aged 7 to 13 years
old for the year 2002 and 2006.
Table 4.35: Distribution of Seven year olds in the population, by District and Sex,
Tanga Region 2002 and 2006 projections
District Population
2002
Number of
seven year olds
2002
106
Estimated
population
2006
Pangani 43,920 1,337 45,885 1,415
Muheza* 278,405 8,507 294,326 12,853
Korogwe *** 260,238 7,919 272,956 7,442
Tanga 242,640 6,725 261,613 7,667
Handeni 248,633 8,403 280,927 9,025
Kilindi 143,792 5,160 165,005 5,336
Lushoto 418,652 14,484 437,379 15,132
Total 1,636,280 52,535 1,758,091 58,870
* Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006
Number of
seven year olds
2006

Table 4.36: Estimated Distribution of Children of 7-13 Years in the Population, by District an in
The Region 2002 and 2006
District Population
2002
Number of 7 – 13
year olds 2002
107
Estimated
population 2006
Pangani 43,920 7,928 45,885 8,891
Muheza* 278,405 52,788 294,326 75,025
Korogwe *** 260,238 49,871 272,956 52,308
Tanga 242,640 21,664 261,613 24,697
Handeni 248,633 54,445 280,927 58,472
Kilindi 143,792 28,432 165,005 30,535
Lushoto 418,652 9,773 437,379 99,012
Total 1,636,280 309,901 1,758,091 348,940
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006
Number of
7 – 13 year olds
2006
It is from the seven years old age group that recruitment into primary Schools is usually done.
However, enrolment above target indicates that enrolment to standard one involves those below 7
years age or from above 7 years old age groups. Such estimate is therefore necessary in planning
primary school education.
Population growth reflects to itself to the society involved. For instance, the number of pupils enrolled
in standard one has been increasing year after year reflecting population growth. Table 4.36 shows
standard one enrolment for the year 2001, 2002 and 2006. Table 4.37 shows the total enrollment for
primary schools in the district of Tanga Region. Table 4.38 shows number of pupils by district, school
and village in the year 2006.
Table 4.37: STD One Enrolment in Public Primary Schools by Sex and District 2001, 2002 and 2006
District
Year 2001 Year 2002 Year 2006
Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls
Pangani 719 878 879 893 738 772
Muheza* 3,654 3,657 9,068 84,954 6,176 6,236
Korogwe *** 3,366 3,328 9,291 8,691 4,420 4,152
Tanga 2,673 2,719 6,261 5,877 3,919 3,728
Handeni 6,912 6,214 9,395 8,480 7,130 6,494
Kilindi
3,977 3,747
Lushoto 8,601 7,426 15,093 14,903 10,911 10,614
TOTAL 25,206 24,222 49,987 123,798 37,271 35,743
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Table 4.37: Enrolment of STD I to VI Pupils by District and by Sex, Tanga Region, 2006
District
Pupils Enrolled
Enrolment Sex ratio
Boy Girls Total Boys: Girls
Pangani 4,790 4,656 9,446 1 : 0.97
Muheza* 39,544 35,481 75,025 1 : 0.89
Korogwe *** 25,753 24,276 50,029 1 : 0.94
Tanga 26,332 26,891 53,223 1 : 0.98
Handeni 30,416 27,094 57,510 1 : 0.89
Kilindi 15,836 14,365 30,201 1 : 0.97
Lushoto 66,946 64,953 131,899 1 : 0.97
Total 209,617 197,716 407,333 1 : 0.97
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Table 4.38: Distribution of Pupils by District, by School and by Village, Tanga Region, 2006
District Number
of School
Number of Village Total Number
of Pupils
108
Number of
Pupils
School
per
Pangani 31 33 10,628 343 322
Muheza* 167 175 75,023 449 429
Korogwe *** 131 129 54,435 416 422
Tanga 91 23 village + 60 streets 54,359 597 655
Handeni 127 117 61,487 482 549
Kilindi 84 64 31,783 378 497
Lushoto 232 176 131,899 568 749
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006
Number of
Pupils per
Village
Considering the trend of pupils per 1000 population, there has been a gradual increment of number of
students per 1000 units of population. During 2001 and 2006 the number of pupils per 1000
populations was 150 and 247 respectively. The trend resulted from facilitation efforts of centralizing
the education sector and facilitating all non government efforts.
Table 4.39: Distribution Trend of Pupils in the Population, Tanga Region 2001, 2003 to 2006
Years 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006
Estimated Total population 1,568,632 1,665,733 1,695,716 1,726,239 1,758,091
Total Number of Pupils enrolled 242,702 357,581 387,514 407,841 434,856
Pupils per 1000 Population 150 215 229 236 247
Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania (BEST), 2006

4.2.2.2 Primary School Dropouts
Scrutinising the primary school dropout from 2001 to 2006 (shown in Table 4.47), the data indicate
the trend of school dropouts falling from year to year. During 2001 the dropouts were 4,329, thereafter
dropped to 1673 by 2006, being a drop of 159 %. Truancy was seen to lead as the main reason for
pupil’s dropping out of school. In every year there were more boys dropping out of school than girls.
Table 4.40: Pupils Drop Outs in the Region by Reason and Sex, 2001-2006
Year Reason
Sex
Total
Boys Girls
2001 Death 56 44 100
Lack of school needs 0 0 0
illness 49 48 97
Parent/Guardian illness 0 0 0
Pregnancy 0 106 106
Truancy 2,145 1,881 4,026
Total 2,250 2,079 4,329
2003 Death 95 82 177
Lack of school needs 0 0 0
illness 158 124 282
Parent/Guardian illness 0 0 0
Pregnancy 0 101 101
Truancy 1,302 1,155 2,457
Total 1,555 1,462 3,017
2004 Death 98 113 211
Lack of school needs 0 0 0
illness 0 0 0
Parent/Guardian illness 74 85 159
Pregnancy 0 152 152
Truancy 681 470 1151
Total 853 820 1673
2005 Death 83 76 159
Lack of school needs 80 71 151
illness 80 71 151
Parent/Guardian illness 80 71 151
Pregnancy 0 230 230
Truancy 660 409 1,069
Total 823 786 1,609
2006 Death 115 87 202
Lack of school needs 22 20 42
illness 34 33 67
Parent/Guardian illness 1 2 3
Pregnancy 0 295 295
Truancy 592 472 1,064
Total 764 909 1,673
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.
Pregnancy has been the leading reason for dropouts across the districts among girls in primary school.
Other reasons includes; death, lack of school needs, and illness, parent/guardian illness.
4.2.2.3 Primary School Leaving Examinations
In Tanga Region, the primary school leaving examination performance has gradually been increasing
yearly. However, as compared to other Regions, the Regional rank has been falling as compared with
109

other Regions. The number of candidates who sat for the final exam also has been increasing as the
percent of those who passed the examination increases too. During 2000, 21837 candidates sat for the
examination and only 22.98 percent of all candidates passed. During 2006 candidates who sat for the
examination increased to 33,706 and 69.97 % among these passed the examination.Out of these who
passed the examinations,a total of 21,791 (92.39 percent) students were selected to join Form One in
various Government schools (see table 4.41 below).
Table 4.41: Primary school leaving Exam Results and Grades Tanga Region, 2005
Year Sex A B C D E %Total Total %
Passed
(A+B+C)
2000
2002
2003
2004
2005
110
Total
%
Failed
(D+E)
Candidate
Sat
M 0.13 6.07 22.82 47.82 23.17 100 29.01 70.99 10379 15
F 0.01 2.33 15.18 50.31 32.17 100 17.52 82.48 11458
T 0.06 4.11 18.81 49.13 27.89 100 22.98 77.02 21837 15
M 0.10 7.47 23.33 50.11 18.99 100 30.90 69.10 10485
F 0.01 3.44 13.73 54.47 28.35 100 17.18 82.82 11625
T 0.05 5.35 18.28 52.40 23.91 100 23.69 76.31 22110
M 0.06 11.25 27.96 47.57 13.16 100 39.27 60.73 11703 18
F 0.02 6.53 20.84 55.21 17.41 100 27.38 72.62 12745
T 0.04 8.79 24.25 51.55 15.38 100 33.03 66.93 24448
M 0.11 14.58 34.46 43.54 7.31 100 49.15 50.85 11994
F 0.04 8.67 29.77 51.22 10.30 100 38.48 61.52 12289 17
T 0.07 11.59 32.08 47.42 8.83 100 43.75 56.25 24283
M 0.05 17.05 48.31 31.44 3.15 100 65.41 34.59 11666
F 0.02 11.98 43.24 39.84 4.93 100 55.24 44.76 11472
T 0.03 14.53 45.80 35.60 4.03 100 60.37 39.63 23138
Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania (BEST 2001-2006) Regional Data
The gradual increase of the performance of Primary school leaving examination is an obvious
implication that there is need for increased places in the secondary schools to be able to absorb
increased numbers of pupils who complete and pass Standard VII examinations.
Table 4.42: Number of students sat for STD VII examinations and selected to join Form One by sex and
District, Tanga region 2006
DISTRICT
SAT FOR STD VII
EXAMS
PASSED STD VII
EXAMINATIONS
SELECTED TO JOIN
FORM ONE
Rank
NOT SELECTED
FOR FORM ONE
Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
HANDENI 1886 1747 3633 1,466 1,130 2,596 1,466 1,130 2,596 0 0 0 100
KILINDI 815 730 1,545 641 509 1,150 641 509 1,150 0 0 0 100
% to
form
One

KOROGWE
TOWN
COUNCIL
KOROGWE
DISTRICT
COUNCIL
623 605 1,228 562 539 1,101 445 441 886 117 98 215 80.5
2,190 2,097 4,287 1,778 1,614 3,392 1,511 1,498 3,009 267 116 383 88.7
LUSHOTO 4,706 5,260 9,966 3,054 3,105 6,159 3,053 3,105 6,158 1 0 1 99.98
MUHEZA 1,945 1,917 3,862 1,534 1,492 3,026 1,342 1,328 2,670 192 164 356 88.2
MKINGA 1,205 999 2,204 936 732 1,668 722 720 1,442 214 12 226 86.45
PANGANI 566 575 1,141 386 327 713 329 326 655 57 1 58 91.9
TANGA 2,971 2,869 5,840 2,197 1,584 3,781 1,749 1,476 3,225 448 108 556 89.0
TOTAL 16,907 16,799 33,706 12,554 11,032 23,586 11,258 10,533 21,791 1,296 499 1,795 92.39
From Table 4.42 above it is very clear that Handeni and Kilindi districts were number one in sending
all (i.e 100 percent) students to form one (Secondary schools) followed by Lushoto (99.98 percent),
Pangani (91.9 percent), Tanga (89.0 percent), Korogwe District Council (88.7 percent), Muheza (88.2
percent), Mkinga (86.45 percent) and the last was Korogwe Town Council with 80.5 percent of
students who passed the std VII exams joining secondary schools.It is also seen that only 1,795 (7.61
percent of all who passed exams) students who passed std VII exams didn’t get chances to join Form
One.
4.2.2.4 Primary School Facilities
Inadequacy in education facilities is a national issue that has received national attention. For primary
school education, classrooms, school toilets, water tanks, teachers houses, desks, tables, cupboards,
chairs, text books and other learning and teaching materials are highly needed as their supply are in
shortfall. Accordingly, the government has called for concerted efforts among stakeholders to build
more secondary schools. At community level, there is widely felt need for assistance in terms of
personnel, budget allocation, infrastructure, teaching and leaning materials. Tanga Region School
facilities data information at Regional and district level are provided in the Table 4.43.
Table 4.43: Status of Primary School Facilities in the Region by District 1998, 2002 and 2006
District
Name/Facility
Year 1998 Year 2002 Year 2006
Required Actual Required Actual Required Actual
School
Pangani 27 25 35 28 42 31
Muheza* 216 150 231 151 246 167
Korogwe *** 161 142 234 145 268 160
Tanga 67 65 67 65 96 91
Lushoto 194 184 206 206 237 232
Handeni 179 120 239 153 136 127
111

Kilindi
Classrooms
89 84
Pangani 203 167 240 172 292 213
Muheza* 912 611 1,623 784 1,726 926
Korogwe *** 677 600 790 778 1,360 791
Tanga
Handeni
Kilindi
731
856
497
571
1,066
1673
619
616
1,336
1775
792
862
Lushoto
Toilet Holes
1,525 1,193 2,980 1,193 3,141 1,964
Pangani 296 71 409 103 469 274
Muheza* 1,564 397 3,363 422 3,643 432
Korogwe *** 1493 396 1,741 1,096 2,363 1,259
Tanga 1254 429 2,019 631 2,375 1,133
Handeni 1430 442 2,217 396 2,867 1,027
Kilindi
1,474 634
Lushoto
Teacher’s
Houses
2,678 2,124 3,832 2,195 5,651 3,120
Pangani
Muheza*
276
1208
41
115
278
1579
50
105
295
1746
64
215
Korogwe ***
Tanga
Handeni
1,307
713
1,108
126
4
223
1,307
1,058
1,403
138
40
133
1447
1,058
1,570
196
42
195
Kilindi
799 111
Lushoto
Teacher’s
Offices
1,650 104 2,662 153 3,141 280
Pangani 54 13 55 24 60 31
Muheza*
Korogwe ***
300
143
214
53
362
157
150
53
529
269
167
169
Tanga
Handeni
Kilindi
138
NA
79 165
166
102
83
205
408
201
110
188
120
Lushoto 368 225 374 293 464 330
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006
In all districts, there are shortfalls of primary school facilities notably, the number of classrooms,
desks, toilets and teachers’ houses. In most cases, the number of teachers is small compared to the
number of students. This is below the National Education Policy recommendation of ratios of 1
teacher to 40 pupils, two pupils per desk and 15 – 25 boys per toilet hole or 10 girls per toilet hole.
Table 4.44 displays the primary school facilities for both Government and Private primary schools
respectively.
112

Table 4.44: Permanent Buildings/Furnitures in Government and Non-government Primary
Schools, Tanga Region, 2006
Type of Government Private Total
building
furniture
/
Actual Required Shortage Actual Required Shortage Actual Required Shortage
Staff houses 1,035 1,0561 9,526 2 123 121 1,037 10,684 9,647
Staffrooms 1,194 1,968 774 27 40 13 1,221 2,008 787
Stores 547 1507 960 22 31 9 569 1,538 969
Toilets 8,374 17,232 8,858 180 161 -19 8,554 17,393 8,839
Classrooms 5,745 10,404 4,659 130 130 0 5,875 10,534 4,659
Cupboards 5,008 14,056 9,048 57 124 67 5,065 14180 9,115
Desks 134,816 182,960 48,144 1,817 1,864 47 136,633 184,824 48,191
Tables 10,482 21,090 10,608 1,017 1,078 61 11,499 22,168 10,669
Chairs 11,915 20,629 8,714 1,535 1,488 -47 13,450 22,117 8,667
Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006(BEST); Regional Data
General Regional data for school facilities are as presented in the data above showing a great number
of short falls in each facility, implying a need of great efforts to minimize the number of shortfalls so
as to achieve quality education. It could be noticed that there has been an increase of enrolment of
pupils to primary schools which is not proportionally with the increase of facilities.
Generally, inTanzania mainland Tanga Region ranked 16 th in terms of having many number of streams
(11950) in government primary schools as compared to other Regions. Lindi rank the last Region by
having very few streams (3816). Only Mwanza, Mbeya, Shinyanga, Kilimanjaro and Iringa have more
streams in primary school (see Table 4.45).
Table 4.45: Number of Streams by Grade and Region in Govt Primary Schools, 2005
Region
I II III
NUMBER OF STREAMS
IV V VI VII Total Rank
Lindi 703 615 612 676 475 393 342 3816 1
Pwani 907 945 923 1010 741 606 445 5577 2
Manyara 1071 1070 1116 1108 747 494 410 6016 3
Mtwara 1164 1096 1073 1069 778 782 570 6532 4
Arusha 1148 1110 1153 1199 764 692 586 6652 5
Rukwa 1384 1188 1167 1521 783 469 399 6891 6
Mara 1074 1158 1291 1639 938 791 655 7548 7
Tabora 1740 1342 1337 1430 780 663 538 7830 8
Dodoma 1834 1459 1356 1244 947 971 586 8397 9
Kigoma 1480 1421 1630 1734 1041 786 445 8537 10
Ruvuma 1221 1412 1445 1934 1185 918 712 8827 11
Singida 913 1022 1085 1148 867 785 624 9424 12
Morogoro 1758 1595 1619 1668 1148 1078 782 9628 13
D’Slaam 1481 1522 1623 1829 1617 1211 918 10201 14
113

Kagera 2486 2242 2084 2096 1081 908 820 11717 15
Tanga 2098 2136 2188 2127 1389 1176 836 11950 16
Iringa 2224 2162 2157 2229 1672 1477 1191 13112 17
K’njaro 1777 1977 2182 2292 1773 1783 1402 13166 18
Shinyanga 2364 2327 2364 2477 1604 1248 887 13271 19
Mbeya 2368 2607 2271 2246 1357 1376 1383 13608 20
Mwanza 2950 2900 3104 3671 1998 1777 1352 17842 21
Grand
Total
34145 33396 33780 36347 23665 20344 15363 197540
Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2005(BEST); Regional Data
Regional wise, Tanga Region in 2005 had the average of 47 students per one stream. Handeni and
Kilindi have the least number of students per stream (36 streams). Muheza had an average of 45
students per stream (see Table 4.46).
Table 4:46: Distribution of Pupils among Streams by District Tanga Region, 2005
District
Number of
Total Pupils
streams 2005
Enrolment 2005
Average Pupils
per Stream
Pangani 263 10460 40
Muheza* 1667 75025 45
Korogwe *** 1350 54435 40
Tanga 1411 60390 43
Handeni 1732 61487 36
Kilindi 873 31783 36
Lushoto 2856 114261 40
Total
* Includes Mkinga district
10,152 407,841 40
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006
4.2.2.5 Primary School Teachers
Teachers along with the classrooms are the two most important pre-requisites for good primary
education. Between 2001 and 2006 there was an upgrading of teachers quality required for primary
schools. As compared to 2005, there were significant increase graduate teachers in 2006.
Table 4.47: Teaching Staffs by year, sex and Qualification 2001, 2003 -2006
Year
GRADE B/C GRADE A DIPLOMA DEGREE TOTAL
M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T
2001 2773 2822 5595 1355 1313 2668 54 14 68 0 0 0 4182 4149 8331
2003 2867 3054 5291 1435 1495 2930 72 27 99 0 0 0 4374 4576 8950
2004 1485 1605 3090 1591 1762 3353 82 30 112 0 0 0 3158 3397 6555
2005 1383 1506 2889 2007 2432 4439 91 44 135 10 5 15 3481 3982 7463
2006 1351 1430 2781 2265 2831 5096 1 2 3 95 39 134 3712 4302 8014
Total 9859 10417 19646 8653 9833 18486 300 117 417 105 44 149 3712 4302 8014
Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006 (BEST); Regional Data
114

Table 4.48 shows the distribution of primary school teachers and teachers’ house by Region for
Tanzania Mainland. Assessing houses available to teachers, there has been the ratio of 10 teachers per
one house in Tanga Region indicating a non conducive environment to teachers in the Region.
Table 4:48: Distribution of Primary School Teachers and Teachers’ House by Region,
Tanzania Mainland, 2005
Region Number of
Teachers
Number of
Teachers’ House
115
Teachers per
House
Ranking
Iringa 7720 3425 2 1
Manyara 4017 1322 3 2
Mbeya 9139 3544 3 3
Rukwa 4112 1531 3 4
Singida 4134 1316 3 5
Lindi 2921 707 4 6
Mara 6549 1569 4 7
Mtwara 4586 1055 4 8
Pwani 4238 1139 4 9
Ruvuma 6500 1731 4 10
Arusha 5997 1309 5 11
Kigoma 4876 1073 5 12
Morogoro 7089 1425 5 13
Dodoma 6437 1002 6 14
Mwanza 10754 1733 6 15
Shinyanga 8788 1590 6 16
Kagera 7566 1061 7 17
Tabora 4691 647 7 18
Tanga 7478 786 10 19
Dar es salaam 9267 749 12 20
Kilimanjaro 8171 696 12 21
Total 135013 29410 5 (AV.)
Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006(BEST); Regional Data
Tanga Region ranks number nineteen in making available housing for teachers. Iringa rank the first by
having two teachers per house, followed by Manyara having three teachers per house. Kilimanjaro and
Dar es Salaam ranks twenty and twenty one respectively in the country by having twelve teachers per
house ratio.
4.2.3 Secondary Schools Education
Primary education in Tanzania education structure is an elementary stage, followed by secondary
education. All strategies to improve secondary education are to focus on the millennium development
goals and Tanzania vision 2025. Each Region has been striving to ensure that it organizes all her
resources and stakeholders to increase the number of student selected to join secondary school
education each year. However, the demand for secondary school is still pressing in Tanga Region as it
has only 131 secondary schools with 739 streams compared to 877 primary schools with 10765
streams for both Non-government and government schools.

4.49: Number of Schools and Streams in Govt. and Non-Government Sec. – Tanga Region
Category
No. of
schools
Form
I
Form
II
Form
III
116
Streams
Form IV Form V Form VI Total
Govt. Sec. School 99 162 163 74 76 15 16 506
Non-Govt. Sec.
School
32 61 60 51 50 6 5 233
Total 131 223 223 125 126 21 21 739
Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006 (BEST); Regional Data
Table 4.49 displays the enrolment by sex and level / grade in both government and non government
schools in Tanga Region.
Table 4.50: Enrolment by Sex and Level/Grade in Govt and Non-Govt Sec. Tanga Region 2006
Form I Form II Form III Form IV Form V Form VI Form V- Form V- Form I - VI
Categor
IV VI
y
Got Sec
(2006)
B G T B G T B G T B G T B G T B G T B G B G B G T
6550
Non-
Govt.
Sec.
(2006) 598
Govt.
Sec
(2001) 1458
Non-
Govt
(2001) 754
6480
793
1340
948
13030
1391
2798
1702
4976
720
1380
789
5065
853
1299
760
Key : B = boys, G = girls, T = total
10041
1573
2679
1549
2380
549
993
653
Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006(BEST); Regional Data
1859
644
777
659
4239
1193
1770
1312
1435
461
966
462
1048
552
918
524
2483
1013
1884
986
708
130
275
70
The Tanga Region data shows that the enrolment into secondary school education has increased
rapidly from 16030 year 2001 to 36940 year 2006, this being a 43.39%. The enrolment to both sex has
been improved by 43.52% and 43.26% to boys and girls respectively.
The comparison of number of pupils enrolled into form one secondary school is 13,030 in government
secondary schools and 1,391 for non-government secondary schools, leading to a total of 14,421
students in the year 2006. Recollecting the data of pupils who sat for STD VII leaving examination
which was 23, 138 pupils, implies that there are no opportunities for all students who sat for STD VII
252
210
121
130
960
340
396
200
272
103
287
131
151
151
144
192
423
254
431
323
15341
2328
4792
2658
14452
-
4334
2891
980
233
562
201
403
361
265
322
16321
2561
5359
2859
14855
3203
4599
3213
12470
5764
18234
6072

leaving examination to enroll into form one in secondary education. That is to say efforts are to be
made to improve and increase the number of secondary schools.
In Tanga Region, the student per teacher ratio was observed to be 34 and 15 for private and public
schools respectively (see Table 4:51). The number of students per stream has been 50 for Tanga
Region as well.
Table 4.51: Status of Secondary Schools, Tanga Region 2006 Form I – VI
Number of School Sex
Public Private Total
99 32 131
Boys 16,321 2,561 18,882
Total Number
Girls 14,855 3,203 18,058
Student Total 31,176 5,764 36,940
Number of Streams 506 233 739
Number of Teachers 922 397 1,319
Students per School 315 180 495
Students per Streams 62 25 50
Students per Teachers 34 15 28
Enrolment Sex Ratio - - -
Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006(BEST); Regional Data
There is an improvement of qualified teachers across years. Comparing the number of graduate
teachers between 2001 and 2006 there has been an increase of 58.2 % (see Table 4.52). Recalling the
increase of secondary schools and number of streams in existing secondary schools, there is a need for
the rate to increase even more to cope with the current situation.
Table 4.52 Secondary School Teachers by Qualification and Year, Sex Tanga Region 2006
Year Teacher’s Govt Non - Govt Total
Qualifications M F T M F T M F T
BSc. (Ed) 22 6 28 16 5 21 38 11 49
BA (Ed) 17 4 21 26 7 33 43 11 54
2001 Dip. Science 114 54 168 64 18 82 178 72 250
Dip. Arts 121 85 206 69 33 102 190 118 308
Grade A 13 7 20 2 1 3 15 8 23
Others 18 5 23 31 4 35 49 9 58
BSc. (Ed) 24 4 28 14 3 17 38 7 45
BA (Ed) 20 7 27 29 4 33 49 11 60
2003 Dip. Science 151 63 214 47 12 59 198 75 273
Dip. Arts 135 134 269 73 27 100 208 161 369
Grade A 12 7 19 9 6 15 21 13 34
Others 14 3 17 51 8 59 65 11 76
BSc. (Ed) 18 6 24 22 3 25 40 9 49
BA (Ed) 26 6 32 33 6 39 59 12 71
2004 Dip. Science 189 76 265 43 16 59 232 92 324
Dip. Arts 186 178 364 73 27 100 259 205 464
117

2005
2006
Grade A 10 6 16 9 5 14 19 11 30
Others 20 6 26 73 16 89 93 22 115
BSc. (Ed) 29 8 37 23 4 27 52 12 64
BA (Ed) 24 4 28 26 8 34 50 12 62
Dip. Science 180 93 273 68 16 84 248 109 357
Dip. Arts 236 212 448 78 32 110 314 244 558
Grade A 11 26 37 7 2 9 18 28 46
Others 25 8 33 81 17 98 106 25 131
BSc. (Ed) 38 12 50 31 3 34 69 15 84
BA (Ed) 34 14 48 36 9 45 70 23 93
Dip. Science 175 89 264 50 12 62 225 101 326
Dip. Arts 246 227 473 60 139 199 306 366 672
Grade A 15 9 24 9 4 13 24 13 37
Others 47 16 63 34 10 44 81 26 107
Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006(BEST); Regional Data
Like it was in primary schools, the main reason for secondary school dropouts in Tanga Region is
truancy. Pregnancy has been the second most important reason for dropout in secondary schools in
Tanga (See Table 4.53).
Table 4.53: Dropout by Sex, Form, Reason and year 2001 – 2006 Tanga Region
Form I Form II Form III Form IV Form V Form VI Total
Reason B G T B G T B G T B G T B G T B G T B G T
Death 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lack of 2 2 4 10 2 12 7 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 9 28
School needs
Illness 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
Pregnancy 0 18 18 0 24 24 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 46 46
Truancy 25 16 41 67 91 15 22 1 35 9 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 124 247
8
3
3
3
Others 7 2 9 18 32 50 13 7 20 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 38 45 83
Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006(BEST); Regional Data
4.3 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
4.3.1 Water Supply
Tanga Region has different types of water supply sources including charco dam, springs, rivers,
shallow wells and boreholes. As shown in Table 4.54, shallow wells are the leading water source in
Tanga Region.
118

Table 4.54: Number of Rural Water Schemes in the Region by District, 2006
District Name Charco Dam Spring Shallow Well Rainwater
Harvest
Bore holes
W NW W NW W NW W NW W NW
Pangani 0 0 6 0 16 5 0 0 7 1
Muheza 14 1 14 3 267 49 11 0 26 3
Korogwe *** 0 0 23 2 111 60 2 0 11 2
Tanga 0 0 17 0 16 5 0 0 8 0
Handeni 27 4 0 0 40 21 56 0 7 0
Kilindi 8 1 2 1 45 31 0 0 2 1
Lushoto 0 0 62 1 36 39 0 0 0 0
Total 49 6 124 7 531 210 69 0 61 7
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Regional Commissioners Office, Tanga Region
Table 4.55 shows the estimated population that is covered by water supply schemes in the Region by
district. It shows that Tanga district is leading with a total estimated coverage of 76 percent of its
population. Korogwe district follows with estimated coverage of 69 percent. Kilindi district is the
least in terms of population supplied with water from existing schemes with only an estimated 27
percent population coverage.
Table 4.55 Rural Water Supply Coverage in the Region by District, 2006
District Name
Estimated Total
Population
Estimated Population
Coverage
119
% of
Coverage
Pangani 45,885 14,700 32
Muheza* 294,326 161,880 55
Korogwe *** 272,956 188,340 69
Tanga 261,613 198,825 76
Handeni 280,927 162,900 58
Kilindi 165,005 43,690 26
Lushoto 437,379 223,063 51
Total 1,758,091 993,398
56.5
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006

Population
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
Fig.27:Rural water Supply coverage in the
region by district,2006
0
Pangani
Muheza*
Korogwe ***
Tanga
District
Handeni
Kilindi
Lushoto
120
Total Popn
Estimated Popn
Village communities have been involved in the inception, construction and running rural water supply
schemes in various districts of the Region. This is depicted by having the village water committees
and village water funds which are mainly owned and managed by the village / rural committees. Table
4.56 shows the number of village water committees, membership and village water funds in the
Region. It shows that Lushoto district is leading in terms of having a large number of village water
committees and funds. Tanga district is the least in this aspect probably due to its urban nature with
few villages.
Table 4.56 Number of Village Water Committees and Village Water Funds in the Region by
District as at 2006
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
Distict/
Council
MUHEZA
MKINGA
LUSHOTO
KOROGWE
Estimated
Population
as at
31.12.2006
177,947
116,379
437,379
216,152
Estimated
Population
getting clean
and safe
water
99,650
61,681
223,063
149,145
Percentage
of popn
getting water
56.0
53.0
51.0
69.0
Number of
Village
Water
Committees(
VWC)
100
86
160
124
Number of
Village
Water Funds
(VWF)
80
63
88
67
Revenue
collected from
VWF (TSHs)
5,267,000
3,221,800
10,659,704
7,043,171

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
KOROGWE
MJI
HANDENI
TANGA
Urban
TANGA
Rural
PANGANI
KILINDI
Regional total
56,804
280,927
200,353
62,260
45,885
165,005
1,758,091
39,081
139,615
186,346
53,676
30,284
27,705
1,010,246
121
68.8
48.0
93.0
86.2
66.0
16.7
57.4
Source: Regional Commissioners Office, Tanga Region, 2006
20
86
19
0
33
22
650
18
86
19
0
31
12
464
4,667,312
15,076,850
1,235,700
0
5,750,801
12,200,319
65,122,657
Table 4.57 shows the households’ main source of drinking water in the Region as revealed by 2002
Housing and Population Census. It shows that the dominant source of drinking water supply in the
Region is piped water and the least source is rain water. Tanga district is leading in terms of household
using piped water as the main source. Pangani and Kilindi districts are the least in this aspect.
Table 4.57 Households’ Main Source of Drinking Water by District in the Region 2002
Main source of
Energy for
looking
Pangani Tanga Korogwe*** Muheza* Lushoto Handeni Kilindi Total
Piped water 5,188 45,692 17,972 11,358 20,521 17,822 4,891 123,444
Protected Well 701 2,048 9,123 5,805 5,700 3,975 2,597 29,949
Unprotected well 2,324 4,953 7,447 24,010 3,679 22,381 7,996 72,789
Protected Spring 1,511 40 5,586 2,946 16,249 172 1,037 27,540
Unprotected 417 124 4,396 1,826 15,483 220 3,233 25,699
spring
River/Stream 1,025 798 14,438 13,884 29,372 4,217 6,687 70,420
Pond/Dam 240 94 53 1,747 554 3,756 3,392 9,836
Lake 22 - 7 730 - 44 - 802
Rain water 5 5 18 26 12 232 - 298
Water vendors 1 116 221 589 13 192 - 1,131
Total 11,434 53,870 59,261 62,921 91,583 53,011 29,833 361,908
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 2002 Population and Housing Census, Tanzania
4.3.2 Sanitation
Sanitation is the best indicator of environmental health awareness and development in both rural and
urban settings. Table 4.58 shows the households’ types of toilet facility by district in the Region. It
shows that traditional pit-latrines are the main toilet facility in the Region. Flush toilets are mainly
found in Tanga and Korogwe districts.

Table 4.58 Households’ Types of Toilet Facility by District in the Region
Type of Toilet Pangani Tanga Korogwe*** Lushoto Muheza Handeni Kilindi Total
Facility
*
Flush toilet 713 10,870 3,338 884 732 234 185 16,955
Traditional Pit-
Latrine
7,693 36,659 52,805 84,278 50,350 43,802 21,878 297,464
Ventilated Pit-
Latrine
305 455 567 2,286 472 2,412 174 6,671
Other 3 23 60 - 17 6 257 366
No facility 2,720 5,862 2,491 4,133 11,349 6,555 7,339 40,449
Total 11,434 53,869 59,261 91,582 62,921 53,010 29,833 361,905
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: URT 2002 Population and Housing census volume IV – Tanga Region District
However, the information in the table shows that a significant number of households in the Region
(11.18 percent) had no toilet facilities by the year 2002. This unappealing situation indicates that there
is a need for the Government and other development stakeholders to undertake special initiatives to
rescue this situation which puts the health of the population in the Region at risk.
122

5.1 WOMEN DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION
SECTION V
OTHER DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
In 2002, the Population and Housing Census revealed that women formed 51.1 percent of the total
Tanzania Mainland population. In Tanga Region the same census showed that women constituted
about 51.5 % percent of the total population.
Tanga Region is one of the Regions in Tanzania which has continued to empower women through
various initiatives. Women are encouraged to participate in various economic and political activities
including leadership at various levels. Gender equality is also widely advocated for. The Region
supports various policies passed at national level aiming at containing gender discrimination and
exploitation. Women are also encouraged to form economic groups so that they can access credits
from various financial institutions including NGOs.
Furthermore, the district councils in the Region are collaborating with the Government to administer
the Women Development Fund. Table 5.1 shows the number of active women economic groups in the
Region which have benefited from the Women Development Fund.
Table 5.1: Active Women Groups in the Region District, 2006
District Name No. of Total
No. of Group Total Loaned
Groups Membership Loaned
(Tshs)
Pangani 60 290 60 18,100,00
Muheza* 200 2000 24 3,500,00
Korogwe Town
Council
15 75 8 2,750,000
Korogwe
District Council
58 416 25 7,600,000
Tanga City 476 4897 476 1,339,974,975
Handeni 320 1600 ND ND
Kilindi 30 161 27 4,000,000
Lushoto 88 440 88 24,450,000
Total 1,247 9,879 708 1,378,774,975
* Includes Mkinga district
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners’ Office, 2006.
123

5.2 YOUTH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Youth is an economic group which most communities pay attention to its needs. Tanga Region has
shown attention to this group by encouraging them to form economic groups so that they can access
various services including financial credits. Table 5.2 shows the number of economic groups,
membership and the amount loaned to these groups. It shows that there are 292 economic youth
groups in the Region in six districts of the Region with a total of 6,392 members. Working together in
economic groups increase the chances of accessing credit funds by youth groups. In the year 2006,
there were 98 youth groups that have secured loans amounting to Tshs. 19, 996,422/-. While Muheza
district is leading by having more groups, Tanga district is leading in terms of large number of
membership
Table 5.2: Active Youth Economic Group in the Region by District, 2006
District Name No. of Group Total Membership No. of Group Loaned Total Loaned (Tshs)
Pangani 58 288 30 5,940,000
Muheza * 100 900 9 3,500,000
Korogwe
Town Council
12 72 4 1,115,000
Korogwe
Council
District 75 675 - -
Tanga 87 4664 44 4,756,422
Handeni 10 50 - -
Kilindi 22 415 - -
Lushoto 15 75 15 5,800,000
Total 379 7,139 102 21,111,422
*Includes Mkinga district
Source: Regional Commissioners Office, Tanga Region, 2006.
124

Fig.28:Active Youth Economic groups in the
Region,2006
Pangani
65%
4%
1% 6% 1%
5.3 CO-OPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
13%
125
1%
0%
9%
Muheza *
Korogwe
Town Council
Korogwe District
Council
Tanga
Handeni
Kilindi
Lushoto
Throughout history, humankind has sought to work together to achieve mutual goals. In many parts of
the world, self-help and primitive co-operation were the foundations of society. In turn,
co-operatives have consequently developed within a vast array of belief systems that have greatly
influenced co-operators and, co-operators around Regions have developed and expressed views of
what is good, desirable and worthy for improving human living conditions especially the low income
earners.
In Tanzania, cooperatives have a long and proud history. Co operatives were particularly strong in the
first decade of independence. Since then, however, the outlook has been less positive. For a time,

cooperatives became a tool for top-down government policies and were effectively integrated into
state structures. When trade liberalization was introduced in the 1990s, the cooperatives became
unresponsive as they were unprepared for competition from the private sector. At the present Tanzania
cooperatives are re-establishing themselves through member empowerment and increased commercial
viability.
The existence of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOS) in the Region is among the
factors contributing to development especially for low income families or individual. Most of the
SACCOS members have access to financial services than before. In Tanga Region, almost each
district has a number of SACCOS. Table 5.3 shows the distribution of (SACCOS) in Tanga Region by
districts. It also shows membership, funds and loans loaned to members. As it can be observed, the
number of SACCOS is still very low as compared to the existing population in each district. Tanga
district is leading by having a good number of SACCOS as compared to other districts
Table 5.3: Active SACCOS in the Region by District, 2006
District Name No. of SACCOS Total Membership Total Funds
SACCOS A/C as at
31.11.2006
126
Total Loaned to
Member (Tshs)
Pangani
Muheza*
11
15
814
1850
68,778,000
301,850,440
41,016,500
411,332,006
Korogwe
Council
Town
17 2243 739,262,823 167,049,937
Korogwe
Council
District
18 1791 41,487,038 195,645,250
Tanga 36 4233 1,217,733,864 2,032,074,036
Handeni
Kilindi
7
7
1,587
920
338,737,050
88,000,000
1,072,293,000
100,000,000
Lushoto 31 2623 550,892,375 240,500,000
Mkinga 6 986 128,000,000 326,965,000
Total 148 17,047 3,474,741,590 4,586,875,729
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners’ Office, 2006.

Fig.29:Active SACCOS in the Region by
District,2006
Pangani
31, 21%
7, 5%
7, 5%
6, 4%
36, 25%
11, 7%
15, 10%
17, 11%
18, 12%
5.4 NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS AND COMMUNITY
BASED ORGANISATIONS
Tanga Region as other Regions in Tanzania has had a proliferation of Non Governmental
Organisations (NGOs) over the past forty years or so. Many of these are aimed at providing aids in
the development process of communities. Table 5.4 shows the number of active NGOs, number of
beneficiaries and their types of programmes/activities in the Region by district.
Table 5.4: Active NGO’s in the Region by District, 2006
District Name No. of
Organization
No. of
Beneficiaries
Types of Programmes/Activities
Pangani 7 44,000 HIV, Orphans, Youth
Muheza* 15 3,000 HIV/AIDS
Korogwe Town 11 373 Education to Orphans, Education of HIV/AIDS to
Council
community, support to PLWHAs.
Korogwe District 8 Community HIV/AIDS, Environmental Conservation and school
Council
Tanga 69 Community
construction
Handeni 25 500 HIV/AIDS, Environmental Conservation, Refugees
Kilindi 1 Community School construction, environment & Health
Lushoto 43 Community Orphanage, Education, and conservation of Natural resource
Total 160
*Includes Mkinga district
Community-Based Organisations (CBOs) and Faith-Based Organisations (FBOs) are also operating in
the Region. Table 5.5 shows a number of CBOs in the Region by Districts. It shows that most of the
127
Muheza*
Korogwe Town
Council
Korogwe District
Council
Tanga
Handeni
Kilindi
Lushoto
Mkinga

programmes performed by the organizations are for empowering low income people mainly for
HIV/AIDs. While Tanga district is leading by having a large number of CBOs, Pangani district is
leading in terms of the number of beneficiaries.
Table 5.5 Active CBO’s in the Region by District, 2006
District No. of
No. of
Types of Programmes/Actives
Name Organization Beneficiaries
Pangani 4 44,000 HIV though drama
Muheza* 30 5,000 HIV/ AIDS
Korogwe 7 255 HIV/ AIDS education,Orphans,Widows,PLWHAs
Town
Council
support
Korogwe 7 Community HIV/AIDS,Orphans,Environmental conservation and
District
Council
natural resources
Tanga 116 580 Gardening, tailoring, food processing, dairy keeping
Handeni 5 2,000 Loans, HIV/ AIDS Environment Conservation
Kilindi 24 Community AIDS control Programme
Lushoto 30 600 HIV/AIDS, Environment
Total 223
*Includes Mkinga district
Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.
Faith-Based Organisations (FBOs) are also among the development stakeholders in the Region. Apart
from their spiritual functions, the organizations also play an important role in the process of socio-
economic development of communities in the Region Table 5.6 shows the number of FBOs in the
Region by district, beneficiaries and type of economic activities undertaken.
Table 5.6 Active FBOs in the Region by District, 2006
District No. of No. of Types of Programmes/Actives
Name Organisation Beneficiaries
Pangani 1 41,800 Islamic religion matters
Muheza* 10 600,000 Faith, HIV/ AIDS
Korogwe
Town
Council
7 2,115 Community HIV/AIDS awareness creation
Korogwe
District
Council
5 Community HIV/AIDS,Orphans,Widows and Youths
Handeni 13 12,000 Worship, HIV/AIDS, Loans, Environmental
Conservation
Lushoto 4 200 HIV/AIDS activities
Total 40 654,000
*Includes Mkinga district
Source: Regional Commissioners Office, Tanga Region, 2006.
Currently, Tanzania Regions are experiencing the impact of Faith based organizations working with
the community. Tanga Region as any other Regions has several FBOs and most of them are dealing
with HIV / AIDS
128

5.5. HOUSING AND ASSETS OWNERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS
Housing and assets ownership by households are among the major development indicators in any
society. The 2002 Housing and Population Census indicated that most of the houses in Tanga Region
are of temporary nature. This is shown by the fact that most of the households live in houses
constructed by using temporary materials. Table 5.7 shows that only 24.3 percent of the households
lived in main buildings with floor made of permanent materials. Table 5.8 shows that most households
lived in houses with walls made up by temporary materials such as poles and mud, timber, and grass.
Table 5.7: Floor Material of the Main Building by Households and Districts in the Region, 2002.
Floor material Pangani Handeni Lushoto Tanga Muheza* Korogwe*** Kilindi Total
Cement 3443 8042 8616 37988 12347 15821 1827 88,084
Mud 7978 44788 82199 15676 50278 43169 27944 272,032
Timber 2 143 763 76 289 258 56 1,587
Tiles - 27 5 30 2 7 - 71
Other 10 9 - 100 6 4 5 134
Total 11433 53009 91582 53869 62921 59260 29832 361,908
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 2002 Population and Housing Census, Volume IV
Table 5.8 Wall Material of the Main Building by Households and Districts in the Region, 2002.
Wall
material
Pangani Handeni Lushoto Tanga Muheza* Korogwe*** Kilindi Total
Stones 176 37 71 3,922 444 141 5 4,796
Cement
bricks
2,511 3744 1480 31,057 5879 7,798 191 52,660
Sun-Dried
bricks
319 1248 11597 1122 5364 7,226 4,619 31,495
Baked bricks 376 941 2602 154 1886 4,301 1,735 11,995
Poles
Mud
and 7,484 46,834 75,577 17,363 48773 39,473 22,875 258,379
Timber 4 51 71 10 186 91 10 423
Grass 545 138 86 175 387 225 205 1,761
Other 18 16 98 67 2 9 190 400
Total 11,434 50,010 91,582 53,869 62,921 59260 29,832 358,908
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 2002 Population and Housing Census, Volume IV
Table 5.9 shows that most of households lived in houses roofed by temporary materials such as grass,
and grass and mud. Table 5.10 shows that few households owned valuable assets such radio, bicycle,
iron and electricity. Most households owned hand-hoes which is the main tool for land cultivation.
129

Table 5.9: Roof Materials of the Main Building by Households and Districts in the Region, 2002
Floor material Pangani Handeni Lushoto Tanga Muheza* Korogwe*** Kilindi Total
Iron Steels 2,067 15,220 56,636 32,721 19,396 28,214 7,544 161,798
Tiles 1,294 1,879 137 1,928 990 1,989 10 8,227
Concrete 16 0 1 621 135 49 - 821
Asbestos 80 35 97 658 49 839 - 1,758
Grass 7,833 29,819 24,316 17,806 41,840 26,701 16,782 165,097
Grass/Mud 141 6,025 7,068 115 394 1,464 5,496 20,703
Other 4 32 3,327 21 116 4 - 3,504
Total 11,434 53,010 91,582 53,869 62,921 59,260 29,832 361,906
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 2002 Population and Housing Census, Volume IV
Table 5.10: Assets Ownership by Households
Asset Pangani Handeni Lushoto Tanga Muheza* Korogwe*** Kilindi Total
Radio 6,810 23,788 43,397 37,880 31,567 29,396 12,209 185,047
Telephone 181 597 400 7,078 1,213 1,274 36 10,779
Bicycle 4,991 19,588 11,679 23,612 19,724 15,949 10,305 105,848
Hand hoe 1,004 45,549 73,547 33,035 52,660 47,173 26,928 279,896
Wheel Barrow 1,714 3,792 3,112 27,279 3,624 3,384 1,314 44,219
Charcoal/
189 1,298 2,884 2,457 1,148 1,417 246 9,639
Electric iron
Electricity 1,225 2,529 1,389 19,733 3,632 4,624 21 33,153
Total 16,114 97,141 136,408 151,074 113,568 103,217 51,059 668,581
*Includes Mkinga district
*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council
Source: 2002 Population and Housing Census, Volume IV
5.6 DEVELOPMENT PATNERS
Over the period of recent years Tanga Region various partners have collaborated and assisted the
Region in its various development activities. The development partners and the activities in which
they provided assistance are as hereunder mentioned.
Sector Donors and Programs
Natural resources and
management
SIDA, FINIDA, EU, NORAD, IRELAND AID, SEEGAAD, Zanzibar
Agroseaweed, Corporation Limited (ZASCOL),Kingsway International
Seaweed Corporation Ltd, Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA), Integrated
Coastal Management (IPM), Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG),
East Usambara Conservation Area Management Program (EUCAP),
Agriculture Tanga Dairy Development Program (TDDP), Tanga Dairy Trust (TADAT),
National Agriculture Extension Project (NAEP), Capricon Consultant Ltd,
Tsetse Challenge Areas / Farming in Tse fly Controlled Area (CCL/FITCA),
SUA TARP II), Anglican church,
Human settlement NORICIL,
Health and Family
Planning
Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), National Malaria
Control Programme, Expanded Program on Immunisation (EPI), Maternal
Health and Family Planning (MCH/FP), African Women Aids Working
Group (AFRIWAG), Tanga Aids Working Group
130

Education Mradi wa Elimu ya Ukimwi Mashuleni Mkoani Tanga (MEUSTA), COBET,
Vocational Education Training Institute (VETA), Primary Education
Development Program (PEDEP), Secondary Education Development
Program (SEDEP), UNESCO
Finance Credit for Women (CREW),
Various Development
Issues
Refugee Resettlement UNHCR
(Tanga Integrated Rural Development Program (TIRDEP), Pangani
Development Association, Pangani Women Development Association
(PAWODEA), Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF)
131

SECTION VI
POTENTIAL INVESTMENT AREAS
Tanga Region has abundant potential resources that can be utilized for development. The resources
include good climate with two rain seasons, fertile land suitable for agriculture activities and livestock
keeping, natural resources which include forests, minerals, game reserves and national parks with a
variety of wildlife. The Region is also served by a variety of transport infrastructure such as roads and
railways. The infrasturucture include Tanga airport and Tanga Port which is one of the best in East
Africa. The Region has a long shore along the Indian Ocean which has abundant marine resources.
Furthermore, all districts in the Region are connected to the national grid of electric power supply.
These factors combine to make the Region one of the regions with great development potentials in
Tanzania.
This section of the report highlights the potential investment areas in the Region. The main investment
opportunities for every district of Tanga region are detailed in the respective District Investment
Profiles which are available in every district in the Region.
6.1 AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is the backbone of the Region’s economy. The Region has an extensive land suitable for
rain fed agricultural development. The Region also has rivers that can be utilized for irrigation
agriculture. The main rivers include Pangani, Mkomazi and Lwengera.
Potential investment areas. More than 76 percent of the population in this Region is engaged in
agriculture. Cash crops grown include sisal, tea, cashew nuts, coffee, coconuts, oranges, mangoes,
temperate fruits (plums, apples, avocado, passion fruits, and peaches), cardamoms, cotton, betel nuts,
spices, cocoa and tobacco. Food crops grown include maize, cassava, bananas, beans, paddy, potatoes,
fruits and vegetables. Maize is the main food in the district and is grown in all eight districts of the
Region.
Potential investment areas in the sector include:
(i) Growing cash and food crops: Investment in this area is worthy given favorable climate of
the region and the fact the region still has an ample land currently not utilised for
agriculture. Also markets for crops are available for the Region is well connected to the
rest of the country by adequate transportation infrastructure. The Region is also connected
to neighbouring countries through its well developed port and airport. The neighbouring
132

country which is Kenya is also an important potential market for the Region’s agricultural
products. Fruits and vegetable farming such as green beans, baby carrots, baby corn,
cauliflower, cabbage and tomatoes, have the greatest potential for investment.
(ii) Investment in crop marketing: Currently and in coming years the region is expected to
continue growing in terms of agricultural production. Marketing of the products is
therefore worthy investment given a well developed transportation infrastructure conneting
the region to potential customers in all Regions of Tanzania, neighbouring countries and
abroad.
(iii) Small-holder farmers’ development: Agriculture is mainstay of the majority of the
6.2 LIVESTOCK
Region’s population and the economy of the Region. However, currently agriculture is
facing a variety of problems which need special attention in the efforts to boost this sector
include soil erosion in districts with a big of population such as Lushoto and Tanga. In
Lushoto district crop farming is carried out in steep slopes. Other problems including
heavy dependency on rain-fed agriculture; customary and lease hold systems of land
ownership which limit land utilization especially in districts with plantation agriculture
such as sisal estates as most of the fertile land is in the hands of the few. Where land is
abundant for small-holder farmers especially in Handeni, Kilindi, Korongwe and Pangani
districts, the problem remains that of using traditional farming methods such as hand-hoe in
land cultivation and poor crop husbandry. These problems lower the production levels of
small-holder farmers.
To respond to these problems, effort should be done to introduce farm input credit systems
and improve extension services so as to boost the production levels of small-holder
farmers. Also, agricultural land suitable for irrigation farming should be put under
production. Efforts should be done to attract investors in this area so as to boost the
Region’s economy.
Livestock keeping is another economic activity with great potential for development and expansion in
the Region. It is estimated that about 1,588,935 hectares of land in the Region is suitable for livestock
grazing. Currently the land used for this purpose is estimated to be only 488,493 hectares. In this
133

Region, cattle, goats and sheep are the most grazed livestock. At present, the traditional method of free
range grazing dominate over the zero grazing method which is mainly found in urban areas.
Great potential for the livestock sector development in the Region lies on the extensive area available
for grazing animals and willing labour force ready to participate in this sector. Potential areas worthy
for investment in this sector include:
(i) Beef ranching and diary farming. These are potential areas where investment can be done
with great earnings and profits given the land availability, favourable climate and markets
for products.
(ii) Sheep farming. This is another potential area for large scale investment. Currently,
indigenous sheep keeping is practiced mainly for family uses or ceremonies. Mutton is very
scarce in many areas of the Region and neighbouring regions. As such the market is readily
available.
(iii) Small-holder livestock keepers’ development. Given the fact that currently livestock
keeping is practiced by small-holder and offers them a means of livelihood. Effort should
be done by the Government and other development stakeholders in the Region to
encourage livestock farmers to practice modern methods of livestock keeping and where
possible grazing should be done in land zoned for this landuse. Livestock keepers should
be assisted in terms of credits to purchase necessary inputs such as pesticides and medicine.
Also, extensive services to farmers are of paramount importance to livestock keepers for
acquiring necessary skills in modern livestock keeping. Livestock keepers should be
assisted in acquiring reliable markets for their produces such as milk which are mainly
located in urban areas.
Furthermore, land use planning at the village level is very important as it will reduce
conflicts between crop farmers and livestock farmers. Likewise, government and other
stakeholders in this sector should assist livestock keepers to control tsetse fly especially in
areas which are facing this problem. Also, the efforts to boost this sector should include
reviving existing cattle dips and constructing new ones.
134

6.3 NATURAL RESOURCES
6.3.1 Forestry
Tanga Region has an extensive forest cover of about 2,470 Km². Despite its importance in the
livelihoods of the majority of the population and Region’s economy, this sub sector is currently under
threat of extinction from various human activities including land clearing for farming, livestock
grazing, excessive tree cutting for firewood and charcoal making, and other uses such as construction
materials. Potential areas for investment in this sub-sector include:
(i) Environmental conservation and tree planting campaigns should be enhanced so as to
sensitize communities on the importance of forests and encourage them to plant trees
where deforestation has occurred. The current national campaign of tree planting and
environmental conservation should also be enhanced.
(ii) Commecial forestry. For quite a long time now forestry has been regarded only as a
Government activity.
The private sector has been hestating to invest in this area. However, the current opportunities
brought by regional integration and globalization, calls for serious investment in this sector.
The market for forestry products such timber and logs is global. As such given the existing
infrastructure such as the Tanga Port, this area offers a great potential for investment and
prosperity.
6.3.2 Bee Keeping
The extensive forest cover in Tanga Region provides necessary and important ground for bee-keeping
economic activities to take place and flourish especially in Handeni, Kilindi and Pangani districts.
Investment in this important sector can boost production levels of honey and bee-wax and therefore
raise income levels and the well-being of the communities involved in this sector. The market for bee
products such as honey and bee-wax is world wide. Potential investors in this sector are of two types:
(i) Medium scale investors. These are private companies or individuals with adequate
resources who can invest profitably in this sub sector by using modern technology. These
kinds of investors should be encouraged so as to tape the full potential of this sector.
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(ii) Smallscale bee keepers. These include individual households in the Region. These could be
developed by being trained in modern bee-keeping a practice which involves the use of
modern beehives instead of the traditional ones which are currently mostly used. Likewise,
the Government and other development stakeholders in the Region should think of
introducing micro-credit schemes to bee-keepers so as to enable them purchase modern
beehives and other necessary gear for this important economic activity,
The Government and other prospective investors should think of constructing bee products processing
factories in the districts where bee-keeping is a prominent economic activity. This goes together with
the revival of the existing honey and bee-wax processing factory in Handeni which is currently not
working. This will greatly boost the performance of this sub-sector in the Region.
6.3.3 Fisheries
Tanga Region has great potential of developing the fishing sub-sector. Currently fishing is mainly
done in Korogwe, Pangani and Tanga districts. While in Korogwe and Pangani districts fishing is done
in both, rivers such as Pangani and its tributaries and along the coast of Indian Ocean, in Tanga
district, fishing is only done along the Coast Belt. In Lushoto district limited fishing activities are
carried out in the existing few all weather streams. Two types of investors that can be encouraged to
invest in this sector exist.
(i) Large and medium scale investors. These are investors with needed capital and necessary
gear in terms of equipment and machinery for carrying out modern fishing preferably in
deep sea. This kind of investor is to be incouraged for both the Region’s and national
economy.
(ii) Small scale investors. These are investors with small capital. But given the fact that the
activity adds to their economy and the Region’s development in general, they should be
assisted by the government and other development stakeholders so that they can carry out
this activity commercially and profitably.
Small scale fishermen be assisted to change from traditional fishing methods such as use of
shark nets and gill nets especially in rivers and streams and locally made vessels such as
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canoes. The use of modern equipment such as motor canoes and boats could greatly boost
their fish production. Furthermore, introduction of fish-farming in man-made water ponds
can also increase production levels especially in areas which are located far from rivers and
stream or in districts with no perennial rivers and streams such as Kilindi and Handeni.
Also, small-holder fishermen could be assisted by providing with them micro credits for
purchasing modern fishing gear. Trainings in modern fish-farming skills through extension
services are also of paramount importance.
6.3.4 Wildlife and Tourism
6.3.4.1 Wildlife
Tanga Region is endowed with a National Park and a sizable number of Game Reserves which
harbour a variety of wildlife capable of attracting local and international tourists. The Region has the
Saadani National Park which is located in Pangani district. The Game Reserves include Amani Nature
Reserve in Muheza District, Mkomazi, Umba Game Reserves and Kalimawe in Lushoto district, Lake
Manka in Korogwe district and Handeni game controlled area in Kilindi district.
Potential investment areas in this sub sector lie in putting in place modern wildlife conservation and
management systems. This could be achieved through investment partnership between the government
and the private sector with needed experience and expertise in managing the wildlife sector
sustainably.
6.3.4.2 Tourism
Tanga Region has enormous potential for the tourism sector to grow and flourish. As discussed above,
they include national park and game reserves, attractive sand beaches, and unique ecological and
cultural sites.
Potential areas of investment that can enhance the tourism industry in the Region include
(i) Conservation activities in the areas which are potential for tourist attraction. These areas
include game reserves and controlled areas which have a variety of wildlife including
elephants, giraffes, buffalos, hyenas, zebra, lions, leopards, reedbucks, eland, impala,
hippopotamus, crocodile and kudus. They also include sand beaches along the Coast belt
and the ecological and cultural sites. The on going conservation activities in western
Usambara mountains and Pangani basin should be enhanced.
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(ii) Hotels: The tourist sector in the Region is currently facing a problem of adequate hotels
that can accommodate tourists especially during the peak season. As such investment in
hotels is a worthy investment as there is a ready market which needs to be taped.
(iii) Camping sites: Currently there are inadequate camping facilities around the nature
6.4 EDUCATION
conservation areas such as game reserves, national park and beaches. Investment in this
sector could greatly promote local and foreign tourism especially that of game seeing,
cultural sites seing, photography and hunting.
Tanga Region as is the case with other Regions in Tanzania is facing a challenge of growing young
population that require education at all levels including pre-primary, primary and secondary education.
At present the regional authorities are making all efforts to encourage communities to contribute in
building classrooms and purchasing furniture that can suffice the requirements of primary schools in
the Region. Also, the Region is responding well to the call by the government to construct the ‘Ward’
secondary schools which will accommodate all primary school levers who pass their examinations.
The Region is also encouraging private investors in this sector.
Therefore, potential areas for investment in the education sector include the construction of primary
and secondary schools. Also, investment potentials exist in tertiary level education sector such as
construction of vocational training centres and teachers training colleges which are still very
inadequate in the Region.
6.5 HEALTH
Tanga Region currently has a limited number of health facilities in all districts. The range of facilities
currently available is as outlined in section 4.1 of this profile. They include government hospitals at
the regional and district level hospitals and limited number of health centres and dispensaries in
isolated locations. Also the Region has private hospitals which are mostly owned by Christian
missions, in Muheza, Lushoto, Handeni and Tanga districts. The Region is facing staff inadequacy of
different professional skills at all levels.
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Therefore, the Region has numerous opportunities for investment in the health sector. They include
hospitals, rural and urban health centers and dispensaries. Also, another opportunity of investment
exists in pharmacy, shops, and laboratory facilities and services in both urban and rural areas.
6.6 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Tanga Region is one of the country’s major centres for manufacturing industries. Currently, the
Region has a sizable number of industries which are operating as outlined in section 2.5.5 of this
profile. The most important industrial establishments in existence include cement, textile, sisal
processing, tea processing, soap making, and furniture making factories and industries. Others are
involved in the production of crafts, plastics, poly bags, soft drinks, lime, leather, cosmetics, steel
rolling, sea products and food processing. The potential for industrial investment is high due to the
existence of good infrastructure which includes roads, power supplies, habour, air port, water and
reliable communication facilities such as telephone, fax, e-mails and post offices. Furthermore, Tanga
City has been nominated by the Government as one of the areas for establishing Export Processing
Zone (EPZ) industries in the country.
Investment potential areas in the manufacturing sector in the Region therefore include:
(i) Agricultural processing industries:
Agricultural products available for processing are many and varied. These are capable of
supplying adequate raw materials for established industries throughout the year.
Agricultural products available for processing include cashew nuts, sisal, vegetable,
coconut, maize, paddy, meat, milk, tea, spices and many types of fruits. Furthermore,
natural resources products such as honey, bee-wax, fish and timber also offer potential
opportunities for manufacturing industries investment.
(ii) Salt processing: This is another area of worthy investment pontential. Tanga Region has
very huge deposits of salt which can supply raw materials for salt-processing industries
throughout the year. Processed salt has a very wide market in East Africa and neighbouring
countries. Over 50 percent of of Tanzanians depend on locally unprocessed salt mined in
Tanga. The greatest potential in the salt industry lies in processing and packing it.
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(iii) Lime processing: The Region has huge deposits of limestone especially in Tanga district.
6.7 MINING
Investment in lime factories is worthy because of the availability of adequate raw materials
and large potential market for this product locally and internationally.
Tanga Region is rich in mineral resources which are not yet adequately exploited. Section 2.5.4
outlines various types of minerals that exist in the districts of the Region. They include various types
of gemstones, industrial/building materials and precious minerals such as gold. Gemstones include
rhodolite, ruby, red garnet, green garnet, tourmaline, bauxite, amethyst, zinon, komerupine, etc. The
industrial/building minerals include limestone, gypsum, mica, iron, kyanite and calcite. Salt mining
and processing is also arrived out in the Region.
Potential investment areas in this sector include:
(i) Limestone mining: This is a potential investment area because of huge deposits that exist in
the Region and large market for the product.
(ii) Salt mining: This important resource also exists in large amount. Currently the business of
salt mining is carried out at small scale. Investment in mining industry has potentials for
growth due to available adequate market for the product.
(iii) Gemstones and minerals mining: The Region is endowed with large amounts of germstones
and minerals deposits. Investment in this sector could be promoted among the locals and
foreign nationals.
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